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1
Irawan, Bambang, and Nana Sutrisna. "Prospek Pengembangan Sorgum di Jawa Barat Mendukung Diversifikasi Pangan." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 29, no. 2 (2016): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v29n2.2011.99-113.
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<p><strong>English</strong><br />One of issues in Indonesia related with food security is reliance on imported foods, especially wheat and rice. To cope with this issue, development of local food crops substitute to both foods is essential particularly those adapted to dry land characterized by barrenness, high erosion risk, and limited water supply. Sorghum is one of local food crops to these drought characteristics. Use of sorghum as flour for producing processed foods (noodles, breads, cakes, etc.) can substitute up to 15 to 50 percent of wheat flour. Other industrial products, as well as bio-ethanol, can also be produced using sorghum. Sorghum crop waste is contains high nutrients appropriate for animal feed. To encourage sorghum cultivation in the dry land it is necessary to apply an integrated agribusiness, namely sorghum plant, flour processing, bio ethanol processing, and cattle farming, conducted in a large scale. Development of sorghum processing industries is essential in expanding sorghum market as well as its economic value. In the same time cattle farming is essential to maintain dry land fertility. As an initial stage, this integrated business should be conducted by BUMN (government own companies) facilitated by subsidized investment credit.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Salah satu masalah yang dihadapi Indonesia berkaitan dengan ketahanan pangan adalah ketergantungan terhadap bahan pangan impor terutama beras dan gandum. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut maka perlu dikembangkan bahan pangan lokal lain yang dapat mensubstitusi kedua bahan pangan tersebut dan dapat dikembangkan pada lahan kering yang umumnya memiliki kesuburan rendah, peka terhadap erosi dan ketersediaan air terbatas. Sorgum merupakan tanaman pangan lokal yang dapat dikembangkan pada lahan kering dan penggunaan tepung sorgum untuk pembuatan berbagai produk makanan olahan (mie, roti, kue, dst) dapat mensubstitusi 15%-50 persen tepung gandum. Berbagai produk industri lainnya dan bioetanol juga dapat dibuat dari sorgum sementara limbah tanaman sorgum bernilai gizi tinggi untuk bahan pakan ternak. Untuk mendorong pengembangan tanaman sorgum di lahan kering perlu diterapkan sistem usaha yang terintegrasi : tanaman sorgum - pengolahan tepung sorgum – pengolahan bioetanol - ternak sapi dalam skala luas. Pengembangan industri pengolahan sorgum diperlukan untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomi dan memperluas pasar sorgum sedangkan pengembangan ternak sapi diperlukan untuk mempertahankan kesuburan lahan kering. Sebagai inisiasi, pengembangan usaha yang terintegrasi tersebut perlu dilaksanakan oleh BUMN yang difasilitasi dengan subsidi kredit investasi.</p>
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Mezgebe, Abadi G., John R. N. Taylor, and Henriëtte L. de Kock. "Influence of Waxy (High Amylopectin) and High Protein Digestibility Traits in Sorghum on Injera Sourdough-Type Flatbread Sensory Characteristics." Foods 9, no. 12 (2020): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9121749.
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Injera, an East African leavened sourdough fermented pancake has remarkable textural properties despite being made from non-wheat flours. However, teff flour, which produces the best quality injera, is expensive and limited in availability. The effects of waxy (high amylopectin) and high protein digestibility (HD) traits in sorghum on injera quality were studied. Eight white tan-plant sorghum lines expressing these traits in various combinations and three normal sorghum types were studied, with teff flour as reference. Descriptive sensory profiling of fresh and stored injera revealed that injera from waxy sorghums were softer, spongier, more flexible and rollable compared to injera from normal sorghum and much closer in these important textural attributes to teff injera. Instrumental texture analysis of injera similarly showed that waxy sorghum injera had lower stress and higher strain than injera from normal sorghum. The improved injera textural quality was probably due to the slower retrogradation and better water-holding of amylopectin starch. The HD trait, however, did not clearly affect injera quality, probably because the lines had only moderately higher protein digestibility. In conclusion, waxy sorghum flour has considerable potential for the production of gluten-free sourdough fermented flatbread-type products with good textural functionality.
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Silvia, Mega, Muhammad Hazmi, Hidayah Murtiyaningsih, and Laras S. Arum. "Regenerasi Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor) melalui Kultur In Vitro." JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN 17, no. 1 (2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jbdp.2021.17.1.68.
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Sorghum has great potential to be developed as a food source in Indonesia. This study aims to regenerate sweet sorghum in vitro, by adding coconut water and garlic powder to tissue culture. The experiment used a completely randomized design with two treatment factors, and with 2 replications. The first factor was the concentration of coconut water (A), consisting of: A0 (0 mL/L), A1 (50 mL/L), A2 (100 mL/L), A3 (150 mL/L), and A4 (200 mL/L). The second factor was the concentration of garlic powder (B), consisting of : B0 (0 g/L), B1 (10 g/L), B2 (20 g/L), B3 (30 g/L), and B4 (40 g/L). Data were analysis by the analysis of variance wth the F test and DMRT follow-up test at a 0,05 level. The results of the F test showed that the variables of the time of shoot emergence, shoot height at the age of 3, 12, 15, and 18 days after initiation (DAI) were not significantly affected by treatments A, B, and their interaction (A×B), also the percentage of shoot emergence in treatments A, B, and shoot height in treatments B. Variables of shoot number and shoot height at 6 DAI were affected by treatments A, B, and A×B, also the percentage of shoot emergence in treatment A, and shoot height 9 DAI in treatments A and B. DMRT test results showed that the A4 treatment gave the best results on shoot percentage, shoot height at 6 and 9 DAI, and treatment B2 on shoot number. The addition of 200 mL/L coconut water increased shoot height and 20 g/l garlic powder increased the number of shoots in this study.
 Keywords: coconut water, concentration, garlic, in vitro regeneration, sorghum.
 
 ABSTRAK
 Sorgum memiliki potensi yang besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber pangan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meregenerasi sorgum manis secara in vitro, dari kultur jaringan. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan dua faktor perlakuan, dan dengan 2 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi air kelapa (A), terdiri dari: A0 (0 mL/L), A1 (50 mL/L), A2 (100 mL/L), A3 (150 mL/L), dan A4 (200 mL/L). Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi bubuk bawang putih (B), terdiri B0 (0 g/L), B1 (10 g/L), B2 (20 g/L), B3 (30 g/L), dan B4 (40 g/L). Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragan dengan uji F dan uji lanjut DMRT pada taraf 0,05. Hasil uji F menunjukkan bahwa variabel saat munculnya tunas, tinggi tunas pada umur 3, 12, 15, dan 18 hari setelah inisiasi (HSI) tidak nyata dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan A, B, maupun interaksinya (A×B), demikian juga persentase munculnya tunas pada perlakuan A, B, serta tinggi tunas pada perlakuan B. Variabel-variabel jumlah tunas, tinggi tunas 6 HSI dipengaruh secara nyata oleh perlakuan A, B, maupun A×B, demikian juga persentase munculnya tunas pada perlakuan A, serta tinggi tunas 9 HSI pada perlakuan A dan B. Hasil uji DMRT menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan A4 memberikan hasil terbaik pada persentase tunas, tinggi tunas 6 dan 9 HSI, serta faktor B2 pada jumlah tunas. Penambahan air kelapa 200 mL/L meningkatkan tinggi tunas dan 20 g/L bubuk bawang putih meningkatkan jumlah tunas pada penelitian ini.
