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Lima, Ana Rita de, José Gabriel Ribeiro Alves, Thamara Cozzi Gonçalves, and Érika Branco. "Comparative Myology of the Forelimb in Capuchin and Night Monkeys." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (October 8, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80725.
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Background: The capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella) and the night monkey (Aotus azarae infulatus) are primates with broad distribution in South America. Sapajus apella is best-studied species in the genus Cebus, and is commonly found in captivity in parks, zoos, and sorting centers in Brazil. Species in the genus Aotus have a primitive appearance with large eye sockets, and their nocturnal habits are unique among the apes today. Because these two species belong to the same order, they have similar morphological characteristics. In this work, we conduct a comparative study of the forelimb musculature between these two species to produce data for use in veterinary procedures.Materials, Methods & Results: Three capuchin monkey and three night monkey specimens were used, two females and one male for each species. Specimens were acquired from the National Center for Primates under approval from the Animal Research (CEPAN/IEC/SVS/MS) No. 008/2010. Specimens were frozen and donated after death by natural causes to the LaPMA (Animal Morphology Research Laboratory) at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA). After being thawed in running water, the animals were fixed by intramuscular injection with 10% formaldehyde in aqueous solution and dissected to display thoracic limb muscle groups. Dissections were performed using basic instrumentation by creating a medial incision from the carpal region to the axillary region. After incision, the skin was folded and muscles were separated in order to identify muscle groups. The nomenclature adopted was based on the veterinary anatomy, and books about human anatomy for comparison of forearm muscles. The muscles that compound the shoulder was the supraspinal and infra-spinal. The arm was composed by the teres major and minor, the triceps brachii (long head, lateral head, and medial head), brachialis, biceps brachii, tensor muscle of the antebrachial fascia, coracobrachialis, and anconeous. The forearm included the extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorus, extensor digiti minimum, extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor pollicis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and brachioradialis muscles. In general, the two species have the same muscle groups, except for the absence of the teres minor and brachioradialis in Capuchin monkey, and the absence of the long head of the triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis brevis at night monkey.Discussion: The forelimb musculature in the capuchin and night monkey is similar that described in the literature for both domestic and wild species such as coati, paca, and bush dogs, with little variation among the studied species. Regarding the muscles of the forearm, the capuchin monkey and the night monkey have muscular anatomy similar to that of humans, with some variations. The anatomical variations in common traits do not impede function. Interspecific variation is a common occurrence in nature, and can be explained by species divergence which occurs over many years, for various reasons. Knowledge of the comparative miology of the capuchin monkey and the night monkey is still nascent, thus future research is needed to better understand the structure of these animals, which can then serve as a basis for studies of other ethological aspects of the species biology.
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Strout, Matthew P., and David G. Schatz. "Negative Regulation of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Protein Prevents Aberrant Somatic Hypermutation and Lymphomagenesis." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.94.94.
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Abstract Abstract 94 Somatic hypermutation (SHM) is a natural process that introduces point mutations into immunoglobulin (Ig) genes during antibody affinity maturation. During the first phase of SHM, the enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) converts cytosine (C) to uracil (U) to result in a U-G mismatch. Spontaneous U-G mismatches are normally corrected by high-fidelity DNA repair pathways. However, during the second phase of SHM, U-G mismatches are processed by low-fidelity DNA repair pathways to yield mutations. These second phase pathways are initiated by recognition of the uracil by uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) and MSH2/MSH6. As a DNA mutator, AID poses a direct threat to genomic integrity, a notion supported by reports demonstrating that aberrant targeting of AID contributes to translocations and point mutations of proto-oncogenes associated with B cell malignancy. Transgenic mice with constitutive and ubiquitous expression of Aid (Aid-Tg) provide a unique system for investigating the poorly understood dynamics of Aid targeting and DNA repair. In these animals, development of B and T lymphocytes is indistinguishable from that of wild-type littermates. However, within 5 to 7 months, a subset of Aid-Tg mice develop monoclonal T cell lymphomas with high levels of SHM of the T cell receptor locus (Tcr), cMyc, Pim1, Cd4 and Cd5 genes. Interestingly, these animals do not develop B cell malignancies, suggesting that B cells have a specific mechanism for regulating Aid activity and/or high-fidelity versus low-fidelity DNA repair of non-Ig genes. To further investigate this mechanism, we crossed Aid-Tg mice with Ung−/−Msh2−/− double knockout mice. In the absence of Ung and Msh2, Aid-generated U-G mismatches are not repaired and are simply replicated, leaving a footprint of Aid targeting in the form of C/G to T/A transition mutations. Our plan was to compare Aid targeting (Aid-Tg Ung−/−Msh2−/−) and DNA repair (Aid-Tg) patterns between ‘normal' splenic B and T cells, prior to the development of genomic instability and malignant transformation. Splenic B and T cells from 4-month-old Aid-Tg and Aid-Tg Ung−/−Msh2−/− mice were obtained by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Genomic DNA was prepared and a ∼1-kilobase (kb) region spanning the first 1.5-kb downstream of the major promoter of cMyc, Pim1 and H2afx was PCR-amplified and sequenced (∼40 to 60-kb/gene). Surprisingly, mutation frequencies of all genes were found to be extremely low in all cell types (range, 8.4 × 10−6 to 7.8 × 10−5 mutations/bp) and well below the mutation frequencies of 4 × 10−4 to 9 × 10−4 mutations/bp we have previously seen for these genes in germinal center B cells from Ung−/−Msh2−/− mice. In fact, these mutation frequencies approach the background mutation frequency attributable to the sequencing procedure of 1.6 × 10−5 mutations/bp (previously determined from Aid−/− mice). Additional sequencing in the T cells also did not demonstrate any mutations in Cd4 or Tcrb, contrasting the high mutation frequencies found in tumors from Aid-Tg mice. To explore the possible cause of these unexpected results, we proceeded with further analysis of Aid expression in our system. Resting splenic B and T cells were obtained from wild-type and Aid-Tg mice and divided into one group that was used to make resting total cellular RNA and protein lysates and a second group that was activated ex vivo with lipopolysaccharide and IL4 (for B cells) or anti-CD3/CD28 beads and IL2 (for T cells). Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated high and equal expression of Aid transcript in resting and activated Aid-Tg B and T cells that was ∼3 to 4-fold higher than activated wild-type B cells. Analysis of Aid expression by Western blotting demonstrated that Aid protein is expressed at equal levels in activated wild-type and Aid-Tg B cells but is undetectable in resting wild-type B and T cells, resting Aid-Tg B and T cells, and activated Aid-Tg T cells. Thus, the Aid transgene is highly transcribed but likely fails to initiate SHM of known target genes in splenic B and T cells because Aid protein is absent. Our findings suggest that, in this model, B and T cells have an internal mechanism for negatively regulating Aid protein, preventing aberrant SHM and malignant transformation. Further investigation is needed to determine whether Aid protein is regulated at the level of mRNA translation or protein stability and how this mechanism breaks down during the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Silveira, Débora Rodrigues, Thamíris Pereira de Moraes, Kauana Kaefer, Luiz Gustavo Bach, Amanda de Oliveira Barbosa, Valéria Defavari Moretti, Paulo Quadros de Menezes, et al. "MRSA and enterobacteria of one health concern in wild animals undergoing rehabilitation." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): e34810111809. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11809.
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The presence of contaminated animals in wildlife rehabilitation centers poses a threat for both animals and humans that come into contact with them or the contaminated environment. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), as well as studying the biofilm formation capacity of these isolates, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. in wild animals from a rehabilitation center. During a two-year period, feces were collected from animals that were admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center (n=324 samples). The pathogens were isolated from 51 (15.7%) animals of different species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Forty isolates (12.3%) were identified as S. aureus, of these, 32 (9.9%) were identified as MRSA and 72.5% were able to form biofilm. Y. enterocolitica was found in five mammals (5.1%), three reptiles (21.43%) and two birds (0.94%). Salmonella and Campylobacter were isolated from one bird each (0.67% and 0.67%, respectively). A wide diversity of animal species in rehabilitation centers, including birds, mammals and reptiles, can carry MRSA and enterobacteria of one health concern and eliminate in the feces. The presence of these pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of wild animals admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center shows the importance of microbiological monitoring of animals at the time of their admission and reinforces the need for specific hygienic-sanitary care.
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SEDOV, ALEKSEY. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENT MACHINE FOR SORTING ANIMALS ACCORDING TO SPECIFIED CRITERIA." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 4, no. 41 (December 2020): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-4-83-87.
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The Federal scientific Agroengineering center VIM has developed technical tools, algorithms and software for the intelligent automatic control system for milking animals “Stimul” on the “Herringbone” milking unit in three versions. The created system does not include automatic selection gates for effective management of zootechnical and veterinary services of animals. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing an intelligent machine for automatic sorting of animals for servicing and managing the herd according to specified characteristics. (Materials and methods) The article presents the development of control and management systems in dairy farming based on the conceptual principles of digital transformation. The digital control system is based on a multifunctional panel controller. The created control unit has a port for connecting to the RS 485 network and provides support for network functions via the Modbus Protocol. The programming of the control unit has been made in the SMLogix tool environment, which supports the FBD function block language. (Results and discussion) The article presents an intelligent machine for automatic sorting of animal flows for servicing and managing the herd according to specified characteristics with the unification of hardware, software modules and interface. The article describes the necessary parameters for the automatic remote animal identification system, the basic component of the control system of an intelligent machine for sorting animals according to specified characteristics. (Conclusions) The machine allows to automatically identify, sort and send animals to the specified areas for individual service.
