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Wambugu, Florence, Silas Obukosia, Jim Gaffney, Daniel Kamanga, Ping Che, Marc C. Albertsen, Zuo-Yu Zhao, et al. "Is there a place for nutrition-sensitive agriculture?" Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 4 (April 8, 2015): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665115000099.
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The focus of the review paper is to discuss how biotechnological innovations are opening new frontiers to mitigate nutrition in key agricultural crops with potential for large-scale health impact to people in Africa. The general objective of the Africa Biofortified Sorghum (ABS) project is to develop and deploy sorghum with enhanced pro-vitamin A to farmers and end-users in Africa to alleviate vitamin A-related micronutrient deficiency diseases. To achieve this objective the project technology development team has developed several promising high pro-vitamin A sorghum events. ABS 203 events are so far the most advanced and well-characterised lead events with about 12 μg β-carotene/g tissue which would supply about 40–50 % of the daily recommended vitamin A at harvest. Through gene expression optimisation other events with higher amounts of pro-vitamin A, including ABS 214, ABS 235, ABS 239 with 25, 30–40, 40–50 μg β-carotene/g tissue, respectively, have been developed. ABS 239 would provide twice recommended pro-vitamin A at harvest, 50–90 % after 3 months storage and 13–45 % after 6 months storage for children. Preliminary results of introgression of ABS pro-vitamin A traits into local sorghum varieties in target countries Nigeria and Kenya show stable introgression of ABS vitamin A into local farmer-preferred sorghums varieties. ABS gene Intellectual Property Rights and Freedom to Operate have been donated for use royalty free for Africa. Prior to the focus on the current target countries, the project was implemented by fourteen institutions in Africa and the USA. For the next 5 years, the project will complete ABS product development, complete regulatory science data package and apply for product deregulation in target African countries.
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JOEL, KATAKA ATANDA, STEVEN RUNO, and ALICE MUCHUGI. "Genetic diversity and virulence of Striga hermonthica from Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties." Nusantara Bioscience 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n100208.
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Joel KA, Runo S, Muchugi A. 2018. Genetic diversity and virulence study of Striga hermonthica from Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 111-120. Parasitic weeds pose a severe problem in agricultural production, causing massive crop losses in many regions of the world and especially Africa. One example to be considered the most significant biological constraint to food production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is Striga hermonthica, the most widespread among the Striga species in the semi-arid tropical African zones. The wide geographical distribution set conditions for genetically structured populations. The genetic variations among the weed populations allow for the quick breakdown of resistance in crops hence making control of the weed difficult. Efficient and effective control of S. hermonthica demands knowledge on inherent genetic variability within local and regional races of the weed. However, the genetic diversity and virulence of S. hermonthica ecotypes in Kenya and Uganda on selected sorghum varieties remain unknown. This study aimed at evaluating the genetic diversity among seven S. hermonthica populations from locations in Kenya and Uganda using 5 primer sets of Expressed Sequence Tags-Simple Sequence Repeats (EST-SSR). The genetic diversity was moderate as shown by the Nei’s genetic distance values. AMOVA measured low genetic differentiation among the populations. This study also investigated twelve sorghum varieties for their response to S. hermonthica infection. The result demonstrated that the varieties resistance responses to S. hermonthica varied widely. The phenotype of resistant interaction was characterized by the inability of the weeds haustoria to penetrate the sorghums root endodermis due to severe necrosis and in rare cases the parasites radicle growing away from the host root. The resistant sorghum varieties were the Asareca W2, Asareca AG3, N13 and the Wild-type which had low mean number of S. hermonthica plantlets growing on their roots, while the most susceptible varieties were Sap 027, Epurpur which had the highest mean number of S. hermonthica plantlets growing on their roots. There was a highly significant difference in the means of the number of Striga growing on the roots of sorghum varieties, Striga dry biomass and S. hermonthica length between the susceptible and resistant ones. This knowledge holds unique potentiality since resistant sorghum germplasm tested will be sourced and targeted to the seven specific geographical areas where virulence of the particular S. hermonthica populations was characterized.
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Thomson, Jennifer A. "The role of biotechnology for agricultural sustainability in Africa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1492 (August 30, 2007): 905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2191.
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Sub-Saharan Africa could have a shortfall of nearly 90 Mt of cereals by the year 2025 if current agricultural practices are maintained. Biotechnology is one of the ways to improve agricultural production. Insect-resistant varieties of maize and cotton suitable for the subcontinent have been identified as already having a significant impact. Virus-resistant crops are under development. These include maize resistant to the African endemic maize streak virus and cassava resistant to African cassava mosaic virus. Parasitic weeds such as Striga attack the roots of crops such as maize, millet, sorghum and upland rice. Field trials in Kenya using a variety of maize resistant to a herbicide have proven very successful. Drought-tolerant crops are also under development as are improved varieties of local African crops such as bananas, cassava, sorghum and sweet potatoes.
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Rai, K. N., D. S. Murty, D. J. Andrews, and P. J. Bramel-Cox. "Genetic enhancement of pearl millet and sorghum for the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-040.
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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), ranking fifth and sixth in global cereal hectarage, respectively, are the most important coarse-grain cereals in the semi-arid tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Pearl millet displays better adaptation to and is grown in relatively more marginal environments than sorghum. Under subsistence farming conditions, both crops have low grain yields (0.5-0.7 t·ha-1 for pearl millet and 0.7-0.9 t·ha-1 for sorghum), although improved hybrid cultivars give 3-4 t·ha-1 of realizable grain yields in better-endowed environments. African germplasm, especially Zera Zera sorghums from the Sudan-Ethiopian border in eastern Africa and Iniari pearl millets from the Togo - Ghana - Benin - Burkina Faso region of western Africa, has proved most useful for the genetic improvement of these crops. The greatest impact of improved cultivars (mostly hybrids) has occurred in India, where the area under high-yielding varieties (HYVs) increased from 6% for pearl millet and 3% for sorghum in the triennium 1968-1970 to 53% for pearl millet and 54% for sorghum in the triennium 1992-1994. During the same period, productivity of both crops increased by 59%, which is attributable to both genetic improvement and management factors. HYVs have now started to be adopted in some of the African countries as well (e.g., Chad, Cameroon, Botswana, and Zimbabwe for sorghum; Chad, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe for pearl millet). The availability of vast untapped genetic resources and continuing yield gains indicate that there are good prospects for future genetic improvement in the productivity of these crops, which can be accelerated with the application of biotechnological tools. Sorghum and pearl millet will continue to be important food crops in their traditional semi-arid tropical areas. Sorghum is already an important feed crop in the developed world and pearl millet has the potential to become an even better feed crop, as it has higher protein content and a better amino acid profile than sorghum. The nutritional value of both crops for food and feed use can be further improved by breeding. Also, through genetic enhancement, there exist opportunities for the development of sorghum and pearl millet cultivars suitable for alternative uses in the bakery and beverage industries.Key words: sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum, genetic enhancement, semi-arid tropics, Asia, Africa, cultivars, impact.
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Kovtunov, V. V., N. A. Kovtunova, O. A. Lushpina, N. N. Sukhenko, E. A. Shishova, and N. S. Kravchenko. "The study of East African grain sorghum samples in the conditions of the Rostov region." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 6 (December 22, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2020-72-6-39-44.
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Sorghum is one of the main food and feed crops in the world. Rapid population growth in Africa requires a growing amount of local foods such as sorghum. Therefore, breeding work aimed at developing highly productive sorghum varieties and hybrids adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of Africa and the arid conditions of southern Russia is of great urgency. Therefore, it was necessary to identify the adapted samples with valuable economically valuable traits. The current study has been carried out on the experimental plots of the laboratory for grain sorghum breeding and seed production of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. As objects of the study there have been used the grain sorghum varieties of the National Research Institute of Semi-Arid Resources (NaSARRI) of the Republic of Uganda ‘Seso 1’, ‘Seso 3’, ‘Narosorg 1’, ‘Narosorg 2’, ‘Narosorg 3’, ‘Narosorg 4’, ‘Epuripur’, as well as the variety ‘Zernogradskoe 88’ sown as the standard variety. The study was conducted in accordance with the Methodology of State Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops and B. A. Dospekhov’s Methodology of a field trial. The purpose of the current study was a comprehensive estimation of grain sorghum varieties developed in the research institutions in Uganda under the conditions of the Rostov region to use the selected samples in further breeding work as sources of economically valuable traits. In the conditions of the Rostov region the Ugandan varieties belonged to the group of middle ripening and late ripening varieties. The plant height in the studied varieties varied from 155 to 210 cm. According to the trait “number of grains per panicle” the varieties had a large number of grains (1829–2530 pcs.). The main share of the NaSARRI varieties had a high percentage of raw protein in grain (13.6–14.9%). A low tannin content was established in the varieties ‘Seso 1’ (0.54%), ‘Epuripur’ (0.66%) and ‘Narosorg 1’ (0.71%).