 Kata kunci: air kelapa, bawang putih, konsentrasi, regenerasi in vitro, sorgum
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Hao, Mengmeng, Jingying Fu, Dong Jiang, Xiaoxi Yan, Shuai Chen, and Fangyu Ding. "Sustainable Development of Sweet Sorghum-Based Fuel Ethanol from the Perspective of Water Resources in China." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103428.
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Bioenergy is expected to play a key role in achieving a future sustainable energy system. Sweet sorghum-based fuel ethanol, one of the most promising bioenergy sources in China, has been receiving considerable attention. However, the conflict between sweet sorghum development and traditional water use has not been fully considered. The article presents an integrated method for evaluating water stress from sweet sorghum-based fuel ethanol in China. The region for developing sweet sorghum was identified from the perspective of sustainable development of water resources. First, the spatial distribution of the water demand of sweet sorghum-based fuel ethanol was generated with a Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model coupled with Geo-Information System (GIS). Subsequently, the surplus of water resources at the provincial scale and precipitation at the pixel scale were considered during the growth period of sweet sorghum, and the potential conflicts between the supply and demand of water resources were analyzed at regional scale monthly. Finally, the development level of sweet sorghum-based fuel ethanol was determined. The results showed that if the pressure of water consumption of sweet sorghum on regional water resources was taken into account, about 23% of the original marginal land was not suitable for development of sweet sorghum-based fuel ethanol, mainly distributed in Beijing, Hebei, Ningxia, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Tianjin. In future energy planning, the water demand of energy plants must be fully considered to ensure its sustainable development.
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Isakeit, T., G. N. Odvody, and R. A. Shelby. "First Report of Sorghum Ergot Caused by Claviceps africana in the United States." Plant Disease 82, no. 5 (1998): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.5.592a.
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In March 1997, ergot was found on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) regrowth in several abandoned commercial grain sorghum fields in Cameron and Hidalgo counties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of Texas. White sphacelia in florets produced honeydew containing macrospores (hyaline, oblong to oval, 10 to 25 μm × 5 to 7 μm) and microspores (hyaline, spherical, 3 μm in diameter). Macrospores germinated iteratively to form secondary conidia when placed on water agar and in situ following rain. Secondary conidia were hyaline, pyriform, with a protruding hilum, and measured 10 to 17 μm × 5 to 7 μm. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis detected the alkaloid di-hydroergosine in sphacelia, which is unique to C. africana (1). The pathogen was also confirmed on adjacent johnsongrass (S. halepense). The spread of ergot across Texas was associated with the progressive maturation of the commercial sorghum crop as follows: LRGV (mid-May), Coastal Bend near Corpus Christi (June), Winter Garden area southwest of San Antonio (July), and the seed production region of the Texas Panhandle (mid-August). Ergot incidence ranged from a trace to 10% of the heads in (self-fertile) grain sorghum fields of the LRGV. Most heads had only a few infected florets, but a few heads had 35 to 50% of the florets infected. Only trace amounts were found in grain sorghum fields in other areas of the state. Incidence and severity of ergot were greatest in fields of male-sterile sorghums grown for forage. Ergot was generally low in primary heads of male-sterile sorghums in hybrid seed production fields but, in the absence of pollen, axillary tillers sometimes developed high levels of ergot. The major impact of sorghum ergot is expected to be in hybrid seed production fields in the High Plains of Texas. Reference: (1) D. E. Frederickson et al. Mycol. Res. 95:1101, 1991.
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Michaela, Škeříková, Brant Václav, Kroulík Milan, et al. "Water demands and biomass production of sorghum and maize plants in areas with insufficient precipitation in Central Europe." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 8 (2018): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/274/2018-pse.
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Evapotranspiration and transpiration measurements represent a tool for the assessment of crop water demand. The aim of this study was to compare sorghum and maize with respect to its potential for forage production in areas with insufficient precipitation in Central Europe. The values of the actual evapotranspiration (ET<sub>a</sub>, Bowen ratio balance method), transpiration (sap flow method), leaf area index (LAI) and biomass production of sorghum and maize were measured continuously in years 2010–2012. Sorghum stand provided higher ET<sub>a</sub> in comparison with maize in dry year 2012. Maize produced consistently more above-ground biomass yield and lower LAI over all evaluated years than sorghum. The sorghum provided similar or higher water use efficiency (WUE) than maize during the period of intensive prolongation growth, however, the higher WUE did not result in higher biomass production.
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Xu, Xudan, and William L. Bland. "Reverse Water Flow in Sorghum Roots." Agronomy Journal 85, no. 2 (1993): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500020039x.
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Jabran, Khawar, Zahid Ata Cheema, Muhammad Bismillah Khan, and Mubshar Hussain. "Control of Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) through Allelopathic Water Extracts." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 59, no. 1 (2016): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.59.1.2016.48.51.
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Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of sorghum, sunflower, brassicaand mulberry water extracts on mortality of cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Homoptera:Aphididae) which damages the canola crop. The aphids were collected from canola field and applied withdifferent concentrations of allelopathic water extracts or their combinations under laboratory conditions.Allelopathic water extracts of crops such as sorghum, brassica, sorghum + mulberry, sorghum + sunflowerand sunflower alone were effective in controlling the aphid. The higher concentrations of these extracts(8 or 16%) were most effective in controlling aphid (>50%) at 24 h after application.
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Xu, X., and W. L. Bland. "Resumption of Water Uptake by Sorghum after Water Stress." Agronomy Journal 85, no. 3 (1993): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030033x.
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Amrinola, Wiwit, Sri Widowati, and Purwiyatno Hariyadi. "Metode Pembuatan Sorgum Sosoh Rendah Tanin pada Pembuatan Nasi Sorgum (Sorghum Bicolor L) Instan." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 6, no. 1 (2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v6i1.2280.
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Sorghum is one of the non-rice commodities which have a relatively high content of nutrients, especially protein and carbohydrate. However, the nutritional value is to be down and relatively low due to the relatively high tannin content as an anti-nutrient. Fairly high tannin content in sorghum is also causing sorghumhas unpleasant taste and slightly bitter or "Sepet". Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the content of tannins in sorghum that is expected to improve the quality of nutrition, especially the increase in protein and starch digestibility and palatability or the flavor of sorghum products. The purpose of this study is to obtain the best method to lower tannin content in the manufacture of low-tannin sorghum milling, which will be used in the manufacture of instant rice sorghum. This research was done in two stages, namely 1) the timing of the millingstage and 2) the development stage of a method of making low-tannin sorghum milling by comparing the content of tannin reduction method with the immersion process in alkaline solution (NaOH 0.3% and 0.3% Na2CO3) and distilled water with the method of reducing tannin content without immersion process. The results of this study indicate that the best milling time that can produce milled sorghum with good physical sorghum is five minutes and the best immersion treatment that can lower the optimum tannin content is by immersing in 0.3%Na2CO3 solution for 24 hours. This method can reduce up to 77.46% tannin content.
