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Journal articles on the topic 'Sotsialistik'
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1
S M, Anorqulov. "SOTSIALISTIK SHAHARLAR ANTROPOLOGIYASI (XX asrning 60-yillarigacha)." 2022-yil, 3-son (133/1) ANIQ FANLAR SERIYASI 2, no. 120/1 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.59251/2181-1296.v2.1201.898.
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Ushbu maqolada sotsialistik shaharsozlikning o’ziga xos xususiyatlari va antropologiyasi sovet davri tadqiqotchilari asarlari tahlili asosida yoritilgan. Davlatning sotsialistik shaharlarni barpo etishdan maqsadi, ularning aholi turmush tarzi shakllanishi hamda sotsialistik fuqaroni tarbiyalashdagi ahamiyati ochib berilgan.
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Zulfiya SIDIKNAZAROVA. "IJTIMOIY REALIZM, IDEOLOGIK CHEKLOVLAR VA IJODIY ERKINLIK MASALALARI (SOVET DAVRI ADABIYOTI)." UzMU xabarlari 1, no. 1.3 (2025): 327–29. https://doi.org/10.69617/nuuz.v1i1.3.6903.
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Sotsialistik realizm san’at va adabiyotga kommunistik qadriyatlarni targ‘ib qilish vazifasini yuklab, yozuvchilarning mavzu va uslub tanlash erkinligini chekladi. Biroq, ba’zi ijodkorlar allegoriya va ramziy obrazlar orqali badiiy erkinlikni saqlashga harakat qildilar. Sotsialistik realizmning adabiy jarayondagi o‘rni, yozuvchilarning mafkuraviy cheklovlarga qarshi usullari va sovet adabiyotining bugungi adabiy jarayonga ta’sirini tahlili jaryonida Sovet adabiyoti nafaqat mafkuraviy vosita, balki badiiy tajriba maydoni sifatida ham namoyon bo‘lganligini ko‘rish mumkin. Tadqiqot sovet adabiyotining cheklovlari va ijodiy strategiyalarini ochib berishga xizmat qiladi.
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Karimova, Xurshida Abdurashid qizi. "XITOY VA TAYVANNING ZAMONAVIY IQTISODIY TERMINOLOGIYASI." SCHOLAR 1, no. 1 (2023): 128–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7548992.
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<em>Maqolada Xitoy va Tayvan tilining iqtisodiy terminologiyasining qiyosiy tahlili berilgan. Putonghua (XXR) va Guoyu (Tayvan) o‘rtasida aniq farqlar mavjud, ular birinchi navbatda lugʻatda, xususan, iqtisodiy jihatdan aks etadi. Asosiy sabab sifatida ijtimoiy tuzum va sotsialistik Xitoy mafkurasida tarixan shakllangan tafovutlarni ko‘rsatish mumkin.</em>
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Mirzakhakimova, Shodiyabegim. "XXR da sud tizimidagi muommolar va ularni bartaraf etish tartiblari." JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN UZBEKISTAN 2, no. 4 (2024): 85–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10950526.