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Gano, Boubacar, Joseph Sékou B. Dembele, Thierry Klanvi Tovignan, Bassirou Sine, Vincent Vadez, Diaga Diouf, and Alain Audebert. "Adaptation Responses to Early Drought Stress of West Africa Sorghum Varieties." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030443.
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Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop world-wide and feeds millions of people in the Sahel. However, it often faces early-stage water deficit due to false onsets of rainy seasons resulting in production decrease. Therefore, developing early drought tolerant material becomes a necessity but requires a good knowledge of adaptation mechanisms, which remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed at assessing the effects of early drought stress on ten elite sorghum varieties tested over two years (2018–2019) at the National Agronomic Research Centre (CNRA) of Bambey (Senegal, West Africa). Two different water regimes (well-watered and drought stress) were applied during the dry season. Water stress was applied by withholding irrigation 25 days after sowing for one month, followed by optimal irrigation until maturity. Soil moisture measurements were performed and allowed to follow the level of stress (down to a fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) of 0.30 at the end of stress). An agro-physio-morphological monitoring was carried out during the experiment. Results showed highly significant effects of early drought stress in sorghum plants growth by decreasing leaf appearance, biomass, height but also yield set up. The combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) between varieties in the different environments for most characters. Under water deficit, the variability was less strong on leaf appearance and plant height at the end of stress. The adaptation responses were related to the capacity of varieties to grow up fast and complete their cycle rather, increase the dead leaves weight, reduce photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration and increase the roots length density. However, varieties V1, V2, V8 and V9 showed promising behavior under stress and could be suitable for further application in West Africa for sorghum breeding and farming.
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Blum, A., G. Golan, J. Mayer, B. Sinmena, and T. Obilana. "Comparative productivity and drought response of semi-tropical hybrids and open-pollinated varieties of sorghum." Journal of Agricultural Science 118, no. 1 (February 1992): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067976.
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SUMMARYWhile the relative advantage of hybrids over open-pollinated varieties has long been established for temperate sorghums in developed countries, similar information for semi-tropical sorghums used in Africa and India is relatively scant, especially under conditions of drought stress. This study compared 23 hybrids with 21 open-pollinated varieties, all developed in India and/or Southern Africa. Materials were field-tested under conditions of stored soil moisture at two levels of drought stress (dryland or one supplemental irrigation) at Bet Dagan, Israel in 1989.Irrespective of the water regime, grain yield and harvest index increased and leaf area index decreased with a shorter growth duration of the genotypes. Hybrids were earlier, had a larger leaf area index, more than double the harvest index and produced more grain compared with varieties. In spite of their longer growth duration, varieties were less water-stressed than hybrids, as judged by their midday leaf water potential, relative water content and the extent of leaf rolling. The relatively poor plant water status of the hybrids could be partly ascribed to their larger leaf area index. Hybrids produced more biomass per day than varieties under low stress while varieties produced more biomass per day than hybrids under high stress. Thus, in terms of plant water status and mean daily biomass production, varieties were more drought resistant than hybrids. However, the physiological superiority of the varieties under drought stress did not result in a higher grain yield because of their inherent relatively poor harvest index, typical of the tall and late African sorghums. The superior physiological resistance to drought stress of these varieties could be translated into a yield advantage under drought stress if their potential harvest index is improved.
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Mwamahonje, Andekelile, John Saviour Yaw Eleblu, Kwadwo Ofori, Tileye Feyissa, Santosh Deshpande, Ana Luísa Garcia-Oliveira, Rajaguru Bohar, Milcah Kigoni, and Pangirayi Tongoona. "Introgression of QTLs for Drought Tolerance into Farmers’ Preferred Sorghum Varieties." Agriculture 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090883.
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Sorghum is a major staple food crop for the people in semi-arid areas of Africa and Asia. Post-flowering drought is a global constraint of sorghum production. The study aimed to improve stay-green (STG) characteristics of farmer-preferred sorghum varieties in Tanzania using marker-assisted backcrossing. A total of 752 individuals representing five BC2F1 populations and their parents were genotyped using previously reported KASP markers linked with STG 3A and STG 3B quantitative trait loci (QTL). In the BC2F1 populations, the maximum number of individuals with heterozygous alleles were observed in S35*Pato background (37) whereas only seven individuals derived from the B35*Wahi parents’ background contained heterozygous alleles. Of the 30 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, favourable alleles were observed at 18 loci in BC2F1 populations. In the BC2F1 generation, the highest (0.127 kg/panicle) grain yield was observed in the B35*NACO Mtama 1 background population. The genotypic analysis revealed the presence of favourable alleles in homozygous conditions at markers loci associated with STG 3A and STG 3B QTLs in BC2F3 populations, suggesting successful introgression of STG QTLs from the donor parents to the recurrent parents. Across water irrigation regimes, the highest (0.068 kg/panicle) mean grain weight was observed in the genotype NA316C. Therefore, our study demonstrated the utility of marker-assisted backcrossing for drought tolerance improvement of locally adapted sorghum varieties in Africa.
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Rutayisire, Amandin, Geoffrey Lubadde, Alice Mukayiranga, and Richard Edema. "Response of Sorghum to Cold Stress at Early Developmental Stage." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (June 14, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8875205.
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Native and adapted to the semiarid tropical regions of Africa, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is generally sensitive to cold temperatures, especially during the early developmental stages. However, there is genetic variability within the existing germplasm in terms of tolerance to low temperatures. The highland regions of Africa possess important sources of germplasm with adaptation to cold stress, since they tend to be cooler than the low land regions. The goals of the study were to evaluate and identify sorghum lines with tolerance to cold temperature stress and make recommendations on varieties that may be planted in the East African highland regions or used in plant breeding programs for cold tolerance. Forty sorghum genotypes were evaluated for emergence, shoot, and root development at seedling stage under controlled environment in growth chambers and in the field. Significant genotypic differences were detected for all evaluated traits. Correlation between controlled environment experiments and field trial results was mostly significant, suggesting that the growth chambers can be used to predict and identify cold-tolerant genotypes. Results showed that emergence and vigor are the best surrogate traits for selecting cold-tolerant genotypes. Using rank summation index, we were able to identify the best cold-tolerant sorghum genotypes (IS 25557, IS 25558, IS 25546, BM6, BM 29, IESV 90042LT, and Cytanobe) that can be used in future breeding programs and enhance adaptation and expansion of sorghum production further into the highland regions of Africa.
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Sanon, M., G. Hoogenboom, S. B. Traoré, B. Sarr, A. Garcia y. Garcia, L. Somé, and C. Roncoli. "Photoperiod sensitivity of local millet and sorghum varieties in West Africa." NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 68 (March 2014): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2013.11.004.
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Uptmoor, R., W. G. Wenzel, A. H. Abu Assar, and G. Donaldson. "Evaluation of South African sorghum landraces and breeding of varieties suitable for low-input agriculture." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.54.2006.3.13.
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A large number of sorghum landraces possessing superior grain quality but poor yield potential are cultivated in South Africa, where sorghum is of regional importance as a main staple food. Agronomic traits of landraces and newly developed breeding lines from Southern Africa were evaluated under low-input and optimal conditions. Molecular evaluation was carried out on the basis of AFLPs and SSRs. The accessions clustered into two groups. Mean genetic similarity was estimated at 0.85 using AFLPs and 0.31 using SSRs. Genetic diversity was calculated at H=0.136 and DI=0.597 for landraces and H=0.140 and DI=0.580 for breeding varieties. The most promising accessions concerning yielding ability and grain quality were selected and introduced to a breeding programme.
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Chughtai, Muhammad Farhan Jahangir, Imran Pasha, Faqir Muhammad Anjum, and Muhammad Adnan Nasir. "Characterization of Sorghum and Millet with Special Reference to Fatty Acid and Volatile Profile." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, no. 7 (June 7, 2015): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i7.515-521.283.
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Sorghum and millet are important food staples in semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. Sorghum and millet are cereal grains that have prospective to be used as substitute to wheat flour for celiac patients. These are considered as the good source of many important and essential fatty acids. The volatile profiling of these two important crops is comparable to other cereals as well. The present study was an effort to explore biochemical composition of commercially available sorghum and millet varieties with special reference to their fatty acid and volatile profiling. Chemical composition of sorghum and millet was determined according to respective methods. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared and then subjected to GC-FID for fatty acids analysis. The results indicated that both sorghum and millet oils are rich in essential fatty acids comprising mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Main fatty acids that are identified in current study includes palmitic acid, oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, behenic acid, linoleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, etc. On the other hand volatile compounds from sorghum and millet were determined by preparing their respective volatile samples by using calvenger apparatus with suitable volatile extracting solvent. Volatile samples were then subjected to GC-MS analysis and respected results were compared with NIST library. About 30 different volatiles were identified in millet varieties while 35 different compounds were discovered in sorghum varieties belonging to aldehydes, ketones, benzene derivatives, esters, alcohols, sulphur compounds.