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Olufayo, Ayorinde A., Pierre Ruelle, Charles Baldy, and Abdallah Aidaoui. "Biomass of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) under variable water regime." Biomass and Bioenergy 12, no. 5 (1997): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(97)00008-1.
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Fu, Tongcheng, Jonghan Ko, Gerard W. Wall, et al. "Simulation of climate change impacts on grain sorghum production grown under free air CO2 enrichment." International Agrophysics 30, no. 3 (2016): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0007.
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Abstract Potential impacts of climate change on grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) productivity were investigated using the CERES-sorghum model in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer v4.5. The model was first calibrated for a sorghum cultivar grown in a free air CO2 enrichment experiment at the University of Arizona, Maricopa, Arizona, USA in 1998. The model was then validated with an independent dataset collected in 1999. The simulated grain yield, growth, and soil water of sorghum for the both years were in statistical agreement with the corresponding measurements, respectively. Neither simulated nor measured yields responded to elevated CO2, but both were sensitive to water supply. The validated model was then applied to simulate possible effects of climate change on sorghum grain yield and water use efficiency in western North America for the years 2080-2100. The projected CO2 fertilizer effect on grain yield was dominated by the adverse effect of projected temperature increases. Therefore, temperature appears to be a dominant driver of the global climate change influencing future sorghum productivity. These results suggest that an increase in water demand for sorghum production should be anticipated in a future high-CO2 world.
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Shehab, A. A., Luhua Yao, Liangliang Wei, et al. "The increased hydrocyanic acid in drought-stressed sorghums could be alleviated by plant growth regulators." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 5 (2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20057.
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Droughts not only reduce the biomass of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) but also increase the risk of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) toxicity to animals, mainly due to increased HCN content in drought-stressed plants. In the present study, the variations of HCN contents in 12 sorghum genotypes (10 sweet sorghum cultivars, one Sudangrass and one forage sorghum) were investigated at jointing, filling and ripening stages under rainfed conditions. Next, three genotypes – one sweet sorghum, one Sudangrass and one forage sorghum – were further selected to elucidate the physiological mechanisms of plant growth regulators (PGRs) (abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)) in mitigating the concentrations of HCN in drought-stressed plants in a pot experiment. About 100 µg/L ABA and 100 µg/L MeJA were sprayed separately or together twice on drought-stressed (50 and 75% field water capacity) plant leaf. The drought lasted for 15 days. In the field experiment the HCN content in plants reduced from jointing to filling stages then increased from filling to ripening stages in several cultivars. In the pot experiment, drought increased the HCN accumulation and soluble protein content in leaves of all three genotypes. PGRs overall reduced the HCN contents in drought-stressed sweet sorghum and Sudangrass but not in forage sorghum (except in the ABA+MeJA treatment). However, the soluble protein contents were reduced by PGRs in drought-stressed forage sorghum but not in sweet sorghum (except in the ABA+MeJA treatment) and Sudangrass. Both ABA and MeJA increased the plant weights, whereas only MeJA enhanced net photosynthetic rate (PN) in all three genotypes. PGRs reduced release rate of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in all drought-stressed plants, and reduced the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in sweet sorghum but not in other two genotypes. These results suggest that exogenous ABA and MeJA could increase plant weight and reduce HCN content in drought-stressed sorghums, with varying physiological responsive mechanisms among sorghum genotypes.
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Yue, Jian Zhi, Yan Yan Jing, Zhi Ping Zhang, and Quan Guo Zhang. "Effect of Particle Size on the Water-Soluble Substances and Microscopic Structure of Sorghum Straw Powder." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.384.
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The effect of particle size on the water-soluble substances and microscopic structure of sorghum straw powder were investigated. Sorghum straw powder with four particle size (300 ~ 450μm, 125 ~ 150μm, 97 ~ 105μm, 330 ~ 420nm ) were studied for analysing changes of water-soluble substances and microscopic structure. The results showed that with the particle size decreasing the pH value of water-soluble substances decreased, the concentration of reducing sugar in water increased firstly then began to decrease when it reached to a certain value, the crystallinity of sorghum straw powder decreased, and the degree of polymerization of sorghum straw was lowered ,respectively.
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Zhao, Yumeng, and R. P. Kingsly Ambrose. "A Laboratory-Scale Tempering and Milling Method for Grain Sorghum." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 2 (2018): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12343.
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Abstract. The current commercial milling process for pigmented sorghum leads to inconsistent milling quality and performance. Proper pretreatment of sorghum may improve the milling performance. The effects of cold water, hot water, and steam tempering of sorghum on the milling performance and flour quality were investigated in this study. A tabletop roller mill system that had five break rolls and two smooth rolls was used. The millstream output at different stages of roller milling was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the conditioning treatments. Steamed sorghum had high bran yield due to toughening of the bran, which allowed gradual scraping of the endosperm from the bran. Flour yield was not significantly different among the pretreatments. Flour crude fiber content of the 1 min steam treated sorghum was 1.28% ±0.09%, which was significantly higher than that of cold water treated sorghum (0.87% ±0.19%). The damaged starch content in the milled flour was highest in the cold water treated (5.96% ±0.24%) sorghum, and steam treatment resulted in lower damaged starch content (3.63% to 4.18%). Steam treatment resulted in flour with more convex and circular particles compared to the other treatments, indicating better separation of starch granules from the endosperm. Steam treatment of sorghum kernels at high temperature and pressure led to better separation of bran and endosperm without negatively impacting flour quality. Steam tempering could be a better pretreatment process for milling sorghum for food purposes. Keywords: Flour properties, Milling, Sorghum, Tempering.
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FATONAH, KHODRATIEN, IRFAN SULIANSYAH, and NALWIDA ROZEN. "Electrical conductivity for seed vigor test in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)." Cell Biology and Development 1, no. 1 (2017): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/cellbioldev/v010102.
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Fatonah K, Suliansyah I, Rozen N. 2017. Electrical conductivity for seed vigor test in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Cell Biol Dev 1: 6-12. The objectives of this study were to obtain electrical conductivity test method for seed vigor test in sorghum, to recognize relationship between electrical conductivity test and potassium leakage, and to recognize relationship between electrical conductivity test and other variable on seed vigor. This study have two step experiments. The objective of Experiment I was to determine accurate combinations of water volume and amount seed of the electrical conductivity test for seed vigor test in sorghum. Completely Randomized Design of 15 seed lots with 3 replications were used to determine electrical conductivity method with different vigor. Experiment II were to test electrical conductivity method of 21 seed lots of sorghum without accelerated aging test and 21 seed lots of sorghum were given accelerated aging test. Completely Randomized Design of 21 seed lots with 3 replications were used in Experiment II. The variable were observed : standard germination, field emergence, speed of germination, first count, conductivity, potassium leakage and eight combination conductivity method of water volume (50, 100, 150 and 200 ml) and amount of seed sorghum (50 and 75 seed count). The result of this experiments showed that electrical conductivity test method with 150 ml water volume and 75 seed count was accurate and suitable for sorghum seed vigor test; electrical conductivity test showed positive correlation with potassium leakage;and electrical conductivity test can be used for seed vigor test in sorghum and provided the potential of physiological seed were shown through : standard germination test, field emergence test, first count test and speed of germination with negative correlation.
