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Journal articles on the topic 'Sorghum – Zimbabwe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Teetes, G. L., C. S. Manthe, G. C. Peterson, K. Leuschner, and B. B. Pendleton. "Sorghum resistant to the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Botswana and Zimbabwe." Insect Science and Its Application 16, no. 1 (March 1995): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400018336.

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AbstractSeedlings of 462 sorghum lines were screened to identify resistance to the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner). About 7% of the lines exhibited resistance in the seedling stage in greenhouse trials. In an advanced screening experiment, 12 sorghum lines had resistance ratings of 1.0–3.0 (highly resistant or resistant). In a similar test, older and larger plants of the same lines were as resistant as in the seedling stage. Lines IS12664C, IS12609C, IS12158C, and IS12661C were highly resistant in preliminary and advanced screening trials. Antixenosis was shown to be a mechanism of resistance. Sorghum lines IS12664C, IS1144C, IS1598C, and IS12661C were less preferred than ‘Mtode’, a susceptible sorghum. Based on greenhouse and field trials, antibiosis adversely affected aphid longevity, days reproducing, and progeny production. On the least antibiotic sorghums, longevity, days reproducing, and number of nymphs produced were as high as 13.7, 6.0, and 26.6, respectively. On the most antibiotic sorghums, these values were 4.5, 0.0, and 0.0. Resistance appeared to be controlled by a dominant gene, but there were indications of modifiers linked to major genes.

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2

Gasura, Edmore, Peter S. Setimela, and Caleb M. Souta. "Evaluation of the performance of sorghum genotypes using GGE biplot." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 6 (November 2015): 1205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2015-119.

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Gasura, E., Setimela, P. S. and Souta, C. M. 2015. Evaluation of the performance of sorghum genotypes using GGE biplot. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 1205–1214. In spite of sorghum's drought tolerance, it is largely affected by genotype×environment interaction (GE), making it difficult and expensive to select and recommend new sorghum genotypes for different environments. The objectives of this study were to examine the nature of GE for sorghum grain yield, to identify superior sorghum genotypes for sorghum production environments and determine ideal testing locations for future breeding activities in Zimbabwe. The grain yield of 20 sorghum genotypes from Seed Co. Pvt. Ltd. were evaluated for 2 yr (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 cropping seasons) at five locations in different agro-ecological zones of Zimbabwe. Combined analyses of variance showed significant differences for genotypes (P<0.01), environments (P<0.001) and genotype×location (P<0.01). Genotype×environment variance component was seven times greater than that of genotypes. Genotype×environment interaction was attributed to the variability in the predictable biotic and abiotic factors associated with the different locations. The genotype main effect plus GE biplot showed that the experimental sorghum genotypes W07, W09, W05, G06 and OP46 were high yielding and stable, and possessed other desirable agronomic traits. The most discriminating and representative location was Rattray Arnold Research Station.

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3

Rai, K. N., D. S. Murty, D. J. Andrews, and P. J. Bramel-Cox. "Genetic enhancement of pearl millet and sorghum for the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa." Genome 42, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-040.

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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), ranking fifth and sixth in global cereal hectarage, respectively, are the most important coarse-grain cereals in the semi-arid tropical regions of Asia and Africa. Pearl millet displays better adaptation to and is grown in relatively more marginal environments than sorghum. Under subsistence farming conditions, both crops have low grain yields (0.5-0.7 t·ha-1 for pearl millet and 0.7-0.9 t·ha-1 for sorghum), although improved hybrid cultivars give 3-4 t·ha-1 of realizable grain yields in better-endowed environments. African germplasm, especially Zera Zera sorghums from the Sudan-Ethiopian border in eastern Africa and Iniari pearl millets from the Togo - Ghana - Benin - Burkina Faso region of western Africa, has proved most useful for the genetic improvement of these crops. The greatest impact of improved cultivars (mostly hybrids) has occurred in India, where the area under high-yielding varieties (HYVs) increased from 6% for pearl millet and 3% for sorghum in the triennium 1968-1970 to 53% for pearl millet and 54% for sorghum in the triennium 1992-1994. During the same period, productivity of both crops increased by 59%, which is attributable to both genetic improvement and management factors. HYVs have now started to be adopted in some of the African countries as well (e.g., Chad, Cameroon, Botswana, and Zimbabwe for sorghum; Chad, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe for pearl millet). The availability of vast untapped genetic resources and continuing yield gains indicate that there are good prospects for future genetic improvement in the productivity of these crops, which can be accelerated with the application of biotechnological tools. Sorghum and pearl millet will continue to be important food crops in their traditional semi-arid tropical areas. Sorghum is already an important feed crop in the developed world and pearl millet has the potential to become an even better feed crop, as it has higher protein content and a better amino acid profile than sorghum. The nutritional value of both crops for food and feed use can be further improved by breeding. Also, through genetic enhancement, there exist opportunities for the development of sorghum and pearl millet cultivars suitable for alternative uses in the bakery and beverage industries.Key words: sorghum, Sorghum bicolor, pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum, genetic enhancement, semi-arid tropics, Asia, Africa, cultivars, impact.