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Nagy, Róbert, Erzsébet Szőllősi, Piroska Bíróné Molnár, Eszter Murányi, Róbert Czimbalmos, and Péter Sipos. "Condensed tannin content and antioxidant activity of Hungarian sorghum varieties grown at Research Institute in Karcag." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/8467.
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Cereal-based products are one of our main energy sources, and are consumed on a daily basis. One of the weaknesses of wheat based products is their low antioxidant content. Sorghum is a minor cereal, mostly consumed in Africa and Asia. Amongst other phenolic components it contains tannins, which are potent antioxidants and have other positive effect on human health, for example anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral/bacterial effect. We evaluated the tannin content (vanillin-HCL) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) of sorghum varieties (Alföldi1, Zádor, Foehn, Albita, Albanus) grown in Hungary, with two type of agronomy technology.. Red varieties especially Alföldi1 and Zádor had higher tannin contents than white varieties. The highest condensed tannin content was 1470±73 mg 100g-1 (Control, Alföldi1), 1810±154 mg 100g-1 (Fertilized, Alföldi1), and the highest total antioxidant capacity was 2099±19 mg 100g-1 (Control, Alföldi1) and 2117±26 mg 100g-1 (Fertilized, Alföldi) We found that sorghum type, variety and color influence their tannin and antioxidant contents in general.
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Alabushev, A. V. "The achievements in the sorghum varieties and hybrids' breeding in the ARC “Donskoy”." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 2 (June 16, 2020): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2020-68-2-44-48.
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Sorghum is one of the most important crops in all arid tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Central America. In the Russian Federation, the sowing area of sorghum varied from 8.7 to 228.6 thousand ha throughout about 20 years (1999–2018). The main share (93–98%) of the sowing area of sorghum in Russia is located in the Pre-Volga region and the Southern Federal District. The Rostov Region as a part of the Southern Federal District accounts for up to 46–69% of sorghum crops (Kovtunov, 2018). The most effective way to increase productivity and product quality is to create new varieties adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of cultivation and introduce them into agricultural production. The FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” developed the white-kernelled sorghum varieties “Velikan”, “Zernogradskoye 88” and “Ataman” with 5.41–5.85 t/ha of productivity not only for fodder, but also for food (starch, alcohol). The sweet sorghum varieties “Listvenit”, “Yuzhnoye” and “Feniks” with green mass productivity of 38–46 t/ha are intended for use on green fodder and silage and are characterized by intensive initial growth, lodging resistance, drought resistance, resistance to dust smut, bacteriosis and to cereal aphids. The Sudan grass varieties “Anastasiya”, “Alisa” and “Gratsiaya” developed in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” are characterized by the intensive initial growth and regrowth. They are middle-ripening, drought tolerant, highly productive with 41–44 t/ha of green mass and 8.3–8.6 t/ha of dry matter. There have been developed and are being tested the promising sorghum-Sudan hybrids with 62–77 t/ha of green mass and 11.4–16.6 t/ha of dry matter obtained in mowing the aftermath.
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Kiprotich, Felix, Cheruiyot Erick, M. Mwendia Charles, N. Francis Wachira, and Kimani Paul. "Genetic variation of biochemical characteristics of selected sorghum varieties from East Africa." African Journal of Food Science 9, no. 5 (May 27, 2015): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajfs2014.1284.
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Melesse, Mequanint B., Amos Nyangira Tirra, Chris O. Ojiewo, and Michael Hauser. "Understanding Farmers’ Trait Preferences for Dual-Purpose Crops to Improve Mixed Crop–Livestock Systems in Zimbabwe." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105678.
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Competition over land between food and fodder production, along with recurrent droughts and increasing population, has put mixed crop–livestock farming systems in the drylands of sub-Saharan Africa under pressure. Dual-purpose crops hold huge potential to ease this pressure and simultaneously improve food and fodder availability in these systems. We investigated farmers’ preferences for dual-purpose maize, sorghum, and groundnut traits, and analyzed linkages of stated trait preferences with production of dual-purpose crops and adoption of improved varieties involving 645 households from two districts in Zimbabwe. The three target crops cover more than 75% of households’ cropping lands. Highly preferred stated traits of dual-purpose crops include yield, disease resistance, and drought tolerance. Highly appreciated feed attributes encompass stover yield and digestibility. The adoption of improved varieties is high for maize but low for sorghum and groundnut. Trait preferences are correlated with the production of dual-purpose crops and the adoption of improved varieties of the crops. However, the strengths of these correlations differ for maize, sorghum, and groundnuts. We discuss these linkages and suggest why crop improvement programs should reconcile trade-offs between grain and feed attributes to support mixed crop–livestock systems in Zimbabwe successfully.
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Botiabane, Moswane Precious, L. Zhou, I. B. Oluwatayo, Fakunle Olufemi Oyedokun, and Akeem Adewale Oyelana. "Socioeconomic Analysis and Technical Efficiency among Smallholder Sorghum Farmers in GaMasemola Township of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 6 (January 15, 2018): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i6.2001.
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Sorghum farming group in South Africa is divided into the smallholder and business ranchers attributable to the distinctions in cultivar sizes, utility creation and production strategies. Sorghum is utilized primarily for sustenance and refreshments in Ga-Masemola (GM) town. Smallholder sorghum farmers in the town utilize some portion of their wage for recreation, goat and cows' compost are utilized as manures to enhance soil fruitfulness and increment sorghum yield, they rely upon precipitation water for the water system and they have no entrance to expansion administrations. The study distinguish and depict the socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola town; it looks at the causes of technical efficiency among smallholder sorghum ranchers in the town, and it recognizes and portrays difficulties confronted by smallholder sorghum farmers in the town. Essential information was gathered utilizing organized surveys and an example size of 48 smallholder sorghum farmers in the town was chosen. Cobb Douglas model was utilized to analyze the information or data gotten.The socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder sorghum farmers were:farming experience, age, sexual orientation, instructive level and family unit measure. The study indicates that the determinants of technical efficiency among smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola town that were observed to be huge are the measure of land dedicated and the amount of seeds utilized. Farmers are confronting difficulties, for example, sicknesses, low capital, pests, separation to the homestead, absence of water and atmosphere (i.e. climate) changes.The study suggested and recommended that smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola (GM) town require arable land to expand their production; they additionally require agriculture extension officers for training and spreading or disseminating information about inputs allocation. Besides, the smallholder farmers should be encouraged to utilize enhanced seeds varieties in order to expand their technical efficiency.
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Adugna, Asfaw, and Endashaw Bekele. "Morphology and fitness components of wild × crop F1 hybrids of Sorghum bicolor (L.) in Ethiopia: implications for survival and introgression of crop genes in the wild pool." Plant Genetic Resources 11, no. 3 (April 30, 2013): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262113000129.
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Natural hybridization between wild/weedy and crop species often results in rare hybrids, which can be more weedy and difficult to control. Moreover, the advent of transgenic crop plants raises questions of biosafety risk assessment on the consequences of rare hybrids with possible fitness enhancing genes on the environment. This study aimed at measuring the fitness components of wild–crop sorghum hybrids for various juvenile survival and adult morphological and fertility characters as part of the risk assessment of transgenic sorghum in Africa where the crop was believed to have first domesticated and serves as the major staple. Out of a pool of hybrids made in 2010 from 23 wild sorghum accessions and two released cultivated sorghum varieties using hand emasculation techniques, seven were selected for the field study of their fitness components in 2011. The study confirmed that crop–wild hybrids of sorghum are fertile. Two approaches were followed (relative fitness and mid-parent heterosis) which showed that most of the hybrids were as fit as their wild parents, and in some cases they showed mid-parent heterosis for the measured traits. The results of this study highlighted a potential risk that hybrids carrying crop genes (including herbicide resistance transgenes) could pose because they could be more weedy than their wild/weedy parents if transgenic sorghum is deployed in regions where the wild and cultivated sorghum populations coexist, such as in Ethiopia and in other parts of Africa.
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Ataholo, Mandingo, and Rüdiger Wittig. "The vegetation of recently fallowed Masakwa fields in the Chad basin." Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 14 (December 1, 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/fvss.14.16.