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Diniz, Wellington Jairo da Silva, Thieres George Freire da Silva, Jadna Mylena da Silva Ferreira, et al. "Forage cactus-sorghum intercropping at different irrigation water depths in the Brazilian Semiarid Region." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 52, no. 9 (2017): 724–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2017000900004.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance, biological efficiency, and the competitive ability of the forage cactus-sorghum intercropping under different irrigation depths with saline water in the Brazilian Semiarid Region. The experiment was carried out in Serra Talhada, in the state of Pernambuco, between 2014 and 2015, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates, and a 5x3 factorial arrangement in split plots, with one year of forage cactus cycle and two years of sorghum cycles. The plots were composed by four irrigation water depths based on the fractions of 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the reference evapotranspiration, besides dry conditions; and the subplots consisted of three cropping systems (single crop of forage cactus, single crop of sorghum, and intercropping of forage cactus-sorghum). The increase of water irrigation depths increased the yields of sorghum in single crop and of the forage cactus-sorghum intercropping. The intercropping system promoted production stability with a higher system productivity index (SPI) for forage cactus-sorghum intercropping (6,279.02 kg ha-1 DM) than for forage cactus in single crop (4,626.98 kg ha-1 DM). The relative density coefficient (12.33) was indicative of the great compatibility of the intercropping system. The forage cactus-sorghum association shows biological advantage and competitiveness capacity, with a higher productive index than their monocultures.
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Wang, Xuemin, Emma Mace, Colleen Hunt, Alan Cruickshank, Graeme Hammer, and David Jordan. "Spatial and temporal patterns of lodging in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 4 (2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19296.
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Grown in water-limited environments, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is often exposed to water deficits of varying extent and timing. One of the impacts of water stress on sorghum production is lodging; however, there has been no published study quantifying the temporal and spatial frequency and severity of lodging in grain sorghum in Australia. In this study, we investigated the frequency and severity of lodging, using a dataset of 83 advanced yield-testing trials of the sorghum pre-breeding program grown in the seven major sorghum-production environments in Australia over 14 summer growing seasons. Lodging occurred in most production regions but with varying frequency and severity. Lodging was significantly greater in regions that were more prone to water stress (e.g. Central Highlands in Queensland) and significantly lower in regions that were less likely to suffer from water stress (e.g. Liverpool Plains in northern New South Wale) compared with the overall average across regions. The severity of lodging also varied across regions, with the most severe lodging (&gt;20%) occurring in Central Highlands and Western Downs in Queensland. In addition, seasonal patterns of lodging frequency and severity were also observed. Over the 14 growing seasons, the frequency of lodging varied from 0% to 100%, with the most severe lodging (&gt;20%) observed in 2005, 2016 and 2017. The Southern Oscillation Index explained 29% of the seasonal variation in lodging frequency. The findings of this study clearly support a link between lodging incidence and water stress across regions and seasons. Our data also showed that although there was a substantial turnover of commercial hybrids during the period of this study, the level of resistance to lodging appeared not to have improved. It is possible that this is due to plant breeders trading off improvements in lodging resistance to increase grain yield.
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Asropi, Asropi, Nursigit Bintoro, Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi, Sri Rahayoe, and Arifin Dwi Saputro. "Kinetika Perubahan Sifat Fisik dan Kadar Tanin Biji Sorgum (Sorghum Bicolor L.) Selama Perendaman." agriTECH 39, no. 3 (2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.42610.
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Some studies have been done to examine that the soaking process of sorghum seeds decrease the tannin level, but have not yet examined the kinetics of reaction changes during soaking. The aim of this experiment was to study the kinetics of changes on physical characteristics and tannin level of sorghum seeds during soaking. This experiment used milled and not milled red sorghum seeds which were soaked for 24 hours in distilled and alkaline solution at 30, 45, and 60 ºC. Observed parameters included water content, tannin content, and hardness, which were analyzed using statistical data and the kinetics of parameter change rate. Temperature treatment had a significant effect on the changes in all parameters of sorghum seeds during soaking. The increase in temperature accelerated the diffusion coefficient (Deff) in a range between 6.6345x10-12 m2/second to 13.5519x10-12 m2/second and energy activation of 8.054 kJ/mol; 3.274 kJ/mol; 3.183 kJ/mol; and 7.29 kJ/mol on the distilled water soaking treatment of not milled sorghum seeds, alkaline soaking treatment of not milled seeds, the distilled water soaking treatment of milled sorghum seeds, and alkaline soaking treatment of milled seeds. The highest decrease in tannin content was 77.9%, that was obtained in the treatment of alkaline soaking treatment of milled seeds at 60 ºC. The highest increase in volume occurred in the treatment of alkaline soaking treatment of milled seeds (76.0%). The value of the constant rate tended to increase with the increasing temperature of the soaking process. This means that the changes in the parameter were faster at a higher temperature, so the energy activation used is lower.
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Park, Byung-Hoon, Su-Chan Lee, Mee-Jin Kim, et al. "Effect of Water Treatment Sludge (WTS) on Zinc Content in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 52, no. 2 (2009): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2009.016.
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Park, Byung-Hoon, Sang-Hyeok Jeong, Kun-Woo Park, et al. "Effect of Water Treatment Sludge (WTS) on Cadmium Content in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 52, no. 3 (2009): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2009.024.
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Narayanan, Sruthi, Robert M. Aiken, P. V. Vara Prasad, Zhanguo Xin, and Jianming Yu. "Water and Radiation Use Efficiencies in Sorghum." Agronomy Journal 105, no. 3 (2013): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0377.
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Gonda, Garmendia, Rufo, et al. "Biocontrol of Aspergillus flavus in Ensiled Sorghum by Water Kefir Microorganisms." Microorganisms 7, no. 8 (2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7080253.
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The capacity of microorganisms from water kefir (WK) to control Aspergillus flavus growth during the aerobic phase of ensiled sorghum grains was determined. Sorghum inoculated with A. flavus was treated with filter-sterilized and non-sterilized water kefir, ensiled, and incubated 7 days at 25 °C. A. flavus growth was quantified by qPCR after incubation. Mold growth was inhibited in the presence of water kefir while no inhibition was observed when filter-sterilized water kefir was applied, demonstrating the relevant role of the microorganisms in the kefir water in the biocontrol process. Fungal and bacterial diversity in treated sorghum mini-silos was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Firmicutes was the predominant bacterial phyla and Lactobacillus represented the most abundant genus, while Ascomycota was the predominant fungal phyla with Saccharomyces and Pichia as the major genera. Bacterial and yeast counts before and after incubation indicated that the microbial community obtained from WK was able to grow in the sorghum mini-silos in the presence of A. flavus. Results of the present work indicate that the use of a mixed inoculum of microorganisms present in WK may represent an alternative management practice to avoid the growth of A. flavus in ensiled sorghum grains and the concomitant contamination with aflatoxins.
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Silva, Karen Marcelle de Jesus, Ignacio Aspiazú, Arley Fiqueiredo Portugal, et al. "Determination of soil water tension for irrigation management of sweet sorghum." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 3 (2016): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1189.