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Ushbu maqolada Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi (XXR) sud tizimi haqida umumiy ma’lumot berilgan. XXR sud tizimi fuqarolik huquqi va sotsialistik huquqiy an’analarning o‘ziga xos uyg‘unligidan kelib chiqqan. Maqolada sud hokimiyatining tuzilishi va funksiyalari, jumladan, Oliy sud organi sifatidagi Oliy xalq sudi o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, u Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasining sud tizimiga ta'sir o‘tkazishdagi rolini o‘rganadi va qonun ustuvorligi printsipi va "sotsialistik sud mustaqilligi" tushunchasi kabi ba'zi asosiy xususiyatlarni ta'kidlaydi. Maqolada turli darajadagi sudlar, jumladan,quyi,o‘rta va yuqori pog’ona xalq sudlari, ixtisoslashtirilgan sudlar, harbiy sudlar faoliyatini tashkil etish, sudyalarni tanlash va tayinlash masalalari muhokama qilinadi. Bundan tashqari, u XXR sud-huquq tizimi oldida turgan huquqiy islohotlar va muammolar, masalan, sudlar shaffofligiga intilish, inson huquqlarini himoya qilish va korruptsiyaga oid ishlarni ko‘rib chiqish kabi masalalarni o‘rganadi. Maqola XXR sud tizimining rivojlanib borayotgan tabiati va uning Xitoyning huquqiy va siyosiy rivojlanishining kengroq kontekstidagi ahamiyatini ta'kidlash bilan yakunlanadi
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KARIMOV, Elyorjon. "XX ASR 70-YILLARI OXIRI – 80-YILLARI BOSHLARIDA QASHQADARYO VILOYATI QISHLOQ XO‘JALIGI (ARXIV MA’LUMOTLARI ASOSIDA)." UzMU xabarlari 1, no. 1.10.1 (2024): 7–9. https://doi.org/10.69617/nuuz.v1i1.10.1.4689.
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Markur maqolada Sovet Ittifoqining barcha ittifoqdosh respublikalar qatorida O‘zbekiston SSRning qishloq xo‘jaligi ishlab chiqarishida yuritgan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy siyosati Qashqadaryo viloyati misolida ko‘rsatib berishga harakat qilindi. “Barcha mamlakatlar proletarlari, birlashing!” degan shior har jabhada, ayniqsa, sotsialistik mehnat musobaqasida ustunlik qilib turganligi ko‘rsatib berildi. Maqolada Qashqadaryo viloyati mehnatkash aholisining mehnat natijalari va ularga nisbatan bo‘lgan ijtimoiy yondashuv haqida so‘z yuritildi.
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Raxmatulloyev, Umid. "SOVET YILLARIDA OʻZBEKISTON SANOATIDA KADRLAR MASALASI: YOʻNALISH VA MUAMMOLAR". CONFERENCE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES IN SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIVE RESEARCH 2, № 5 (2025): 165–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15454713.
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Oʻzbekiston tarixida oʻtgan XX asr juda bahsli, ziddiyatli, qarama – qarshiliklarga boy davr boʻldi. Ushbu davrda iqtisodiy va siyosiy jihatdan koʻplab yangiliklar va burilishlar davri boʻldi. Aynan XX asrning boshlarida Podsho Rossiyasining tugatilishi va 1922-yilning 30-martida dunyo tarixiga SSSR nomi ittifoq davlatining paydo boʻlishi Oʻrta Osiyo hududlariga ham oʻz taʻsirini koʻrsatdi. Rossiya imperiyasi tarkibida boʻlgan Turkiston hududida ittifoq davlati tuzilgach hududiy chegaralanishlar oʻtkazildi. 1924-yilning 13-17 fevralida Buxoroda Butunoʻzbek sovetlarining I ta`sis majlisi boʻlib oʻtdi. Mazkur syezdda Oʻzbekiston Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasini tashkil etish toʻgʻrisidagi deklaratsiya qabul qilindi va Fayzulla Xoʻjayev boshchiligidagi yangi hukumat tuzildi. Shu yilning 27-oktabrida ittifoq tarkibidagi Oʻzbekiston SSR tuzildi. Aynan mazkur davrdagi iqtisodiy siyosatni tahlil qilish, sanoat tarmoqlarini kadrlar bilan taminlashdagi muammo va yutuqlarni oʻrganish muhim va dolzarb hisoblanadi.
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Muzaffarov, Muhammadaminxon Xysanxon o'g'li. "XXI ASR BOSHLARIDA KELIB ICHKI VA TASHQI OMILLAR NATIJASIDA TURKIY TILLI DAVLATLAR O'RTASIDA BOSHLANGAN INTEGRATSIYA JARAYONI INQIROZI VA SABABLARI." DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATIONS IN SCIENCE 2, no. 10 (2023): 23–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8426364.
