Academic literature on the topic 'Sorghum – Losses'

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Journal articles on the topic "Sorghum – Losses"

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Bogo, Amauri, Peter Gregory Mantle, Mari Inês C. Boff, and Cassandro V. T. do Amarante. "Production of caffeine alkaloid by Claviceps sorghi." Fitopatologia Brasileira 28, no. 4 (August 2003): 446–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582003000400019.

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The ergot disease of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), caused by the fungus Claviceps sorghi, restricted to the Indian sub-continent, is a disease in which the pathogen infects the florets, colonizing the unfertilized ovaries. Losses are higher in hybrid seed production fields due to a higher susceptibility of male sterile lines. The sclerotia of C. sorghi have never been found to contain alkaloids with a tetracyclic ergoline ring system, which is normal in most ergot pathogens. In this work, we show that sclerotia of C. sorghi contain caffeine alkaloid and the ability to produce it in vitro.
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Ziska, L. H. "Evaluation of yield loss in field sorghum from a C3and C4weed with increasing CO2." Weed Science 51, no. 6 (December 2003): 914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-03-002r.

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Dwarf sorghum (C4) was grown at ambient and at projected levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (250 mol mol−1above ambient) with and without the presence of a C3weed (velvetleaf) and a C4weed (redroot pigweed), to quantify the potential effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on weed–crop interactions and potential crop loss. In a weed-free environment, increased [CO2] resulted in a significant increase in leaf weight and leaf area of sorghum but no significant effect on seed yield or total aboveground biomass relative to the ambient CO2condition. At ambient [CO2] the presence of velvetleaf had no significant effect on either sorghum seed yield or total aboveground biomass; however, at elevated [CO2], yield and biomass losses were significant. The additional loss in sorghum yield and biomass was associated with a significant (threefold) increase in velvetleaf biomass in response to increasing [CO2]. Redroot pigweed at ambient [CO2] resulted in significant losses in total aboveground biomass of sorghum but not in seed yield. However, as [CO2] increased, significant losses in both sorghum seed yield and total biomass were observed for sorghum–redroot pigweed competition. Increased [CO2] was not associated with a significant increase in redroot pigweed biomass (P = 0.17). These results indicate potentially greater yield loss in a widely grown C4crop from weedy competition as atmospheric [CO2] increases.
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White, Jodie A., Malcolm J. Ryley, Doug L. George, Gary A. Kong, and Simon C. White. "Yield losses in grain sorghum due to rust infection." Australasian Plant Pathology 41, no. 1 (October 22, 2011): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-011-0093-3.

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Evett, Steven R., Gary W. Marek, Paul D. Colaizzi, David K. Brauer, and Susan A. O’Shaughnessy. "Corn and Sorghum ET, E, Yield, and CWP as Affected by Irrigation Application Method: SDI versus Mid-Elevation Spray Irrigation." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13314.

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Abstract. Greater than 80% of the irrigated area in the Southern High Plains is served by center-pivot irrigation, but the area served by subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is increasing due to several factors including declining well yields and improved yields and crop water productivity (CWP), particularly for cotton. Not as well established is the degree to which the reduced soil water evaporation (E) in SDI systems affects the soil water balance, water available to the crop, and overall water savings. Grain corn ( L.) and sorghum ( L. Moench) were grown on four large weighing lysimeters at Bushland, Texas, in 2013 (corn), 2014 and 2015 (sorghum), and 2016 (corn). Evapotranspiration (ET) was measured using the lysimeters and using a neutron probe in the surrounding fields. Two of the lysimeters and surrounding fields were irrigated with SDI, and the other two were irrigated with mid-elevation spray application (MESA). The lysimeter-measured evaporative losses were 149 to 151 mm greater from sprinkler-irrigated corn fields than from SDI fields. When growing sorghum, the lysimeter-measured evaporative losses were 44 to 71 mm greater from sprinkler-irrigated fields than from SDI fields. The differences were affected by plant height and became smaller when plant height reached the height of the spray nozzles, indicating that the use of LEPA or LESA nozzles could decrease the evaporative losses from sprinkler-irrigated fields in this region with its high evaporative demand. Annual weather patterns also influenced the differences in evaporative loss, with increased differences in dry years. SDI reduced overall corn water use by 13% to 15%, as determined by neutron probe, while either not significantly affecting yield (2016) or increasing yield by up to 19% (2013) and increasing CWP by 37% (2013) to 13% (2016) as compared with MESA full irrigation. However, sorghum yield decreased by 15% and CWP decreased by 14% in 2014 when using SDI compared with MESA full irrigation due to an overly wet soil profile in the SDI fields and deep percolation that likely caused nutrient losses. In 2015, there were no significant sorghum yield differences between irrigation methods. Sorghum CWP was significantly greater (by 14%) in one SDI field in 2015 compared with MESA fully irrigated sorghum. Overall, sorghum CWP increased by 8% for SDI compared with MESA full irrigation in 2015. These results indicate that SDI will be successful for corn production in the Texas High Plains, but SDI is unlikely to benefit sorghum production. Keywords: Corn, Crop water productivity, Evaporative loss, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation application method, Sorghum, Water use efficiency, Weighing lysimeter.
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Hendrival, Hendrival, Dhea Afriani, and Dewi Sartika Aryani. "Susceptibility and damage cereals to infestation Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in storage." Jurnal Agro 6, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/4276.