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Culturing of sweet sorghum is being considered as an excellent option for ethanol production, from an agronomical and industrial point of view. At present, information regarding the best soil water tension for beginning sweet sorghum irrigation is not available; hence, this study aimed to determine the adequate soil water tension under field conditions for beginning irrigation of four cultivars of sorghum. Two experiments were conducted at Nova Porteirinha, MG, in a randomized block design with sub-subdivided plots having four replications. Each experiment comprised six treatments of soil water tension (plots)-20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 kPa-for resuming sweet sorghum irrigation, and four sweet sorghum cultivars (subplots)-BRS 508, BRS 509, BRS 511, and CMSXS647. After planting, the soil water level in the plots was elevated to field capacity (10 kPa), and then the treatments were applied. During treatment application, irrigation was resumed when the soil water tension reached the limit established in order to elevate the soil water tension to 10 kPa. The amount of water replaced during each irrigation was determined by generating a soil water retention curve for the experimental area. The following parameters were evaluated: green mass production, juice volume, soluble solids (Brix), and tons of Brix per hectare (TBH). The different soil water tensions and cultivars, agricultural year, and interaction between tension and year significantly affected (p ? 0.05) the characteristics evaluated, according to the F test. The agronomical characteristics of the evaluated cultivars showed linear relationship with water supply in the soil. According to TBH, irrigation of sweet sorghum needs to be performed when the soil tension reaches 20 kPa. The TBH values did not differ significantly among the four cultivars at the 5% significance level according to Tukey test.
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Sepaskhah, A. R., A. Kanooni, and M. M. Ghasemi. "Estimating water table contributions to corn and sorghum water use." Agricultural Water Management 58, no. 1 (2003): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(02)00081-1.
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Busta, Lucas, Elizabeth Schmitz, Dylan K. Kosma, James C. Schnable, and Edgar B. Cahoon. "A co-opted steroid synthesis gene, maintained in sorghum but not maize, is associated with a divergence in leaf wax chemistry." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (2021): e2022982118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022982118.
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Virtually all land plants are coated in a cuticle, a waxy polyester that prevents nonstomatal water loss and is important for heat and drought tolerance. Here, we describe a likely genetic basis for a divergence in cuticular wax chemistry between Sorghum bicolor, a drought tolerant crop widely cultivated in hot climates, and its close relative Zea mays (maize). Combining chemical analyses, heterologous expression, and comparative genomics, we reveal that: 1) sorghum and maize leaf waxes are similar at the juvenile stage but, after the juvenile-to-adult transition, sorghum leaf waxes are rich in triterpenoids that are absent from maize; 2) biosynthesis of the majority of sorghum leaf triterpenoids is mediated by a gene that maize and sorghum both inherited from a common ancestor but that is only functionally maintained in sorghum; and 3) sorghum leaf triterpenoids accumulate in a spatial pattern that was previously shown to strengthen the cuticle and decrease water loss at high temperatures. These findings uncover the possibility for resurrection of a cuticular triterpenoid-synthesizing gene in maize that could create a more heat-tolerant water barrier on the plant’s leaf surfaces. They also provide a fundamental understanding of sorghum leaf waxes that will inform efforts to divert surface carbon to intracellular storage for bioenergy and bioproduct innovations.
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LIMA, LUCIVANIA RODRIGUES, THIERES GEORGE FREIRE DA SILVA, POLIANA DE CALDAS PEREIRA, JOSÉ EDSON FLORENTINO DE MORAIS, and MERY CRISTINA DE SÁ ASSIS. "PRODUCTIVE-ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF FORAGE CACTUS-SORGHUM INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER." Revista Caatinga 31, no. 1 (2018): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n122rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive and economic performance of a forage cactus and sorghum intercropping system in relation to a forage cactus single cropping system under different irrigation blades with saline water. The study was conducted in Serra Talhada, State of Pernambuco, in a randomized block design, consisting of a factorial arrangement with split-plot parcels (5×2) and four replications. The five plots were the irrigation depths based on the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) (0, 8.75, 17.5, 26.25, and 35% ETo) and the two cropping systems were single forage cactus cropping and cactus intercropped with sorghum. The experiment was conducted for one year, with one forage cactus cycle and two cycles of sorghum. Yields were obtained at the end of the cycles. Economic profitability was analyzed by means of net revenue (NR) and the benefit/cost ratio (B/C), with cactus forage sold as forage or as "seed" and sorghum as forage. Net revenue and B/C simulations were carried out over an eight-year useful life span of the irrigation system. Increasing irrigation depth increased the dry matter yield of the intercropping system because of higher sorghum yield. Based on the NR and B/C ratio values, forage cactus and sorghum produced as forage produced higher economic outcomes in the intercropping system and showed a higher profitability from the 2nd year of implementation of the irrigation system. Forage cactus and sorghum intercropping irrigated with saline water is therefore recommended for forage production in the Brazilian semi-arid region.
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Lima, Lucivania R., Thieres G. F. da Silva, Alexandre M. da R. F. Jardim, Carlos A. A. de Souza, Maria G. de Queiroz, and José N. Tabosa. "Growth, water use and efficiency of forage cactus sorghum intercropping under different water depths." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 2 (2018): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n2p113-118.
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ABSTRACT The effects of the forage cactus sorghum configuration and different irrigation depths on the growth, water use and efficiency of the forage cactus production system were investigated in this study. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Serra Talhada, Pernambuco State, Brazil, between the years 2012 and 2013. Forage cactus was distributed in randomized blocks with factorial scheme and four replicates, in split plots (5 x 2), with five irrigation depths (0, 8.75, 17.5, 26.25 and 35% of the reference evapotranspiration, ET0) and two cropping systems (forage cactus monocropping and forage cactus sorghum intercropping). Crop evapotranspiration was calculated through soil water balance. The ratio between crop and reference evapotranspiration, and land use and water use efficiencies, were estimated. Irrigation depths and the intercropping affected only forage cactus canopy width and cladode biomass. The ratio between crop and reference evapotranspiration increased with the increase of irrigation depths, while the highest water use efficiency based on dry matter occurred at irrigation depths higher than 1,096 mm year-1 in the intercropping (21.8 ± 6.8 kg ha-1 mm-1). Irrigation depths did not affect land use efficiency (0.83). Water depths from 1,096 to 1,202 mm year-1 are recommended in the forage cactus sorghum system.
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Naseem, Khalida, Zahoor H. Farooqi, Muhammad Z. Ur Rehman, et al. "A systematic study for removal of heavy metals from aqueous media using Sorghum bicolor: an efficient biosorbent." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 10 (2018): 2355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.190.
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Abstract This review is based on the adsorption characteristics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) for removal of heavy metals from aqueous media. Different parameters like pH, temperature of the medium, sorghum concentration, sorghum particle size, contact time, stirring speed and heavy metal concentration control the adsorption efficiency of sorghum biomass for heavy metal ions. Sorghum biomass showed maximum efficiency for removal of heavy metal ions in the pH range of 5 to 6. It is an agricultural waste and is regarded as the cheapest biosorbent, having high adsorption capacity for heavy metals as compared to other reported adsorbents, for the treatment of heavy metal polluted wastewater. Adsorption of heavy metal ions onto sorghum biomass follows pseudo second order kinetics. Best fitted adsorption isotherm models for removal of heavy metal ions on sorghum biomass are Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Thermodynamic aspects of heavy metal ions adsorption onto sorghum biomass have also been elaborated in this review article. How adsorption efficiency of sorghum biomass can be improved by different physical and chemical treatments in future has also been elaborated. This review article will be highly useful for researchers working in the field of water treatment via biosorption processing. The quantitative demonstrated efficiency of sorghum biomass for various heavy metal ions has also been highlighted in different sections of this review article.
