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1
Bogo, Amauri, Peter Gregory Mantle, Mari Inês C. Boff, and Cassandro V. T. do Amarante. "Production of caffeine alkaloid by Claviceps sorghi." Fitopatologia Brasileira 28, no. 4 (August 2003): 446–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582003000400019.
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The ergot disease of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), caused by the fungus Claviceps sorghi, restricted to the Indian sub-continent, is a disease in which the pathogen infects the florets, colonizing the unfertilized ovaries. Losses are higher in hybrid seed production fields due to a higher susceptibility of male sterile lines. The sclerotia of C. sorghi have never been found to contain alkaloids with a tetracyclic ergoline ring system, which is normal in most ergot pathogens. In this work, we show that sclerotia of C. sorghi contain caffeine alkaloid and the ability to produce it in vitro.
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Ziska, L. H. "Evaluation of yield loss in field sorghum from a C3and C4weed with increasing CO2." Weed Science 51, no. 6 (December 2003): 914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-03-002r.
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Dwarf sorghum (C4) was grown at ambient and at projected levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (250 mol mol−1above ambient) with and without the presence of a C3weed (velvetleaf) and a C4weed (redroot pigweed), to quantify the potential effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on weed–crop interactions and potential crop loss. In a weed-free environment, increased [CO2] resulted in a significant increase in leaf weight and leaf area of sorghum but no significant effect on seed yield or total aboveground biomass relative to the ambient CO2condition. At ambient [CO2] the presence of velvetleaf had no significant effect on either sorghum seed yield or total aboveground biomass; however, at elevated [CO2], yield and biomass losses were significant. The additional loss in sorghum yield and biomass was associated with a significant (threefold) increase in velvetleaf biomass in response to increasing [CO2]. Redroot pigweed at ambient [CO2] resulted in significant losses in total aboveground biomass of sorghum but not in seed yield. However, as [CO2] increased, significant losses in both sorghum seed yield and total biomass were observed for sorghum–redroot pigweed competition. Increased [CO2] was not associated with a significant increase in redroot pigweed biomass (P = 0.17). These results indicate potentially greater yield loss in a widely grown C4crop from weedy competition as atmospheric [CO2] increases.
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White, Jodie A., Malcolm J. Ryley, Doug L. George, Gary A. Kong, and Simon C. White. "Yield losses in grain sorghum due to rust infection." Australasian Plant Pathology 41, no. 1 (October 22, 2011): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13313-011-0093-3.
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Evett, Steven R., Gary W. Marek, Paul D. Colaizzi, David K. Brauer, and Susan A. O’Shaughnessy. "Corn and Sorghum ET, E, Yield, and CWP as Affected by Irrigation Application Method: SDI versus Mid-Elevation Spray Irrigation." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13314.
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Abstract. Greater than 80% of the irrigated area in the Southern High Plains is served by center-pivot irrigation, but the area served by subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is increasing due to several factors including declining well yields and improved yields and crop water productivity (CWP), particularly for cotton. Not as well established is the degree to which the reduced soil water evaporation (E) in SDI systems affects the soil water balance, water available to the crop, and overall water savings. Grain corn ( L.) and sorghum ( L. Moench) were grown on four large weighing lysimeters at Bushland, Texas, in 2013 (corn), 2014 and 2015 (sorghum), and 2016 (corn). Evapotranspiration (ET) was measured using the lysimeters and using a neutron probe in the surrounding fields. Two of the lysimeters and surrounding fields were irrigated with SDI, and the other two were irrigated with mid-elevation spray application (MESA). The lysimeter-measured evaporative losses were 149 to 151 mm greater from sprinkler-irrigated corn fields than from SDI fields. When growing sorghum, the lysimeter-measured evaporative losses were 44 to 71 mm greater from sprinkler-irrigated fields than from SDI fields. The differences were affected by plant height and became smaller when plant height reached the height of the spray nozzles, indicating that the use of LEPA or LESA nozzles could decrease the evaporative losses from sprinkler-irrigated fields in this region with its high evaporative demand. Annual weather patterns also influenced the differences in evaporative loss, with increased differences in dry years. SDI reduced overall corn water use by 13% to 15%, as determined by neutron probe, while either not significantly affecting yield (2016) or increasing yield by up to 19% (2013) and increasing CWP by 37% (2013) to 13% (2016) as compared with MESA full irrigation. However, sorghum yield decreased by 15% and CWP decreased by 14% in 2014 when using SDI compared with MESA full irrigation due to an overly wet soil profile in the SDI fields and deep percolation that likely caused nutrient losses. In 2015, there were no significant sorghum yield differences between irrigation methods. Sorghum CWP was significantly greater (by 14%) in one SDI field in 2015 compared with MESA fully irrigated sorghum. Overall, sorghum CWP increased by 8% for SDI compared with MESA full irrigation in 2015. These results indicate that SDI will be successful for corn production in the Texas High Plains, but SDI is unlikely to benefit sorghum production. Keywords: Corn, Crop water productivity, Evaporative loss, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation application method, Sorghum, Water use efficiency, Weighing lysimeter.
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Hendrival, Hendrival, Dhea Afriani, and Dewi Sartika Aryani. "Susceptibility and damage cereals to infestation Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in storage." Jurnal Agro 6, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/4276.
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Rhyzopertha dominica is a primary pest which causes damages to stored cereals such as corn, grain, rice, wheat, sorghum, tubers, and starch-containing substrates and packaging made from wood. They not only cause losses in terms of quantity but also affect quality during storage period through their feeding activities. The aimed of this research to investigate the level of susceptibility and damage to cereals during the storage period by pest R. dominica. The cereals used in the study were sorghum, wheat, corn, rice grain, white rice, black glutinous rice, and white glutinous rice. The method used in this research was no-choice bioassay with variables observed: number of F1 progeny, median development time and damage cereals. The results revealed that that different kind of cereals had a different level of susceptibility to infestation by R. dominica from moderate to susceptible. Sorghum, corn, rice, white rice, and white glutinous rice were classified as moderate, while wheat was classified as susceptible and black glutinous rice was moderate–susceptible. The highest losses were found in wheat, black glutinous rice, corn, and rice grain while the lowest were found in sorghum, white rice and white glutinous rice. The study showed that cereals that were susceptible may not stored for a long time to minimize the loss of grain weight.ABSTRAK Rhyzopertha dominica tergolong hama primer yang merusak serealia seperti jagung, gabah, beras, gandum, sorgum, umbi, dan substrat mengandung pati serta kemasan yang terbuat dari kayu. Kerusakan serealia selama penyimpanan meliputi kerusakan kuantitas dan kualitas yang disebabkan oleh hama R. dominica. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kerentanan dan kerusakan serealia selama penyimpanan oleh hama R. dominica. Jenis serealia yang digunakan dalam penelitian terdiri dari sorgum, gandum, jagung, gabah, beras putih, beras ketan hitam, dan beras ketan putih. Metode uji tanpa pilihan dengan variabel yang diamati yaitu jumlah F1, median waktu perkembangan, dan kerusakan serealia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis serealia memiliki tingkat kerentanan dari moderat sampai rentan terhadap infestasi hama R. dominica. Serealia dari sorgum, jagung, padi, beras putih, dan beras ketan putih tergolong dalam kategori moderat, sedangkan gandum tergolong dalam kategori rentan, serta beras ketan hitam tergolong moderat–rentan terhadap serangan R. dominica. Tingkat kerusakan serealia seperti persentase serealia berlubang dan persentase bubuk serealia paling tinggi terjadi pada gandum, beras ketan hitam, jagung dan padi sedangkan kerusakan yang terendah yaitu pada sorgum, beras putih, dan beras ketan putih. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serealia yang rentan tidak boleh disimpan dalam waktu yang lama untuk meminimalkan kehilangan berat.
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Caroline, Okongo, Ouma Evans, and Gudu Samuel. "Screening of Selected Sorghum Genotypes for Resistance to Covered Kernel Smut Disease in Western Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 7 (June 15, 2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n7p63.