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Rhyzopertha dominica is a primary pest which causes damages to stored cereals such as corn, grain, rice, wheat, sorghum, tubers, and starch-containing substrates and packaging made from wood. They not only cause losses in terms of quantity but also affect quality during storage period through their feeding activities. The aimed of this research to investigate the level of susceptibility and damage to cereals during the storage period by pest R. dominica. The cereals used in the study were sorghum, wheat, corn, rice grain, white rice, black glutinous rice, and white glutinous rice. The method used in this research was no-choice bioassay with variables observed: number of F1 progeny, median development time and damage cereals. The results revealed that that different kind of cereals had a different level of susceptibility to infestation by R. dominica from moderate to susceptible. Sorghum, corn, rice, white rice, and white glutinous rice were classified as moderate, while wheat was classified as susceptible and black glutinous rice was moderate–susceptible. The highest losses were found in wheat, black glutinous rice, corn, and rice grain while the lowest were found in sorghum, white rice and white glutinous rice. The study showed that cereals that were susceptible may not stored for a long time to minimize the loss of grain weight.ABSTRAK Rhyzopertha dominica tergolong hama primer yang merusak serealia seperti jagung, gabah, beras, gandum, sorgum, umbi, dan substrat mengandung pati serta kemasan yang terbuat dari kayu. Kerusakan serealia selama penyimpanan meliputi kerusakan kuantitas dan kualitas yang disebabkan oleh hama R. dominica. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kerentanan dan kerusakan serealia selama penyimpanan oleh hama R. dominica. Jenis serealia yang digunakan dalam penelitian terdiri dari sorgum, gandum, jagung, gabah, beras putih, beras ketan hitam, dan beras ketan putih. Metode uji tanpa pilihan dengan variabel yang diamati yaitu jumlah F1, median waktu perkembangan, dan kerusakan serealia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis serealia memiliki tingkat kerentanan dari moderat sampai rentan terhadap infestasi hama R. dominica. Serealia dari sorgum, jagung, padi, beras putih, dan beras ketan putih tergolong dalam kategori moderat, sedangkan gandum tergolong dalam kategori rentan, serta beras ketan hitam tergolong moderat–rentan terhadap serangan R. dominica. Tingkat kerusakan serealia seperti persentase serealia berlubang dan persentase bubuk serealia paling tinggi terjadi pada gandum, beras ketan hitam, jagung dan padi sedangkan kerusakan yang terendah yaitu pada sorgum, beras putih, dan beras ketan putih. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serealia yang rentan tidak boleh disimpan dalam waktu yang lama untuk meminimalkan kehilangan berat.
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Caroline, Okongo, Ouma Evans, and Gudu Samuel. "Screening of Selected Sorghum Genotypes for Resistance to Covered Kernel Smut Disease in Western Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 7 (June 15, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n7p63.