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Morgan, James, and Ian D. Thompson. "The segregation of ON- and OFF-center responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus of normal and monocularly enucleated ferrets." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (March 1993): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800003709.
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AbstractWe have investigated the distribution of ON- and OFF-center responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus of ferrets with normal and abnormal retinal projections. Electrophysiological recordings in normal pigmented animals confirm previous studies on mustelids showing that ON-center responses are found in the anterior, inner parts of laminae A and AI and OFF-center responses in posterior, outer leaflets. In albino animals, lamina A displays normal patterns of ON/OFF segregation but in lamina AI, which receives an abnormal crossed retinal projection, no consistent patterns of segregation are found. Following monocular enucleation on the day of birth, the uncrossed projection in pigmented ferrets remains expanded across the LGN. Anatomically and physiologically, this projection is segregated into two leaflets: an anterior, inner ON-center leaflet and a posterior outer OFF-center leaflet. We conclude that the persistence of ON/OFF segregation, independent of geniculate location, suggests that self-sorting of retinal input is an important factor in generating the segregation.
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WISZNIEWSKA-ŁASZCZYCH, AGNIESZKA, BEATA WYSOK, JOANNA WOJTACKA, JOANNA SZTEYN, MIROSŁAW M. MICHALSKI, and MARTA SOŁTYSIUK. "High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild boars hunted in the Game Breeding Center in north-eastern Poland." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 11 (2019): 6345–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6345.
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Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular protozoan. The main source of infection for humans is meat contaminated with tissue cysts, the main invasive form of the parasite. The muscle tissue of seropositive animals of the family Suidae, subfamily Sus (domestic pig, wild boar) are the most common sources of infections with Toxoplasma gondii. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infections in the meat of wild boars (Sus scrofa) based on measurements of T. gondii antibodies in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One hundred samples of muscle tissue were obtained from wild boars hunted in the Game Breeding Center in north-eastern Poland. The animals were divided into three age groups: weaners (27), subadults (38) and adults (35). The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was very high in the analyzed population, and 71% of the animals were classified as seropositive in ELISA. Antibodies against T. gondii were detected in 62.9% of weaners, 73.6% of subadults and 74.2% of adult boars. The seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies was significantly higher in the animals hunted in the Game Breeding Center in comparison with the national average determined by other authors. Such extensive spread of the parasite in the natural environment can be attributed to geographic location, landform, presence of waterbodies, local climate, the size of the wild boar population and the spread of castor bean ticks (Ixodes ricinus).
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Grossmann, Nárjara Veras, Anderson Silva De Sousa, Rebecca Martins Cardoso, and Estevam Guilherme Lux Hoppe. "Parasitological findings and antiparasitic treatment of captive Jaguarundis Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Carnivora: Felidae) in a conservation center in Brazil." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2018): 11916. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3394.10.7.11916-11919.
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Ex situ management of wildlife provides a possibility for species maintenance, research development and environmental education. But as captive facilities are usually much smaller than the area occupied by a species in the natural habitat, cleaning might be insufficient, domestic species such as cats might be in close proximity, and wild animals in captivity are inevitably stressed, animals kept in these facilities are more at risk of acquiring parasitic infections. Therefore, an appropriate prophylactic protocol and consequent anti-parasitic therapy of affected animals are fundamental for any wildlife conservation center. This report describes the procedures adopted in a conservation center for wild felines in which four adult Jaguarundis were diagnosed with severe infection with gastrointestinal parasites and flea infestation. Two animals died and based on the necropsy findings and fecal examinations, infections with Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara cati were diagnosed, as well as severe infestations with Ctenocephalides felis felis fleas, all common parasites of domestic cats. We discuss the applied therapy and the adopted environmental management, along with the importance of regular health assessments and a preventive medicine program for this species in captivity.
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Medeiros, Luciana Dos Santos, Soraia Figueiredo de Souza, Yuri Karaccas de Carvalho, Maria Vânia França Ribeiro, Gabriel Martins, and Walter Lilenbaum. "Detection of anti-Leptospira antibodies in domestic captive primates from Acre, Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 1 (March 2, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n1p301.
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Because the Wild Animals Screening Center (CETAS) focuses intensely on restoration and maintenance of primate health and diversity in the Amazon region, detection of potential threats to animal health is crucial. In this view, neglected infections such as leptospirosis are of particular interest. In this report, we have studied the seroreactivity of anti-Leptospira antibodies from primate blood samples collected at CETAS between September 2011 and September 2012. Of the 14 animals investigated by the microscopic agglutination test using live antigens, five (35.7%) were reactive against serovars Celledoni (1), Hebdomadis (1), Icterohaemorrhagiae (2), and Sejroe (1). The results indicate that it is important to identify the contact of these animals with possible pathogens in order to ensure reintroduction of healthy animals into the wild and further understand the disease epidemiology in animals under captivity, gathering, and voluntary surrender of domestic captivity in Acre, Brazil.
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Magadán, Javier G., M. Alejandro Barbieri, Rosana Mesa, Philip D. Stahl, and Luis S. Mayorga. "Rab22a Regulates the Sorting of Transferrin to Recycling Endosomes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, no. 7 (April 1, 2006): 2595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.26.7.2595-2614.2006.
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ABSTRACT Rab22a is a member of the Rab family of small GTPases that localizes in the endocytic pathway. In CHO cells, expression of canine Rab22a (cRab22a) causes a dramatic enlargement of early endocytic compartments. We wondered whether transferrin recycling is altered in these cells. Expression of the wild-type protein and a GTP hydrolysis-deficient mutant led to the redistribution of transferrin receptor to large cRab22a-positive structures in the periphery of the cell and to a significant decrease in the plasma membrane receptor. Kinetic analysis of transferrin uptake indicates that internalization and early recycling were not affected by cRab22a expression. However, recycling from large cRab22a-positive compartments was strongly inhibited. A similar effect on transferrin transport was observed when human but not canine Rab22a was expressed in HeLa cells. After internalization for short periods of time (5 to 8 min) or at a reduced temperature (16°C), transferrin localized with endogenous Rab22a in small vesicles that did not tubulate with brefeldin A, suggesting that the endogenous protein is present in early/sorting endosomes. Rab22a depletion by small interfering RNA disorganized the perinuclear recycling center and strongly inhibited transferrin recycling. We speculate that Rab22a controls the transport of the transferrin receptor from sorting to recycling endosomes.
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Labedz-Maslowska, Anna, Elzbieta Kamycka, Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz, Zbigniew Madeja, and Ewa K. Zuba-Surma. "Identification of New Rat Bone Marrow-Derived Population of Very Small Stem Cell with Oct-4A and Nanog Expression by Flow Cytometric Platforms." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5069857.
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Very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) represent a unique rare population of adult stem cells (SCs) sharing several structural, genetic, biochemical, and functional properties with embryonic SCs and have been identified in several adult murine and human tissues. However, rat bone marrow- (BM-) derived SCs closely resembling murine or human VSELs have not been described. Thus, we employed multi-instrumental flow cytometric approach including classical and imaging cytometry and we established that newly identified population of nonhematopoietic cells expressing CD106 (VCAM-I) antigen contains SCs with very small size, expressing markers of pluripotency (Oct-4A and Nanog) on both mRNA and protein levels that indicate VSEL population. Based on our experience in both murine and human VSEL isolation procedures by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we also optimized sorting protocol for separation of CD45−/Lin−/CD106+rat BM-derived VSELs from wild type and eGFP-expressing rats, which are often used as donor animals for cell transplantations in regenerative studiesin vivo. Thus, this is a first study identifying multiantigenic phenotype and providing sorting protocols for isolation VSELs from rat BM tissue for further examining of their functional propertiesin vitroas well as regenerative capacity in distinctin vivorat models of tissue injury.
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Garcês, Andreia, Felisbina Queiroga, Fernando Pacheco, Luis Sanches Fernandes, Vanessa Soeiro, Sara Lóio, Justina Prada, Rui Cortes, and Isabel Pires. "Mortality of wild amphibians and reptiles admitted to a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Northern Portugal (2009 – 2017)." Russian Journal of Herpetology 28, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2021-28-2-89-96.
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The data from 78 native species of reptiles and amphibians admitted to the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Parque Biológico de Gaia (Portugal) from 2009 to 2017 were revised to determine the main causes of morbidity and mortality. These data include four different orders: order Squamata (51.3%), order Testudinata (12.8%), order Anura (12.8%), and order Caudata (2.6%). 92.3% of the considered admittances were adults arriving during spring (41%) and autumn (29.5%). The main causes of admission to Rehabilitation Center were animals debilitated (12.8%) and injured (66.7%). Trauma was the major cause of mortality (78.2%). Unknown origin was the main cause of traumatic (71.8%) and non-traumatic (9.0%) death, followed by captivity related lesions (6.4%). These animals are excellent bioindicators of the health of the ecosystem and enable the identification of the main threats affecting them, especially those of anthropogenic origin. Studies of mortality on wild reptiles and amphibians are important to understand which the main threats and how human activity is affecting these populations.
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Nikiforov, V. V., T. V. Vadopalas, D. A. Lozovoy, E. V. Kiriltsov, and S. P. Semakina. "FOOT AND MOUTH DISEA SE EPIZOOTOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE IN WILD ANIMAL POPULATION IN ZABAYKALSKY KRAI (RUSSIA) AS EXAMPLE." Veterinary Science Today, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2019-2-29-17-23.