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4

Bock, C. H., M. J. Jeger, L. K. Mughogho, E. Mtisi, and K. F. Cardwell. "Production of conidia by Peronosclerospora sorghi on sorghum crops in Zimbabwe." Plant Pathology 47, no. 3 (June 1998): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00235.x.

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5

Chipfunde, Onismus, and Mhosisi Masocha. "Screening Non-Improved Zimbabwean Sorghum Land Races for Resistance to Witch Weed." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 20, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v20i1.34889.

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Sorghum is an important cereal for food security in semi-arid regions of the world (Mukarumbwa and Mushunje 2010). Semi-arid regions are characterized by frequent droughts leading to crop failure. In addition to drought, sorghum production in the smallholder farming sector in Sub-Saharan Africa can be undermined by the parasitic witch weed Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze (Stroud, 1993). S. asiatica parasitism can cause cereal yields to drop by as much as 60% hence it poses a threat to food security (Mabasa, 1993). The aim of this study is to screen sorghum landraces for S. asiatica resistance and test the escape hypothesis through a controlled in a pot experiment. A pot experiment was established on 1 March 2013 at the Henderson Research Station in Zimbabwe. It is situated in agro-ecological region II of Zimbabwe. The annual average rainfall is 864 mm. Mean annual temperature is 21 oC (Mujere and Mazvimavi, 2012). The dominant soil type is red clay loam belonging to the fersiallitic group (Wulff et al. 2002). Four sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) landraces consisting of two early maturing and two late maturing varieties were obtained from the National Genebank in Harare for this experiment. The early maturing landraces were Tsveta and Nhongoro while the late maturing landraces were Musoswe and Khaki. The biological characteristics of these landraces including days to 50% flowering is shown in Table 1.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2017, 20(1): 106-108

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6

Tibugari, H., C. Chiduza, and AB Mashingaidze. "Farmer knowledge, attitude and practices on sorghum allelopathy in five sorghum producing districts of Zimbabwe." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 37, no. 2 (March 14, 2020): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2019.1706003.

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7

Musara, Joseph P., Lovemore Musemwa, Munyaradzi Mutenje, Abbyssinia Mushunje, and Charles Pfukwa. "Determinants of sorghum adoption and land allocation intensity in the smallholder sector of semi-arid Zimbabwe." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): e0105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019171-13115.

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Sorghum is important for sustainability of smallholder farmers’ subsistence, social and economic livelihoods in semi-arid and arid environments of Southern Africa. However, production of the crop has been on the decline in the smallholder communities of semi-arid Zimbabwe. The study examines factors affecting smallholder farmers’ inclination towards producing sorghum and allocating differential land proportions towards the crop. The paper uses a double hurdle estimation approach with cross-sectional survey data from 380 small holder sorghum farmers in the Mid Zambezi region. Frequency of contact with relatives, duration of receiving subsidies and the number of groups to which household members belonged had a robust influence (p<0.01) on the adoption decision. Market frequency, availability of storage facilities and the number of buyers in the market significantly (p<0.01) influenced the land allocation decision. Variables influencing the two decisions are not necessarily the same showing independence in the decisions. However, information flow from networks and conditions of market platforms remain important variables in the two decisions. It is important to decentralise sorghum markets, strengthen local networks of kinships and increase the scope of inclusive and responsive formal extension delivery systems. Storage facilities can also be developed in partnership with private players to allow for sales during market windows which generates higher returns for the small holder sorghum farmers.