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Sorghum is an important food security crop for arid and semi-arid tropics but its production is hampered by many biotic and abiotic factors including covered kernel smut disease (CKSD) caused by fungus Sporosorium sorghi in the Ustilaginaceae family. The disease attacks susceptible sorghum genotypes causing yield losses estimated at 43% in Western Kenya. This study determined the response of selected sorghum genotypes to CKSD under field and greenhouse conditions. A total of 15 elite sorghum genotypes were screened under field conditions in Migori and Homa Bay sites and under greenhouse at the University of Eldoret. Data on disease incidence and severity were collected per genotype and analyzed using R-Studio software and means were separated at 1% using Tukey’s test. Results showed significant differences among genotypes for disease incidence and severity under fields and greenhouse conditions. Disease incidence varied significantly (p < 0.001) among the genotypes ranging from zero (for T53, T30, IS3092, N4 and N68) to 64% (for Nyadundo2) under field conditions but ranged from 0-69% under greenhouse conditions. Similarly, severity followed the same trend with C26 having the worst attack with a score of 5 while T53 recorded the least (score of 1). This study has identified potential sources of resistance for covered kernel smut disease that can be utilized to manage the disease and significantly improve sorghum yields in the target regions.
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Mrema, Emmanuel, Hussein Shimelis, Mark Laing, and Learnmore Mwadzingeni. "Integrated management of Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica in sorghum: A review." January 2020, no. 14(01) 2020 (January 20, 2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1749.

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Potential yield of sorghum [Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench] in the semi-arid agro-ecologies of East Africa is curtailed by several biotic, abiotic and socio-economic constraints. Striga is one of the major biotic constraints that causes up to 90% yield losses in sorghum in the region. In these regions Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica, are widely distributed, and severely affecting sorghum production and productivity. Several Striga management strategies are available that can be integrated to synergistically combat the weed. The use of resistant sorghum genotypes that are compatible with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (FOS), a biocontrol agent of Striga, together with host plant resistance could promote integrated Striga management (ISM). This strategy is yet to be explored in most SSA countries where sorghum serves as a staple food crop for millions of households. This review discusses the management options available to control S. hermonthica and S. asiatica in sorghum. Breeding sorghum for Striga resistance and compatibility to FOS are highlighted as key components of integrated Striga management.
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Schlickmann-Tank, José Arturo, Oscar Morales-Galván, Joel Pineda-Pineda, Gonzalo Espinosa-Vázquez, María Teresa Colinas-León, and Mateo Vargas-Hernández. "Relationship between chemical fertilization in sorghum and Melanaphis sacchari/sorghi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations." Agronomía Colombiana 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v38n3.87308.

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The aphid Melanaphis sacchari/sorghi is considered the most important pest of sorghum cultivation in Mexico. It can cause losses in production of up to 100%. This research was conducted at the Universidad Autonoma Chapingo during 2018 and 2019 with the objective of determining the relationship between chemical fertilization in sorghum and M. sacchari/sorghi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations. Different levels of nitrogen (125, 250 and 500 kg ha-1), phosphorus (19.5, 39 and 78 kg ha-1) and potassium (210 and 420 kg ha-1) were supplied to sorghum plants planted in polyethylene pots with a capacity of 6 L under greenhouse conditions. The plants were infested with a total of 15 third-instar nymphs within 60 days of crop emergence. A total of 6 samplings were carried out at 7 day intervals, starting at 7 d after the infestation. Quantifications of total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in leaf tissue were also performed. We observed that higher doses of nitrogen and phosphorus increased the aphid population, while increasing the potassium dose considerably decreased the aphid population. We also found a positive correlation between the aphid population and the total soluble protein concentrations, reducing sugars and nitrogen levels, while the correlation was negative with potassium levels in leaves.
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Amaducci, Stefano, Alberto Assirelli, Marco Trevisan, Alessandra Fracasso, Enrico Santangelo, Alessandro Suardi, Angelo Del Giudice, Antonio Scarfone, and Luigi Pari. "Effects of Stem Length and Storage Duration on Sugar Losses in Sweet Sorghum." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 2 (2018): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12498.