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Sorghum is an important food security crop for arid and semi-arid tropics but its production is hampered by many biotic and abiotic factors including covered kernel smut disease (CKSD) caused by fungus Sporosorium sorghi in the Ustilaginaceae family. The disease attacks susceptible sorghum genotypes causing yield losses estimated at 43% in Western Kenya. This study determined the response of selected sorghum genotypes to CKSD under field and greenhouse conditions. A total of 15 elite sorghum genotypes were screened under field conditions in Migori and Homa Bay sites and under greenhouse at the University of Eldoret. Data on disease incidence and severity were collected per genotype and analyzed using R-Studio software and means were separated at 1% using Tukey’s test. Results showed significant differences among genotypes for disease incidence and severity under fields and greenhouse conditions. Disease incidence varied significantly (p < 0.001) among the genotypes ranging from zero (for T53, T30, IS3092, N4 and N68) to 64% (for Nyadundo2) under field conditions but ranged from 0-69% under greenhouse conditions. Similarly, severity followed the same trend with C26 having the worst attack with a score of 5 while T53 recorded the least (score of 1). This study has identified potential sources of resistance for covered kernel smut disease that can be utilized to manage the disease and significantly improve sorghum yields in the target regions.
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Mrema, Emmanuel, Hussein Shimelis, Mark Laing, and Learnmore Mwadzingeni. "Integrated management of Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica in sorghum: A review." January 2020, no. 14(01) 2020 (January 20, 2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.01.p1749.
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Potential yield of sorghum [Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench] in the semi-arid agro-ecologies of East Africa is curtailed by several biotic, abiotic and socio-economic constraints. Striga is one of the major biotic constraints that causes up to 90% yield losses in sorghum in the region. In these regions Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica, are widely distributed, and severely affecting sorghum production and productivity. Several Striga management strategies are available that can be integrated to synergistically combat the weed. The use of resistant sorghum genotypes that are compatible with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (FOS), a biocontrol agent of Striga, together with host plant resistance could promote integrated Striga management (ISM). This strategy is yet to be explored in most SSA countries where sorghum serves as a staple food crop for millions of households. This review discusses the management options available to control S. hermonthica and S. asiatica in sorghum. Breeding sorghum for Striga resistance and compatibility to FOS are highlighted as key components of integrated Striga management.
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Schlickmann-Tank, José Arturo, Oscar Morales-Galván, Joel Pineda-Pineda, Gonzalo Espinosa-Vázquez, María Teresa Colinas-León, and Mateo Vargas-Hernández. "Relationship between chemical fertilization in sorghum and Melanaphis sacchari/sorghi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations." Agronomía Colombiana 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v38n3.87308.
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The aphid Melanaphis sacchari/sorghi is considered the most important pest of sorghum cultivation in Mexico. It can cause losses in production of up to 100%. This research was conducted at the Universidad Autonoma Chapingo during 2018 and 2019 with the objective of determining the relationship between chemical fertilization in sorghum and M. sacchari/sorghi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations. Different levels of nitrogen (125, 250 and 500 kg ha-1), phosphorus (19.5, 39 and 78 kg ha-1) and potassium (210 and 420 kg ha-1) were supplied to sorghum plants planted in polyethylene pots with a capacity of 6 L under greenhouse conditions. The plants were infested with a total of 15 third-instar nymphs within 60 days of crop emergence. A total of 6 samplings were carried out at 7 day intervals, starting at 7 d after the infestation. Quantifications of total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in leaf tissue were also performed. We observed that higher doses of nitrogen and phosphorus increased the aphid population, while increasing the potassium dose considerably decreased the aphid population. We also found a positive correlation between the aphid population and the total soluble protein concentrations, reducing sugars and nitrogen levels, while the correlation was negative with potassium levels in leaves.
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Amaducci, Stefano, Alberto Assirelli, Marco Trevisan, Alessandra Fracasso, Enrico Santangelo, Alessandro Suardi, Angelo Del Giudice, Antonio Scarfone, and Luigi Pari. "Effects of Stem Length and Storage Duration on Sugar Losses in Sweet Sorghum." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 2 (2018): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12498.
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Abstract. Sweet sorghum ( (L.) Moench) is a multi-purpose crop, yielding fuel in the form of ethanol from its stem juice, food in the form of grain, and fodder from its leaves and bagasse. The sugars utilized for bioethanol production are contained in the stalks, in an amount varying between 12% and 25% of the fresh biomass, according to the genotypes and harvesting time. However, these carbohydrates can be easily lost during harvest and post-harvest, because of wrong machinery settings and prolonged periods of exposure of the cut material to the action of fermentative agents. For these reasons, the production of biofuel from sweet sorghum is very sensitive to harvest systems and storage methods, as they can influence remarkably the final energetic yield of the crop. The main objective of the present study was to monitor the time course of dry matter and sugar content in sweet sorghum stem over a long-time storage period. The analysis was carried out by dividing the stems into portions of different length in order to test different storage configuration by varying the stem portion stored to simulate the action of different harvest machines. This work has been designed to take into account a larger storage window respect previous experimentation. The research has provided evidence that sugar loss during the storage is highly influenced by the length of the stem portion, as well as by storage conditions. Total sugar content at harvest was on average 23.2%. The decreasing of sugar content continued during the storage period but at different rate for the different portions. At the end of storage, the sugar content of the whole stem was on average 6.6%, while the smallest portion (1/16 of the whole stem) had an average content of 1.0%. Indications on best storage conditions (storage form, storage location, storage ambient condition), as well as technical details regarding new potential harvesting solutions to decrease the speed rate of sugar loss have been provided. Keywords: Biofuel, Harvesting, Storage, Sugar losses, Sweet sorghum.
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Vittal, K. P. R., K. Vijayalakshmi, and U. M. B. Rao. "The Effect of Cumulative Erosion and Rainfall on Sorghum, Pearl Millet and Castor Bean Yields Under Dry Farming Conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India." Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 4 (October 1990): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001356.
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SUMMARYTopsoil depth and yields of sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean were found to be positively correlated when monitored over thirteen seasons under widely varying rainfall conditions on an Alfisol in Andhra Pradesh, India. Yields responded up to 2.5 times more to topsoil depth when rainfall in the critical period exceeded evapotranspiration than under drier conditions. Yield variations were explained by topsoil depth in cereals, and by the interaction between rainfall during the critical period and topsoil depth in cereals and castor bean (R2<0.72). The expected yield losses as a result of erosion, based on 56 years of rainfall data, were 138, 84 and 51 kg ha−1cm−1for sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean, respectively. Quadratic models explained the yield losses due to cumulative erosion under conditions of both poor and good rainfall during the critical period. Sorghum and pearl millet tended to produce no yield when erosion exceeded 34 cm and castor bean when it exceeded 40 cm. There was less reduction in yield when rainfall was poor, up to about 10 cm of erosion, than when rainfall was good. The results indicate that pearl millet and castor bean are more suitable than sorghum for low rainfall and eroded conditions.
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Vittal, K. P. R., K. Vijayalakshmi, and U. M. B. Rao. "The Effect of Cumulative Erosion and Rainfall on Sorghum, Pearl Millet and Castor Bean Yields Under Dry Farming Conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India." Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 4 (October 1990): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970000363x.
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SUMMARYTopsoil depth and yields of sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean were found to be positively correlated when monitored over thirteen seasons under widely varying rainfall conditions on an Alfisol in Andhra Pradesh, India. Yields responded up to 2.5 times more to topsoil depth when rainfall in the critical period exceeded evapotranspiration than under drier conditions. Yield variations were explained by topsoil depth in cereals, and by the interaction between rainfall during the critical period and topsoil depth in cereals and castor bean (R2<0.72). The expected yield losses as a result of erosion, based on 56 years of rainfall data, were 138, 84 and 51 kg ha−1cm−1for sorghum, pearl millet and castor bean, respectively. Quadratic models explained the yield losses due to cumulative erosion under conditions of both poor and good rainfall during the critical period. Sorghum and pearl millet tended to produce no yield when erosion exceeded 34 cm and castor bean when it exceeded 40 cm. There was less reduction in yield when rainfall was poor, up to about 10 cm of erosion, than when rainfall was good. The results indicate that pearl millet and castor bean are more suitable than sorghum for low rainfall and eroded conditions.