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8

Onyike, Nwanma B. N., and Paul E. Nelson. "FusariumSpecies Associated With Sorghum Grain From Nigeria, Lesotho, And Zimbabwe." Mycologia 84, no. 3 (May 1992): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1992.12026159.

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9

Melesse, Mequanint B., Amos Nyangira Tirra, Chris O. Ojiewo, and Michael Hauser. "Understanding Farmers’ Trait Preferences for Dual-Purpose Crops to Improve Mixed Crop–Livestock Systems in Zimbabwe." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105678.

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Competition over land between food and fodder production, along with recurrent droughts and increasing population, has put mixed crop–livestock farming systems in the drylands of sub-Saharan Africa under pressure. Dual-purpose crops hold huge potential to ease this pressure and simultaneously improve food and fodder availability in these systems. We investigated farmers’ preferences for dual-purpose maize, sorghum, and groundnut traits, and analyzed linkages of stated trait preferences with production of dual-purpose crops and adoption of improved varieties involving 645 households from two districts in Zimbabwe. The three target crops cover more than 75% of households’ cropping lands. Highly preferred stated traits of dual-purpose crops include yield, disease resistance, and drought tolerance. Highly appreciated feed attributes encompass stover yield and digestibility. The adoption of improved varieties is high for maize but low for sorghum and groundnut. Trait preferences are correlated with the production of dual-purpose crops and the adoption of improved varieties of the crops. However, the strengths of these correlations differ for maize, sorghum, and groundnuts. We discuss these linkages and suggest why crop improvement programs should reconcile trade-offs between grain and feed attributes to support mixed crop–livestock systems in Zimbabwe successfully.

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10

Chitindingu, K., M. A. N. Benhura, and M. Muchuweti. "Food shortage in Zimbabwe: Can wild cereal grains be an alternative source of nutrition?" JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 7, no. 2 (December 17, 2011): 1300–1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v7i2.2358.

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Cereals are used as staple food in most countries all over the world including Zimbabwe. Unfortunately, poor rainfall patterns have hampered the production of traditional cereals like maize and wheat leading to poverty especially in third world countries. Five wild cereal grains namely; Amaranthus hybridus, Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum, Rottiboellea cochinchinensis and Sorghum arundinaceum were studied to determine their nutritional value because of their drought tolerance. Two domesticated cereals were used for comparison. The macro nutrients determined were proteins, carbohydrates, fats and minerals. Amaranthus hybridus, a wild cereal, had the highest protein and fat content of 21.44% and 11.50% respectively, compared to all the other cereal grains. Brachiaria brizantha had the highest fibre content of 30.34% while the red variety of Sorghum bicolor had the least fibre content of 2.51%. Phosphorus was detected in all the cereal grains studied. Calcium was detected in all the cereal grains except in red variety of Sorghum bicolor. The nutritional composition of the cereal grains makes them potential alternative food sources.

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11

Murimwa, J. C., J. T. Rugare, S. Mabasa, and R. Mandumbu. "Allelopathic Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) on the Early Seedling Growth of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Varieties and Selected Weeds." International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5494756.

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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) production is lucrative to resource poor farmers in marginalised areas of Zimbabwe, although most farmers have reportedly been failing to derive maximum economic benefits from sesame production due to poor productivity. Low productivity has been attributed to several factors including challenges of weed control due to absence of registered herbicides for use in sesame in Zimbabwe. Laboratory enzyme assays were conducted using different sorghum aqueous leaf and stem extract concentrations at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% wv−1 to determine the effect of sorghum aqueous extracts on plant defense enzymes polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in sesame and selected weeds. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the effect of sorgaab or sorgaab-Agil postemergence sprays on the seedling growth and physiology of sesame and weeds. The exposure of sesame, black jack, and goose grass to sorghum aqueous extracts caused a significant (p<0.05) concentration-dependent increase on the activity of antioxidant enzymes PAL, POD, and POD. Similarly, postemergence sprays of sole sorgaab, herbicide, and sorgaab-herbicide combination significantly (p<0.05) increased sesame and black jack seedling growth, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence but not of goose grass. From this study, it could be concluded that the allelochemicals in sorghum aqueous extracts were not effective at inhibiting the growth and physiological processes of sesame and the weeds. Therefore, resource-poor farmers cannot rely on sorgaab to control weeds in sesame but there is a need to integrate weed control options to form an effective integrated weed management program.