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On the clay plains surrounding Lake Chad (West Africa: northern Sudanian and southern Sahelian zone), certain varieties of pearl millet (Sorghum bicolor), commonly referred to as Masakwa, are cultivated during the dry season. Recently fallowed Masakwa fields support a particular progression of pioneer vegetation. In the first year of fallow, the pioneer vegetation typically belongs to the class Echinochloetea colonae Wittig 2005 and can be classified as Hygrophiletum auriculatae sensu lato. Approximately half of the stands consist of the Hygrophiletum auriculatae Ataholo 2002 sensu stricto, whereas the other half is primarily composed of a Celosia argentea-Hibiscus trionum community. After two years of fallow, the vegetation is typically formed by the Sorghetum arundinacei Ataholo 2002, which, in a few cases, can also occur in the first fallow year.
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van den Berg, J., L. Bronkhorst, M. Mgonja, and AB Obilana. "Resistance of sorghum varieties to the shoot fly,Atherigona soccataRondani (Diptera: Muscidae) in Southern Africa." International Journal of Pest Management 51, no. 1 (March 2005): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670870400016503.
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Ali, Rasha, Charles T. Hash, Odeny Damaris, Adil Elhussein, and Abdalla H. Mohamed. "INTROGRESSION OF STRIGA RESISTANCE INTO POPULAR SUDANESE SORGHUM VARIETIES USING MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.001.01.0006.
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Witchweed (Strigas spp.) is one of the most important cereals production constraints globally and is projected to worsen with anticipated climate change. It is especially a devastating parasitic weed in Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. Integrated management strategies that depend mainly on host plant resistance provide the most effective control mechanism for Striga. We used molecular marker-assisted backcrossing to introgress Striga resistance from a resistant genotype, N13, into agronomically important genetic backgrounds (Tabat and Wad Ahmed). Backcross populations BC3S3 were generated and genotyped using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers. A total of 17 promising backcross progenies were selected and screened in Striga infested field alongside their parents. The Area Under Striga Progress Curve (AUSPC) showed significant decrease in Striga count (920-7.5) resulting in a 97-189% increase in yield under Striga pressure. Our results demonstrate the practical application of marker assisted selection (MAS) to generate farmer-preferrd Striga resistant lines in Sudan.
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Traore, Kalifa, Bouya Traore, Gry Synnevåg, and Jens B. Aune. "Intensification of Sorghum Production in Flood Recession Agriculture in Yelimane, Western Mali." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050726.
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Flood recession farming is as an important supplement to rainfed agriculture in West Africa. Every year, large areas are flooded along riverbanks and temporary lakes. When water recedes from the flooded areas, farmers plant crops. This study describes the flood recession farming in the Yelimane district of Kayes region in Mali and assesses different ways to intensify the system. The use of external inputs in this system is minimal. Field experiments were undertaken over two years to test crop establishment methods, soil tillage, increasing plant density, use of organic and mineral fertilizer, and improved varieties. These technologies increased sorghum yield as compared to the control in the following descending order: Seed priming + fertilizer (77.1%), NPK + organic fertilizer (74%), seedling transplantation + micro fertilization (61.3%), improved varieties (49%), mounding (34%), and urea application (24.9%). The technology seed priming in combination with mineral fertilizers was promising because of the high yield and the low labor demand. Nitrogen fertilizer is needed in flood recession agriculture as the soils and the deposited sediments are low in nitrogen. Farmers’ choice of technology will depend on the yield level, net return per hectare, labor use, and access to inputs.
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TRAORE, Kalifa, Daouda SIDIBE, and Harouna COULIBALY. "Climate Smart Agriculture as Final Goal: Use of Improved Cereals Varieties in Cinzana, Mali." Journal of Agricultural Studies 5, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v5i1.10582.
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Climate variability and change are recognized as the greatest challenge to crop production and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. This work assesses farmers’ perception on the contribution of improved varieties of sorghum and millet in the search for food security in Cinzana rural commune of Mali in the current context of climate change.The methodology was based on focus group surveys with both, the decentralized technical services, administrative and municipal authorities, NGOs, farmer organizations and producers but also farmer exchanges visits on improved varieties tested in farmer’s field.The result shows that climate change is described by the majority of farmers (87%) as decrease in rainfall amount and length of rainy seasons, high increases in temperature and high deforestation and water scarcity. Unpredictability of climate, (80%), drought (70%) and heavy rain (65%) occurrence were identified as major perception of farmers on risks in climate for crop production and soil degradation. After farmers’ study tour, 80% of the participants mentioned a better growth of plants and increase of soil moisture with the use of contour ridges tillage as a water conservation technology. Adapted cycle (55%) and higher yield (37%) of improved varieties were farmer’s main drivers for adoption of improved millet and sorghum varieties.The study revealed that local farmers have substantial knowledge on climate variabilities and risks and also are aware of some adaptation strategies. However, for wide scale adoption of effective strategies, capacity strengthening appeared a prerequisite.
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Akpo, Essegbemon, Chris O. Ojiewo, Mequanint B. Melesse, Ganga Rao, James Mwololo, Eric Manyasa, Henry Ojulong, Rebbie Harawa, and Rajeev K. Varshney. "Aggravated food insecurity in COVID-19 era: quality seed flow of adapted and nutrient-dense varieties is central to the recovery equation in the drylands." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 5 (June 23, 2020): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i5.1074.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted every area of our daily activities and businesses. After the health crisis, the food crisis is the next battle to encounter, which will need to mobilize all energies to maintain social security and protect the citizens of the world. For sustained support and recovery of rural and urban populations, especially in the dryland areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, seed of the well-adapted, nutrient dense varieties should flow. The solution of quality seed flow equation is complex and involves several intervention areas, e.g., adapted and modern groundnut, chickpea, pigeonpea, sorghum and finger millet varieties, sustainable and long term approaches leveraging various seed production and delivery models, remote information and knowledge dissemination systems, digital seed production and delivery roadmaps, digitized variety release and promotion processes, smart food campaigns and trainings to promote good utilization of nutrient dense crops.
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Chipfunde, Onismus, and Mhosisi Masocha. "Screening Non-Improved Zimbabwean Sorghum Land Races for Resistance to Witch Weed." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 20, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v20i1.34889.
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Sorghum is an important cereal for food security in semi-arid regions of the world (Mukarumbwa and Mushunje 2010). Semi-arid regions are characterized by frequent droughts leading to crop failure. In addition to drought, sorghum production in the smallholder farming sector in Sub-Saharan Africa can be undermined by the parasitic witch weed Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze (Stroud, 1993). S. asiatica parasitism can cause cereal yields to drop by as much as 60% hence it poses a threat to food security (Mabasa, 1993). The aim of this study is to screen sorghum landraces for S. asiatica resistance and test the escape hypothesis through a controlled in a pot experiment. A pot experiment was established on 1 March 2013 at the Henderson Research Station in Zimbabwe. It is situated in agro-ecological region II of Zimbabwe. The annual average rainfall is 864 mm. Mean annual temperature is 21 oC (Mujere and Mazvimavi, 2012). The dominant soil type is red clay loam belonging to the fersiallitic group (Wulff et al. 2002). Four sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) landraces consisting of two early maturing and two late maturing varieties were obtained from the National Genebank in Harare for this experiment. The early maturing landraces were Tsveta and Nhongoro while the late maturing landraces were Musoswe and Khaki. The biological characteristics of these landraces including days to 50% flowering is shown in Table 1.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2017, 20(1): 106-108
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Fall, Ramatoulaye, Mady Cisse, Fallou Sarr, Catherine Brabet, and Eliasse Dieme. "Pratiques culturales et gestion post-récolte du sorgho au Sénégal." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 3 (June 19, 2020): 1001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i3.27.
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La non maîtrise ou l’ignorance des bonnes pratiques de stockage ou de conservation conduit souvent à des pertes des récoltes en Afrique. Ces dernières peuvent entrainer l’insécurité alimentaire qui est toujours une réalité en Afrique. Ceci illustre que les pratiques culturales et surtout la conservation post-récolte des céréales principaux aliments de base des populations, demeurent un problème majeur en Afrique. Une enquête a été réalisée au Sénégal dans les régions de Tambacounda et de Thiès pour étudier les pratiques culturales des producteurs de sorgho et caractériser la gestion post-récolte dans les zones de production. L’étude a été réalisée auprès de 384 producteurs de sorgho issus de 44 villages. Les zones ont été choisies suivant leur niveau de production et de pluviométrie. La taille de l’échantillon a été déterminée en utilisant l’approximation normale de la loi binomiale. Les résultats ont montré que dans chacune des régions, la proportion d’agriculteur masculin est de 97% et les ethnies dominantes sont les sérères (86%) à Thiès, les peuls et les wolofs (47% et 21%) à Tambacounda. Les semences provenaient principalement de la récolte précédente (10 à 76%) des cas et des distributeurs d’intrants agricoles (2 à 65%). Ces taux diffèrent suivant la région. Les variétés certifiées sont cultivées par 70% des producteurs à Thiès. Les variétés traditionnelles sont utilisées par 98% de ceux de Tambacounda. Cette étude a aussi révélé que les paysans utilisent différents types de séchage à la maison ou aux champs. Parmi eux 79% stockent leur récolte dans des cases, 14% dans des magasins communautaires ,7% dans des greniers sous forme de panicules ou de grains représentant respectivement 22 et 75%. Ces méthodes de prise en charge post-récolte du sorgho diffèrent selon la zone et sont dans certains cas inadéquates. Elles peuvent favoriser la déperdition post-récolte du sorgho et sa contamination par les moisissures, d’où l’intérêt de bien former les acteurs de cette filière.Mots clés : Culture, stockage, céréale, enquête, variété.