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Mwamahonje, Andekelile, John Saviour Yaw Eleblu, Kwadwo Ofori, Tileye Feyissa, Santosh Deshpande, and Pangirayi Tongoona. "Evaluation of Traits’ Performance Contributing to Drought Tolerance in Sorghum." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (2021): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091698.
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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is an important food crop for people in semiarid Africa. The crop is affected by post-flowering drought; therefore, the study was conducted to screen traits contributing to drought tolerance using BC2F4 sorghum genotypes in stressed and unstressed water conditions in a split-plot design. Water stress (0 mm/day) was applied at post-flowering to plant maturity in water-stressed treatment. The genotype SE438 produced the highest grain yield (2.65 ton ha−1) in water-stressed environment and NA316C yielded highest (3.42 ton ha−1) under well-watered (7 mm/day) environment. There were significant differences of most traits evaluated at p < 0.01 across environments. The mean squares of traits for genotypes by environments revealed interactions at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01. The indices geometric mean productivity (GMP) and mean productivity (MP) were highly correlated with yield under well-watered (YP) and water-stressed condition (YS) and each other. The first principal axis (PC1) explained 59.1% of the total variation. It is the best indicator of yield potential and drought tolerance of sorghum genotypes in this study. Therefore, further improvement is needed to strengthen drought tolerance and yield in sorghum.
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Sushil, Thapa, Stewart Bob A, and Xue Qingwu. "Grain sorghum transpiration efficiency at different growth stages." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 2 (2017): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/796/2016-pse.
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Transpiration efficiency (TE) is an important physiological trait associated with drought tolerance of plants. Currently, little is known about the grain sorghum TE and its dynamics with the age of plants. To compare the sorghum TE at different growth stages, four studies (two in the greenhouse and two in the growth chamber) were conducted under controlled environmental conditions. Plants were grown in lid-covered boxes and harvested at six-leaf, flag leaf, grain filling and maturity stages. The mean shoot TE values were 4.47 and 4.10 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for two greenhouse studies, and 4.85 and 4.30 kg/m<sup>3</sup> for two growth chamber studies, respectively. The shoot TE was not different among four growth stages within each study, suggesting that sorghum plants used the same amount of water per unit of biomass production for different growing periods. Because crops grown under dryland environments often run out of water during reproductive periods, result supports the ideas that soil water availability at later growth stages is crucial to achieve the yield potential of dryland sorghum.
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GUIMARÃES, MIGUEL JULIO MACHADO, WELSON LIMA SIMÕES, JOSÉ NILDO TABOSA, TEREZINHA RANGEL CAMARA, and LILIA GOMES WILLADINO. "GAS EXCHANGE AND ENZYMATIC METABOLISM IN GRAIN SORGHUM VARIETIES IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 19 (November 16, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/rbms2020v19e1188.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity on gas exchange and antioxidative system responses of grain sorghum varieties. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at the headquarters of Embrapa Semiarid Agriculture, Petrolina-PE, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 6 x 5 factorial scheme. Six varieties of grain sorghum irrigated with saline water with five levels of salinity were evaluated. Photosynthesis and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, intrinsic and instantaneous water use efficiency, relative water content and leaf turgor potential were evaluated, as well as the activity of the enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and shoot biomass production. It was observed that irrigation with saline water causes reduction in the gas exchange and water status of grain sorghum varieties. The antioxidative system was activated in the six sorghum varieties to avoid the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and the synchronism between the enzymes led to a better response of shoot dry mass production of the Ponta Negra variety.
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Eichler-Löbermann, Bettina, Stefanie Busch, Nicolai David Jablonowski, Mareike Kavka, and Christine Brandt. "Mixed Cropping as Affected by Phosphorus and Water Supply." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (2020): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101506.
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In a future exposed to threats of climate change, sustainable biomass production will be crucial. Maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum sp.) are important crops for human and animal nutrition, as well as for bioenergy. The aim of this study was to investigate maize and sorghum in mixed cropping with soybean (Glycine max) and faba bean (Vicia faba) regarding biomass yield, drought tolerance, phosphorus (P) availability, and enzyme activity in soil as affected by the single and combined effects of water and P supply in two outdoor pot trials with rainout shelters. Maize had the highest biomass under sufficient water supply (80% water holding capacity, WHC), but a sharp decrease of its biomass of about 60% was measured when water was limited (30% WHC). In the mixtures, drought induced reduction of biomass was less than 40%. For mixed cropping usually higher contents of labile P fractions in soil than for sole cropped monocots were found. This was especially true for the combined stress of water and P deficit and can be partly explained by a higher activity of the acid phosphatase in the soil of the mixtures. A higher yield stability of the crop mixtures makes them a suitable agronomic alternative to sole cropped maize or sorghum under suboptimal conditions of water and P shortage.
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Hadebe, Sandile T., Albert T. Modi, and Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi. "Assessing Suitability of Sorghum to Alleviate Sub-Saharan Nutritional Deficiencies through the Nutritional Water Productivity Index in Semi-Arid Regions." Foods 10, no. 2 (2021): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020385.
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Lack of cereal nutritional water productivity (NWP) information disadvantages linkages of nutrition to water–food nexus as staple food crops in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study determined the suitability of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes to alleviate protein, Zn and Fe deficiency under water-scarce dryland conditions through evaluation of NWP. Sorghum genotypes (Macia, Ujiba, PAN8816, IsiZulu) NWP was quantified from three planting seasons for various sorghum seed nutrients under dryland semi-arid conditions. Seasons by genotypes interaction highly and significantly affected NWPStarch, Ca, Cu, Fe, and significantly affected NWPMg, K, Na, P, Zn. Genotypic variations highly and significantly affected sorghum NWPProtein, Mn. Macia exhibited statistically superior NWPprotein (13.2–14.6 kg·m−3) and NWPZn (2.0–2.6 g·m−3) compared to other tested genotypes, while Macia NWPFe (2.6–2.7 g·m−3) was considerably inferior to that of Ujiba and IsiZulu landraces under increased water scarcity. Excellent overall NWPprotein, Fe and Zn under water scarcity make Macia a well-rounded genotype suitable to alleviating food and nutritional insecurity challenges in semi-arid SSA; however, landraces are viable alternatives with limited NWPprotein and Zn penalty under water-limited conditions. These results underline genotype selection as a vital tool in improving “nutrition per drop” in semi-arid regions.
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Borrell, Andrew, Barbara George-Jaeggli, Erik van Oosterom, et al. "How Do Crops Balance Water Supply and Demand when Water Is Limiting?" Proceedings 36, no. 1 (2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036208.