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Pekarcik, Adrian J., and Alana L. Jacobson. "Evaluating Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Population Dynamics, Feeding Injury, and Grain Yield Among Commercial Sorghum Varieties in Alabama." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 757–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab013.
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Abstract The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), emerged as a severe pest of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.), in Texas and Louisiana in 2013 and currently threatens nearly all sorghum production in the United States. Proper management of populations is critical as sugarcane aphid has a high reproductive potential and can rapidly damage plants, resulting in extensive yield losses. The overall objective of this work was to investigate sugarcane aphid population dynamics, and subsequent sorghum injury and grain yield on commercially available grain sorghum varieties in Alabama. This research includes three-site years of data that show variation in plant injury, physiological maturity, and yields among varieties tested. Although performance of each variety was variable among locations, potentially due to abiotic factors, four varieties including DKS 37-07, 1G588, 1G855, and 83P17 exhibited characteristics consistent with resistance and corroborates reports of resistance from other states.
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Deines, Stephanie R., J. Anita Dille, Eric L. Blinka, David L. Regehr, and Scott A. Staggenborg. "Common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) interference in corn." Weed Science 52, no. 6 (December 2004): 976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-03-142r.
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Multiple weed species in the field combine to cause yield losses and can be described using one of several empirical models. Field studies were conducted to compare observed corn yield loss caused by common sunflower and shattercane populations with predicted yield losses modeled using a multiple species rectangular hyperbola model, an additive model, or the yield loss model in the decision support system, WeedSOFT, and to derive competitive indices for common sunflower and shattercane. Common sunflower and shattercane emerged with corn and selected densities established in field experiments at Scandia and Rossville, KS, between 2000 and 2002. The multiple species rectangular hyperbola model fit pooled data from three of five location–years with a predicted maximum corn yield loss of 60%. Initial slope parameter estimate for common sunflower was 49.2 and 4.2% for shattercane. A ratio of these estimates indicated that common sunflower was 11 times more competitive than shattercane. When common sunflower was assigned a competitive index (CI) value of 10, shattercane CI was 0.9. Predicted yield losses modeled for separate common sunflower or shattercane populations were additive when compared with observed yield losses caused by low-density mixed populations of common sunflower (0 to 0.5 plants m−2) and shattercane (0 to 4 plants m−2). However, a ratio of estimates of these models indicated that common sunflower was only four times as competitive as shattercane, with a CI of 2.5 for shattercane. The yield loss model in WeedSOFT underpredicted the same corn losses by 7.5%. Clearly, both the CI for shattercane and the yield loss model in WeedSOFT need to be reevaluated, and the multiple species rectangular hyperbola model is proposed.
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Leclerc, Christian, Caroline Mwongera, Pierre Camberlin, and Vincent Moron. "Cropping System Dynamics, Climate Variability, and Seed Losses among East African Smallholder Farmers: A Retrospective Survey." Weather, Climate, and Society 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 354–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-13-00035.1.
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Abstract Climate variability directly affects traditional low input and rain-fed farming systems, but few studies have paid attention retrospectively to the cropping system’s ability to mitigate climate risk. This study analyzes the impacts of rainfall variability on farmers’ seed variety losses over time, considering changes in smallholder farming systems. The cropping system dynamics, in favoring maize at the expense of sorghum and pearl millet, have induced an increasing risk of seed loss during drought. Combining ecological anthropology and climatology, a retrospective survey asking farmers about the period 1961–2006 was carried out at three altitudinal levels (750, 950, and 1100 m) on the eastern slope of Mount Kenya. Over that period, based on 3204 seed loss events reported orally and independently by 208 farmers, the probability to lose sorghum seed (0.056–0.065) was significantly lower than the probability to lose maize seed (0.071–0.087). All crops were more impacted by droughts than by very wet years. Seed loss probability increased for rainy seasons shorter than 50 days, with less than 28 rain days, and with a precipitation amount under 400 mm. Losses are almost linearly related to the frequency of rain days. Logistic regression confirmed that a change in cropping systems, favoring maize at the expense of sorghum and pearl millet, increased the risk of seed losses due to drought over the 46-yr period.
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Eberlein, Charlotte V., Timothy L. Miller, and Edith L. Lurvey. "Seasonal Emergence and Growth ofSorghum almum." Weed Technology 2, no. 3 (July 1988): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003058x.
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Field studies on time of emergence, influence of planting date on growth and reproduction, and winter survival of rhizomes were conducted on sorghum-almum grown in corn and crop-free environments. In 1985, peak emergence of sorghum-almum occurred during early May in crop-free plots and mid-May in corn. In 1986, two peaks of emergence, one in early June and one in late June, were noted in both crop-free and corn plots. Emergence after mid-July was 4% or less of the total emerged in 1985, and no sorghum-almum emerged after mid-July in 1986. In planting date studies, sorghum-almum was seeded alone or in corn at 2-week intervals. Corn competition reduced sorghum-almum shoot, rhizome, and root growth at all planting dates. Maximum sorghum-almum seed production was 43 110 seed/plant when grown without competition but only 1050 seed/plant when grown with corn competition. When grown with corn competition, no seed developed on sorghum-almum seeded 6 or more weeks (mid-June or later) after corn planting. Shoot dry weight of sorghum-almum grown with corn competition was 3 g/plant or less for plants seeded 4 or more weeks (early June or later) after corn planting. Therefore, controlling sorghum-almum in corn through mid-June should prevent seed production and corn yield losses due to sorghum-almum competition. Rhizomes produced by sorghum-almum grown alone or with corn competition did not survive the winter; therefore, in Minnesota, sorghum-almum survival from one growing season to the next depends on seed production.
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Knezevic, Stevan Z., Michael J. Horak, and Richard L. Vanderlip. "Relative time of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) emergence is critical in pigweed-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] competition." Weed Science 45, no. 4 (August 1997): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500088731.
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Redroot pigweed is a common weed in sorghum fields throughout the southcentral United States including Kansas. In 1994 and 1995, field studies were conducted at two sites near Manhattan, KS, to determine the influence of redroot pigweed densities and times of emergence on sorghum yield and yield components. Redroot pigweed was sown at densities of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 12 plants meter−1of row within a 25-cm band over the sorghum row at planting and at the three- to four-leaf stage of sorghum. A rectangular hyperbola was used to describe the relationship between crop yield loss and weed density. Because of the instability of both coefficientsI(percentage yield loss at low weed density) andA(percentage yield loss at high weed density), our results do not support the use of a model based exclusively on weed number to estimate sorghum yield loss across all locations within a region. A quadratic polynomial equation that accounts for the time of weed emergence relative to the crop growth stage is suggested as an alternative method to estimate sorghum yield loss. At the densities studied, the time of pigweed emergence relative to the sorghum leaf stage was critical for the outcome of sorghum-pigweed competition. Significant sorghum yield losses occurred only when pigweed emerged before the 5.5-leaf stage of sorghum. An examination of yield components suggested that the yield loss was a result of a reduction in number of seeds per head.
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Neupane, Subin B., David L. Kerns, and Adrianna Szczepaniec. "The Impact of Sorghum Growth Stage and Resistance on Life History of Sugarcane Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 2 (November 21, 2019): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz310.
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Abstract Recent invasion of a new haplotype of sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner) resulted in severe outbreaks of the aphids in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench [Poales: Poaceae]) across the United States. Previous research and field observations suggested that both sorghum resistance and growth stage were important to their population dynamics in the field and hence effective and timely management to minimize economic losses associated with this pest. To explore this, we designed greenhouse experiments to quantify fecundity, prereproductive period, and longevity of sugarcane aphids across several vegetative and reproductive growth stages of a resistant (DKS 37-07) and susceptible (M77GB52 and DKS 38–88) sorghum hybrids commonly used in sorghum production. We found significant effects of sorghum resistance and growth stage on several life history traits and demographics parameters of sugarcane aphids. We did not, however, note any significant interactive effects of resistance and phenology on any of the response variables. Sugarcane aphids exposed to the susceptible sorghum produced significantly more offspring, had significantly greater intrinsic and finite rates of increase, and significantly shorter population doubling time than the aphids feeding on resistant sorghum. On the other hand, the impact of sorghum growth stage had more variable effects on life history of sugarcane aphids that were most frequently evident at the late reproductive stages. These outcomes support our hypothesis that sorghum in late stages of growth tends to be a better host for sugarcane aphids and highlight the importance of sorghum growth stage to sugarcane aphid life history and population growth potential.