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Sovet Ittifoqi parchalanishi va ikki qutbli dunyo tartibining yemirilishi bilan bu davlatlar bir-birlarini yaqinroq bilish va ko'p tomonlama munosabatlarnirivojlantirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldilar. Biroq, 70 yillik sotsialistik o'tmish ta'siri bilan bu mamlakatlarning aloqa kanallari, iqtisodiyoti, sanoati, transporti va ta'limi SSSRning mafkuraviy tushunchasiga muvofiq tuzilgan va ularni Rossiyaga qaram qilib qo'ygan. Shu bois 1990-yillarning boshlarida turkiyzabon davlatlarning integratsiya infratuzilmasi Turkiya va turkiy respublikalar o'rtasida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ikki tomonlama aloqa, transport, madaniyat va ta'lim, savdo va iqtisodiyot sohalarida aloqalarni rivojlantirishga urinishlar bilan boshlandi.Ammo 90-yillarning oxiriga kelib yuzaga chiqqan bir qancha ichki va tashqi omillar sabab, Turkiyaning faol say-harakatlari bilan boshlangan va turkiyzabon davlatlarni birlashtirish yo’lidagi Turkiy tilli davlatlar davlat rahbarlari sammitlari nomi ostida boshlangan ilk integratsiya yo’lidagi urinishlar va harakatlar to’xtatildi. Maqolada inqirozga olib kelgan sabablarni ochib berildi.
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Tuxtayev, Izzatillo Ibodullo o'g'li. "XX ASRNING 40-80 YILLARIDA O'ZBEKISTONSSR-DA PAXTA YAKKAHOKIMLIGINING AHOLI TURMUSH DARAJASIGA TA'SIRI." ILMIY TADQIQOT VA INNOVATSIYA 1, no. 5 (2022): 104–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7425234.
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U<em>shbu maqolada XX asrning 40-80 yillarida O‘zbekistonSSR da paxta yakkaxokimligining aholi turmush darajasiga ta‘siri, xususan aholi salomatligiga yetkazilgan zarar, turli xil kimyoviy vositalarning ishlatilishi,turli xil kasalliklarning kelib chiqishi, va bu ishlarni oldini olish bo‘yicha qilingan ishlar, tahlil qilinadi.</em>
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Саидова, Зилола Гадоймуродовна . Турдалиев Бурхонали Абдуманнонович. "FAVQULODDA VAZIYATLARDA FUQAROLAR MUHOFAZASI." PEDAGOGLAR yuridik, tibbiy, ijtimoiy, ilmiy jurnal 11, no. 1 (2021): 43–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5812732.
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<strong>Annotatsiya: </strong>Mazkur maqola,favqulotda vaziyatlarda fuqarolar Kalit so'zlar:jonli tabiat,muttasil ishlash,i tabiiy ofatlar, antropogenik xavf- xatarlar. Kirish:Ma'lumki, har bir mustaqil davlat o'zining mudofaa qudratiga ega Mudofaa siyosatini qay tarzda amalga oshirish imkoniyatlari o'sha davlatning qudratini belgilaydl. ChunkI har bir davlat moddiy boyliklarini, texnikalarini, harbiy aharniyatga molik bo'lgan inshootlarini, xalqini himoya qilishda, saqlashda yangi turdagi omi II ami yaratadi va ishlab chiqaradi. Shu tariqa davlatlar ichida yangi-yangi qurollar yaratiladiki, bular nafaqat insoniyatga., balki butun jonli tabiatga atrof-muhitga juda katta ziyon yetkazadi. 1990-yilgacha biz dunyoni ikki tizimga (kapitalistik va sotsialistik) bo'lib kelgan edik va har ikkalasida ham umurniy qirg'in qurollari yaratilganligini yaxshi bilamiz. Bunday qurollarni ba'zi birlari ayrim davladar tomonidan sinab ko'rildi ham va hozirgi kungacha ulaming as oratlari to'g'risida eshitib kelyapmiz. Mas alan. 1945-yilda Yaponiyaning Nagasaki va Xerosima shaharlariga AQSHning yadro quroli tashlandi. Keyinchalik Koreyaga, Vyetnamga turli xildagi napalmlar (dirildoq holdagi yondiruvchi modda), oskolkali (parchali), yondiruvchan bombalar tashlandi. Yuqoridagi qurollar yer yuzida mavjud ekan, albatta, har bir davlat bunday qurollardan saqlanish vositalarini izlaydi, omillarini ishlab chiqadi Shuning uchun har bir davlatning mudofaa qudrati asosini fuqarolar muhofazasi tashkil etadi.