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Wild animals can be a potential source of livestock infectious diseases. This problem is particularly relevant in the areas of distant-pasture cattle rearing where wild and domestic animals often contact on pastures and near watering places. Therefore, dzerens (or Mongolian gazelles) migrating from the border areas of Mongolia and China to the Russian Federation can be the source of infection in wildlife. In this connection, the determination of the role of wild dzeren gazelles in the spread of foot and mouth disease is an urgent task. The paper presents information collection and epizootological data analysis with regard to dzeren migration from Mongolia to the the Zabaykalsky Krai (the Russian Federation) for the period of 1992–2018. The FMD epidemic situation in the the Zabaykalsky Krai (the Russian Federation), Mongolia, and China in 2005–2018 is given. FMD virus serotypes that caused outbreaks in the the Zabaykalsky Krai of the Russian Federation from 2006 to 2018 were correlated with the serotypes identified in Mongolia. Biomaterial samples from 20 dzerens were tested in the FGBI “ARRIAH” Laboratory and Diagnosis Center. The laboratory testing results have confirmed FMD virus circulation in the population of dzerens migrating to the border areas of the Russian Federation from the adjacent areas of Mongolia. The potential threat of the FMD virus introduction into the territory of the Zabaykalsky Krai of the Russian Federation by wild animals is specified. The necessity of arranging FMD surveillance system in the population of susceptible wild migratory animals is also justified.
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FIGUEIREDO, M. A. P., W. G. MANRIQUE, and R. M. S. NOGUEIRA. "SURVEY OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF THE CENTER FOR SCREENING OF WILD ANIMALS FROM SÃO LUÍS, MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL." Ars Veterinaria 34, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15361/2175-0106.2018v34n2p60-68.
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Trukhina, T. I., I. A. Solovieva, G. A. Bondarenko, and D. A. Ivanov. "PECULIARITIES OF TRICHINELLA LARVAE DISTRIBUTION IN BADGERS’ MUSCLES THAT INHABIT IN AMUR REGION." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2019-50-1-171-176.
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Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease that affects animals and humans. Trichinella is a causative agent seen as a small round worm invisible to the eye. Trichinellosis affects pets and wild animals. Pigs, horses, dogs and synanthropic rats are seen to suffer from the disease more often among the domestic animals, and bears, wild boars, foxes, badgers and others – among the wild ones. . Human infection takes place when eating meat and meat products as raw dried homemade sausages and ham, kebabs, fried meat and other meat products contaminated with trichinell larvae. Infestation of wild animals is caused by predation or eating of dead animals. Pets are infected by eating slaughter products, food scraps and dead animals (rats). Trichinella are preserved in the animal muscles for some years. Badgers populations are seen as one of trichinosis reserves in Amur region. To determine specific features of trichinella larvae distribution in the lean tissue, the researchers explored the materials of 21 badgers from different areas of Amur region. The researchers used the heads or separate muscle groups for conducting the research. This is explained by remote location of many districts from the regional center. Trichinella larvae were detected by compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion in artificial gastric juice. The analysis showed that the number of trichinell larvae in the same muscle group does not depend on the side of the animal’s body, i.e. their number is almost identical on both the left and right sides. Invasion rate (IR) was defined as ratio of the number of infected animals to the total number of animals explored (in percentage). Invasion intensity (II) was determined by the number of trichinell larvae in 1 g of lean tissue (lye/g). The same method was used to investigate the distribution of trichinella larvae in 15 muscle groups of a badger. Invasion intensity in the infected animals was 14.3%. The largest number of trichinella larvae in a badger is concentrated in the head muscles, and there are no significant differences from the body part. The authors recommend to explore the badger carcasses and muscle sampling mainly from the head.
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Vasconcelos, Tassia Cristina Bello de, Denise Monnerat Nogueira, Virginia Léo de Almeida Pereira, Elmiro Rosendo do Nascimento, and Sávio Freire Bruno. "Chlamydia psittaci in captive blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) in a triage center of wild animals in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária 23, no. 1-2 (2016): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbcv.2016.027.
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Aramilev, S. V., E. S. Kiseleva, and P. V. Fomenko. "Forensic Investigation of Crimes Against the Amur Tiger and Other Animals: Problems and Solutions." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2017-12-3-105-109.
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The late 20th century saw the development of a new special framework for the conservation of large mammals – both tigers and their prey, mostly ungulates, – along with their habitats in the Far East of Russia. Tightening controls on poaching, illicit trafficking and trade in wild animals and their parts, as well as enforcement of adequate penalties for these crimes rely on effective crime detection procedures and quality forensic investigation, which provides important grounds for prosecution. There are currently only four organizations conducting such forensic investigations within the geographic range of the Amur tiger.Efforts to facilitate forensic assistance have included production of the monograph “The Basics of Wildlife Forensics”, establishment of a veterinary treatment and diagnostic center for post-mortem examinations and a carcass storage facility for preservation of forensic evidence, and ongoing work to create biorepositories.However, there is still no streamlined system for state-supported forensic investigation of crimes against wildlife and forensic examinations of wild animals, their parts and derivatives.Such examinations should be conducted by specialized centers under designated conservation authorities of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, similar to the forensic bureaus of the Ministry of the Interior.
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Traina-Dorge, Vicki L., Rebecca Lorino, Bobby J. Gormus, Michael Metzger, Paul Telfer, David Richardson, David L. Robertson, Preston A. Marx, and Cristian Apetrei. "Molecular Epidemiology of Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in Wild and Captive Sooty Mangabeys." Journal of Virology 79, no. 4 (February 15, 2005): 2541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.4.2541-2548.2005.
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ABSTRACT A study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) isolates within the long-established Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC) colony of sooty mangabeys (SMs; Cercocebus atys). Serological analysis determined that 22 of 39 animals (56%) were positive for STLV type 1 (STLV-1). A second group of thirteen SM bush meat samples from Sierra Leone in Africa was also included and tested only by PCR. Twenty-two of 39 captive animals (56%) and 3 of 13 bush meat samples (23%) were positive for STLV-1, as shown by testing with PCR. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of viral strains obtained demonstrated that STLV-1 strains from SMs (STLV-1sm strains) from the TNPRC colony and Sierra Leone formed a single cluster together with the previously reported STLV-1sm strain from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. These data confirm that Africa is the origin for TNPRC STLV-1sm and suggest that Sierra Leone is the origin for the SM colonies in the United States. The TNPRC STLV-1sm strains further divided into two subclusters, suggesting STLV-1sm infection of two original founder SMs at the time of their importation into the United States. STLV-1sm diversity in the TNPRC colony matches the high diversity of SIVsm in the already reported colony. The lack of correlation between the lineage of the simian immunodeficiency virus from SMs (SIVsm) and the STLV-1sm subcluster distribution of the TNPRC strains suggests that intracolony transmissions of both viruses were independent events.
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Vedovelli, Luca, John T. Rothermel, Karin E. Finberg, Carsten A. Wagner, Anie Azroyan, Eric Hill, Sylvie Breton, Dennis Brown, and Teodor G. Păunescu. "Altered V-ATPase expression in renal intercalated cells isolated from B1 subunit-deficient mice by fluorescence-activated cell sorting." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 304, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): F522—F532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00394.2012.
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Unlike human patients with mutations in the 56-kDa B1 subunit isoform of the vacuolar proton-pumping ATPase (V-ATPase), B1-deficient mice (Atp6v1b1−/−) do not develop metabolic acidosis under baseline conditions. This is due to the insertion of V-ATPases containing the alternative B2 subunit isoform into the apical membrane of renal medullary collecting duct intercalated cells (ICs). We previously reported that quantitative Western blots (WBs) from whole kidneys showed similar B2 protein levels in Atp6v1b1−/− and wild-type mice (Păunescu TG, Russo LM, Da Silva N, Kovacikova J, Mohebbi N, Van Hoek AN, McKee M, Wagner CA, Breton S, Brown D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293: F1915–F1926, 2007). However, WBs from renal medulla (including outer and inner medulla) membrane and cytosol fractions reveal a decrease in the levels of the ubiquitous V-ATPase E1 subunit. To compare V-ATPase expression specifically in ICs from wild-type and Atp6v1b1−/− mice, we crossed mice in which EGFP expression is driven by the B1 subunit promoter (EGFP-B1+/+ mice) with Atp6v1b1−/− mice to generate novel EGFP-B1−/− mice. We isolated pure IC populations by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting from EGFP-B1+/+ and EGFP-B1−/− mice to compare their V-ATPase subunit protein levels. We report that V-ATPase A, E1, and H subunits are all significantly downregulated in EGFP-B1−/− mice, while the B2 protein level is considerably increased in these animals. We conclude that under baseline conditions B2 upregulation compensates for the lack of B1 and is sufficient to maintain basal acid-base homeostasis, even when other V-ATPase subunits are downregulated.
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Hudson, Damien F., Kerry J. Fowler, Elizabeth Earle, Richard Saffery, Paul Kalitsis, Helen Trowell, Joanne Hill, et al. "Centromere Protein B Null Mice are Mitotically and Meiotically Normal but Have Lower Body and Testis Weights." Journal of Cell Biology 141, no. 2 (April 20, 1998): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.141.2.309.
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CENP-B is a constitutive centromere DNA-binding protein that is conserved in a number of mammalian species and in yeast. Despite this conservation, earlier cytological and indirect experimental studies have provided conflicting evidence concerning the role of this protein in mitosis. The requirement of this protein in meiosis has also not previously been described. To resolve these uncertainties, we used targeted disruption of the Cenpb gene in mouse to study the functional significance of this protein in mitosis and meiosis. Male and female Cenpb null mice have normal body weights at birth and at weaning, but these subsequently lag behind those of the heterozygous and wild-type animals. The weight and sperm content of the testes of Cenpb null mice are also significantly decreased. Otherwise, the animals appear developmentally and reproductively normal. Cytogenetic fluorescence-activated cell sorting and histological analyses of somatic and germline tissues revealed no abnormality. These results indicate that Cenpb is not essential for mitosis or meiosis, although the observed weight reduction raises the possibility that Cenpb deficiency may subtly affect some aspects of centromere assembly and function, and result in reduced rate of cell cycle progression, efficiency of microtubule capture, and/or chromosome movement. A model for a functional redundancy of this protein is presented.