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Afolayan, G., S. E. Aladele, S. P. Deshpande, A. O. Kolawole, D. J. Nwosu, C. Michael, E. T. Blay, and E. Y. Danquah. "Genetic Variation for Striga hermonthica Resistance and Yield Among Sorghum Accessions in Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 7 (June 15, 2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n7p192.
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Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth., commonly referred to as witch weed, is a major constraint to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) production in the Northern region of Nigeria because of high yield losses due to infestation. To identify parental lines useful in breeding for S. hermonthica resistant sorghum genotypes adapted to Nigeria, twenty-five sorghum accessions were evaluated in Nigeria across three test environments. Both phenotypic and genetic components influenced the variation observed in the sorghum accessions. The estimates for the genetic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for the area under Striga number progress curve (ASUNPC), Striga emergence counts, yield and other agronomic traits, obtained in this study revealed that genetic gain for resistance to S. hermonthica could be realized through selection. Based on the performance of the 25 sorghum accessions SRN39, Danyana, Sepon82, and SAMSORG40 were the top four accessions found to be most resistant to S. hermonthica. Assessment of resistance was based on the low Striga emergence counts and the ASUNPC values. These accessions can be used as donor sources of S. hermonthica resistant genes for introgression into cultivars adapted to Nigeria, followed by recombination breeding for pyramiding the different resistance mechanisms.
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Głąb, Lilianna, and Józef Sowiński. "Sustainable Production of Sweet Sorghum as a Bioenergy Crop Using Biosolids Taking into Account Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 3033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113033.
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Currently, little data are available on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sweet sorghum production under temperate climate. Similarly, information on the effect of bio-based waste products use on the carbon (C) footprint of sorghum cultivation is rare in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomical and environmental effects of the application of biosolids as a nitrogen source in the production of sweet sorghum as a bioenergy crop. The yield of sorghum biomass was assessed and the GHG emissions arising from crop production were quantified. The present study focused on whether agricultural use of sewage sludge and digestate could be considered an option to improve the C footprint of sorghum production. Biosolids—sewage sludge and digestate—could be recognized as a nutrient substitute without crop yield losses. Nitrogen application had the greatest impact on the external GHG emissions and it was responsible for 54% of these emissions. CO2eq emissions decreased by 14 and 11%, respectively, when sewage sludge and digestate were applied. This fertilization practice represents a promising strategy for low C agriculture and could be recommended to provide sustainable sorghum production as a bioenergy crop to mitigate GHG emissions.
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Seshu Reddy, K. V. "Assessment of On-Farm Yield Losses in Sorghum Due to Insect Pests." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 9, no. 06 (December 1988): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400005531.
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Ali, M. E. K. "Relationship Between Anthracnose Leaf Blight and Losses in Grain Yield of Sorghum." Plant Disease 71, no. 9 (1987): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-0803.
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Cota, Luciano Viana, André Gomes Coelho Souza, Rodrigo Veras Costa, Dagma Dionísia Silva, Fabrício Eustáquio Lanza, Frederick Mendes Aguiar, and José Edson Fontes Figueiredo. "Quantification of yield losses caused by leaf anthracnose on sorghum in Brazil." Journal of Phytopathology 165, no. 7-8 (May 18, 2017): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jph.12582.
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Qazi, Hilal A., Pinnamaneni Srinivasa Rao, Akanksha Kashikar, Penna Suprasanna, and Sujata Bhargava. "Alterations in stem sugar content and metabolism in sorghum genotypes subjected to drought stress." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 9 (2014): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13299.
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Changes in stem sugar concentrations due to drought stress at the early reproductive stage were studied in seven sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes that differ in their stem sugar storage ability. Total sap sugar concentration increased in most genotypes. ANOVA showed a significant contribution of genotype and treatment to the variation in sugar levels. Two genotypes showed little variation in total sugar levels at the fifth internode from the peduncle and five genotypes showed significant increases in total sugar levels under drought; these groups were used to compare sugar metabolism. Drought led to a decrease in catabolic sucrose synthase activity in both groups. Invertase activities increased significantly in two genotypes and correlated with the increase in reducing sugar concentrations under drought. Stem sugar hydrolysis probably had a role in osmotic adjustment under drought and correlated with retention of sap volume. However, the activities of sugar-metabolising enzymes did not correlate with their gene expression levels. After resuming irrigation, grain yields, stalk yields and juice volume at physiological maturity were lower in plants recovering from drought stress compared with the controls. In some genotypes, there were similar losses in grain yields and stem sugars due to drought, indicating photoassimilate source limitation; in other genotypes, grain yield losses were less than stem sugar losses in drought-exposed plants compared with the controls, suggesting mobilisation of sugars from the storage internodes to the developing panicle. Accumulation of stem sugars appears to be an adaptive strategy against drought stress in some sorghum genotypes.
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Dille, J. Anita, Phillip W. Stahlman, Curtis R. Thompson, Brent W. Bean, Nader Soltani, and Peter H. Sikkema. "Potential yield loss in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with weed interference in the United States." Weed Technology 34, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.12.
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AbstractPotential yield losses in grain sorghum due to weed interference based on quantitative data from the major grain sorghum-growing areas of the United States are reported by the WSSA Weed Loss Committee. Weed scientists and extension specialists who researched weed control in grain sorghum provided data on grain sorghum yield loss due to weed interference in their region. Data were requested from up to 10 individual experiments per calendar year over 10 yr between 2007 and 2016. Based on the summarized information, farmers in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Texas would potentially lose an average of 37%, 38%, 30%, 56%, 61%, and 60% of their grain sorghum yield with no weed control, and have a corresponding annual monetary loss of US $19 million, 302 million, 7 million, 32 million, 25 million, and 314 million, respectively. The overall average yield loss due to weed interference was estimated to be 47% for this grain sorghum-growing region. Thus, US farmers would lose approximately 5,700 million kg of grain sorghum valued at approximately US $953 million annually if weeds are not controlled. With each dollar invested in weed management (based on estimated weed control cost of US $100 ha−1), there would be a return of US $3.80, highlighting the return on investment in weed management and the importance of continued weed science research for sustaining high grain sorghum yield and profitability in the United States.
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Armstrong, RD, NV Halpin, K. McCosker, J. Standley, and AT Lisle. "Applying nitrogen to grain sorghum in central Queensland: residual value and effect of fallowing and tillage practice." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 1 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960081.
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In the northern cereal belt of Australia, farmers are reluctant to apply nitrogen (N) fertilizers because of a perception that if N is added to the soil and no crop is subsequently planted due to lack of rain, the N is 'lost'. An experiment was conducted on a cracking clay soil over three seasons to compare the response of grain sorghum to N applied to the current crop v. N applied the previous season which was then either planted or left fallow (to simulate a missed planting opportunity). Recovery of 15~-labelled fertilizer by the crop and that remaining in the soil were simultaneously determined in microplots. The effect of tillage practice [zero (ZT) and conventional (CT)] was also examined. Sorghum grain yield responded to fresh applications of N in 1993 and 1993194 but not 1992, reflecting the importance of timing of rainfall rather than the total amount received within the season. Applications of N to the current crop always improved yield more than equivalent amounts of N applied to the previous crop. Grain yields of plots that were previously fallowed (fallow-sorghum rotation) were higher than the combined yields of sorghum-sorghum rotations, although fallowing was an inefficient means of accumulating both water and mineral N. Recovery of applied 1 5 ~ by sorghum varied from 48% in 1992 to 36% in 1993 but was not related to the overall N responsiveness of the crop. Sorghum recovered a similar proportion of 1 5 ~ from plots which had been fertilized and then fallowed the previous year compared to fresh applications to the current crop, despite the fallow plots having less 1 5 ~ in them due to losses from the previous season. Losses of 1 5 ~ from the soil/plant system varied markedly with year and appeared to be related to the pattern of rainfall occurring and its possible effect on denitrification. Tillage practice did not affect grain yields or PAWC, had minimal effect on the amount of mineral N present, and little influence on the fertilizer N requirements of sorghum per se. This study suggests that there is only a small residual value to subsequent sorghum crops of fertilizer N if added initially to a successful crop. However, if N is applied pre-plant and the crop is not planted, for example due to lack of planting rain, a large proportion of this N can remain available to the following crop depending on the nature of the subsequent rainfall.