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Abstract. Sweet sorghum ( (L.) Moench) is a multi-purpose crop, yielding fuel in the form of ethanol from its stem juice, food in the form of grain, and fodder from its leaves and bagasse. The sugars utilized for bioethanol production are contained in the stalks, in an amount varying between 12% and 25% of the fresh biomass, according to the genotypes and harvesting time. However, these carbohydrates can be easily lost during harvest and post-harvest, because of wrong machinery settings and prolonged periods of exposure of the cut material to the action of fermentative agents. For these reasons, the production of biofuel from sweet sorghum is very sensitive to harvest systems and storage methods, as they can influence remarkably the final energetic yield of the crop. The main objective of the present study was to monitor the time course of dry matter and sugar content in sweet sorghum stem over a long-time storage period. The analysis was carried out by dividing the stems into portions of different length in order to test different storage configuration by varying the stem portion stored to simulate the action of different harvest machines. This work has been designed to take into account a larger storage window respect previous experimentation. The research has provided evidence that sugar loss during the storage is highly influenced by the length of the stem portion, as well as by storage conditions. Total sugar content at harvest was on average 23.2%. The decreasing of sugar content continued during the storage period but at different rate for the different portions. At the end of storage, the sugar content of the whole stem was on average 6.6%, while the smallest portion (1/16 of the whole stem) had an average content of 1.0%. Indications on best storage conditions (storage form, storage location, storage ambient condition), as well as technical details regarding new potential harvesting solutions to decrease the speed rate of sugar loss have been provided. Keywords: Biofuel, Harvesting, Storage, Sugar losses, Sweet sorghum.
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Vittal, K. P. R., K. Vijayalakshmi, and U. M. B. Rao. "The Effect of Cumulative Erosion and Rainfall on Sorghum, Pearl Millet and Castor Bean Yields Under Dry Farming Conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India." Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 4 (October 1990): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001356.

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SUMMARYTopsoil depth and yields of sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean were found to be positively correlated when monitored over thirteen seasons under widely varying rainfall conditions on an Alfisol in Andhra Pradesh, India. Yields responded up to 2.5 times more to topsoil depth when rainfall in the critical period exceeded evapotranspiration than under drier conditions. Yield variations were explained by topsoil depth in cereals, and by the interaction between rainfall during the critical period and topsoil depth in cereals and castor bean (R2<0.72). The expected yield losses as a result of erosion, based on 56 years of rainfall data, were 138, 84 and 51 kg ha−1cm−1for sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean, respectively. Quadratic models explained the yield losses due to cumulative erosion under conditions of both poor and good rainfall during the critical period. Sorghum and pearl millet tended to produce no yield when erosion exceeded 34 cm and castor bean when it exceeded 40 cm. There was less reduction in yield when rainfall was poor, up to about 10 cm of erosion, than when rainfall was good. The results indicate that pearl millet and castor bean are more suitable than sorghum for low rainfall and eroded conditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sorghum – Losses"

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Soper, Alysha Marie. "Integrated pest management of noctuids in Kansas sorghum: a bioeconomic approach to agricultural pest management." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13130.

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Master of Science
Entomology
Brian McCornack
Several lepidopteran species infest developing panicles. Larval identification is challenging and time intensive, so current recommendations are often simplified by treating all larvae equally across species. Consequently, the yield-loss model developed for corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) by Buckley and Burkhardt (1962) has been the foundation for management recommendations in modern sorghum Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for the last 49 years. Additionally, although pest populations primarily include both fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and corn earworm, only a single species damage estimate is used in economic threshold (ET) and economic injury level (EIL) calculations despite multi-species infestations. This research demonstrates both the validation of current management recommendations for corn earworm and the verification of previously assumed damage potentials for fall armyworm feeding in developing sorghum panicles. These results have important implications for sorghum producers faced with making a management decision for multi-species infestations.
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Roggenkamp, Gregory J. "Predicting losses in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] caused by freezes during grainfill." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22242.

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Dickerson, John Thomas. "Yield, composition, and nutritive value of forage sorghum silages: hybrid and stage of maturity effects /John Thomas Dickerson." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27616.

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Da, Silva Laura Suzanne. "Kafirin biofilm quality : effect of sorghum variety and milling fractions." Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27691.

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Leetch, Michael Scott. "Evaluation of chlorsulfuron for weed control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its effect on subsequent recropping with soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) or grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27481.

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Hartley, Brandon. "Physical and Chemical Characteristics of High-Tonnage Sorghum for an Extended Biomass Harvesting Season and Storage." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149623.