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Plants are sessile organisms requiring mechanisms that enable them to balance water supply and demand in dry environments. Demand (D) is largely driven by canopy size (transpirational leaf area), although differences in transpiration per unit leaf area also occur. Supply (S) is primarily driven by water capture via the root system. Drought stress can be defined as the situation where supply of water cannot meet demand of the crop, such that water availability is the limiting factor for biomass accumulation. Under such conditions, plants will need to reduce D in order to meet the limited S, access more water to increase S, or increase the efficiency with which water is utilised. We used sorghum, a model C4 crop species, to demonstrate how the stay-green trait can modulate canopy development and root architecture to enhance adaptation. We show how stay-green positively impacts the balance between S and D under post-flowering drought, including insights at the molecular level. We provide examples of how canopy and root traits impact the S/D balance in other cereals under water limitation. For example, on the supply side, the extent of genetic variation for root angle (RA) has been evaluated in sorghum, wheat and barley, and genomic regions associated with RA have been mapped. Furthermore, the relationship between RA and grain yield has been explored in barley and sorghum field trials. The capacity to manipulate components of S and D to optimise the S/D balance should assist crop improvement programs to develop enhanced ideotypes for dry environments.
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Evett, Steven R., Gary W. Marek, Paul D. Colaizzi, David K. Brauer, and Susan A. O’Shaughnessy. "Corn and Sorghum ET, E, Yield, and CWP as Affected by Irrigation Application Method: SDI versus Mid-Elevation Spray Irrigation." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13314.
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Abstract. Greater than 80% of the irrigated area in the Southern High Plains is served by center-pivot irrigation, but the area served by subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is increasing due to several factors including declining well yields and improved yields and crop water productivity (CWP), particularly for cotton. Not as well established is the degree to which the reduced soil water evaporation (E) in SDI systems affects the soil water balance, water available to the crop, and overall water savings. Grain corn ( L.) and sorghum ( L. Moench) were grown on four large weighing lysimeters at Bushland, Texas, in 2013 (corn), 2014 and 2015 (sorghum), and 2016 (corn). Evapotranspiration (ET) was measured using the lysimeters and using a neutron probe in the surrounding fields. Two of the lysimeters and surrounding fields were irrigated with SDI, and the other two were irrigated with mid-elevation spray application (MESA). The lysimeter-measured evaporative losses were 149 to 151 mm greater from sprinkler-irrigated corn fields than from SDI fields. When growing sorghum, the lysimeter-measured evaporative losses were 44 to 71 mm greater from sprinkler-irrigated fields than from SDI fields. The differences were affected by plant height and became smaller when plant height reached the height of the spray nozzles, indicating that the use of LEPA or LESA nozzles could decrease the evaporative losses from sprinkler-irrigated fields in this region with its high evaporative demand. Annual weather patterns also influenced the differences in evaporative loss, with increased differences in dry years. SDI reduced overall corn water use by 13% to 15%, as determined by neutron probe, while either not significantly affecting yield (2016) or increasing yield by up to 19% (2013) and increasing CWP by 37% (2013) to 13% (2016) as compared with MESA full irrigation. However, sorghum yield decreased by 15% and CWP decreased by 14% in 2014 when using SDI compared with MESA full irrigation due to an overly wet soil profile in the SDI fields and deep percolation that likely caused nutrient losses. In 2015, there were no significant sorghum yield differences between irrigation methods. Sorghum CWP was significantly greater (by 14%) in one SDI field in 2015 compared with MESA fully irrigated sorghum. Overall, sorghum CWP increased by 8% for SDI compared with MESA full irrigation in 2015. These results indicate that SDI will be successful for corn production in the Texas High Plains, but SDI is unlikely to benefit sorghum production. Keywords: Corn, Crop water productivity, Evaporative loss, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation application method, Sorghum, Water use efficiency, Weighing lysimeter.
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BELLO, N. J. "AN INVESTIGATION OF THE AGROCLIMATIC POTENTIAL OF THE FOREST–SAVANNA TRANSITION ZONE OF NIGERIA FOR THE CULTIVATION OF SORGHUM." Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 2 (1997): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479797000057.
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The agroclimatic potential of the forest–savanna transition zone of Nigeria for the cultivation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was investigated. Five phenological stages of the crop formed the basic unit of time for the investigation. Selected agroclimatological thermal and moisture indices were measured daily and processed into ten-day (decadal) averages for the 1993 and 1994 cropping seasons. The thermal indices, temperature and photoperiods were optimal for sorghum growth but, on the basis of the distribution of rainfall and actual water availability in relation to the crop's water consumption, the moisture indices were above optimum. However by relating effective water availability to the indices of moisture adequacy for the growth of the crop, it was found that the agroclimatological moisture indices were optimum during the moisture sensitive stages. A comparison of the vegetative growth and grain yield of sorghum in the study area and elsewhere in the savanna region confirmed the agroclimatic potential of the forest–savanna transition zone for sorghum production.
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Whish, Jeremy, Giles Butler, Michael Castor, et al. "Modelling the effects of row configuration on sorghum yield reliability in north-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 1 (2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04128.
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In recent years, many sorghum producers in the more marginal (<600 mm annual rainfall) cropping areas of Queensland and northern New South Wales have used skip row configurations in an attempt to improve yield reliability and reduce sorghum production risk. This paper describes modifications made to the APSIM sorghum module to account for the difference in water usage and light interception between alternative crop planting configurations, and then demonstrates how this new model can be used to quantify the long-term benefits of skip sorghum production. Detailed measurements of light interception and water extraction from sorghum crops grown in solid, single and double skip row configurations were collected from on-farm experiments in southern Qld and northern NSW. These measurements underpinned changes to the APSIM-Sorghum model so that it accounted for the elliptical water uptake pattern below the crop row and the reduced total light interception associated with skip row configurations. Long-term simulation runs using long-term weather files for locations near the experimental sites were used to determine the value of skip row sorghum production as a means of maintaining yield reliability. These simulations showed a trade-off between long-term average production (profitability) and annual yield reliability (risk of failure this year). Over the long term, the production of sorghum in a solid configuration produced a higher average yield compared with sorghum produced in a skip configuration. This difference in average yield is a result of the solid configuration having a higher yield potential compared with the skip configurations. Skip configurations limit the yield potential as a safeguard against crop failure. To achieve the higher average yield in the solid configuration the producer suffers some total failures. Skip configurations reduce the chance of total failure by capping the yield potential, which in turn reduces the long-term average yield. The decision on what row configuration to use should be made tactically and requires consideration of the starting soil water, the soil’s plant-available water capacity (PAWC), and the farm family’s current attitude to risk.
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Botiabane, Moswane Precious, L. Zhou, I. B. Oluwatayo, Fakunle Olufemi Oyedokun, and Akeem Adewale Oyelana. "Socioeconomic Analysis and Technical Efficiency among Smallholder Sorghum Farmers in GaMasemola Township of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 6 (2018): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i6.2001.