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Moore, J. W., M. Ditmore, and D. O. TeBeest. "Development of Anthracnose on Grain Sorghum Hybrids Inoculated with Recently Described Pathotypes of Colletotrichum sublineolum Found in Arkansas." Plant Disease 94, no. 5 (May 2010): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-5-0589.
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Sorghum anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum sublineolum, is found in most grain-sorghum-producing areas, including Arkansas. Yield losses can be severe in susceptible sorghum hybrids, suggesting that host resistance will continue to be critical for maintaining high yields. However, genetic control is often unsuccessful because of haplotype and pathotype variability within the C. sublineolum population. The objective of this research was to assess the levels of resistance of selected grain sorghum hybrids to isolates of the recently described pathotypes of C. sublineolum found in Arkansas. Field experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate the reaction of 10 sorghum hybrids to eight C. sublineolum pathotypes by collecting anthracnose severity ratings at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after inoculation. Based on these disease severity ratings, the area under the disease progress curve was calculated for each pathotype by hybrid interaction. These data showed that different levels of resistance are available in the current grain sorghum hybrids to different pathotypes. Cargill 888Y was resistant to all pathotypes in both years. However, Asgrow A571, DEKALB DKS53-11, FFR 318, and Pioneer 84G62 were moderately susceptible to susceptible to all pathotypes tested in both years. Pathotype 9 caused the most disease on 7 of the 10 hybrids evaluated in 2005 but, in 2006, pathotypes 12 and 13 surpassed pathotype 9 for disease severity on 9 of the 10 hybrids. More work is needed to assess host resistance and the effect of sorghum anthracnose on yield parameters of grain sorghum hybrids planted in Arkansas.
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Holthaus, D. L., B. S. Dalke, L. Pfaff, John E. Boyer, K. K. Bolsen, and Matthew A. Young. "Top spoilage losses for corn and forage sorghum silages stored in bunker silos." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2032.
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Dickerson, J. T., K. K. Bolsen, B. E. Brent, and C. Lin. "Losses from top spoilage in corn and forage sorghum silages in horizontal silos." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2169.
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Ilori, M. O., and S. R. A. Adewusi. "EFFECT OF AMMONIA ON THE MALTING LOSSES OF SOME IMPROVED NIGERIAN SORGHUM VARIETIES." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 97, no. 2 (March 4, 1991): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1991.tb01059.x.
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Apea-Bah, Franklin Brian, Xiang Li, and Trust Beta. "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Cooked Rice Dyed with Sorghum-Leaf Bio-Colorants." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092058.
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White rice is an important staple food globally. It is a rich source of energy but is low in dietary phenolic antioxidants. This current research aimed at providing scientific evidence for an alternative rice dish that has increased phenolic-antioxidant health-promoting potential by combining white rice with red cowpea beans and cooking with dye sorghum leaves hydrothermal extract, as a source of natural colorant. Boiled white rice and the rice–cowpea–sorghum extract dish were freeze-dried, and the free and bound phenolic compounds of raw and cooked samples were extracted. Phenolic composition, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activities (measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity methods) of the raw and cooked samples were determined. Combining white rice with cowpea seeds and sorghum leaves extract significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the TPC and antioxidant activities of the rice due to the higher TPC and antioxidant activities of cowpea and sorghum leaves. Although boiling caused substantial losses of flavonoids and anthocyanins in the rice–cowpea–sorghum extract composite meal, the resulting dish had higher TPC and antioxidant activities than boiled white rice. Compositing white rice with phenolic-rich pulses can be an innovative approach to providing alternative healthy rice dishes to consumers.
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DUNCAN, R. R., and C. S. HOVELAND. "DOUBLE CROPPING WINTER RAPESEED AND GRAIN SORGHUM." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-060.
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Since rainfall generally exceeds 500 mm during the winter months and soil erosion is a problem in the southern U.S.A., a cover crop is essential to reduce soil losses. Continuous cultivation of a crop on the same land also provides the opportunity for pest problems to develop. A winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)-grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench.) double-cropping system was investigated in the field from 1981 to 1984. Conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) systems were used for both crops. Gullivar rape was planted in October and harvested in June. Winter rapeseed yields averaged 2.87 t ha−1 on CT plots in 1982. Averaged over 1983 and 1984, rape yields were 1.66 and 0.73 t ha−1 on CT and NT plots, respectively. However, the seeding method biased the rapeseed performance. Problems were encountered with winter weed control and pod shattering in the winter rape plots. Two sorghum hybrids, R. C. Young Oro Txtra and Funks G-550, were planted in June and harvested in October. Grain yields were not significantly different between hybrids (Oro 5.69 t ha−1, Funk 5.67 t ha−1) or between tillage systems (CT 5.59 t ha−1, NT 5.78 t ha−1). Grain yield differences were noted for year × hybrid × tillage interactions. Rape was a weed problem in the sorghum plots. The winter rape-sorghum double-cropping system offers an alternative to current winter small grains-sorghum/soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) or winter annual legume-sorghum/soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) systems; however, markets for the winter rapeseed and production economic analyses are needed prior to adoption of the system. Additional winter rapeseed research is needed to evaluate yields properly under NT conditions.Key words: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Brassica napus L., conservation tillage, multiple cropping, sorghum, rapeseed
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JOEL, KATAKA ATANDA, STEVEN RUNO, and ALICE MUCHUGI. "Genetic diversity and virulence of Striga hermonthica from Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties." Nusantara Bioscience 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n100208.
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Joel KA, Runo S, Muchugi A. 2018. Genetic diversity and virulence study of Striga hermonthica from Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 111-120. Parasitic weeds pose a severe problem in agricultural production, causing massive crop losses in many regions of the world and especially Africa. One example to be considered the most significant biological constraint to food production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is Striga hermonthica, the most widespread among the Striga species in the semi-arid tropical African zones. The wide geographical distribution set conditions for genetically structured populations. The genetic variations among the weed populations allow for the quick breakdown of resistance in crops hence making control of the weed difficult. Efficient and effective control of S. hermonthica demands knowledge on inherent genetic variability within local and regional races of the weed. However, the genetic diversity and virulence of S. hermonthica ecotypes in Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties remain unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the genetic diversity among seven S. hermonthica populations from locations in Kenya and Uganda using 5 primer sets of Expressed Sequence Tags-Simple Sequence Repeats (EST-SSR). The genetic diversity was moderate as shown by the Nei’s genetic distance values. AMOVA measured low genetic differentiation among the populations. This study also investigated twelve sorghum varieties for their response to S. hermonthica infection. The result demonstrated that the varieties resistance responses to S. hermonthica varied widely. The phenotype of resistant interaction was characterized by the inability of the weeds haustoria to penetrate the sorghums root endodermis due to severe necrosis and in rare cases the parasites radicle growing away from the host root. The resistant sorghum varieties were the Asareca W2, Asareca AG3, N13 and the Wild-type which had low mean number of S. hermonthica plantlets growing on their roots, while the most susceptible varieties were Sap 027, Epurpur which had the highest mean number of S. hermonthica plantlets growing on their roots. There was a highly significant difference in the means of the number of Striga growing on the roots of sorghum varieties, Striga dry biomass and S. hermonthica length between the susceptible and resistant ones. This knowledge holds unique potentiality since resistant sorghum germplasm tested will be sourced and targeted to the seven specific geographical areas where virulence of the particular S. hermonthica populations was characterized.