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Kuuli, O. "SOTSIALISTID JA KONSTANTIN PÄTSI VALITSUS (1933—1938)." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Humanities and Social Sciences 41, no. 3 (1992): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/hum.soc.sci.1992.3.06.
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Melancon, Michael, and Maureen Perrie. "Protokoly pervogo s"ezda Partii sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov." Russian Review 44, no. 4 (1985): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/129806.
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Seregny, Scott J., and Christopher Rice. "Protokoly vtorogo (ekstrennogo) s"ezda Partii sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov." Russian Review 46, no. 4 (1987): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130304.
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Rixsiboyeva, Muborak Rustam qizi. "OYBEK HAYOTI VA IJODIY FAOLIYATI." Innovative Development in Educational Activities 2, no. 5 (2023): 448–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7743565.
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<em>Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek adabiy tanqidchiligi muammolari, Oybek va uning tanqidchilikdagi faoliyati, Oybek ilmiy qarashlarining o‘zbek adabiyotshunosligida o‘rganilishi haqida so‘z yuritiladi.</em>
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Kala, K. "MUUTUSTEST NÕUKOGUDE EESTI TÖÖLISKLASSI KOOSSEISUS SOTSIALISMI ÜLESEHITAMISE JA KINDLUSTAMISE AJAJÄRGUL." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Humanities and Social Sciences 34, no. 1 (1985): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/hum.soc.sci.1985.1.03.
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Kirs, Inga. "„Kõik on muidugi selle poolt.” Koosoleku motiiv sotsialistliku korra retrospektiivsel kujutamisel." Keel ja Kirjandus 67, no. 12 (2024): 1067–87. https://doi.org/10.54013/kk804a1.
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”Everybody’s in favour, of course.” Meetings as a motif in retrospective depictions of the socialist order Keywords: comparative literature, prose, motif, meetings, totalitarianism, Soviet regime This article examines the portrayal of meetings in four novels: Enn Vetemaa’s “The Musician” (Pillimees), Herta Müller’s “The Land of Green Plums” (Herztier), Elena Chizhova’s “The Time of Women” (Vremia zhenshchin), and Eugen Ruge’s “In Times of Fading Light” (In Zeiten des abnehmenden Lichts). These works all explore the experience of living under a totalitarian regime, where the system had either fundamentally changed or collapsed by the time of the novels’ publication. Meetings play a significant role in conveying this experience. In The Musician, the meeting unfolds as a trap, destroying the accused while leaving others trapped in endless contemplation of the events. “The Land of Green Plums” employs meetings to articulate the trauma of life under totalitarianism. Chizhova’s novel uses meetings as manifestations of the suffocating effects of the totalitarian regime and the way desperate people reinforce the system. In Ruge’s work, the meeting motif serves primarily to reveal the spatiotemporal context and the prevailing worldview of the era. In these narratives, meetings often appear as recollections that disrupt the contemporary plotline or paralyze the character’s perception. Instead of advancing dialogue, the texts focus on the formality of the meetings, emphasizing their ritualistic nature and the characters’ lack of agency. During and after the meetings, protagonists feel alienated from the events and even from themselves. In most cases, meetings leave behind traumas that time fails to heal. Across these novels, the meeting emerges as a powerful symbol of an oppressive, at times even life-threatening, system. This motif serves to reflect on the enduring impact of a bygone regime – or, in some cases, its remnants that continue to persist.