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12

N., Sakadzo, and Kugedera A. T. "The Use of Small Grains for Food Security and Climate Compliant In Dry Regions of Zimbabwe: A Review." Sumerianz Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary, no. 310 (October 17, 2020): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjav.310.143.149.

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Climate change has brought issues of total crop failure in dry regions in Zimbabwe as evidenced by total crop failure in 2010, 2015 and 2017 in some parts of Chivi which is one of the driest area in Zimbabwe. The paper highlights the use of small grains for food security and climate compliant in dry regions of Zimbabwe. This brings in an idea of growing small grain by farmers as means of improving food production in dry areas such as Chivi, Mwenezi and Chiredzi districts. Cereal production growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to decline by a net 3.2 percent in 2050 as a result of climate change. To mitigate this risk, there is need to improve productivity of small grains as climate compliant crops which can ameliorate poverty in Zimbabwe. Small grains are drought tolerant and perform better in dry regions than any other cereal crops. Sorghum and millet have the potential to contribute to food security to the world’s poorest agro-ecological regions.

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13

Tibugari, Handsen, Cornelius Chiduza, and Arnold Bray Mashingaidze. "A survey of problem weeds of sorghum and their management in two sorghum-producing districts of Zimbabwe." Cogent Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1738840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1738840.

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14

Onyike, Nwanma B. N., and Paul E. Nelson. "Fusarium Species Associated with Sorghum Grain from Nigeria, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe." Mycologia 84, no. 3 (May 1992): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760198.

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15

Cuevas, H. E., L. K. Prom, and C. Magill. "Reaction to Rust by a Subset of Sorghum Accessions from Zimbabwe." Asian Journal of Plant Pathology 6, no. 2 (April 15, 2012): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajppaj.2012.33.40.

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16

Singh, S. D. "First Report of Recovery of Sorghum from Downy Mildew in Zimbabwe." Plant Disease 73, no. 12 (1989): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-73-1020d.

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17

Tibugari, Handsen, Cornelius Chiduza, Arnold Bray Mashingaidze, and Stanford Mabasa. "Incorporated Sorghum Residues Reduce Emergence and Seedling Growth of Some Crops." International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 48, no. 2 (2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/ijanr.v48i2.2298.

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Allelochemicals from sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] residues may inhibit the emergence and growth of other crops. We examined the effects of residues from two sorghum landraces, IS9456, a high sorgoleone producer, and IS22320, a zero sorgoleone producer. Residues were applied at 7.2 g, 14.4 g and 21.6 g kg-1 of soil. Emergence and the growth of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were tested in three glasshouse pot experiments at the University of Zimbabwe in 2017. The 2×3 factorial experiments were laid as a randomized complete block design with six replications. Residues from IS22320 significantly (P<0.05) reduced the emergence of maize by 22.2% compared to residues from IS9456. Sorghum variety as a source of residue did not significantly (P>0.05) reduce the emergence, height, chlorophyll content or dry weight of soybean. Increasing the residue rate significantly (P<0.05) reduced the percent emergence, height, chlorophyll content and dry weight of soybean. There was a significant sorghum variety × residue application rate interaction on the percent emergence (P<0.001) and chlorophyll content (P<0.05) of wheat. Increasing the IS9456 residue application rate from 7.2 to 14.4 g kg-1 soil increased the chlorophyll content of wheat. The timing of maize and wheat planting after sorghum residue incorporation may be critical.

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18

Frederickson, D. E., and K. Leuschner. "Potential Use of Benomyl for Control of Ergot (Claviceps africana) in Sorghum A-lines in Zimbabwe." Plant Disease 81, no. 7 (July 1997): 761–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.7.761.