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Pinho, Ricardo Martins Araujo, Edson Mauro Santos, Juliana Silva de Oliveira, Higor Fábio Carvalho Bezerra, Poliane Meire Dias de Freitas, Alexandre Fernandes Perazzo, Rosângela Claurenia da Silva Ramos, and Ana Paula Gomes da Silva. "Sorghum cultivars of different purposes silage." Ciência Rural 45, no. 2 (February 2015): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20131532.
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This study aimed to assess the fermentation profile, losses and chemical composition of the silages of five sorghum cultivars. A completely randomized design with five replicates was used. The experimental treatments were represented by five sorghum cultivars (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench): 'BRS Ponta Negra' , 'BRS 610', 'BRS 655', 'BRS 800' and 'BRS 810'. There was variation (P<0.05) for the pH in the cultivars studied, with highest result of pH by 'BRS 610'. The average percentages of lactic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid, differed (P<0.05) among the cultivars, ranging from 32.9 to 59.5, 19.8 to 39.8, and 0.0 to 1.3g kg-1, respectively. The dry matter recovery varied among cultivars (P<0.05), allowing the identification of BRS Ponta Negra, and 'BRS 810' silages, as those which recovered the lowest dry matter, with values of 757.1 and 776.1g kg-1, respectively. There were differences (P<0.05) for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total carbohydrates contents among the cultivars. It was concluded that, despite the morphological and chemical differences among cultivars, the resulting silages had good fermentation profile.
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Bajwa, Ali A., Ahmad Nawaz, Muhammad Farooq, Bhagirath S. Chauhan, and Steve Adkins. "Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) competition with grain sorghum under arid conditions." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479720000034.
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AbstractParthenium weed is an invasive species in a growing number of countries where it infests numerous crop fields, including sorghum. Two field studies were conducted to quantify the effect of parthenium weed on the performance of grain sorghum at different weed densities (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants m−2) and durations of weed-crop competition (season-long weed-free, weed-free after 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks, and season-long weedy). Our aim was to identify the density threshold and ideal duration to control parthenium weed in sorghum fields. Both field experiments were planned in a randomised complete block design each with three replications in 2016 and were repeated in 2017. Parthenium weed biomass increased significantly with increasing density and competition duration. The increasing parthenium weed density had a linear negative effect on sorghum growth, yield and yield-contributing traits. The highest yield loss, of up to 66%, was recorded at the highest parthenium weed density of 20 plants m−2 when compared to weed-free treatment. In addition, the season-long competition of this weed with sorghum caused 81% reduction in grain yield over weed-free treatment. According to our results, parthenium weed should be managed below a density of 5 plants m−2 and throughout the crop growth duration in grain sorghum fields as it can cause serious yield losses even at low densities and through strong competition at early as well as late growth stages of the crop.
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Mccree, KJ. "Whole-Plant Carbon Balance During Osmotic Adjustment to Drought and Salinity Stress." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 1 (1986): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860033.
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The whole-plant daily carbon balance (the 24-h sum of photosynthetic input of substrate carbon per plant and loss of carbon through respiration) is the CO2 exchange measure that relates most closely to crop production rates. Water stress reduces the photosynthetic input, reducing both leaf area and photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Respiratory losses are reduced more or less proportionately. A less-than-proportional loss was observed during osmotic adjustment in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench): the metabolic cost of storing photosynthate and using it for osmotic adjustment was less than the cost of converting it to new biomass. A slightly increased metabolic cost is often found under salt stress but, in sorghum plants that were salinized and then water stressed, the adverse effects of salt were mitigated by decreased water loss rates and enhanced osmotic adjustment during water stress. More tests involving combined salt and water stress are needed.
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Shad, Rashid A., and Sadar Uddin Siddiqui. "Problems Associated with Phalaris minor and Other Grass Weeds in India and Pakistan." Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 2 (April 1996): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700026065.
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SUMMARYThe composition and control of the grass weed flora of India and Pakistan are discussed, and the losses caused by the weeds are reviewed. The most important perennial weeds are Cynodon dactylon and Sorghum halepense and the most important annual weeds Echinochloa crusgalli and E. colona in the summer (kharif) crops and wild oats (Avena spp.) and Phalaris minor in the winter (rabi) crops. Losses caused by these weeds can be considerably reduced by the use of selective herbicides but these may be too expensive for many farmers. The problems and control of Phalaris minor are considered in detail.
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Jagdale, G. B., B. Ball-Coelho, J. Potter, J. Brandle, and R. C. Roy. "Rotation crop effects on Pratylenchus penetrans and subsequent crop yields." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-084.
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Root damage from Pratylenchus penetrans causes economic losses in many crops. Rotation with poor or non-hosts is a control method that can reduce the use of fumigant nematicides. Short-term experiments were conducted to identify potential non-host sorghum and millet hybrids. In a field experiment, forage pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. 'CFPM 101'), grain pearl millet ('CGPMH-1'), grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. 'CGSH-7') and rye (Secale cereale L. common) were grown in rotation with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. 'Delfield'), a known intolerant host. One rye treatment was fumigated prior to tobacco planting in 1998. P. penetrans numbers were lower in forage and grain pearl millet plots than in grain sorghum or rye plots in the year of planting. In the subsequent tobacco crop year, root nematode counts in plots where forage and grain pearl millet were grown were similar to counts in fumigated rye plots and lower than counts in plots where non-fumigated rye and grain sorghum were grown. Tobacco leaf yield was negatively correlated with soil nematode counts from November 1997 to July 1998 (r = −0.48, P = 0.0001), as well as with root counts from July 1998 to September 1998 (r = −0.40, P = 0.0015). This is the first report of P. penetrans suppression by P. glaucum in the field. Further investigation of nematode suppression by pearl millet lines and development of this potentially sustainable farming system is warranted. Key words: Pratylenchus penetrans, Pennisetum glaucum, Secale cereale, Sorghum bicolor, biological control, cropping system
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Rao, M. J. Vasudeva, V. L. Chidley, and L. R. House. "Estimates of grain yield losses caused in sorghum (sorghum bicolor L. moench) by Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze obtained using the regression approach." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 25, no. 2-3 (March 1989): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(89)90046-7.
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Ghersa, Claudio M., and Maria A. Martinez-Ghersa. "A Field Method for Predicting Yield Losses in Maize Caused by Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)." Weed Technology 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028104.
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The objective of this research was to modify the senior author's previously developed method for predicting yield losses in maize crops attributable to johnsongrass. The new method is based on the following assumptions: a) relative leaf frequency determines relative biomass; b) total biomass is constant despite the crop/weed ratio; and c) biomass, and therefore leaf frequency, are related to grain yield. Experiments in Argentina from 1986 to 1989 supported the above hypotheses, and the new method was more accurate than the old for predicting relative species biomass in johnsongrass/maize mixtures. Maize grain yield reductions associated with weed interference were also more accurately predicted.
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Cundiff, J. S. "Potential reduction of nonstructural carbohydrate losses by juice expression prior to ensiling sweet sorghum." Biomass and Bioenergy 3, no. 6 (January 1992): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(92)90036-p.
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Musselman, Lytton J. "Parasitic weeds and their impact in South-West Asia." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 89 (1986): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009106.
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SynopsisThree groups of SW Asiatic parasitic weeds are reviewed: the root parasites Striga (Scrophulariaceae), Cistanche and Orobanche (Orobanchaceae); and the stem parasites Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae). Striga hermonthka and S. asiatica are serious pests on sorghum, millet, and maize in parts of N and S Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Striga densiflora has apparently been introduced from India to Oman where it parasitises sugar-cane and sorghum. Species of Orobanche are widespread throughout almost all the region and cause serious losses in tomatoes, tobacco, broadbeans, melons and other crops. Cistanche phelypaea has recently been shown capable of attacking sugar beet. Species of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae), widespread in SW Asia, mainly affect legume crops, especially lucerne. Considerable taxonomic research is still needed in Orobanche, Cistanche, and Cuscuta.