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Sorghum farming group in South Africa is divided into the smallholder and business ranchers attributable to the distinctions in cultivar sizes, utility creation and production strategies. Sorghum is utilized primarily for sustenance and refreshments in Ga-Masemola (GM) town. Smallholder sorghum farmers in the town utilize some portion of their wage for recreation, goat and cows' compost are utilized as manures to enhance soil fruitfulness and increment sorghum yield, they rely upon precipitation water for the water system and they have no entrance to expansion administrations. The study distinguish and depict the socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola town; it looks at the causes of technical efficiency among smallholder sorghum ranchers in the town, and it recognizes and portrays difficulties confronted by smallholder sorghum farmers in the town. Essential information was gathered utilizing organized surveys and an example size of 48 smallholder sorghum farmers in the town was chosen. Cobb Douglas model was utilized to analyze the information or data gotten.The socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder sorghum farmers were:farming experience, age, sexual orientation, instructive level and family unit measure. The study indicates that the determinants of technical efficiency among smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola town that were observed to be huge are the measure of land dedicated and the amount of seeds utilized. Farmers are confronting difficulties, for example, sicknesses, low capital, pests, separation to the homestead, absence of water and atmosphere (i.e. climate) changes.The study suggested and recommended that smallholder sorghum farmers in Ga-Masemola (GM) town require arable land to expand their production; they additionally require agriculture extension officers for training and spreading or disseminating information about inputs allocation. Besides, the smallholder farmers should be encouraged to utilize enhanced seeds varieties in order to expand their technical efficiency.
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Fukai, S., C. J. Liwa, C. W. L. Henderson, et al. "The Field Performance of Induced Uniculm Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in South-east Queensland, Australia." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 4 (1986): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014642.
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SUMMARYReduction of leaf area in sorghum without tillers (uniculm sorghum) might result in conservation of water at early stages of growth and hence in stability of grain yield under dry conditions. In two experiments in south-east Queensland, Australia, tillers were removed by hand to examine the growth of uniculm sorghum. Tiller removal promoted root development at the flag leaf stage but significantly reduced shoot dry matter and lowered grain yield by about 20% in a wet season. The saving in soil water as a result of tiller removal was relatively small but statistically significant.
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Stone, Kenneth C., Gilbert C. Sigua, and Philip J. Bauer. "Supplemental Irrigation for Grain Sorghum Production in the U.S. Eastern Coastal Plain." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 2 (2018): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12615.
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Abstract. Grain sorghum is one of the top five cereal crops and an important grain crop throughout the world. It is generally considered more drought tolerant compared to other grain crops such as maize. Recently, in the U.S. eastern Coastal Plain region, there was an emphasis on increasing regional grain production in which grain sorghum played an important role. The region’s soils have low water holding capacities that combined with high rainfall variability cause crops frequently to be exposed to water stress. In this research, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield response of two grain sorghum varieties at different supplemental irrigation depths and three nitrogen levels. During our 3-year study, seasonal rainfall was adequate to produce acceptable grain sorghum yields. Seasonal rainfall ranged from 421, 365, and 357 mm in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. These rainfall amounts were greater than the seasonal calculated crop evapotranspiration requirement, but rainfall distribution was not adequate to maintain acceptable soil water potentials throughout the growing season. Supplemental irrigation was 51, 38, and 13 mm in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively, to maintain soil water potential above -30 kPa. These irrigation amounts did not increase grain sorghum yields. No significant differences were found in grain yield between the two sorghum varieties or for increasing nitrogen applications. This lack of response to nitrogen applications may have been related to adequate supplies in the soil from previous crops. Results from this study suggest that there would be little benefit for supplemental irrigation for sorghum production in the U.S. eastern Coastal Plain. Keywords: Keyword. Grain sorghum, Irrigation, Irrigation management.
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Bremner, PM, and GK Preston. "A field comparison of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in a long drying cycle. II. Plant water relations, growth and yield." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (1990): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900463.
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Growth and water use were studied in field-grown sunflower and sorghum, mainly in a long drying cycle, though other water treatments were included. When water was plentiful, sorghum was the more productive, but in the drying cycle the order was reversed, largely because sunflower extracted more water. This, together with a smaller leaf area and close control of transpiration rate through stornatal sensitivity to air humidity, ensured a far more favourable leaf water status in sunflower, contributing to its much faster net assimilation rate. In view of the species' different photosynthetic pathways and the large difference in water use efficiency generally associated with these pathways. an unexpected outcome was the smallness of this difference. In the drying cycle, sunflower had the further advantages of a strongly determinate habit and a phenology which was unaffected by drought, even when very severe. Consequently, all plants flowered. In sorghum, drought arrested development, which proved disadvantageous in a continued drought, but turned to dramatic advantage in a late break, when sorghum grain yield increased by 75%, while sunflower responded not at all.
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E. Rahma, Abbas, Hassan I. Mohammed, Tingwu Lei, and Eiman G. Mohamed. "Impact of Blending Saline Water with Fresh Water on Germination and Growth Rate of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)." Journal of Water Resource and Hydraulic Engineering 5, no. 3 (2016): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5963/jwrhe0503010.
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Al-Khamisi, Saif A., Nadiya M. Al-Jabri, Saleem K. Nadaf, and Abdulaziz S. Al-Harthy. "Response of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor M.) to Three Irrigation Systems under Treated Waste water and Fresh Water Irrigations system." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 5, Spl-1- SAFSAW (2017): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2017.5(spl-1-safsaw).s99.s107.
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Curt, M. D., J. Fernandez, and M. Martinez. "Productivity and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cv. “Keller” in relation to water regime." Biomass and Bioenergy 8, no. 6 (1995): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(95)00036-4.
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Fernandez, M. D., and M. Martinez. "Productivity and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) CV. ‘Keller’ in relation to water regime." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (1996): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88751-0.
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Avif, Adnan Nur, and Aptika Oktaviana TD. "ANALISIS SIFAT KIMIA TEPUNG DAN PATI SORGUM DARI VARIETAS BIOGUMA DAN LOKAL DI PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR, INDONESIA." Lantanida Journal 8, no. 2 (2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/lj.v8i2.8120.
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Sorghum is a cereal that thrives in arid areas. In Indonesia, sorghum has been cultivated in several regions, but the quantity is still limited. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical properties of Bioguma sorghum developed by the Ministry of Agriculture where is grown in Nusa Tenggara Timur compared to local varieties of red sorghum. Sorghum flour and starch were analyzed for crude protein, water, ash, fat, and crudes fiber, starch and its components, and mineral profiles (calcium, iron, and zinc). Statistical analysis showed significant differences in nutrient composition in the flour and starch of Bioguma sorghum and red sorghum. The amylose content in flour affects the swelling and solubility of sorghum.
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Verma, Rajani, Ramesh Kumar, and Dr Anamika Nath. "Drought Resistance Mechanism and Adaptation to Water Stress in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 9, no. 1 (2018): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/ijbsm/2018.9.1.3c0472.
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Khatab, Ismael A., A. A. El-Mouhamady, H. M. Abdel-Rahman, Mona A. Farid, and I. S. El-Demardash. "Agro-morphological and Molecular Characterization of Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.) for Water Stress Tolerance." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 4, no. 1 (2017): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2017.401.006.
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Badran, Ayman. "GENETIC PARAMETERS OF SOME SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH) GENOTYPES UNDER WATER DEFICIT STRESS." Egyptian Journal of Desert Research 70, no. 2 (2020): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejdr.2020.25119.1071.
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