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Abbas, Ash Mohammad. "Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Computer Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (April 17, 2021): e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/16666038.21.e8.
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A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a group of tiny devices called sensors that communicate throughwireless links. Sensors are used to collect data about some parameters and send the collected data for furtherprocessing to a designated station. The designated station is often called command and control center (CCC),fusion center (FC), or sink. Sensors forward the collected data to their leaders or cluster heads, which in turn sendit to the centralized station. There are many applications of a WSN such as environmental monitoring, raisingalarms for fires in forests and multi-storied buildings, monitoring habitats of wild animals, monitoring children ina kindergarten, support system in play grounds, monitoring indoor patients in a hospital, precision agriculture,detection of infiltration along international boundaries, tracking an object or a target, etc.
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Zheng, Wenna, Yuxiang Jiang, Xiangfeng Wang, Shanjin Huang, Ming Yuan, and Yan Guo. "AP3M harbors actin filament binding activity that is crucial for vacuole morphology and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 36 (August 20, 2019): 18132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901431116.
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Stomatal movement is essential for plant growth. This process is precisely regulated by various cellular activities in guard cells. F-actin dynamics and vacuole morphology are both involved in stomatal movement. The sorting of cargoes by clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes from the Golgi to the vacuole is critical for establishing a normal vacuole morphology. In this study, we demonstrate that the medium subunit of the AP3 complex (AP3M) binds to and severs actin filaments in vitro and that it participates in the sorting of cargoes (such as the sucrose exporter SUC4) to the tonoplast, and thereby regulates stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Defects in AP3 or SUC4 led to more rapid water loss and delayed stomatal closure, as well as hypersensitivity to drought stress. In ap3m mutants, the F-actin status was altered compared to the wild type, and the sorted cargoes failed to localize to the tonoplast. AP3M contains a previously unidentified F-actin binding domain that is conserved in AP3M homologs in both plants and animals. Mutations in the F-actin binding domain of AP3M abolished its F-actin binding activity in vitro, leading to an aberrant vacuole morphology and reduced levels of SUC4 on the tonoplast in guard cells. Our findings indicate that the F-actin binding activity of AP3M is required for the precise localization of AP3-dependent cargoes to the tonoplast and for the regulation of vacuole morphology in guard cells during stomatal closure.
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Prokhorov, Ilya Sergeevich, Konstantin Vladimirovich Korneevets, and Sergei Aleksandrovich Bychkov. "Information-Analytical Center for Natural Specially Protected Areas Support." RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 26, no. 3 (December 15, 2018): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2018-26-3-309-314.
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In 2017, which was held in the Russian Federation under the aegis of the Year of Ecology, its 100th anniversary marked the first Barguzin State Natural Biosphere Reserve. Currently, there are 302 specially protected natural areas (PAs) of federal significance in the Russian Federation. There are 105 nature reserves, 55 national parks, 58 sanctuaries and 17 natural monuments and 67 dendrology parks and botanic gardens with a total area of more than 70 million hectares. In 2018, 2 more national parks in Dagestan Republic and Chelyabinsk region and 6 PAs will be created on the territory of the Republic of Crimea. Within the framework of the Concept for the Development of the System of Naturally Specially Protected Areas of Federal Significance for the Period to 2020 the Scientific and Methodological Center (FSBI “Information-Analytical Center for Specially Protected Natural Areas Support” of Ministry for Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation) at once two projects in the field of environmental education “Letters to animals” and in the field of development of ecological tourism and biodiversity conservation “Wild Nature of Russia: to Preserve and to Watch”, protection of areas “Immediate Response Unit”, development of scientific researches “European Chronicle of Nature” and “Educational Centre”.
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Zhilin, R. A., I. P. Korotkova, E. N. Lyubchenko, A. A. Kozhushko, and D. V. Kapralov. "Distinctive features of the morphometric parameters of the heart of the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) in natural habitat and in captivity." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125804010.
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In the process of working with anatomical material supplied to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Center of the Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy, in the order of forensic examinations, a characteristic feature consisting in differences in the structure of the organs of animals living in natural habitat and in captivity was revealed. Evolutionary forces are reflected in the adaptability of animals to survive in the wild, honing adaptive characteristics and sweeping away all unnecessary things. Studying previously published works on the topic in question, it can be noted that the heart of animals in their natural habitat is slender, with a strong left side and relatively weak right side. As a rule, trabecular structures in such animals are smoothed, maximally “built” into the walls of the heart chambers. It is not often possible to find crossbeams as an element of myoendocardial formations in wild animals. However, for the internal structures of the human heart and domesticated animal species, this is not uncommon. There is an opinion that additional muscle-trabecular elements, such as: muscle crossbeams [3]; additional papillary muscles; pectinate muscles of the atria, located in a storey network - take part in the intensification of heart contractions and the creation of a swirling blood flow, providing its translational-rotational movement. This process can be considered an adaptive response to a decrease in physical activity during the evolution of a species, formed from birth to death of an organism. In the course of postmortem examinations, we examined the heart of a four-year-old female Amur tiger raised in captivity with the distinctive features of myoendocardial formations in comparison with other individuals of this species.
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Stern, M. J., and H. R. Horvitz. "A normally attractive cell interaction is repulsive in two C. elegans mesodermal cell migration mutants." Development 113, no. 3 (November 1, 1991): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.3.797.
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In wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites, two bilaterally symmetric sex myoblasts (SMs) migrate anteriorly to flank the precise center of the gonad, where they divide to generate the muscles required for egg laying (J. E. Sulston and H. R. Horvitz (1977) Devl Biol. 56, 110–156). Although this migration is largely independent of the gonad, a signal from the gonad attracts the SMs to their precise final positions (J. H. Thomas, M. J. Stern and H. R. Horvitz (1990) Cell 62, 1041–1052). Here we show that mutations in either of two genes, egl-15 and egl-17, cause the premature termination of the migrations of the SMs. This incomplete migration is caused by the repulsion of the SMs by the same cells in the somatic gonad that are the source of the attractive signal in wild-type animals.
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McNeal, Monica M., Karol Sestak, Anthony H. C. Choi, Mitali Basu, Michael J. Cole, Pyone P. Aye, Rudolf P. Bohm, and Richard L. Ward. "Development of a Rotavirus-Shedding Model in Rhesus Macaques, Using a Homologous Wild-Type Rotavirus of a New P Genotype." Journal of Virology 79, no. 2 (January 15, 2005): 944–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.2.944-954.2005.
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ABSTRACT Although there are several reports on rotavirus inoculation of nonhuman primates, no reliable model exists. Therefore, this study was designed to develop a rhesus macaque model for rotavirus studies. The goals were to obtain a wild-type macaque rotavirus and evaluate it as a challenge virus for model studies. Once rotavirus was shown to be endemic within the macaque colony at the Tulane National Primate Research Center, stool specimens were collected from juvenile animals (2.6 to 5.9 months of age) without evidence of previous rotavirus infection and examined for rotavirus antigen. Six of 10 animals shed rotavirus during the 10-week collection period, and the electropherotypes of all isolates were identical to each other but distinct from those of prototype simian rotaviruses. These viruses were characterized as serotype G3 and subgroup 1, properties typical of many animal rotaviruses, including simian strains. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the VP4 gene was performed with a culture-grown isolate from the stool of one animal, designated the TUCH strain. Based on both genotypic and phylogenetic comparisons between TUCH VP4 and cognate proteins of representatives of the reported 22 P genotypes, the TUCH virus belongs to a new genotype, P[23]. A pool of wild-type TUCH was prepared and intragastrically administered to eight cesarean section-derived, specific-pathogen-free macaques 14 to 42 days of age. All animals were kept in a biocontainment level 2 facility. Although no diarrhea was observed and the animals remained clinically normal, all animals shed large quantities of rotavirus antigen in their feces after inoculation, which resolved by the end of the 14-day observation period. Therefore, TUCH infection of macaques provides a useful nonhuman primate model for studies on rotavirus protection.
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Roila, Rossana, Raffaella Branciari, Sara Primavilla, Dino Miraglia, Francesca Vercillo, and David Ranucci. "Microbial, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of salami produced from Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 15 (May 28, 2021): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1551.
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The wild boar (Sus scrofa) population in central Italy has strongly increased in the last decades. The meat of the game is characterized by high-quality value and the manufacture of food products from game meat could represent a remarkable added value for the local market promoting local gastronomic specialties and traditions. Adult animals were hunted with the waiting method and the carcasses were processed into the game processing center. Five batches of salami were produced with different amounts of wild boar meat and pork meat. The microbiological, physicochemical, rheological, and sensory evaluations were performed. The microbiological analyses indicated that the salami is safe to consume as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were undetectable in the end products. The Enterobacteriaceae count was below 3 log CFU.g-1 attesting to the adequacy of hygienic characteristics of the process. The chemical composition analyses showed lower lipid content in comparison to pork salami, while the rheological characteristics were equivalent among products. The sensory evaluation highlighted that the consumers’ appreciation of wild boar salami is comparable to that of traditional pork salami.
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Roberts, Thomas J., and Jeffrey A. Scales. "Mechanical power output during running accelerations in wild turkeys." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 10 (May 15, 2002): 1485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.10.1485.