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Avalakki, UK, WM Strong, and PG Saffigna. "Measurement of gaseous emissions from denitrification of applied N-15 .3. Field-measurements." Soil Research 33, no. 1 (1995): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950101.
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Field experiments were conducted during autumn and winter (April-July) at four locations on Vertisol or Alfisol soils on the Darling Downs of Queensland in 1988 and 1989 to determine 15N losses when soil was saturated after applications of 15N labelled nitrate-N prior to sowing winter cereal crops. Losses of applied 15N were quantified by either gas emission or mass balance measurements on microplots (0.043 m2) confined laterally to a depth of 110 or 260 mm. At each field location, two experiments were established, one on a soil containing little visible crop residue where winter cereal had been harvested the previous November and another site containing residues of a recently harvested sorghum crop. Because shallow (110 mm) confinement was found to be unsatisfactory for both gas emission and mass balance measurement of 15N losses, comparison of the two methods was not applicable at one of the four field locations. Loss estimates for the six field sites by accumulating daily gas emissions averaged 80.7 � 33.4% (range 43-132%) of that estimated by mass balance. Loss estimates from peak emission measurements were generally closer to that estimated by mass balance 100.8� 39.9% (range 56-169%). Loss of applied 15N (40 kg N ha-1) when soils were saturated in April was several-fold more (19-29 kg N ha-1)) than that lost when soils were saturated in July (3.9-6.4 kg N ha-1)). Loss of 15N following saturation during July 1988 was similar in magnitude to the quantity of 15N apparently immobilized into soil organic forms (5.8-6.0 kg N ha-1)). Sorghum residues returned in March, or wheat straw added in December prior to a long period of dry weather, promoted loss of 15N applied prior to soil saturation in April or July. Alternatively, where residues of a previous winter cereal had decomposed considerably, loss of applied 15N was much lower than where sorghum residues had been added prior to saturations in April (15.3 cf. 28.6 kg N ha-1)) or July (3.9 cf. 6.4 kg N ha-1)).
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Xu, Youjie, Jun Li, Zhanguo Xin, Scott R. Bean, Michael Tilley, and Donghai Wang. "Water-Soluble Sugars of Pedigreed Sorghum Mutant Stalks and Their Recovery after Pretreatment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 5472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165472.
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Chemical composition of biomass, especially carbohydrate content, is a critical indicator of a biomass source’s potential for biofuel applications. This study characterized physico-chemical properties of stalks from 16 representative pedigreed sorghum mutant lines. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the recovery of sucrose and its hydrolysis products, glucose and fructose, during dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment at conditions typically used for lignocellulosic biomass, and to determine the relationship between water-extractive contents and sugar recovery after pretreatment. Dilute acid-pretreated sorghum stalks had enzymatic saccharification of >82.4% glucose yield for all treated samples with more than 82.3% cellulose recovery and 85% hemicellulose removal. A single-step, one-pot process was recommended for sorghum mutant stalks with low water-extractive content (<35%, w/w) to reduce processing cost and minimize wastewater disposal since the majority of sugars will be recovered after dilute acid pretreatment with minimal degradation products. However, for sorghum mutant stalks with high water-extractive content (>35%, w/w), a pre-washing step is beneficial to recover the water-soluble sugars before subjecting to the pretreatment process in order to avoid sugar losses during the pretreatment stage. Thus, different processing technologies should be applied to lignocellulosic biomass with various water-extractive contents and water-soluble sugar concentrations.
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Croon, Kent A., and Morris G. Merkle. "Effects of Bentazon, Imazaquin, or Chlorimuron on Haloxyfop or Fluazifop-P Efficacy." Weed Technology 2, no. 1 (January 1988): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00030049.
Full textAbstract:
Field studies were conducted to measure the response of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘Conlee's Top Hand’] to foliar applications of haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} or fluazifop-P {(R)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} plus either bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] at 0.84 kg ai/ha imazaquin {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid} at 0.21 kg ae/ha, or chlorimuron {2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl) amino] carbonyl] amino] sulfonyl] benzoic acid} at 12 g ae/ha. Tank-mixing imazaquin or chlorimuron with haloxyfop or fluazifop-P reduced phytotoxicity to sorghum 12 days after treatment (DAT) by 14 to 64% compared to applications of haloxyfop or fluazifop-P alone. Much of this antagonism was reduced 24 DAT as imazaquin and chlorimuron apparently delayed the activity of haloxyfop and fluazifop-P when losses in activity ranged from 13 to 21%. Increases in haloxyfop and fluazifop-P rates tended to reduce the severity of the antagonism. Tank-mixing bentazon with haloxyfop or fluazifop-P did not reduce phytotoxicity to sorghum compared to applications of haloxyfop and fluazifop-P alone.
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Kanatas, Panagiotis, Ioannis Gazoulis, Stavros Zannopoulos, Alexandros Tataridas, Anastasia Tsekoura, Nikolaos Antonopoulos, and Ilias Travlos. "Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Subsp. Drummondii) and Weedy Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)—Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) as Weeds in Agriculture." Diversity 13, no. 10 (September 25, 2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100463.
Full textAbstract:
Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. drummondii) and weedy sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) are two examples of crop wild relatives (CWRs) that have become troublesome weeds in agriculture. Shattercane is a race belonging to a different subspecies than domesticated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor). Weedy sunflower populations are natural hybrids between wild and domesticated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Both species have key weedy characteristics, such as early seed shattering and seed dormancy, which play an important role in their success as agricultural weeds. They are widely reported as important agricultural weeds in the United States and have invaded various agricultural areas in Europe. Shattercane is very competitive to sorghum, maize (Zea mays L.), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Weedy sunflower causes severe yield losses in sunflower, maize, soybean, pulse crops, and industrial crops. Herbicide resistance was confirmed in populations of both species. The simultaneous presence of crops and their wild relatives in the field leads to crop–wild gene flow. Hybrids are fertile and competitive. Hybridization between herbicide-tolerant crops and wild populations creates herbicide-resistant hybrid populations. Crop rotation, false seedbed, cover crops, and competitive crop genotypes can suppress shattercane and weedy sunflower. Preventative measures are essential to avoid their spread on new agricultural lands. The development of effective weed management strategies is also essential to prevent hybridization between sorghum, sunflower, and their wild relatives and to mitigate its consequences.
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Catchpole, VR. "Nitrogen dynamics of oats, sorghum, black gram, green panic and lucerne on a clay soil in south-eastern Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 8 (1992): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9921113.
Full textAbstract:
Changes in the distribution of nitrate-nitrogen (N) in a clay soil (Pellustert) under oats (Avena sativa cv. Minhafer), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. E57), black gram (Vigna mungo cv. Regur), green panic (Panicum maximum cv. Petrie), and lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Hunter River), and the uptake of N into plant shoots, were measured at Narayen on the brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) lands of south-eastem Queensland over each cropping season in 1975-85. Nitrate-N accumulated in the subsoil (30-150 cm) under sorghum and black gram, but not under oats. Green panic depleted nitrate-N after 2 years, and lucerne after 1 year. Losses of nitrate-N during 2 wet years reached 300 kg/ha under sorghum and black gram, and 57 kg/ha under oats, but were negligible under green panic and lucerne. Leaching to below 150 cm in the soil was the probable cause. The supply of soil N to oats, sorghum, and black gram was adequate during the 10 years, but the N yield of green panic decreased from 239 kg/ha to 150 kg/ha after 5 years. Accumulation of nitrate-N under sorghum and black gram could be utilised by rotating these crops with green panic or lucerne. This would also improve the productivity of green panic pastures. Rotating the summer crops with oats (winter crop) or with deeprooted crops (e.g. sunflowers) should also be tested. Alternatively, reduction of production of nitrate-N in the soil could be attempted. Zero or reduced tillage could do this, but it may also increase leaching by increasing the entry and movement of water in the soil.
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Besançon, Thierry E., Maggie H. Wasacz, and Joseph R. Heckman. "Weed Suppression, Nitrogen Availability, and Cabbage Production Following Sunn Hemp or Sorghum-sudangrass." HortTechnology 31, no. 4 (August 2021): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04811-21.