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Increasing differences in United States energy consumption and production has influenced the passing of legislation for biomass fuel production. To determine feasibility of energy crops for alternative fuels, research is needed to investigate dry matter yield over an extended harvest season; physical characteristics need to be described for potential harvesting problems; chemical characteristics described to identify selective harvest potential, optimal harvest timing, losses during harvest and storage; various harvest techniques investigated to identify potential cost savings; and impact of various storage techniques on quantity and quality of deliverable biomass. This study investigated the use of two sorghum varieties as a potential bioenergy feedstock where 20 ha were planted for three years. Standing crop samples were collected from August through January to document changes in dry matter yield, moisture, height, fiber content, proximate and ultimate analysis. The sorghum was cut and conditioned – as a two-cutting ratoon or single-cutting – using various mower-conditioners and windrow samples taken daily to determine best method of field drying, quantify dry matter loss and soil entrainment. Two storage methods were utilized – baling with wrapping in a tubeline, and chopping and compressing in bag using a modified cotton module builder – to determine best method of storage for reduced dry matter loss. The optimal time of harvest for maximum dry matter occurred with the November once-cut where 30 Mg ha^-1 was documented, but comparable yields were observed with the two-cutting scenario. Fiber content increased with maturity, peaked, and declined, while ash content and moisture decreased with maturity. The achievement of 55% moisture in January shows field curing to be necessary for transportation at any significant distance, but soil entrainment – as measured by ash concentration – was not found to be a significant problem after conditioning, multiple windrow inversions, and harvesting. The geometric mean length of particle was determined to be 1.4 to 3.7 times lower than nominal chop length, indicating potential cost savings in comminution. Dry matter loss estimates during storage proved difficult due to mobility of moisture throughout the packages, where losses were documented up to 40%. Module packages tended to have lower dry matter and constituent losses than bales.
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Books on the topic "Sorghum – Losses"

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Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. Product Development Branch. Grain Sorghum handbook. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, Product Development Branch, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sorghum – Losses"

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Ingram, Keith T. "Drought-Related Characteristics of Important Cereal Crops." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0008.

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Humans cultivate more than 200 species of plants, but this chapter reviews responses of 5 important cereal crops to drought. These crops are maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br), which provide the majority of food in the world. In general, farmers cultivate millet in the most drought-prone environments and sorghum where a short growing season is the greatest constraint to production. Some sorghum cultivars set grain in as short as 50–60 days (Roncoli et al., 2001). Rice is grown under a wide range of environments, from tropical to temperate zones, from deep water-flooded zones to nonflooded uplands. Rice productivity is limited mostly by water (IRRI, 2002). Drought limits, to a varying extent, the productivity of all of these crops. Although water is likely the most important manageable limit to food production worldwide, we should recognize that water management cannot be isolated from nutrient, crop, and pest management. Life on earth depends on green plants, which capture solar energy and store chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis. Although plants use a small amount of water in the reactions of photosynthesis and retain small amounts of water in plant tissues, as much as 99% of the water that plants take up is lost through transpiration (i.e., gaseous water transport through the stomata of leaves). Stomata, which are small pores on leaf surfaces, must open to allow carbon dioxide to enter leaf tissues for photosynthesis and plant growth, but open stomata also allow water to escape. In addition to transpiration, there are several other avenues of water loss from a crop system. Water may exit the crop system by evaporation from the soil, transpiration of weeds, deep drainage beyond the root zone, lateral flow beneath the soil surface, or runoff. We can sum the daily additions and losses of water to form a water balance equation: . . . S = G + P + I − E − T − Tw − D − L − R [2.1] . . .
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Pinotti, Luciano, Luca Ferrari, Nicoletta Rovere, Francesca Fumagalli, Sharon Mazzoleni, and Federica Cheli. "Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins." In Developing animal feed products, 151–86. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0083.12.

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are naturally occurring and (seem to be) unavoidable. In fact, a high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Mycotoxins accumulate in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops, directly in the field or during the transportation, processing or storage stages. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can lead acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals, as well as crop losses. This chapter reviews the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, the foods they commonly contaminate, and the current methods used to detect and control of these mycotoxins.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sorghum – Losses"

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J Alex Thomasson, Brandon E Hartley, John D Gibson, and Stephen W Searcy. "Moisture Loss and Ash Characterization of High-Tonnage Sorghum." In 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.39554.

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