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SUMMARYWe tested the hypothesis that the hindlimb muscles of wild turkeys(Meleagris gallopavo) can produce maximal power during running accelerations. The mechanical power developed during single running steps was calculated from force-plate and high-speed video measurements as turkeys accelerated over a trackway. Steady-speed running steps and accelerations were compared to determine how turkeys alter their running mechanics from a low-power to a high-power gait. During maximal accelerations, turkeys eliminated two features of running mechanics that are characteristic of steady-speed running: (i) they produced purely propulsive horizontal ground reaction forces, with no braking forces, and (ii) they produced purely positive work during stance, with no decrease in the mechanical energy of the body during the step. The braking and propulsive forces ordinarily developed during steady-speed running are important for balance because they align the ground reaction force vector with the center of mass. Increases in acceleration in turkeys correlated with decreases in the angle of limb protraction at toe-down and increases in the angle of limb retraction at toe-off. These kinematic changes allow turkeys to maintain the alignment of the center of mass and ground reaction force vector during accelerations when large propulsive forces result in a forward-directed ground reaction force. During the highest accelerations, turkeys produced exclusively positive mechanical power. The measured power output during acceleration divided by the total hindlimb muscle mass yielded estimates of peak instantaneous power output in excess of 400 W kg-1 hindlimb muscle mass. This value exceeds estimates of peak instantaneous power output of turkey muscle fibers. The mean power developed during the entire stance phase increased from approximately zero during steady-speed runs to more than 150 W kg-1muscle during the highest accelerations. The high power outputs observed during accelerations suggest that elastic energy storage and recovery may redistribute muscle power during acceleration. Elastic mechanisms may expand the functional range of muscle contractile elements in running animals by allowing muscles to vary their mechanical function from force-producing struts during steady-speed running to power-producing motors during acceleration.
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Miyano, Juan Pablo, Irene Lantos, Norma Ratto, and Martín Orgaz. "ANIMALES E INCAS EN EL OESTE TINOGASTEÑO (CATAMARCA, ARGENTINA)." Latin American Antiquity 28, no. 1 (March 2017): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2016.7.
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This paper explores the diverse human practices related to the use of animals during the Inca occupation of west Tinogasta (Catamarca, Argentina). We argue that the Inca state sponsored festivities in the San Francisco site (transitional puna of Chaschuil), where wild animal meat, mainly meat and bone marrow of adult vicuñas, was shared and consumed. These wild camelids were captured during the chaku, a collective hunting regulated by social and cultural mechanisms. Llamas were used as beasts of burden in caravans transporting ceramic vessels (aríbalosandaribaloides) from the pottery production center of Batungasta to San Francisco. We postulate that thearíbalosandaribaloides, which were designed for alcoholic beverages, were lined with camelid bone marrow to make their inner walls impermeable. Lastly, we argue that bones of birds and rodents were used to and the skin of a puma (important symbolic animal for the Incas) was processed in the San Francisco site.
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Liang, Raymond, Genís Campreciós, Yan Kou, Kathleen E. McGrath, Roberta Novak, Seana C. Catherman, Pauline Rimmele, et al. "A Systems Approach Identifies Essential FOXO3 Functions in Erythroblast Enucleation Process." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.445.445.
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Abstract Elucidating mechanisms that regulate terminal erythroblast maturation may serve to improve the treatment of anemias as well as the generation of red blood cells in vitro. Key steps in red blood cell maturation are chromatin condensation and expulsion of the nucleus (or enucleation) from late-stage erythroblasts. The transcriptional program that coordinates these steps is poorly defined. The expression and transcriptional activity of FOXO3 increase with terminal erythroblast maturation suggesting a potential function for FOXO3 in this process. Using comparative transcriptomic analysis of primary freshly isolated wild type and Foxo3-/- erythroblasts at distinct stages of maturation, we found that many genes involved in DNA packaging-related pathways were highly downregulated in Foxo3-/- erythroblasts, raising the possibility that FOXO3 might be involved in regulating chromatin condensation and/or the enucleation process. Foxo3-/- enucleating cells were also significantly fewer than wild type bone marrow erythroblasts according to in vivo DNA staining by DRAQ5. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the reduced expression of genes implicated in the control of chromatin condensation and/or enucleation including Mxi1, Riok3, Trim58, Rac GTPase I and II at most if not all stages of maturation in Foxo3-/- erythroblasts. Immunoprecipitation of endogenous FOXO3 in wild type but not in Foxo3-/- bone marrow erythroblasts recovered the regulatory regions of both Mxi1 and Riok3 in vivo suggesting that FOXO3 controls directly the expression of these genes in erythroblasts. To investigate more directly the potential impact of loss of FOXO3 on the enucleation process, we examined bone marrow erythroblasts at high magnification by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Wild-type enucleating erythroblasts were identified by a gap in the bright TER119 membrane staining and displayed a dumbbell-shaped nucleus, with a neck located at the TER119 sorting boundary of the nascent reticulocyte, so that the cells used a single direction for nuclear extrusion. However, Foxo3 mutant erythroblasts exhibited multiple nuclear necks accompanied by multiple sorting boundaries with each lobe extruding in a different direction away from the nascent reticulocyte, suggesting defective polarization of Foxo3 mutant erythroblasts during enucleation. As a result 48% of the Foxo3-/-enucleating erythroblasts displayed abnormal enucleation morphologies. Next using imaging flow cytometry we further characterized the potential enucleation defect in Foxo3-/- erythroblasts. Segregation of TER119+ erythroblasts according to their cell body and nuclear size into distinct stages of maturation (pro-, basophilic, polychromatic and orthochromatic) showed a relative increase in late erythroid precursors in Foxo3-/- bone marrow. It also revealed that the Foxo3 mutant erythroblasts were specifically accumulated at the orthochromatic stage of maturation. The percentage of orthochromatic erythroblasts containing an asymmetric nucleus was quantified using the delta centroid, a measure of the distance between the center of the cell body and center of the DRAQ5-stained nucleus. This analysis revealed a lower percentage of asymmetric enucleating erythroblasts in the Foxo3-/- as compared to wild-type bone marrow. Using this approach lobular nuclei were distinguished from circular nuclei and demonstrated that odd nuclei were present with remarkably greater frequency in Foxo3-/- than in wild type orthochromatic erythroblasts. These combined analyses support the notion that FOXO3 is critical for the erythroblast enucleation process and may be implicated in polarization of erythroblasts leading to enucleation. The direct ability of FOXO3 to rescue the defective Foxo3 mutant erythroblast enucleation was shown by ectopic expression MSCV-IRES-GFP (MIG)-FOXO3 as compared to empty control vector in wild type and Foxo3-/- bone marrow-derived erythroid progenitors. Restoration of FOXO3 in GFP-positive Foxo3-/-erythroblasts rescued the enucleation rate to similar levels as controls after 72 hours of retroviral transduction and significantly enhanced the levels of expression of Mxi1, Riok3 and Trim58 in Foxo3-/-erythroblasts. Collectively, these findings show that FOXO3 is an essential component of the transcriptional program that regulates terminal erythroblast maturation and is implicated in the enucleation process. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Nowak-Imialek, M., W. A. Kues, B. Petersen, A. Lucas-Hahn, D. Herrmann, E. Lemme, M. Oropeza, J. W. Carnwath, and H. Niemann. "333 OCT-4 EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN F0 AND F1 PORCINE OG2 TRANSGENICS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab333.
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OG2 transgenic pigs provide a new large animal model in which to study Oct-4 expression and the derivation, migration and maintenance of pluripotent cells. They may also prove to be a valuable tool for the development of cell-based therapies. The OG2 transgene consists of the genomic sequence of the murine Oct-4 gene with the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) reporter gene inserted between the promoter and the coding sequences. As previously reported, 11 OG2 founder animals were produced (7 male and 4 female). Two of the OG2-F0 transgenic boars were mated with 3 wild-type sows and with 2 OG2-F0 transgenic sows. The pregnancy of 1 wild-type sow was terminated at Day 5 after fertilization, and approximately 60% (14/23) of the flushed blastocysts expressed EGFP, demonstrating germ line transmission. The remaining 2 wild-type sows delivered 21 piglets, of which 11 were transgenic. The 2 OG2-F0 sows delivered 9 piglets, all of which were transgenic. Transgenesis and tissue-specific expression of the transgene were determined by Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and real-time PCR analysis. Germ cell-specific expression of the OG2 construct was confirmed in both F0 and F1 transgenics by fluorescence microscopy. Testis isolated from male transgenic piglets exhibited weak EGFP fluorescence in some cells within the seminiferous tubules, whereas testis tissue from adult transgenic boars gave strong EGFP expression in pre-spermatogonial cells. In contrast, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and fluorescence microscopy of ejaculated spermatozoa from 3 mature OG2-F0 boars displayed no EGFP fluorescence, as expected. Northern blot analysis of EGFP mRNA revealed stronger EGFP expression in the testis of adult transgenic pigs than in the testis from transgenic piglets. No EGFP mRNA was detected in other organs or in control testis isolated from wild-type piglets. Real-time PCR and Northern blot analysis showed that the time course and signal intensity of EGFP expression in OG2 testis paralleled expression of the endogenous Oct-4 gene in both transgenic and in wild-type testis, confirming that there is indeed stronger expression of Oct-4 in the adult testis than in testis from younger animals. We conclude that the OG2 founders exhibit germline transmission and that the offspring express EGFP in a pattern that faithfully mimics expression of the endogenous Oct-4 gene, thus providing a marker for pluripotent cells. We are currently using FACS to isolate EGFP-positive germ cells (pre-spermatogonial stem cells) from the testis of OG2 boars for further characterisation. Funded by BMBF.