English Title: Cultural practices and post-harvest management of sorghum in Senegal
Failure to master or ignore good storage or conservation practices often leads to crop loss or spoilage of food in Africa. These can lead to food insecurity and threaten food safety. As a result, cultivation practices and especially the post-harvest conservation of cereals, the main staple food of the populations, remain a major problem in West Africa. A survey was carried out in Senegal in the regions of Tambacounda and Thies to study the cultural practices of sorghum producers and characterize post-harvest management in the production areas. The study was carried out with 384 sorghum producers from 44 villages. The zones were chosen according to their level of production and rainfall. The sample size was determined using the normal binomial approximation. The results showed that in each of the regions, the proportion of male farmers is 97%, and the dominant ethnic groups are the Serer (86%) in Thies, the Peul and the Wolof (47% and 21%) in Tambacounda. The seeds came mainly from the previous harvest (10 to 76%) of the cases, and from agricultural input distributors (2 to 65%). These rates differ by region. The certified varieties are cultivated by 70% of the producers in Thies. The traditional varieties are used by 98% of those of Tambacounda. This study also revealed that farmers use different types of drying at home or in the fields. Among them, 79% store their harvest in huts, 14% in community stores, 7% in granaries in the form of panicles or grains, representing 22 and 75% respectively. These post-harvest management methods for sorghum differ by area and are in some cases inadequate. They can encourage the post-harvest loss of sorghum and its contamination by molds, hence the importance of properly training the players in this sector.Keywords: Crop, storage, cereal, survey, variety.
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Otieno, Gloria, Wesley Mlsna Zebrowski, John Recha, and Travis William Reynolds. "Gender and Social Seed Networks for Climate Change Adaptation: Evidence from Bean, Finger Millet, and Sorghum Seed Systems in East Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042074.
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In many East African countries, women and men have different levels of access to formal markets for agricultural inputs, including seed, reflecting a combination of gender norms and resource constraints. As a result, women and men may have different levels of participation in—and reliance upon—informal seed systems for sourcing preferred planting material and accessing new crop varieties over time. We use network analysis to explore differences in seed networks accessed by women and men for three major food security crops—beans, finger millet, and sorghum—in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Drawing on data from an original survey of 1001 rural farm households across five study sites, we find that women, on average, have fewer connections to experts and farmers’ groups than men but are relatively better connected in farmer-to-farmer social networks across different farming systems. We further find women’s and men’s networks are clustered by gender (i.e., women’s networks include more women, and men’s networks include more men)—and that men’s networks are more likely to exchange improved seed. Women’s networks, though sometimes larger, are less likely to exchange improved varieties that might help farmers adapt to climate change. Women farmers across contexts may also be more reliant on farmer-to-farmer networks than men due to their relative isolation from other seed and information sources. Findings emphasize the need for careful attention to the different implications of seed policies, market interventions, and other seed system reforms to support gender-equitable food security options for women and men in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Oberline, FOKOU YEMATA, SAÏDOU Abdoul Aziz, KANMEGNE Gabriel, BERKOULA Orphé, AUDEBERT Alain, SINE Bassirou, FONCEKA Daniel, and JOLY Hélène I. "Two contrasting patterns of crop seasonal adaptation revealed by a common garden experiment on flood recession sorghum in the Sahel." MAY 2020, no. 14(05):2020 (May 20, 2020): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.05.p2442.
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Studying seasonal adaptation is of great importance for understanding crop diversification. The biological process of seasonal adaptation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) allowed the development of flood recession agrosystems in the Sahel (West and Central Africa). To analyze the patterns of trait variation linked to this poorly documented process, we evaluated and compared four eco-seasonal groups of sorghum originating from seasonally diversified agrosystems in the same cropping conditions. The muskuwaari and samme groups are composed of landraces adapted to flood recession agrosystems in the Lake Chad Basin (43 accessions) and the Senegal River Valley (14 accessions), respectively. The other two groups are composed of varieties commonly grown in the rainy season (19 accessions from the Lake Chad Basin and 24 accessions from the Senegal River Valley and and surrounding regions). Multivariate analyses based on ten agro-morphological traits structured the sample in two main clusters subdivided into four subclusters. This structure was significantly associated with the eco-seasonal groups, highlighting muskuwaari differentiation. Five traits (head appearance, leaf length, leaf number, aboveground biomass, and the root mass to aboveground biomass ratio) supported the differentiation of eco- seasonal groups and backed the hypothesis of seasonal adaptive divergence of sorghum in the Lake Chad Basin. No trait differentiation was detected in the samme group, suggesting that seasonal adaptation in the Senegal River Valley might probably be associated with population plasticity existing in the rainy season groups. These experimental evidences provide new insights for understanding scenarios of seasonal adaptation of sorghum.
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Gwatidzo, V. O., J. T. Rugare, S. Mabasa, R. Mandumbu, J. Chipomho, and S. Chikuta. "In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Genotypes for Pre- and Post-attachment Resistance against Witchweed (Striga asiatica L. Kuntze)." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (June 29, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9601901.
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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production in sub-Saharan Africa is seriously constrained by both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic stresses is witchweed (Striga spp.), a noxious parasitic weed causing major damage in cereal crops, such as sorghum. However, resistance through reduced germination stimulant production or altered germination stimulant composition provides a sustainable and most effective way for managing the parasitic weeds. Laboratory and glasshouse experiments were conducted using seven (7) sorghum genotypes to evaluate their resistance or tolerance the witch weed (Striga asiatica L. Kuntze). The first experiment was a laboratory agar gel assay arranged in a completely randomized design with six (6) replications to evaluate the effects of the seven (7) sorghum genotypes on the production of strigolactones by determining the percentage germination and the furthest germination distance of the Striga seeds. The second experiment was a seven (7) (sorghum genotypes)∗two (2) (Striga treatments) factorial glasshouse experiment conducted to evaluate the effects of Striga on sorghum growth, physiological and yield components of sorghum, Striga syndrome rating, and number of Striga per plant. The genotypes showed a significant (p<0.05) difference in germination percentage and furthest germination of Striga seeds in the agar gel assay. Genotypes SV4, Mahube, and ICSV 111 IN showed the least germination percentage and lowest germination distance, implying that these varieties either produced low strigolactones or altered their composition. In contrast, Kuyuma, Wahi, SV2, and Macia caused high Striga seed germinations and high furthest germination distances, suggesting that these sorghum genotypes were susceptible to Striga infection. The sorghum × Striga × time interactions were significant (p<0.05) on sorghum height. It was found that the heights of sorghum genotypes ICSV 111 IN and Mahube were not altered by Striga infection, but the heights of Kuyuma, Macia, SV2, SV4, and Wahi were reduced by Striga infection. The interaction of sorghum∗Striga effects was significant (p<0.05) on chlorophyll fluorescence. Striga infection did not alter the chlorophyll content of ICSV 111 IN and SV4. The sorghum∗Striga interaction effects were significant (p<0.05) on head index, leaf biomass, leaf index, root biomass, root index, plant biomass, and root : shoot ratio. Assessing Striga tolerance based on sorghum heights, chlorophyll content, and root : shoot ratio parameters, it could be concluded that the sorghum genotypes Mahube, ICSV 111 IN, and SV4 tolerated Striga infection, whereas Kuyuma and SV2 could be susceptible.
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Griebel, Stefanie, Richard P. Westerman, Adedayo Adeyanju, Charles Addo-Quaye, Bruce A. Craig, Clifford F. Weil, Suzanne M. Cunningham, Bhavesh Patel, Osvaldo H. Campanella, and Mitchell R. Tuinstra. "Mutations in sorghum SBEIIb and SSIIa affect alkali spreading value, starch composition, thermal properties and flour viscosity." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 132, no. 12 (October 17, 2019): 3357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03430-0.