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Rüütel, A., and A. Almann. "EESTI NÕUKOGUDE SOTSIALISTLIKU VABARIIGI ÜLEMNÕUKOGU OTSUS AJALOOLIS-ÕIGUSLIKUST HINNANGUST EESTIS 1940. AASTAL TOIMUNUD SÜNDMUSTE KOHTA." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Humanities and Social Sciences 39, no. 2 (1990): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/hum.soc.sci.1990.2.17.
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Khudoley, Konstantin. "The Tartu Peace Treaty of February 1920 and its aftermath: A case for Russian-Estonian conciliation (a contemporary view from Russia)." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 173, no. 3/4 (2021): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2020.3-4.02.
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Artikkel käsitleb rahvusvahelisi suhteid Esimese maailmasõja järel, keskendudes 1920. aastal Nõukogude Venemaa ja Eesti Vabariigi vahel sõlmitud Tartu rahulepingule, mis tähistas iseseisva Eesti riigi sündi. Tegemist oli esimese leppega, mis sõlmitud väikese kapitalistliku ja suure sotsialistliku riigi vahel. Ühtlasi sümboliseeris see muutust Nõukogude Venemaa poliitikas, olles peaprooviks Venemaa ja Lääne-Euroopa riikide suhete normaliseerumisele. Erinevate sotsiaal-majanduslike mudelite ja vastastikkuse usaldamatuse tõttu ei suutnud leping tagada ka 1920.–30. aastatel lõpuni rahumeelset koostööd kahe riigi vahel.
 Tartu rahu on jäänud siiani äärmiselt lõhestavaks küsimuseks. Vastakate arvamuste peamiseks põhjuseks on asjaolu, et pärast Nõukogude Liidu lagunemist arenesid Venemaa ja Eesti ühiskondlikult ja majanduslikult väga erinevates suundades. Pinged ja eriarvamused ei välista siiski võimalust leida vaidlusalustes küsimustes lahendusi. Kõige olulisem neist on piirileppe sõlmimine. Tartu rahulepingu sõlmimisel tehtud kompromissid võivad aidata lahendada ka kaasaegseid probleeme Venemaa ja Eesti vahelistes suhetes.
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Gorbatšov, M. "NÕUKOGUDE SOTSIALISTLIKE VABARIIKIDE LIIDU RAHVASAADIKUTE KONGRESSI OTSUS NÕUKOGUDE—SAKSA 1939.AASTA MITTEKALLALETUNGILEPINGU POLIITILISEST JA ÕIGUSLIKUST HINNANGUST." Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Humanities and Social Sciences 39, no. 2 (1990): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/hum.soc.sci.1990.2.18.
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Zikirov, Qalandar Iskandar o'g'li. "AKBAR HOSHIMI RAFSANJONIYNING HOKIMYATGA KELISHI VA UNING SIYOSIY BOSHQARUV DAVRI." GOLDEN BRAIN 1, no. 11 (2023): 190–95. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7865763.
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<em>Bu maqola 1979-yilda Eronda islom inqilobiga olib kelgan voqealar va bu inqilobni amalga oshirishda </em><em>Akbar Hoshimi Rafsanjoniy</em><em>ning rolini qay darajada kasb etgaligini o‘rganamiz. Bunda </em><em>Rafsanjoniy</em><em>ning inqilob rahbari sifatida ko‘tarilishiga sabab bo‘lgan ijtimoiy, psixologik, siyosiy va diniy omillarni ko‘rsatishga harakat qiladi. Bundan tashqari, u turli yo‘llar bilan Eron shohiga qarshi turish, beqarorlashtirish va oxir-oqibat ag‘darish uchun </em><em>Rafsanjoniy</em><em> strategiyasiga qaratilgan. Bu maqola </em><em>Rafsanjoniy</em><em>ni davlat boshlig‘i sifatida emas, balki inqilobiy shaxs sifatida o‘rganish bilan cheklanadi. </em>
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Baxriddinov, Odiljon. "MUSTAQILLIK YILLARIDA O‘ZBEKISTONDA KICHIK BIZNES VA XUSUSIY TADBIRKORLIKNING VUJUDGA KELISHI VA UNING YOSHLAR HAYOTIDA TUTGAN O‘RNI." Ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари / Актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук / Actual Problems of Humanities and Social Sciences. 4, S/4 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.47390/spr1342v4si4y2024n07.