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Borrelli, Luca, Adriano Minichino, Antonino Pace, Ludovico Dipineto, and Alessandro Fioretti. "Fecal Sample Collection Method for Wild Birds-Associated Microbiome Research: Perspectives for Wildlife Studies." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081349.
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Gut microbial communities play important roles in host health, modulating development, nutrient acquisition, immune and metabolic regulation, behavior and diseases. Wildlife microbiome studies and host–microbe interaction and exploration might be an important goal for evolutionary biology, conservation, and ecology. Therefore, collection and sampling methods must be considered before choosing a microbiome-based research plan. Since the fecal microbial community reflects the true gut community better than that of cloacal swab samples and only few nondestructive methods have been described, we propose an easy-to-build box for a noninvasive fecal collection method. The main components of the collection box include a plastic storage box, a plastic tray, a vinyl-coated hardware cloth, and a 10% bleach solution. In the plastic box, the tray is positioned under the raised grate, where the bird is placed, to reduce the risk of contamination of the fecal samples. This procedure could simplify handling and processing phases in wild birds or other animals. It might represent a cheap and useful method for research studies, wildlife rescue center activities, veterinary practices, and conservation practitioners.
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Murgatroyd, Rhonda, Alexis Kott, and Lawrence Malizzi. "Wildlife Response Management during a Federal Incident." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 299560. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014-1-299560.1.
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The last days of August 2012 brought Hurricane Isaac's wind and water energy to south Louisiana impacting many parishes with destruction of property and leaving behind severe flooding, making response difficult in some locations. After search and rescue efforts ensuring safety of the people in the areas had been completed, surveys by boat and aircraft began to reveal impacts to wildlife from petroleum product of unknown origin. As in past natural disaster response activations, wildlife professionals expected oil impacted animal cases to remain minimal; however, there was confirmation from some response crews on site that there were in fact affected animals. Given that there was no named Responsible Parties, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), as the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC), took the lead in activation of the Oil Spill Response Organizations (OSROs) and the wildlife personnel to conduct recovery and rehabilitation efforts in coordination with the State of Louisiana. All costs associated with these activities were covered by the National Pollution Funds Center (NPFC), which is managed by the USCG as promulgated under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Wildlife Response Services, Inc. (WRS) supported by Matrix New World Engineering, Inc. (Matrix), was mobilized on September 2, 2012 to set up a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Center) in Belle Chase, Louisiana. The Center was set up in the Bricor Trucking Warehouse and the team had the Center operational the morning of September 3, 2013and received its first animal in the afternoon of that same day. During the response the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) was responsible for oiled wildlife recovery and transport to the Center. Over the course of the response 7 live animals were cared for, most of which were cleaned and eventually released back into the wild. The Hurricane Isaac response demonstrated the leadership of the USCG in organizing oiled wildlife recovery and rehabilitation jointly with LDWF and WRS, as well as with the OSROs. This is a model for responses to future natural disasters.
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Nayak, B. N., and M. L. Petras. "Environmental monitoring for genotoxicity: in vivo sister chromatid exchange in the house mouse (Mus musculus)." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 3 (June 1, 1985): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-052.
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Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) values were determined in bone marrow cells isolated from mouse (Mus musculus) femurs after injections of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FrdU). Male mice of C3H/J, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2 strains maintained in the laboratory gave mean SCE values of 3.42 ± 0.07, 3.62 ± 0.08, and 3.97 ± 0.13, respectively. Males obtained from natural populations of southwestern Ontario had a higher mean SCE value (6.02 ± 0.16), as did inbred males maintained in outdoor enclosures for at least 3 weeks (5.07 ± 0.22). Wild mice housed in the laboratory for 9 months or longer had SCE values similar to laboratory bred mice (3.46 ± 0.05). The SCE values in wild-caught mice were inversely proportional (r = −0.49) to the distance between the sites where these animals were collected and the nearest major industrial center. Based on these results, SCE analysis in mice is proposed as a possible first-line monitoring procedure for the detection of general changes in environmental genotoxicity.Key words: environmental genotoxicity, sister chromatid exchange, bone marrow cells, BrdU, FrdU, mouse.
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Figueiredo, Mayra Araguaia Pereira, Silvia Maria Fátima Di Santi, Thaysa Araguaia Pereira Figueiredo, and Rosangela Zacarias Machado. "Natural Plasmodium infection in neotropical primates in the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24, no. 2 (June 2015): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612015034.
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The states that make up the Legal Amazon Region, which include the state of Maranhão, account for 99% of registered cases of human malaria in Brazil. It is also believed that transmission of malaria from nonhuman primates (NHP) to humans occurs in this region, because of current reports of seroepidemiological results from samples from humans and NHP coexisting in the same areas. This study aimed to make morphological, serological and molecular diagnoses of Plasmodium spp. in neotropical primates on the island of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The diagnostic techniques used were optical microscopy, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). From June 2009 to April 2010, 70 NHP were sampled: 50 at the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS), located in the municipality of São Luís and 20 free-living individuals that were caught in a private reserve located in the municipality of São Jose de Ribamar, state of Maranhão. Under an optical microscope, 140 slides (two from each animal) were evaluated and five animals (7.1%) were found to be positive. IFA did not detect anti-Plasmodium spp. From PCR on the 70 animals sampled, amplified Plasmodium spp. products were observed in 13 samples, of which eight (61.5%) were from free-living animals and five (38.5%) were from animals at CETAS.
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Jacob, Helen Spafford, David M. Minkey, Robert S. Gallagher, and Catherine P. Borger. "Variation in postdispersal weed seed predation in a crop field." Weed Science 54, no. 1 (February 2006): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-075r.1.
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Postdispersal weed seed predation by animals during the summer fallow period may lead to a reduction in the number of weeds that grow in the following winter cropping season. In this study, we investigated the patterns of weed seed removal, the influence of crop residue cover on seed removal, the types of granivores present and their seed preferences in a 16-ha postharvest cropping field in Western Australia during the summer months over 2 yr. Seed removal from caches was extremely variable (from 0 to 100%). Removal rates were generally highest along the edges of the field near bordering vegetation and lowest in the center of the field and within the bordering vegetation. However, there were many deviations from this general pattern. There was no change in rates of predation with different levels of residue cover. Ants or other small invertebrates were found to remove the most seeds. However, seed removal by other animals, such as rodents, was also evident. Annual ryegrass seeds were preferred over wild oat seeds, followed by wild radish pod segments. Seed harvesting was lowest in late January, peaked in February, and decreased in March. Results from this study suggest seed harvesters could reduce the number of surface seeds in the field, reducing the weed seed bank. Management options that increase the activity of the seed harvesters may lead to less variability in seed predation and could, therefore, be incorporated into an integrated weed management program.
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Aaziz, R., P. Gourlay, F. Vorimore, K. Sachse, V. I. Siarkou, and K. Laroucau. "Chlamydiaceae in North Atlantic Seabirds Admitted to a Wildlife Rescue Center in Western France." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 14 (May 1, 2015): 4581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00778-15.
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ABSTRACTBirds are the primary hosts ofChlamydia psittaci, a bacterium that can cause avian chlamydiosis in birds and psittacosis in humans. Wild seabirds are frequently admitted to wildlife rescue centers (WRC) at European Atlantic coasts, for example, in connection with oil spills. To investigate the extent of chlamydial shedding by these birds and the resulting risk for animals in care and the medical staff, seabirds from a French WRC were sampled from May 2011 to January 2014. By use of a quantitative PCR (qPCR), 195 seabirds belonging to 4 orders, 5 families and 13 species were examined, of which 18.5% proved to beChlamydiaceaepositive. The highest prevalence of shedders was found in northern gannets (Morus bassanus) (41%), followed by European herring gulls (Larus argentatus) (14%) and common murres (Uria aalge) (7%). Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of qPCR-positive northern gannet samples revealed two variants of a strain closely related toC. psittaci. In European herring gulls and in one common murre, strains showing high sequence similarity to the atypicalChlamydiaceae-like C122 previously found in gulls were detected. Our study shows that seabirds from the northeastern Atlantic Ocean carry several chlamydial organisms, includingC. psittaci-related strains. The staff in WRCs should take protective measures, particularly in the case of mass admissions of seabirds.
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Mannina, Natassia Bacco, Daniela Magalhães Drummond de Mello, and Rebeca Pires Wanderley. "Successful rehabilitation of Macronectes halli and Macronectes giganteus in southeastern Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 55, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): e138436. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2018.138436.
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This report describes the successful rehabilitation of two species of pelagic seabirds (Macronectes halli and Macronectes giganteus) rescued on the southern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and taken to the IPeC rehabilitation center (S25°023258 W-47°928737). Data on the enclosures, diet, clinical management and laboratory tests were detailed during the 75 d of treatment, during which the birds remained at the center. This report demonstrates that a combination of environmental and nutritional management with a proper diagnosis and adequate clinical treatment naturally lead to a shorter period in captivity, which is crucial to the successful rehabilitation of these birds. The enclosures should have visual isolation and animals kept separate from other birds. The form of offering food differs based on the feeding habits and taxon. At the time of release back into the wild, the site chosen should be isolated to enable the bird to feel more secure when taking flight. The present report describes the first record of the rehabilitation and release of these two species in Brazil.
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Pires, Juliana S., Carlos T. Ribeiro, Paulo Roberto de Carvalho Filho, Alcides Pissinatti, Walter Flausino, and Carlos Wilson G. Lopes. "Infection by Toxoplasma gondii in Neotropical non-human primates." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, no. 10 (October 2012): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000017.