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Abstract Key message Seven novel alleles of SBEIIb and one allele of SSIIa co-segregated with the ASV phenotype and contributed to distinct starch quality traits important for food-processing applications. Abstract Sorghum is an important food crop for millions of people in Africa and Asia. Whole-genome re-sequencing of sorghum EMS mutants exhibiting an alkali spreading value (ASV) phenotype revealed candidate SNPs in Sobic.004G163700 and Sobic.010G093400. Comparative genomics identified Sobic.010G093400 as a starch synthase IIa and Sobic.004G163700 as a starch branching enzyme IIb. Segregation analyses showed that mutations in Sobic.010G093400 or Sobic.004G163700 co-segregated with the ASV phenotype. Mutants in SSIIa exhibited no change in amylose content but expressed lower final viscosity and lower starch gelatinization temperature (GT) than starches from non-mutant plants. The sbeIIb mutants exhibited significantly higher amylose levels and starch GT and lower viscosity compared to non-mutant starches and ssIIa mutants. Mutations in SBEIIb had a dosage-dependent effect on amylose content. Double mutants of sbeIIb and ssIIa resembled their sbeIIb parent in amylose content, starch thermal properties and viscosity profiles. These variants will provide opportunities to produce sorghum varieties with modified starch end-use qualities important for the beer brewing and baking industries and specialty foods for humans with diabetes.
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Adetunji, A. I., and J. R. N. Taylor. "Development of a database on the quality attributes of released improved sorghum varieties and cultivars in southern Africa." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 4, no. 3 (August 8, 2012): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-837x.2012.00145.x.
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KAMARA, A. Y., J. ELLIS-JONES, P. AMAZA, L. O. OMOIGUI, J. HELSEN, I. Y. DUGJE, N. KAMAI, A. MENKIR, and R. W. WHITE. "A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH TO INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE THROUGH STRIGA HERMONTHICA CONTROL IN NORTHEAST NIGERIA." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 3 (July 2008): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006418.
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SUMMARYStriga hermonthica is a parasitic weed that attacks maize, sorghum and other staple cereal crops and has long been considered one of the greatest biotic constraints to cereal production in Africa. Use of resistant or tolerant maize varieties, a maize–legume rotation using trap crops that stimulate suicidal germination of Striga and the application of nitrogen fertilizer are all effective in reducing infestation and damage. This paper reports on the use of a participatory research and extension approach in assessing the performance and scaling-up of integrated Striga control packages in three agro-ecological zones in Borno State, Nigeria. The participatory process which encourages close interaction between research, extension and farmers, involved 30 local communities and 228 farmers representing 193 farmer groups in identifying their own problems and seeking solutions to them. Results showed not only effective Striga control but productivity increases of over 200%. The involvement of local farmers and groups in the evaluation process, firstly, helped to confirm that Striga control can best be achieved using soyabean followed by Striga-resistant maize together with productivity-increasing management practices and, secondly, promoted farmer-to-farmer extension. A participatory adoption assessment exercise indicated widespread adoption of new varieties and management practices, despite the need for increased labour. Great potential exists to scale out the results to similar areas of Guinea and Sudan savannas in the West Africa region.
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van den Berg, J. "Use of a Moth Production Index to Assess the Impact of Sorghum Varieties in Management of Chilo Partellus in Southern Africa." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 17, no. 01 (March 1997): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174275840002227x.
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Maredi, M. P., S. T. Maseko, C. Mathews, and F. D. Dakora. "Rhizosphere soil phosphatase activity of intra-hole and sole planted cowpea, sorghum and maize varieties in Marapyane and Mbombela, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 98 (May 2015): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.03.075.
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Boukar, Ousmane, Festo Massawe, Satoru Muranaka, Jorge Franco, Bussie Maziya-Dixon, Bir Singh, and Christian Fatokun. "Evaluation of cowpea germplasm lines for protein and mineral concentrations in grains." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 4 (July 22, 2011): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262111000815.
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Cowpea, an indigenous crop to sub-Saharan Africa, is found mainly in the dry savanna regions along with cereals such as millets and sorghum. Cowpea is grown primarily for human consumption of the grains, which are rich in protein, carbohydrates and contain some minerals. The development and deployment of cowpea varieties with higher nutritional value will be of immense benefit to consumers. As a first step in the enhancement of mineral content in cowpea grains, several germplasm lines (1541) of different origins and obtained from the genetic resources unit at IITA were sown in the experimental field in Minjibir, Kano State, Nigeria. The grains were analysed for protein and nine mineral contents. However, in this study, we shall report data on crude protein, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K and P. The data generated from the chemical analysis were subjected to the ‘mixture of normal distributions’ clustering method, which distributed the cowpea lines into nine groups. Groups G7 and G9 contained 174 genotypes and these were characterized by high mineral concentrations. The mean nutritional content values for group G9 were 24.7% for protein, and 58.9, 41.5, 1107, 2132, 15,282 and 5664 mg/kg for Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K and P, respectively. On the other hand, the 363 lines making up groups G2, G3 and G6 showed low amounts of nutrients in their grains. Some of the lines in G7 and G9 would be good as parents to use in breeding programmes that aimed at developing nutrient-dense cowpea varieties.
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Mugalavai, Violet K. "Exploring Home-use Test to Assess Urban Consumers’ Acceptance and Likelihood to Purchase Naturally Fortified Instant Whole Meal Sorghum-maize Flour Blends in Eldoret, Kenya." Journal of Food Research 9, no. 3 (May 11, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v9n3p19.
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Fortification of staple foods has the potential to alleviate micronutrient and protein energy malnutrition in sub Saharan Africa. However, natural food fortification often alters sensory attributes such as flavour, aroma, appearance, texture and other features in ways that may affect target consumer overall acceptance and willingness to purchase. This study examined urban consumers’ acceptance and likelihood to purchase wholemeal instant flours that were fortified using plant based sources. A home-use test (HUT) sensory experiment was conducted in Eldoret, Kenya among 154 urban dwellers in the middle and high level income group living in three gated estates. 5 different flour composites using sorghum, maize, baobab, orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) and grain amaranth were used to make both thin (uji) and thick (ugali) porridges. The results showed that urban consumers could distinguish stiff porridge (ugali) and thin porridge (uji) made from the 5 flour varieties. They preferred uji, expressed by higher mean general acceptability scores made from all the flour varieties (M=4.15-M=3.83) to ugali (M=3.50-M=3.17), for appearance, aroma, texture in hand and mouth, significant at p < 0.05. Mothers’ and childrens’ overall acceptance ratings for both sets of products did not differ, showing the ability of mothers to influence a child’s overall acceptance of a product. Further, more than 80% consumers were likely to purchase and use the instant flour. Pearson correlation showed significant positive correlations (*P<.05; & **P<.01), for product fit for all family, with nutritional and health benefits, and product that is introduced by a close friend as the main factors driving their likelihood of purchase. We conclude that HUT is effective for assessing consumer acceptance as far as product sensory characteristics and consumer adoption of a new product, and can be used by industry before market penetration.
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Gumma, Murali Krishna, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Irshad Mohammed, Geoffrey Chavula, N. V. P. R. Ganga Rao, Patrick Okori, Christopher O. Ojiewo, Rajeev Varshney, Moses Siambi, and Anthony Whitbread. "Monitoring Changes in the Cultivation of Pigeonpea and Groundnut in Malawi Using Time Series Satellite Imagery for Sustainable Food Systems." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121475.
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Malawi, in south-eastern Africa, is one of the poorest countries in the world. Food security in the country hinges on rainfed systems in which maize and sorghum are staple cereals and groundnut and pigeonpea are now major grain legume crops. While the country has experienced a considerable reduction in forest lands, population growth and demand for food production have seen an increase in the area dedicated to agricultural crops. From 2010, pigeonpea developed into a major export crop, and is commonly intercropped with cereals or grown in double-up legume systems. Information on the spatial extent of these crops is useful for estimating food supply, understanding export potential, and planning policy changes as examples of various applications. Remote sensing analysis offers a number of efficient approaches to deliver spatial, reproducible data on land use and land cover (LULC) and changes therein. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products (fortnightly and monthly) and derived phenological parameters assist in mapping cropland areas during the agricultural season, with explicit focus on redistributed farmland. Owing to its low revisit time and the availability of long-term period data, MODIS offers several advantages, e.g., the possibility of obtaining cloud-free Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) profile and an analysis using one methodology applied to one sensor at regular acquisition dates, avoiding incomparable results. To assess the expansion of areas used in the production of pigeonpea and groundnut resulting from the release of new varieties, the spatial distribution of cropland areas was mapped using MODIS NDVI 16-day time-series products (MOD13Q1) at a spatial resolution of 250 m for the years 2010–2011 and 2016–2017. The resultant cropland extent map was validated using intensive ground survey data. Pigeonpea is mostly grown in the southern dry districts of Mulanje, Phalombe, Chiradzulu, Blantyre and Mwanza and parts of Balaka and Chikwawa as a groundnut-pigeonpea intercrop, and sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop in Mzimba district. By 2016, groundnut extent had increased in Mwanza, Mulanje, and Phalombe and fallen in Mzimba. The result indicates that the area planted with pigeonpea had increased by 29% (75,000 ha) from 2010–2011 to 2016–2017. Pigeonpea expansion in recent years has resulted from major export opportunities to Asian countries like India, and its consumption by Asian expatriates all over the world. This study provides useful information for policy changes and the prioritization of resources allocated to sustainable food production and to support smallholder farmers.