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Mazkur maqolada mustaqillikning ilk yillarida respublikamizda bir tomonlama boshqariladigan sotsialistik iqtisodiyotdan, bozor munosabatlariga asoslangan jamiyat qurish davrida, respublika hududida xususiy tadbirkorlik va kichik binesning vujudga kelishi va uning yoshlar hayotida tutgan o’rni haqida ma’lumotlar berib o’tilgan. Maqolada xususiy tadbirkorlikning davlat iqtisodiy hayotida tutgan ahamiyati yoritilib o’tilgan.
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Ra'no, Almamatovna To'ychiyeva. "SOVUQ URUSH DAVRIDA HINDISTONNING GLOBAL VA MINTAQAVIY ROLI." April 1, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15117301.
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Sovuq urush (1947–1991) xalqaro munosabatlarda global kuch muvozanatini keskin o‘zgartirgan davr bo‘ldi. Ushbu davrda dunyo ikki yirik geosiyosiy blok – AQSh boshchiligidagi kapitalistik G‘arb va Sovet Ittifoqi yetakchiligidagi sotsialistik Sharq o‘rtasidagi raqobat maydoniga aylandi. Bu qarama-qarshilik nafaqat harbiy-texnologik sohada, balki iqtisodiy, mafkuraviy va diplomatik yo‘nalishlarda ham namoyon bo‘ldi.
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Umarova, Yulduz Baxtiyorovna. "OILALARDA GENDER TENGLIKNING PSIXOLOGIK XUSUSIYATLARI QIRG'IZ OILALARI MISOLIDA." February 15, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10663583.
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<em>Tarixiy jihatdan qirg’iz nikoh-oila aspektlarini o’rganar ekanmiz, o’zbek oilalari bilan qardosh xalqlarning etnopsixologik hususiyatlarini o’rganish ularning o’xshash hamda farqlarini tahlili uchun muhim omil hisoblanadi. Qirg'iziston qonunchiligining nikoh - oila munosabatlarni tartibga soluvchi institutlar xalq hayotining milliy qadriyatlarni o’rganish asosida tashkil topgan. Ushbu huquqiy institutlarni o'rganish jarayonida Qirg’iziston olimlari tomonidan Qirg'izistonda ayollarni sotsialistik yo'l bilan jamiyatga uzviy birikib ketishi, erkinlikka intilishini ko'rsatishga harakat qilib kelganlari tarixan o’rganilgan. </em>
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Nasilloyev, Sunnat Shavkat o'g'li. "O'ZBEKISTON FANLAR AKADEMIYASINING TASHKIL ETILISHI." June 25, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8079505.
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<strong>Annotatsiya</strong>: Sovet hokimiyati O‘zbekiston SSRda sotsialistik fan shtabi bo‘la oladigan tashkilot, yetakchi ilmiy markaz yaratish ustida ishladi. Natijada 1940-yil, 9-yanvarda Fanlar komiteti negizida SSSR Fanlar akademiyasining O‘zbekiston filiali (УзФАН) tashkil etildi. Ilmiy markaz tarkibida dastlab geologiya, botanika, tarix, til va adabiyot, iqtisodiy tadqiqotlar, suv xo‘jaligi muammolari, kimyo ilmiy tekshirish institutlari, tuproqshunoslik, zoologiya, fizika-matematika fan sektorlari, Toshkent Astronomiya rasadxonasi va uning huzuridagi Kitob kenglik stansiyasi, hamda kartografiya byurolari mavjud bo‘lgan. Sovet Ittifoqining eng yirik fanlar markazi – SSSR Fanlar akademiyasining nazorati hamda rus olimlarining yordami bilan O‘zbekiston SSRda ilm-fanning taraqqiy etishi tezlashdi.