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Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1909) is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite of warm animals, including human and non-human primates. Domestic and wild felids are considered definitive hosts. Several authors have already identified lesions in New World primates caused by T. gondii. Nevertheless, little is known about serological studies on those animals. With this reason, New World non-human primates of the genera Cebus and Callithrix that were apprehended by governmental authorities and sent to the Wildlife Screening Center (Cetas)/IBAMA, at the municipality of Seropédica, state of Rio Janeiro, were bled and sera were submitted to the indirect hemagglutination test for detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies. From 21 sera of Cebus primates, 76.19% (16/21) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Titles varied from 16 to 2048. In samples from 21 Callithrix, only 4.5% (1/22) had anti-T. gondii antibodies. Only one animal had a title of 32. During all the time those animals were clinical evaluated until sample was collected; none of them had any clinical sign or sequel related to infection by T. gondii. The fact that the origin of these primates is unknown and that there is no information about their feeding habits before captivity makes it difficult to determine the source of T. gondii infection.
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Kakakhel, Syed Fazal Baqi, NaveedUl Haq, and Ejaz Ul Haq. "CAPTIVE BREEDING AND REINTRODUCTION OF BLACK FRANCOLIN, GREY FRANCOLIN AND CHUKAR PARTRIDGE (2015-2020) IN DISTRICT DIR LOWER, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN." European Journal of Biology 5, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ejb.608.
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Purpose: The ex-situ conservation aims to discover new populations or supports the populations that yet survive in the wild. To breed animals in captivity and release them in their natural control habitats is one of the conservation methods. Amongst other species partridges also breed in captivity and can be release in the wild but presently data lacking, need to examine. Chukar partridge, Black francolin and Grey francolin are used for sports hunting in Pakistan. The available record on captive breeding of Chukar partridge, Black francolin and Grey francilin and their release in the wild for the years 2015-2020 was reviewed using a developed questionnaire.
Methodology: Review record of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department Pakistan through a developed questionnaire
Findings: It was found that the maximum number of chukar partridge breed was 36, Black francolin (6) and Grey francolin (24). Out of the breeding stock, Chukar partridges (44) and Grey francolin (28) were released in the wild to its natural habitat by hard release technique.
Unique contribution to the theory, practice and policy: The researchers recommended decrease in dissimilarity of habitat quality between breeding center environment and the release habitat besides providing a pre-release training to the release experts so as to improve habitat selection and survival of captive-bred. This study will help researchers for further in depth study in the area and will also facilitate conservation organization in making captive breeding of partridges as a successful program.
Key words: Partridges, Captive breeding, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Echenique, Joanna V. Z., Mauro P. Soares, Carolina S. Mascarenhas, Paulo M. Bandarra, Paulo Quadros, David Driemeier, and Ana Lucia Schild. "Lontra longicaudis infected with canine parvovirus and parasitized by Dioctophyma renale." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 9 (September 2018): 1844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5744.
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ABSTRACT: This study describes a case of parvovirus infection in a river otter (Lontra longicaudis) assisted at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Center and Wildlife Screening Center, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Clinical signs included apathy, dark and fetid diarrhea, and crusted lesions on the palmar pads of the fore and hind limbs. The animal died after undergoing support treatment with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and fluid therapy. At necropsy, the intestines were reddened and edematous and the right kidney was diminished by one third of its normal size and covered with whitish, spongy material. A female Dioctophyma renale was found free in the abdominal cavity. Histologically, dilatation of the intestinal crypts and fusion and blunting of the intestinal villi were observed. In addition, moderate, multifocal lymphocytic enteritis with lymphoid depletion in Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes were present. Immunohistochemistry with anti-canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody (anti-CPV) was strongly positive in the bone marrow cells and enterocytes of the intestinal crypts, confirming the diagnosis of parvovirus infection. The peritoneum on the right kidney was expanded with a cuboidal cell border, forming multiple papillary projections associated with eggs of D. renale and severe inflammatory infiltrate (giant cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and plasma cells). Areas of necrosis and mineralization were also observed. Due to fragmentation and degradation of its natural habitat, the otter approached the urban area and was contaminated with the virus, which is hosted and disseminated by domestic animals. Infection with D. renale can be associated with the large population of parasitized domestic animals, which eliminate the helminth eggs through urine, contaminating the environment where the parasite intermediate and paratenic hosts co-inhabit. The diseases of these animals can be a decline factor of wild populations that inhabit the region and are an alert to spillover risk.
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Scaglione, Frine Eleonora, Cristina Biolatti, Paola Pregel, Enrica Berio, Francesca Tiziana Cannizzo, Bartolomeo Biolatti, and Enrico Bollo. "A survey on zoo mortality over a 12-year period in Italy." PeerJ 7 (February 6, 2019): e6198. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6198.
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Background The zoo is a unique environment in which to study animals. Zoos have a long history of research into aspects of animal biology, even if this was not the primary purpose for which they were established. The data collected from zoo animals can have a great biological relevance and it can tell us more about what these animals are like outside the captive environment. In order to ensure the health of all captive animals, it is important to perform a post-mortem examination on all the animals that die in captivity. Methods The causes of mortality of two hundred and eighty two mammals which died between 2004 and 2015 in three different Italian zoos (a Biopark, a Safari Park and a private conservation center) have been investigated. Results Post mortem findings have been evaluated reporting the cause of death, zoo type, year and animal category. The animals frequently died from infectious diseases, in particular the causes of death in ruminants were mostly related to gastro-intestinal pathologies. pulmonary diseases were also very common in each of the zoos in the study. Moreover, death was sometimes attributable to traumas, as a result of fighting between conspecifics or during mating. Cases of genetic diseases and malformations have also been registered. Discussion This research was a confirmation of how conservation, histology and pathology are all connected through individual animals. These areas of expertise are extremely important to ensure the survival of rare and endangered species and to learn more about their morphological and physiological conditions. They are also useful to control pathologies, parasites and illnesses that can have a great impact on the species in captivity. Finally, this study underlines the importance of a close collaboration between veterinarians, zoo biologists and pathologists. Necropsy findings can help conservationists to determine how to support wild animal populations.
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Mohamed, Salma E. R., Aymun I. Mubarak, and Lamia O. Alfarooq. "Francisella tularensisBacteremia: A Case Report from Sudan." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/405737.
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Francisella tularensisis a highly virulent intracellular gram-negative bacterium. The organism is usually isolated from wild and domestic animals and invertebrate. Man gets infection by direct contact with those animals or their products but the most common mode of transmission is via arthropod vectors. The disease is endemic in North America, parts of Europe, and Asia but has never been reported in Africa. A 29-year old male living in a rural area of Southern Sudan has been maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for two years. He presented to our center in May 2010 complaining of fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, and abdominal discomfort for four days. He was very ill, pale, and dehydrated. There were enlarged tender submandibular lymph nodes, but no mouth ulcers or other palpable lymph nodes. Peritonitis was excluded by effluent white blood cell count and culture. Empiric antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxon, and ciprofloxacin was started. Gram-negative coccobacilli were isolated by blood culture. The organism was identified asFrancisella tularensis. We started him on a ten-day course of gentamicin after which he improved. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case of bacteremia caused byFrancisella tularensisin Sudan.
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Ramos, Carine Novato, Tácita Borges Barros, Edma Santos de Antonio, Bernardo Mirabal, Márcio Borba da Silva, Ricardo Evangelista Fraga, and Laize Tomazi. "Sexing as a tool for reinsertion of Amazona aestiva parrots to nature: use of less invasive technique." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 12 (September 24, 2021): e380101220601. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i12.20601.
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The sexing birds is considered an important tool for behavioral studies and programs for the reintroduction of animals into the wild. Several techniques are used for this purpose, such as laparoscopy, magnetic resonance and molecular sexing. The first are considered more invasive and stressful for the animal, and the last is considered the most accurate. According to it, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of using three sets of primers in the molecular sexing process of true parrots (Amazona aestiva). Blood samples from 10 animals were collected at a Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) in Bahia, Brazil. The DNA was extracted and the molecular markers amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using primer pairs P2/P8, 1237L/1272H and 2250F/2718R. The amplified material was visualized with electrophoresis performed at 2% agarose and 12.5% polyacrylamide gels. Among the primer sets used, the 2250F/2718R pair showed the best results for the sexing process, including visualization of the amplified products on an agarose gel. Agarose gel electrophoresis is considered to be faster and cheaper. The results revealed a sample composition of 5 males (0.5) and 5 females (0.5).
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Ivory, Catherine P. A., Laurie E. Wallace, Donna-Marie McCafferty, and David L. Sigalet. "Interleukin-10-independent anti-inflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 2." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 295, no. 6 (December 2008): G1202—G1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.90494.2008.