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Nikiema, S. Zara, Jacob Sanou, Banse Ouedraogo, Vernon Gracen, B. Pangirayi Tongoona, and Samuel Offei Kwame. "Genetic diversity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) accessions from thirteen regions of Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 5 (September 14, 2020): 1547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i5.5.
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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a staple food crop for West African countries in general and Burkina Faso in particular. It is mainly grown by small holder farmers for their livelihoods. They grow their landraces which is a mixture of more than two varieties. Unfortunately, the yields of farmer varieties are low compared to improved ones bred by sorghum breeders with the potential up to 3t/ha. The objective of the study was to identify the genetic diversity between improved varieties released by research institutions and farmer accessions at the molecular level. DNA sample were collected from hundred and twenty-three accessions collected from thirteen regions of Burkina Faso. DNA samples were successfully genotyped using a multiplexed complex of 28 microsatellites DNA markers for 110 genotypes. The sorghum genotypes comprised of Guinea, Caudatum and Guinea-Caudatum races. Farmer varieties were defined mainly in Guinea and Guinea-Caudatum races while the improved varieties were mainly Caudatum races. The inbreeding level FIS (the inbreeding level within a given population) for each group improved, farmer varieties varied between -1 <FIS>1. This shows the autogenous nature of sorghum varieties. Breeding schemes can therefore be designed for improvement of farmer preferred varieties.Keywords: Sorghum Microsatellites, Guinea, Caudatum, Yield, Landraces
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Kajiya-Kanegae, Hiromi, Hideki Takanashi, Masaru Fujimoto, Motoyuki Ishimori, Norikazu Ohnishi, Fiona Wacera W., Everlyne A. Omollo, et al. "RAD-seq-Based High-Density Linkage Map Construction and QTL Mapping of Biomass-Related Traits in Sorghum using the Japanese Landrace Takakibi NOG." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 7 (April 30, 2020): 1262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa056.
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Abstract Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown locally by Japanese farmers is generically termed Takakibi, although its genetic diversity compared with geographically distant varieties or even within Takakibi lines remains unclear. To explore the genomic diversity and genetic traits controlling biomass and other physiological traits in Takakibi, we focused on a landrace, NOG, in this study. Admixture analysis of 460 sorghum accessions revealed that NOG belonged to the subgroup that represented Asian sorghums, and it was only distantly related to American/African accessions including BTx623. In an attempt to dissect major traits related to biomass, we generated a recombinant inbred line (RIL) from a cross between BTx623 and NOG, and we constructed a high-density linkage map based on 3,710 single-nucleotide polymorphisms obtained by restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing of 213 RIL individuals. Consequently, 13 fine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 and 9, which included five QTLs for days to heading, three for plant height (PH) and total shoot fresh weight and two for Brix. Furthermore, we identified two dominant loci for PH as being identical to the previously reported dw1 and dw3. Together, these results corroborate the diversified genome of Japanese Takakibi, while the RIL population and high-density linkage map generated in this study will be useful for dissecting other important traits in sorghum.
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Aboud, A. A. O., J. D. Reed, E. Owen, and A. McAllan. "Feeding sorghum stover to Ethiopian sheep: effect of stover variety and amount offered on growth, intake and selection." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019401.
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Wahed and Owen (1986) showed that intake of barley straw by goats increased when the amount of straw offered was increased from 18 to 54 and 90 g dry matter (DM) per kg mass (M) daily. The three offer rates were associated with refusal rates (% of offer) of 14, 57 and 70 % respectively. Subsequent work at Reading by Allmon et al (1989) indicated that goats were selecting more straw-leaf when offer rates were Increased.The present study, undertaken in Ethiopia, investigated whether similar responses would occur with sheep offered increasing quantities of sorghum stover (straw) and whether the responses would vary according to variety of sorghum. Dry-land farmers In Ethiopia and other African countries are being encouraged to plant new varieties of sorghum which are more bird-resistant than the traditional varieties. Unfortunately bird-resistant varieties have been shown to contain polyphenolic compounds which may have adverse effects on intake and digestion of stover. Two contrasting varieties of stover were therefore compared in the present study.
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Maina, Fanna, Sophie Bouchet, Sandeep R. Marla, Zhenbin Hu, Jianan Wang, Aissata Mamadou, Magagi Abdou, Abdoul-Aziz Saïdou, and Geoffrey P. Morris. "Population genomics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) across diverse agroclimatic zones of Niger." Genome 61, no. 4 (April 2018): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2017-0131.
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Improving adaptation of staple crops in developing countries is important to ensure food security. In the West African country of Niger, the staple crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is cultivated across diverse agroclimatic zones, but the genetic basis of local adaptation has not been described. The objectives of this study were to characterize the genomic diversity of sorghum from Niger and to identify genomic regions conferring local adaptation to agroclimatic zones and farmer preferences. We analyzed 516 Nigerien accessions for which local variety name, botanical race, and geographic origin were known. We discovered 144 299 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). We performed discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), which identified six genetic groups, and performed a genome scan for loci with high discriminant loadings. The highest discriminant coefficients were on chromosome 9, near the putative ortholog of maize flowering time adaptation gene Vgt1. Next, we characterized differentiation among local varieties and used a genome scan of pairwise FST values to identify SNPs associated with specific local varieties. Comparison of varieties named for light- versus dark-grain identified differentiation near Tannin1, the major gene responsible for grain tannins. These findings could facilitate genomics-assisted breeding of locally adapted and farmer-preferred sorghum varieties for Niger.
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Adebo, Oluwafemi, Eugenie Kayitesi, and Patrick Njobeh. "Reduction of Mycotoxins during Fermentation of Whole Grain Sorghum to Whole Grain Ting (a Southern African Food)." Toxins 11, no. 3 (March 25, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11030180.
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Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that pose health risks to exposed individuals, requiring necessary measures to reduce them. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), mycotoxins were quantified in whole grain sorghum and ting subsequently derived from two sorghum varieties (high and low tannin). The whole grain (WG) ting samples were obtained by fermenting sorghum with Lactobacillus fermentum strains (FUA 3165 and FUA 3321). Naturally (spontaneously) fermented WG-ting under the same conditions were equally analysed. Among the mycotoxins investigated, fumonisin B1 (FB1), B2 (FB2), B3 (FB3), T-2 toxin (T-2), zearalenone (ZEA), alpha-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (β-ZOL) were detected in sorghum. Results obtained showed that mycotoxin concentrations significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced after fermentation. In particular, L. fermentum FUA 3321 showed the capability to significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduce all the mycotoxins by 98% for FB1, 84% for T-2 and up to 82% for α-ZOL, compared to raw low tannin sorghum. Fermenting with the L. fermentum strains showed potential to effectively reduce mycotoxin contamination in whole grain ting. Thus, we recommended L. fermentum FUA 3321 in particular to be used as a potential starter culture in sorghum fermentation.
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Traoré, Hamidou, Albert Barro, Djibril Yonli, Zachary Stewart, and Vara Prasad. "Water Conservation Methods and Cropping Systems for Increased Productivity and Economic Resilience in Burkina Faso." Water 12, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040976.
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Resilience of smallholder farmers in their ability to bounce-back and overcome shocks, such as drought, is critical to ensure a pathway out of hunger and poverty. Efficient water conservation methods that increase rainwater capture and reduce soil erosion such as stone lines and grass bands are two technologies that have been proposed to increase the resilience in Sudano–Sahelian farming systems. In Burkina Faso, we show that stone lines, grass bands, and crop rotation are effective resilience strategies individually and in combination. During years when rainfall is well-distributed over time, differences are minimal between fields with water conservation methods and fields without. However, when there are periods of prolonged drought, water conservation methods are effective for increasing soil water, yield, revenue, and resilience. During drought conditions, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain yield and revenue with stone lines and grass bands were over 50% greater than that of the control, by an average of 450 kg ha−1, which amounted to an increase of 58,500 West African CFA franc (CFA) ha−1 (i.e., 98 USD ha−1). The results also suggest that the combination of water conservation method and crop rotation additionally improves cropping system productivity and revenue. Growing cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in rotation with sorghum production provided more options for farmers to increase their income and access to nutrition. This study also sheds light on the limited productivity gains due to improved crop varieties. The local sorghum landrace, Nongomsoba, and the local cowpea variety in rotation resulted in the highest yields as compared to the improved varieties of Sariaso 14 sorghum and KVX 396-4-4 cowpea. Under similar low input/degraded conditions, improved crop varieties likely are not a suitable resilience strategy alone. We conclude that during erratic rainy seasons with frequent periods of drought (i.e., water stress) in rain-fed conditions in Burkina Faso, stone lines or grass bands in combination with sorghum and cowpea rotation are effective practices for increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to maintain crop productivity and revenue. With future and present increases in climate variability due to climate change, stone lines, grass bands, and crop rotation will have growing importance as resilience strategies to buffer crop productivity and revenue during periods of drought.