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In the absence of a successful practice for the control of ergot on sorghum A-lines (male-steriles) in Zimbabwe, two fungicides, Benlate and Thiram, were tested in greenhouse and field experiments. Fungicides were either applied to sorghum panicles singly, at concentrations of 0.1 or 0.2% a.i., or combined in mixtures at 0.1% a.i. each. Fungicides were applied before inoculation at heading or stigma exsertion, or after disease became visible. Treatment with either Benlate or Thiram was ineffective if applied when disease first became visible. A significant reduction in initial disease severity, rate of disease increase, and final disease severity was achieved with one application of Benlate at 0.2% a.i. at heading or stigma exsertion. At the concentrations tested Benlate and Thiram did not reduce seed-set in R- (restorer) lines.

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19

Cuevas, Hugo E., Louis K. Prom, John E. Erpelding, and Veronica Brotons. "Assessments of genetic diversity and anthracnose disease response among Zimbabwe sorghum germplasm." Plant Breeding 133, no. 2 (January 13, 2014): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12133.

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20

Ronald, Mandumbu, Mutengwa Charles, Mabasa Stanford, and Mwenje Eddie. "Existence of different physiological ‘strains’ of Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze on sorghum species [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf] in Zimbabwe." Research on Crops 17, no. 3 (2016): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2016.00077.2.

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21

Muturiki, L., S. Ndigwirei, and S. N. Mubaiwa. "Sorghum /Legume Intercrop on Stem Borer Damage and Yield of Sorghumin the South Eastern Dry Areas of Zimbabwe." Asian Research Journal of Agriculture 10, no. 3 (January 9, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arja/2018/31643.

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22

Marumbi, R., P. Nyamugafata, M. Wuta, P. Tittonell, and E. Torquebiau. "Influence of planting basins on selected soil quality parameters and sorghum yield along an agro-ecological gradient in South Eastern Zimbabwe." Southern Africa Journal of Education, Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 26–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajest.v5i1.39821/sajest.2020.001.

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Planting basins are an important soil and water conservation technology. This study evaluated the effects of basins on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, aggregate stability (Ima), bulk density, soil moisture retention and sorghum yield in agro-ecological regions III, IV and V of Chipinge district. The experiment consisted of three treatments; namely planting basins (basins) with goat manure and inorganic fertilizer application, hand hoeing with similar fertility amendments (FP+) and hand hoeing without fertility amendments (FP). It was hypothesized that planting basins with fertility amendments would improve the selected soil quality parameters and sorghum yield. Only planting basins significantly (p˂0.05) improved soil quality parameters in the 0-15 cm depth and bulk density, Ima, SOC stocks ranged from 1356 to 1451 kg/m3; 314 to 450 and 14.18 to 25.55 Mg ha-1 respectively. Planting basins significantly increased (p<0.05) sorghum yield relative to hand-hoeing practices (FP+ and FP) with average grain yield of 2.68, 1.72 and 1.32 t ha-1 in agro-ecological regions III, IV and V, respectively. When compared to FP+ and FP, basins increased grain yield by >130% in all the 3 agro-ecological regions. The hypothesis was accepted and it was concluded that basins improve soil properties and sorghum grain yield in agro-ecological regions III, IV and V. Considering the soil and crop productivity benefits highlighted in this study, there is a strong justification for the widespread promotion and adoption of planting basins in semi-arid agro-ecological regions of Zimbabwe.

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23

Ngwenya, N., B. Manenji, T. Madanzi, S. Kudita, and W. Mahohoma. "Influence of Maternal Season on Field Establishment of Sorghum Varieties Grown in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 11, no. 6 (January 10, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2016/24731.

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24

FREDERICKSON, D. E., P. G. MANTLE, and W. A. J. MILLIANO. "Windborne spread of ergot disease (Claviceps africana) in sorghum A-lines in Zimbabwe." Plant Pathology 42, no. 3 (June 1993): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01514.x.

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25

Mukondwa, Olivia, Pepukai Manjeru, Savemore Ngirazi, Busiso Olga Mavankeni, Dumisani Kutywayo, and Casper Nyaradzai Kamutando. "Genotype-by-trait association of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) advanced lines grown under arid and semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe." Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 24, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12892-020-00060-7.

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26

Tanyanyiwa, Shadreck. "Hunger by Choice? Rethinking Food Security Strategies." European Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2021.1.2.17.