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Isroilov, Sharobiddin Maxammadyusufovich. "SAVDO TARMOQLARIDA AXBOROT ALMASHINUVINI ВА AVTOMATLASHTIRILGAN MONITORING". 22 червня 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6685805.
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Tadbirkorlik inglischa “business” so’zidan olingan bo’lib “bandlik, band bo’lmoq” degan ma’noni anglatadi. Tadbirkorlik bilan shug‘ullanuvchi shaxs tadbirkor, deyiladi. Xususiy tadbirkorlik kapitalistik iqtisodiyot negizidir. Sotsialistik iqtisodiyotlarda tadbirkorlik bilan hukumat, jamiyat yoki ishchilar kasaba uyushmalari shug‘ullanadi. Tadbirkorlik xo‘jalik yuritish kodamiga qarab, yirik, o‘rta va kichik turlarga bodinadi. Yirik tadbirkorlik ishlab chiqarishda 500 dan ortiq kishi band bo‘lgan, o‘rta tadbirkorlik esa 20 - 500 kishi band bo‘lgan korxona (firma)lar, kichik tadbirkorlik 10 - 20 va undan kam kishi ishlaydigan korxonalarni qamraydi. Yirik va o‘rta tadbirkorlikka, asosan, yirik ishlab-chiqarish, ko‘p sonli tovarlar chiqaradigan, mexanizatsiyalashgan hamda avtomatlashgan sohalar kiradi. Kichik tadbirkorlik qishloq xo‘jaligi, aholiga xizmat ko‘rsatish sohalarida keng tarqalgan. Kichik tadbirkorlik sharoitga tez moslasha olishi bilan boshqalaridan farqlanadi va shu bois u keng tarqalgan.
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Mertelsmann, Olaf. "Tagasi sotsialismi juurde – Eesti majanduse parim võimalus?" Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 2/3 (October 13, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2014.2-3.06.
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Farida, Hamroyeva, and Hikmatillayev Ma'ruf. "SHARQ ADABIYOTSHUNOSLIGI, ADABIY ALOQALAR VA MILLATLARARO." June 16, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6653382.
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Ushbu maqolada Sharq adabiyoti xususan o’zbek, arab, xitoy, koreys va yapon xalqlarining ma’naviy boyliklari, adabiyoti tarixi, ijod namunalari yoritilib berilgan. Shu bilan bir qatorda har bir sharq adabiyotining o’zbek adabiyoti bilan bog’liqligi, o’xshashligi, farqlari va o’ziga xos jihatlariga ham duch kelamiz. Qadimgi sharq adabiyotining hozirgi zamondagi talqini qanday? Hozirgi o’zbek, arab, xitoy, koreys va yapon adabiyotda qanday o’zgarishlar yuz berayapti va u o’z ta’sirini qanchalik ko’rsatayapti? kabi savollarga javob olishingiz mumkin. Adabiyotning har bir jabhada qanchalik muhimlililgini ushbu maqolada ko’rishimiz mumkin
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Elmgren, Ainur. "The Socialist Soviet Republic of Scandinavia [Kokkuvõte: Skandinaavia Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 3 (October 12, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2015.3.04.
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Pál, Viktor. "Keskkonnakaitse autoritaarsetes ühiskondades / Environmental Protection in Authoritarian Societies." Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 24, no. 30 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v24i30.22109.
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Artikkel käsitleb riigi sekkumist keskkonnaprobleemidesse autoritaarse riigikorraga riikides, tuues võrdluseks ka näiteid liberaalsetest demokraatiatest 20. sajandi teisel poolel. Keskkonnast kõnelemisel ökoloogiliste argumentide asemel majanduslikele kaalutlustele rõhumine on võte, mida on kasutatud mõlemal pool nn raudset eesriiet. Üksiknäidetena käsitleb artikkel Reini jõe reostust Lääne-Saksamaal, Ladina-Ameerikast Guatemala ja Tšiili juhtumeid, kus eri argumentide toel on autoritaarsed võimud olnud huvitatud džunglite muutmisest keelualadeks. Keskkonna kahjustamist tarbimise kaudu esindab Tallinna Limonaaditehase juhtum. Sotsialistliku Ungari näitel analüüsitakse moodsate reoveepuhastussüsteemide ehitust ning nende rakendamist propagandavankri ette.