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Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is an important intestinal growth factor with anti-inflammatory activity. We hypothesized that GLP-2 decreases mucosal inflammation and the associated increased epithelial proliferation by downregulation of Th1 cytokines attributable to reprogramming of lamina propria immune regulatory cells via an interleukin-10 (IL-10)-independent pathway. The effects of GLP-2 treatment were studied using the IL-10-deficient (IL-10−/−) mouse model of colitis. Wild-type and IL-10−/− mice received saline or GLP-2 (50 μg/kg sc) treatment for 5 days. GLP-2 treatment resulted in significant amelioration of animal weight loss and reduced intestinal inflammation as assessed by histopathology and myeloperoxidase levels compared with saline-treated animals. In colitis animals, GLP-2 treatment also reduced crypt cell proliferation and crypt cell apoptosis. Proinflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ,) cytokine protein levels were significantly reduced after GLP-2 treatment, whereas IL-4 was significantly increased and IL-6 production was unchanged. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of lamina propria cells demonstrated a decrease in the CD4+ T cell population following GLP-2 treatment in colitic mice and an increase in CD11b+/F4/80+ macrophages but no change in CD25+FoxP3 T cells or CD11c+ dendritic cells. In colitis animals, intracellular cytokine analysis demonstrated that GLP-2 decreased lamina propria macrophage TNF-α production but increased IGF-1 production, whereas transforming growth factor-β was unchanged. GLP-2-mediated reduction of crypt cell proliferation was associated with an increase in intestinal epithelial cell suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 expression and reduced STAT-3 signaling. This study shows that the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-2 are IL-10 independent and that GLP-2 alters the mucosal response of inflamed intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages. In addition, the suggested mechanism of the reduction in inflammation-induced proliferation is attributable to GLP-2 activation of the SOCS-3 pathway, which antagonizes the IL-6-mediated increase in STAT-3 signaling.
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Guimarães, Luciana D., Maria Cristina F. N. S. Hage, Tarcízio A. R. Paula, Andréa P. B. Borges, Moacir Carretta Júnior, Ayisa R. Oliveira, Filipe T. Carneiro, and Vinicius H. D. Silva. "Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound study of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33, no. 2 (February 2013): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200022.
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The aim of the present study was the ultrasound characterization of the abdominal and pelvic regions of five maned wolves kept in captivity at the Triage Center of Wild Animals of the Federal University of Viçosa (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Universidade Federal de Viçosa). This characterization included descriptions of ultrasonographic aspects and measurements of various structures using B-mode ultrasound. Biometric data were collected to assess the existence of significant linear correlations between these measurements and the measurements obtained by ultrasound. Additionally, hematological and serum biochemistry evaluations of the animals were performed. The ultrasound findings were similar to those available in the literature on domestic dogs, which were used for comparison as a result of the lack of published data regarding maned wolves. The latter species showed characteristics closely resembling those of the former, differing in the spleen and left renal cortex echogenicities, in the appearance of the prostatic and testicular regions and in the hepatic portal vein morphology. In the current study, the biometric values were similar to those previously published; however, no data regarding thoracic perimeter, modified crown-rump length or thoracic depth were found in the literature for this Canidae species. Statistical analysis showed the existence of a strong negative correlation between the modified crown-rump length and left renal length, between the modified crown-rump length and the right renal volume, between the thoracic perimeter and the height at the cranial pole of the left adrenal gland and between the thoracic perimeter and the height at the caudal pole of the left adrenal gland. Laboratory findings, including segmented neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte and lymphocyte counts and the serum levels of glucose, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, urea, total protein, globulin, creatine phosphokinase, triglyceride, sodium, phosphate, potassium and chloride, were inconsistent with values found by other authors. The ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging method that must be further explored in the medicine of wild animals; therefore, additional research in this area is required.
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Hudson, Cameron M., Gregory P. Brown, and Richard Shine. "It is lonely at the front: contrasting evolutionary trajectories in male and female invaders." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 12 (December 2016): 160687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160687.
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Invasive species often exhibit rapid evolutionary changes, and can provide powerful insights into the selective forces shaping phenotypic traits that influence dispersal rates and/or sexual interactions. Invasions also may modify sexual dimorphism. We measured relative lengths of forelimbs and hindlimbs of more than 3000 field-caught adult cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) from 67 sites in Hawai'i and Australia (1–80 years post-colonization), along with 489 captive-bred individuals from multiple Australian sites raised in a ‘common garden’ (to examine heritability and reduce environmental influences on morphology). As cane toads spread from east to west across Australia, the ancestral condition (long limbs, especially in males) was modified. Limb length relative to body size was first reduced (perhaps owing to natural selection on locomotor ability), but then increased again (perhaps owing to spatial sorting) in the invasion vanguard. In contrast, the sex disparity in relative limb length has progressively decreased during the toads' Australian invasion. Offspring reared in a common environment exhibited similar geographical divergences in morphology as did wild-caught animals, suggesting a genetic basis to the changes. Limb dimensions showed significant heritability (2–17%), consistent with the possibility of an evolved response. Cane toad populations thus have undergone a major shift in sexual dimorphism in relative limb lengths during their brief (81 years) spread through tropical Australia.
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Bacalhao, Max Bruno Magno, Raul Antunes Silva Siqueira, Tiago Ferreira Lopes Nery, Millena de Oliveira Firmino, Temístocles Soares de Oliveira Neto, Harlan Hallamys Lima Nascimento, Ricardo Romão Guerra, and Ricardo Barbosa Lucena. "Ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in neotropical primates." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 10 (October 2016): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016001000014.
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ABSTRACT: This paper reports eleven cases of ulcerative and granulomatous enteritis associated with Molineus torulosus parasitism in different species of neotropical primates of the Sapajus genus. All of the affected monkeys had been apprehended by the environmental police and were being treated in a rehabilitation center for wild animals. The clinical history was weight loss and debility. During the necropsy, several nodules were found on the duodenum and proximal jejunum wall, with ulcers on the adjacent intestinal mucosa, including the nodules in the pancreas of four monkeys. Histologically, eosinophilic granulomas were observed in the small intestine, associated with fibrosis, eggs and adult models of Trichostrongylidae, etiology consistent with Molineus torulosus. This study describes the first cases of parasitism in Sapajus flavius, a species previously considered extinct, but recently rediscovered, and presents the occurrence of M. torulosus in two other species, Sapajus libidinosus and Sapajus apella.
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Compo, Nicole R., Luis Mieles-Rodriguez, and Diego E. Gomez. "Fecal Bacterial Microbiota of Healthy Free-Ranging, Healthy Corralled, and Chronic Diarrheic Corralled Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)." Comparative Medicine 71, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000080.
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A clinical challenge to nearly every primate facility in North America is chronic idiopathic diarrhea (CID), the pathogenesis of which has yet to be fully elucidated. However, wild macaques appear resistant to CID, a trend that we observed in the free-ranging population of the Caribbean Primate Research Center. The gastrointestinal microbiota has been shown to have a significant role in the pathogenesis of disease and in maintaining normal health and development of the gut. In humans, chronic diarrhea is associated with alteration of the gut microbiota, which has lower bacterial diversity than does the microbiota of healthy humans. The current study was designed to describe and compare the fecal bacterial microbiota of healthy corralled, CID corralled, and healthy, free-ranging macaques. Fresh fecal samples were collected from healthy corralled (HC; n = 30) and CID (n = 27) rhesus macaques and from healthy macaques from our free-ranging colony (HF; n = 43). We excluded macaques that had received antibiotics during the preceding 60 d (90 d for healthy animals). Bacterial DNA was extracted, and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and compared with known databases. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was higher in CID animals than HC animals, but otherwise few differences were found between these 2 groups. HF macaques were differentially enriched with Christensenellaceae and Helicobacter, which are highly associated with a 'healthy' gut in humans, as compared to corralled animals, whereas CID animals were enriched with Proteobacteria, which are associated with dysbiosis in other species. These results indicate that environment has a greater influence than health status on the gut microbiota. Furthermore, the current data provided targets for future studies on potential clinical interventions, such as probiotics and fecal transplants.
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Vlasova, Elena Leonidovna. "Finding solutions to address legal gaps in the statutory regulation for the handling of marine mammals." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 12 (2019): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-12-479-486.
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We center on the finding solutions to address legal gaps in the handling of marine mammals. As it is known, recently the problem of cruel treatment of marine mammals in the Khabarovsk Territory has received wide publicity. However, this problem has developed a long time ago. For several years, with the existence of gaps in legislation in the field of protection and use of marine mammals, there is an illegal fishing and trade of marine animals for lucrative purposes. We discuss the effectiveness of the recent change in criminal legislation in this area. We study the positive experience of the in-terdepartmental group work for the gray whale population protection. We conduct the analysis of the representatives experience of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion in the combat against the suppression of illegal transactions using Internet resources in relation to wildlife objects. We note the desire of large Internet companies to combat the illegal trade of wild animals, including ma-rine mammals. We proposed the cooperation formation between government authorities related to the field of international trade for the detection of marine mammals trade cases. We also propose recommendations on the customs authorities participation in working groups, organized activities to identify offenses against marine mammals.
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LaDouceur, Elise E. B., Linda A. Kuhnz, Christina Biggs, Alicia Bitondo, Megan Olhasso, Katherine L. Scott, and Michael Murray. "Histologic Examination of a Sea Pig (Scotoplanes sp.) Using Bright Field Light Microscopy." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080848.
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Sea pigs (Scotoplanes spp.) are deep-sea dwelling sea cucumbers of the phylum Echinodermata, class Holothuroidea, and order Elasipodida. Few reports are available on the microscopic anatomy of these deep-sea animals. This study describes the histologic findings of two, wild, male and female Scotoplanes sp. collected from Monterey Bay, California. Microscopic findings were similar to other holothuroids, with a few notable exceptions. Sea pigs were bilaterally symmetrical with six pairs of greatly enlarged tube feet arising from the lateral body wall and oriented ventrally for walking. Neither a rete mirabile nor respiratory tree was identified, and the large tube feet may function in respiration. Dorsal papillae protrude from the bivium and are histologically similar to tube feet with a large, muscular water vascular canal in the center. There were 10 buccal tentacles, the epidermis of which was highly folded. Only a single gonad was present in each animal; both male and female had histologic evidence of active gametogenesis. In the male, a presumed protozoal cyst was identified in the aboral intestinal mucosa, and was histologically similar to previous reports of coccidians. This work provides control histology for future investigations of sea pigs and related animals using bright field microscopy.