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Food insecurity is a global threat with devastating effects, particularly in ‘developing’ countries. This threat is worsened by a parochial perspective in most of southern Africa that associates food security with the major staple crop maize. This bias is witnessed in the amount of land, investments, research, and marketing allocated to maize, in comparison to traditional crops such as millet, rapoko and sorghum. However, increased investments in agriculture, particularly maize production has failed to translate to increased production of the crop, particularly in Zimbabwe. The vagaries of climate-change manifested through droughts, coupled with man-made policy disasters are evidence enough to factor diversified production systems to include traditional crops into the food security basket. Since independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has experienced more than a dozen drought periods, which translates into multi-million dollar food imports. To feed the growing number of food insecure people, the solution could be in the shunned small grains, whose resilience in harsh conditions compared to maize, calls for urgent transformation and orchestration of the food security basket. Through renewed focus on traditional crops, Zimbabwe and other countries in east and southern African could attain food secure status and ensure that food as a human right is available to all.

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27

Mujaju, Claid, and Ereck Chakauya. "Morphological Variation of Sorghum Landrace Accessions On-Farm in Semi-Arid Areas of Zimbabwe." International Journal of Botany 4, no. 4 (September 15, 2008): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2008.376.382.

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28

Chakauya, E., P. Tongoona ., E. A. Matibiri ., and M. Grum . "Genetic Diversity Assessment of Sorghum Landraces in Zimbabwe Using Microsatellites and Indigenous Local Names." International Journal of Botany 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2005): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2006.29.35.

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29

Singh, S. D. "Production of Normal Panicles by Sorghum Plants Systemically Infected by Downy Mildew in Zimbabwe." Plant Disease 73, no. 12 (1989): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-73-1020c.

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30

Gabaza, Molly, Marie Joossens, Margo Cnockaert, Maud Muchuweti, Katleen Raes, and Peter Vandamme. "Lactococci dominate the bacterial communities of fermented maize, sorghum and millet slurries in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Food Microbiology 289 (January 2019): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.09.001.

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31

Nyakatawa, E. Z. "Evaluation of Sorghum Stover and Tree Leaf Mulches for Sustainable Maize, Sorghum and Sunflower Cropping in a Semi-Arid Region of Zimbabwe." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 10, no. 2-3 (April 22, 1997): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v10n02_10.

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32

Wright, Jim, Prabhat Vaze, and Stephen Gundry. "The Role of Policy in the Encroachment of Maize Cultivation in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe." Outlook on Agriculture 27, no. 2 (June 1998): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709802700206.

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For many areas of smallholder dryland agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, cultivation of drought-resistant small grains such as millets and sorghum offer reliable harvests and food security. Despite this, the area given over to maize in such semi-arid areas has been increasing, although there is a risk of crop failure associated with its longer growing season. The influence of agricultural policy on this change in cropping patterns is examined here in the context of Zimbabwe. It is argued that despite the official extension advice discouraging maize cultivation, other aspects of policy have indirectly contributed to this change in cropping patterns. These aspects include seed supply, changes in producer prices, and the operation of the drought relief programme.

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33

Mare, M., P. Manjeru, B. Ncube, and G. Sisito. "GGE biplot analysis of genotypes by environment interaction on Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench) in Zimbabwe." African Journal of Plant Science 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2017): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajps2017.1538.

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Musara, Joseph P., Lovemore Musemwa, Munyaradzi Mutenje, Abbyssinia Mushunje, and Charles Pfukwa. "Market participation and marketing channel preferences by small scale sorghum farmers in semi-arid Zimbabwe." Agrekon 57, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2018.1454334.

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Gabaza, Molly, Habtu Shumoy, Maud Muchuweti, Peter Vandamme, and Katleen Raes. "Iron and zinc bioaccessibility of fermented maize, sorghum and millets from five locations in Zimbabwe." Food Research International 103 (January 2018): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.047.

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Muzira, Nyaradzo Marilyn, Terrence Darlington Mushore, Menas Wuta, Collin Mutasa, and Emmanuel Mashonjowa. "Land suitability analysis of Zimbabwe for the production of sorghum (Sorghum -bicolor) and maize (Zea mays) using a Remote Sensing and GIS based approach." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (August 2021): 100553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100553.