Full textAbstract:
Cover crops included in a crop rotation can help increase nitrogen (N) availability to subsequent crops, raise soil organic matter, and suppress emergence and growth of various weed species. However, weed suppression by cover crops has mostly been investigated shortly after cover crop termination and not over a longer period spanning into the next cropping season. The effects of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum ×drummondi) planted the previous year on N availability before transplanting of late summer cabbage (Brassica oleracea), weed germination and growth, and cabbage yield was examined in field studies conducted in 2018 and 2019 at Pittstown, NJ. Results established that there was little evidence for a functional difference in soil N availability for fall cabbage production because of previous cover crop type. Heavy rainfall events both years may have caused major losses of available N that might otherwise be expected to come from N mineralization of residues of legume cover crop like sunn hemp. During the cover crop season, smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) dry biomass was 77% and 82% lower, respectively, in sorghum-sudangrass compared with sunn hemp plots. The subsequent season following sorghum-sudangrass cover crop, dry biomass of broadleaf weeds was lower by 74% and 56% in June and July, respectively, compared with preceding sunn hemp. Smooth pigweed, common lambsquarters, and hairy galinsoga (Galinsoga quadriradiata) were the weed species most consistently affected by preceding sorghum-sudangrass cover crop with biomass decreased by up to 80%, 78%, and 64%, respectively. Thus, it appears that sorghum-sudangrass can provide suppression of some broadleaf species over a relatively long period and is indicative of sorghum-sudangrass allelopathic activity. On the contrary, density and biomass of grassy weeds as well as commercial yield of transplanted cabbage were unaffected by the preceding cover crop. These results suggest that sorghum-sudangrass cover crop could be integrated to transplanted cole crop rotation for providing weed suppression benefits without altering crop yield in New Jersey organic vegetable cropping systems.
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Prasad, V. B. Rajendra, Mahalingam Govindaraj, Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman, Ivica Djalovic, Anjali Shailani, Nishtha Rawat, Sneh Lata Singla-Pareek, Ashwani Pareek, and P. V. Vara Prasad. "Drought and High Temperature Stress in Sorghum: Physiological, Genetic, and Molecular Insights and Breeding Approaches." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 9826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189826.
Full textAbstract:
Sorghum is one of the staple crops for millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA). The future climate in these sorghum production regions is likely to have unexpected short or long episodes of drought and/or high temperature (HT), which can cause significant yield losses. Therefore, to achieve food and nutritional security, drought and HT stress tolerance ability in sorghum must be genetically improved. Drought tolerance mechanism, stay green, and grain yield under stress has been widely studied. However, novel traits associated with drought (restricted transpiration and root architecture) need to be explored and utilized in breeding. In sorghum, knowledge on the traits associated with HT tolerance is limited. Heat shock transcription factors, dehydrins, and genes associated with hormones such as auxin, ethylene, and abscisic acid and compatible solutes are involved in drought stress modulation. In contrast, our understanding of HT tolerance at the omic level is limited and needs attention. Breeding programs have exploited limited traits with narrow genetic and genomic resources to develop drought or heat tolerant lines. Reproductive stages of sorghum are relatively more sensitive to stress compared to vegetative stages. Therefore, breeding should incorporate appropriate pre-flowering and post-flowering tolerance in a broad genetic base population and in heterotic hybrid breeding pipelines. Currently, more than 240 QTLs are reported for drought tolerance-associated traits in sorghum prospecting discovery of trait markers. Identifying traits and better understanding of physiological and genetic mechanisms and quantification of genetic variability for these traits may enhance HT tolerance. Drought and HT tolerance can be improved by better understanding mechanisms associated with tolerance and screening large germplasm collections to identify tolerant lines and incorporation of those traits into elite breeding lines. Systems approaches help in identifying the best donors of tolerance to be incorporated in the SSA and SA sorghum breeding programs. Integrated breeding with use of high-throughput precision phenomics and genomics can deliver a range of drought and HT tolerant genotypes that can improve yield and resilience of sorghum under drought and HT stresses.
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Vallis, I., DCI Peake, RK Jones, and RL McCown. "Fate of urea-nitrogen from cattle urine in a pasture-crop sequence in a seasonally dry tropical environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 6 (1985): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850809.
Full textAbstract:
The fate of urea-N in cattle urine applied during the dry season (in August) to the pasture phase of a pasture-crop sequence at Katherine, N.T., was investigated. Cattle urine labelled with 15N-urea was applied to three sets of microplots to measure the following parameters: (a) amount and distribution of 15N remaining in the microplots during the remainder of the dry season with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 t ha-1 of pasture residues present initially; (b) the effect of placing the urine 5 cm below the soil surface on the amount of 15N remaining during the dry season; (c) uptake of 15N by the pasture during the early part of the wet season (October to December) and uptake by sorghum sown directly into the killed pasture in January. Residual 15N in the surface soil (0-15 cm) after the sorghum crop was also measured. Of the applied 15N, 26% was lost after 1 day, 32% after 7 days and 46% after 63 days. Losses were not affected by the amount of pasture residues on the microplots when the urine was applied. Almost all of the I5N remaining in the microplots was in the 0-7.5-cm layer of soil, and 65-75% of this was mineral N. The dry-season losses of 15N were presumably through volatilization of ammonia, because leaching was absent and no loss of 15N occurred when the urine was placed 5 cm below the soil surface. Pasture growth killed at the end of December contained 6.2% of the applied 15N, the sorghum crop recovered only a further 2.1%, and after harvest of the sorghum crop the 0-15.0-cm layer of soil contained 23%. Thus about half of the 15N remaining in the soil-plant system to the 15.0 cm soil depth at the end of the dry season disappeared during the following wet season, either as a gaseous loss or by leaching deeper into the soil.
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DINIZ, GUILHERME MATOS MARTINS, RENATA OLIVEIRA BATISTA, IRAN DIAS BORGES, and HELLEN MARTINS SILVEIRA. "PERÍODO ANTERIOR À INTERFERÊNCIA DE PLANTAS DANINHAS EM SORGO GRANÍFERO E FORRAGEIRO." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 15, no. 3 (December 11, 2016): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v15n3p470-480.
Full textAbstract:
RESUMO – Plantas daninhas promovem perdas na produtividade do sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) devido à competição por luz, nutrientes e água por influencia alelopática, justificando o estudo da competição e interferência na cultura. O objetivo com este trabalho foi determinar o período anterior a interferência em variedades de sorgo pela comunidade de plantas daninhas. A unidade experimental consistiu de que quatro linhas, sendo as duas linhas centrais a área útil de cada parcela. Os tratamentos foram compostos de duas cultivares de sorgo (BR 304 granífero e BRS 610 forrageiro) e sete épocas de início da supressão de plantas daninhas (0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 e 48 dias após a emergência) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as características: altura da planta, número de plantas por hectare, pesos verde e seco por hectare. Conclui-se que o sorgo granífero BR304 possui um período de convivência com plantas daninhas de até 8 dias após a emergência, enquanto na cultivar de sorgo forrageiro BRS 610 esse período deverá ser de até 16 dias após a emergência.Palavras-chave: Competição, cultivares, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.ABSTRACT - Weeds promote losses in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain production due to competition for light, nutrients and water and also due to the allelopathic effect, which justify the study of the competition and weed interference in this crop. The objective of this study was to determine the period that precedes the interference of the weed community on sorghum varieties. The experimental unit consisted of four lines, being the two central lines of each plot. The treatments consisted of two sorghum cultivars (BR 304 grain and BRS 610 forage) and seven times for the beginning of weed suppression (0, 8, 16, 24, 31, 40 and 48 days after emergence), with four replications. Plant height, number of plants per hectare and fresh and dry weight per hectare were assessed. The results showed that the grain sorghum BR 304 has a period of coexistence with weeds up to 8 days after emergence, and for the forage sorghum BRS 610 the period is up to 16 days after emergence.Keywords: Competition, cultivars, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.