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Kurbanbayev, А. I., А. A. Baitelenova, and A. B. Abdirova. "CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VARIETY OF HERBAGE MIXTURESVERSUSCONSTITUENTS AND SOWING TIME IN THE ARID STEPPE ZONE OF KAZAKHSTAN." Bulletin of Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University 56, no. 1 (2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52081/bkaku.2021.v56.i1.008.
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The article describes the nutritional quality and chemical composition of a variety of herbage mixtures versus on the sowing time and constituents in the arid steppe zone of Kazakhstan. The biennium average data for the study years are given. The second and third decades of May were chosen as the sowing date. Three types of herbage mixtures were investigated in two sowing periods: 1. barley, peas, Sudan grass, hybrid of sorghum-Sudan grass, rapeseed; 2. barley, peas, Sudanese grass, hybrid of sorghum-Sudan grass, barnyard millet; 3. barley, peas, hybrid sorghum-Sudan grass, African millet. In the course of the sowing period, the content of crude protein in the herbage mixtures in the third decade of May was as high as in nitrogen-free extracts (NFE). Depending on the components of the herbage mixtures, the highest indicator of crude protein in the mixture of African millet was 2.87% and 2.74%. NFE in the herbage mixture of cockspur was higher by 0.07-0.16% than in the control variant (herbage mixture with rapeseed). Periods of emergence and germination of grain varieties in the composition of herbage mixtures coincided with the July precipitation, expressed by good leaf coverage, high content of crude protein, carotene, NFE compared to the control variant. The optimum sowing life, in terms of nutritional quality, chemical composition of herbage mixtures with African millet and barnyard millet in the dry steppe zone of Kazakhstan, was the third decade of May.
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Sogoba, Bougouna, Bouba Traoré, Abdelmounaime Safia, Oumar Baba Samaké, Gilbert Dembélé, Sory Diallo, Roger Kaboré, Goze Bertin Benié, Robert B. Zougmoré, and Kalifa Goïta. "On-Farm Evaluation on Yield and Economic Performance of Cereal-Cowpea Intercropping to Support the Smallholder Farming System in the Soudano-Sahelian Zone of Mali." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060214.
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Cereal-cowpea intercropping has become an integral part of the farming system in Mali. Still, information is lacking regarding integrated benefits of the whole system, including valuing of the biomass for facing the constraints of animal feedings. We used farmers’ learning networks to evaluate performance of intercropping systems of millet-cowpea and sorghum-cowpea in southern Mali. Our results showed that under intercropping, the grain yield obtained with the wilibali (short maturing duration) variety was significantly higher than the yield obtained with the sangaranka (long maturing duration) variety whether with millet (36%) or sorghum (48%), corresponding, respectively, to an economic gain of XOF (West African CFA franc) 125 282/ha and XOF 142 640/ha. While for biomass, the yield obtained with the sangaranka variety was significantly higher by 50% and 60% to that of wilibali with an economic gain of XOF 286 526/ha (with millet) and XOF 278 516/ha (with sorghum). Total gain obtained with the millet-cowpea system was significantly greater than that obtained with the sorghum-cowpea system by 14%, and this stands irrespective of the type of cowpea variety. Farmers prefer the grain for satisfying immediate food needs instead of economic gains. These results represent an indication for farmer’s decision-making regarding cowpea varieties selection especially for addressing household food security issues or feeding animals.
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Gano, Boubacar, Joseph Sékou B. Dembele, Adama Ndour, Delphine Luquet, Gregory Beurier, Diaga Diouf, and Alain Audebert. "Using UAV Borne, Multi-Spectral Imaging for the Field Phenotyping of Shoot Biomass, Leaf Area Index and Height of West African Sorghum Varieties under Two Contrasted Water Conditions." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050850.
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Meeting food demand for the growing population will require an increase to crop production despite climate changes and, more particularly, severe drought episodes. Sorghum is one of the cereals most adapted to drought that feed millions of people around the world. Valorizing its genetic diversity for crop improvement can benefit from extensive phenotyping. The current methods to evaluate plant biomass, leaves area and plants height involve destructive sampling and are not practical in breeding. Phenotyping relying on drone based imagery is a powerful approach in this context. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a high throughput field phenotyping method of sorghum growth traits under contrasted water conditions relying on drone based imagery. Experiments were conducted in Bambey (Senegal) in 2018 and 2019, to test the ability of multi-spectral sensing technologies on-board a UAV platform to calculate various vegetation indices to estimate plants characteristics. In total, ten (10) contrasted varieties of West African sorghum collection were selected and arranged in a randomized complete block design with three (3) replicates and two (2) water treatments (well-watered and drought stress). This study focused on plant biomass, leaf area index (LAI) and the plant height that were measured weekly from emergence to maturity. Drone flights were performed just before each destructive sampling and images were taken by multi-spectral and visible cameras. UAV-derived vegetation indices exhibited their capacity of estimating LAI and biomass in the 2018 calibration data set, in particular: normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), corrected transformed vegetation index (CTVI), seconded modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI2), green normalize difference vegetation index (GNDVI), and simple ratio (SR) (r2 of 0.8 and 0.6 for LAI and biomass, respectively). Developed models were validated with 2019 data, showing a good performance (r2 of 0.92 and 0.91 for LAI and biomass accordingly). Results were also promising regarding plant height estimation (RMSE = 9.88 cm). Regression plots between the image-based estimation and the measured plant height showed a r2 of 0.83. The validation results were similar between water treatments. This study is the first successful application of drone based imagery for phenotyping sorghum growth and development in a West African context characterized by severe drought occurrence. The developed approach could be used as a decision support tool for breeding programs and as a tool to increase the throughput of sorghum genetic diversity characterization for adaptive traits.
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Akinseye, F. M., M. Adam, S. O. Agele, M. P. Hoffmann, P. C. S. Traore, and A. M. Whitbread. "Assessing crop model improvements through comparison of sorghum ( sorghum bicolor L. moench) simulation models: A case study of West African varieties." Field Crops Research 201 (February 2017): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.10.015.
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Mabelebele, M., M. Siwela, RM Gous, and PA Iji. "Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of South African Sorghum Varieties as Feed for Broiler Chickens." South African Journal of Animal Science 45, no. 2 (August 5, 2015): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v45i2.12.
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Fungwe, Thomas V. "Comparison of the sensory attributes of an African staple (fufu) processed from American and African varieties of grain sorghum." International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 49, no. 6 (January 1998): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09637489809086427.
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Muiru, W. M., P. L. Fabiola, D. Mbuge, L. M’Ragwa, and S. L. Kimaru. "Influence of variety endosperm type and seed moisture content on threshability and mechanical damage of sorghum seeds." Agricultural Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (June 2020): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2020.02.029.
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Abstract. Sorghum is an important cereal crop and it is native in African tropical areas. It is a globally cultivated crop and the fifth most important cereal after maize, rice, wheat and barley. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of endosperm type, seed moisture content and threshing methods on percentage threshability and mechanical damage of sorghum seeds. Two varieties of sorghum (Kari-mtama 1 and Seredo) were grown in two diverse locations, Kiboko and Katumani. Variety Kari-mtama1 has hard (vitreous) endosperm while the other variety Seredo has soft (non-vitreous) endosperm. After harvesting, sorghum panicles were dried in the sun and oven. The panicles were threshed separately for each drying method at two moisture levels, namely 18-20% and 13-14%. The three threshing methods used included beating with wooden stick in tied sack, using wooden mortar and pestle as well as using threshing machine. The results showed that the vitreous endosperm variety had significantly high percentage threshability and significantly low mechanical damage than non-vitreous endosperm variety under both drying methods. There was a significant (p≤0.05) increase in threshability and decrease in mechanical damage when the seeds were threshed at 13-14% moisture content compared to 18-20%. For better seed quality, threshing machine is the best method to be used to avoid mechanical damage and seed quality deterioration. Drying methods used to dry seed panicles before threshing had no effects on threshability and mechanical damage. This implies that sorghum panicles can be dried either in the sun or oven without affecting threshability and mechanical damage at the two moisture levels and by using the three threshing methods.