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Musara, Joseph P., and Lovemore Musemwa. "Impacts of improved sorghum varieties intensification on household welfare in the mid-Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe." Agrekon 59, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2020.1721306.

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38

Onyike, Nwanma B. N., and Paul E. Nelson. "The distribution ofFusarium species in soils planted to millet and sorghum in Lesotho, Nigeria and Zimbabwe." Mycopathologia 121, no. 2 (February 1993): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01103578.

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39

Ncube, Bongani, Steve J. Twomlow, Mark T. van Wijk, John P. Dimes, and Ken E. Giller. "Productivity and residual benefits of grain legumes to sorghum under semi-arid conditions in southwestern Zimbabwe." Plant and Soil 299, no. 1-2 (September 12, 2007): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9330-5.

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40

Ronald, Mandumbu, Mutengwa Charles, Mabasa Stanford, and Mwenje Eddie. "Effect of Witchweed (Striga asiatica L. Kuntze) Infestation and Moisture Stress on Selected Morpho-physiological Traits of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Genotypes in Zimbabwe." Journal of Agronomy 16, no. 2 (March 15, 2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ja.2017.65.75.

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Ronald, Mandumbu, Mutengwa Charles, Mabasa Stanford, and Mwenje Eddie. "Determination of Resistance to Striga asiatica L. Kuntze Using Agar Jel Analysis and Sand Culture in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench and Sorghum arundinaceum in Zimbabwe." Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 11, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2018.83.88.

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42

Nyakatawa, E. Z., D. Maringa, and K. Murwira. "Ridge-Till Effects on Sorghum Yields Under Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers in a Semi-Arid Region of Zimbabwe." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 17, no. 2-3 (February 12, 2001): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v17n02_07.

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43

Chikwari, A., S. Muzemu, R. Mandumbu, S. Mabasa, and J. Rugare. "Striga asiatica L. Moench Management in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench using Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources in Zimbabwe." Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 12, no. 4 (September 15, 2019): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2019.711.716.

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44

Frederickson, D. E., E. S. Monyo, S. B. King, and G. N. Odvody. "A Disease of Pearl Millet in Zimbabwe Caused by Pantoea agglomerans." Plant Disease 81, no. 8 (August 1997): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.8.959d.

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Necrosis at the leaf tips and margins of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) was observed in 1995 in a Pseudomonas syringae resistance screening nursery near Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Straw-colored lesions with a chlorotic edge often extended the leaf length, and were atypical of the round spots, with a brown margin, caused by P. syringae (1). Bacteria were isolated from cut lesions macerated in water by dilution streaking onto King's medium B and nutrient agar. A gram-negative, nonfluorescent, fermentative, rod-shaped bacterium, forming yellow colonies on nutrient agar was consistently observed. Three pots of 10, 2-to 3-week-old seedlings of a susceptible cultivar, 852B, were inoculated with a 108 CFU per ml suspension from cultures by misting or injection into the whorl. In three experiments, the treatment and uninoculated control were incubated at 25°C and 95% relative humidity for 48 h before transfer to the greenhouse. The original symptoms of watersoaking at leaf tips and margins were observed after 4 days. Necrotic lesions surrounded by chlorotic tissue were observed a day later. Fluorescence on King's medium B, and levan, oxidase, potato-rot, arginine dihydrolase, 2-keto gluconate, nitrate reduction, gelatin, phenylalanine deaminase, and acid from starch tests were negative. Tobacco hypersensitivity, acid from sucrose and glycerol, aesculin hydrolysis, lipase, indole production, and growth on tetrazolium chloride were positive. The identification of the pathogen to the species level as Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing and Fife 1972) Gavini et al. 1989, formerly Erwinia herbicola, was by fatty acid analysis by the International Mycological Institute (Egham, Surrey, UK). P. agglomerans was recorded as a pathogen of pearl millet in India in 1958 (2). References: (1) G. N. Odvody and A. K. Vidaver. Sorghum Newsl. 23:134, 1980. (2) C. K. S. Rajagopalan and G. Rangaswami. Curr. Sci. 27:30, 1958.

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Mushandu, J., M. Chimonyo, K. Dzama, S. M. Makuza, and F. N. Mhlanga. "Influence of sorghum inclusion level on performance of growing local Mukota, Large White and their F1 crossbred pigs in Zimbabwe." Animal Feed Science and Technology 122, no. 3-4 (September 2005): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.033.

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Deenanath, Evanie Devi, Sunny Iyuke, and Karl Rumbold. "The Bioethanol Industry in Sub-Saharan Africa: History, Challenges, and Prospects." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/416491.

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Recently, interest in using bioethanol as an alternative to petroleum fuel has been escalating due to decrease in the availability of crude oil. The application of bioethanol in the motor-fuel industry can contribute to reduction in the use of fossil fuels and in turn to decreased carbon emissions and stress of the rapid decline in crude oil availability. Bioethanol production methods are numerous and vary with the types of feedstock used. Feedstocks can be cereal grains (first generation feedstock), lignocellulose (second generation feedstock), or algae (third generation feedstock) feedstocks. To date, USA and Brazil are the leading contributors to global bioethanol production. In sub-Saharan Africa, bioethanol production is stagnant. During the 1980s, bioethanol production has been successful in several countries including Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Kenya. However, because of numerous challenges such as food security, land availability, and government policies, achieving sustainability was a major hurdle. This paper examines the history and challenges of bioethanol production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and demonstrates the bioethanol production potential in SSA with a focus on using bitter sorghum and cashew apple juice as unconventional feedstocks for bioethanol production.

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Akello, Juliet, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Bwalya Katati, Joseph Atehnkeng, Joao Augusto, Chama M. Mwila, George Mahuku, David Chikoye, and Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. "Prevalence of Aflatoxin- and Fumonisin-Producing Fungi Associated with Cereal Crops Grown in Zimbabwe and Their Associated Risks in a Climate Change Scenario." Foods 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020287.

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In most sub-Saharan African countries, staple cereal grains harbor many fungi and some produce mycotoxins that negatively impact health and trade. Maize and three small grain cereals (sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet) produced by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe during 2016 and 2017 were examined for fungal community structure, and total aflatoxin (AF) and fumonisin (FM) content. A total of 800 maize and 180 small grain samples were collected at harvest and during storage from four agroecological zones. Fusarium spp. dominated the fungi associated with maize. Across crops, Aspergillusflavus constituted the main Aspergillus spp. Small grain cereals were less susceptible to both AF and FM. AF (52%) and FM (89%) prevalence was higher in maize than in small grains (13–25% for AF and 0–32% for FM). Less than 2% of small grain samples exceeded the EU regulatory limit for AF (4 µg/kg), while <10% exceeded the EU regulatory limit for FM (1000 µg/kg). For maize, 28% and 54% of samples exceeded AF and FM Codex guidance limits, respectively. Higher AF contamination occurred in the drier and hotter areas while more FM occurred in the wetter year. AF exposure risk assessment revealed that small grain consumption posed low health risks (≤0.02 liver cancer cases/100,000 persons/year) while maize consumption potentially caused higher liver cancer rates of up to 9.2 cases/100,000 persons/year depending on the locality. Additionally, FM hazard quotients from maize consumption among children and adults were high in both years, but more so in a wet year than a dry year. Adoption of AF and FM management practices throughout the maize value chain coupled with policies supporting dietary diversification are needed to protect maize consumers in Zimbabwe from AF- and FM-associated health effects. The higher risk of health burden from diseases associated with elevated concentration of mycotoxins in preferred maize during climate change events can be relieved by increased consumption of small grains.

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"Claviceps sorghi. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500582.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Claviceps sorghi Kulkarni Seshadri & Hegde. Hosts: Sorghum vulgare, Sorghum halepense and other Sorghum species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Botswana, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, ASIA, Burma, India, Japan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yemen, Arab Republic (North Yemen).

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Musara, J. P., L. Musemwa, A. Mushunje, M. Mutenje, and C. Pfukwa. "Sorghum value chain analysis in semi-arid Zimbabwe." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 47, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2019/v47n1a497.

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"Claviceps africana. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20056500715.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Claviceps africana Freder., Mantle & De Milliano. Hosts: Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Argentina, Australia, Queensland, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Goias, Minas, Gerais, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ethiopia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Thailand, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

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