 Summary
 This article discusses the complex relationships between the natural environment and authoritarian governments in comparison to addressing similar problems in liberal democracies during the second half of the 20th century. A brief survey of the main theoretical sources is provided. Emphasising economic instead of ecological arguments in addressing environmental problems is a method that has been used on both sides of the Iron curtain of the Cold War.
 Individual cases discussed include the management of the pollution of Rhein river in Western Germany, establishing of jungle areas as no-go-zones by the Guatemalan and Chilean juntas, but also Hungarian cases of the construction of wastewater treatment plants and the shortcomings in the production in Tallinn Lemonade Factory. The individual cases are related to a broader context of environmentalism to study how and why authoritarian and democratic governments have used technology and propaganda to promote the conservation of natural resources. In conclusion, this article aims to explain how and why various approaches under various political and economic circumstances to mend the environment eventually failed.
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Lēvalde, Vēsma. "The Director as Translator: The Case of Latvian Director Oļģerts Kroders / Lavastaja kui tõlkija: läti lavastaja Oļģerts Kroders." Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 17, no. 21/22 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v17i21/22.14587.
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The article aims to tackle the creative work of the eminent Latvian stage director Oļģerts Kroders (1921–2012). Kroders, as a representative of the psychological theatre, was one of the first in Soviet Latvia who dared to break with the canon of socialist realism and portrayed the characters of literary classics on the stage without heroic overtones. The cornerstone of his creative work was a detailed approach to the literary source text, adapting it to the intended concept of the production. He even used to adjust the interpretation of the text to the potential of a particular actor in a particular role. The article deals with text interpretation in two productions of Alexander Ostrovsky’s play “Without a Dowry” translated by the director himself and adapted for two different productions. The article demonstrates that due to the director’s careful interpretation the spoken text is precisely integrated into the performance.
 
 Artikkel käsitleb väljapaistva läti teatrilavastaja Oļģerts Krodersi (1921–2012) loomingut. Psühholoogilise teatri esindaja Kroders oli üks esimesi lavastajaid Nõukogude Lätis, kes julges eemalduda sotsialistliku realismi kaanonist ja kujutada kirjandusklassika teoste tegelasi laval ilma kangelasliku alatoonita. Kõik need lavastused on sarnastel teemadel: nad uurivad ebakõla moraali ja võimu vahel, lahkavad üksikisiku vaimse vabadusega seotud probleeme ja otsivad eksistentsiaalselt olulistes valikumomentides peituvat psühholoogilist tegevusmotivatsiooni. Krodersi lähenemine lavastajatööle kujutab endast pidevaid uue teatrikeele otsinguid ja katkematut uuenduslikkust. Kroders tunnistas kirjandusliku allika ja kõneldud sõna tähtsust lavastuses ja pööras üksikasjalikku tähelepanu teksti kvaliteedile. Krodersi meetod, mis seisnes kirjandusliku teksti tõlgendamise kohandamises konkreetse näitleja potentsiaalile ja tema võimele oma tegelast mõista, saavutab emotsionaalselt mõjuva psühholoogilise väljenduse, avardades tavapärast klassikute tõlgendamise stilistilist raamistikku. Artikkel vaatleb teksti tõlgendamist Aleksandr Ostrovski näidendi „Kaasavaratu“ kahes eri lavastuses. Näidendi teksti tõlkis lavastaja ise ja kohandas selle kahe lavastuse jaoks. Artikkel näitab, et tänu lavastaja hoolikale tõlgendamisele on kõneldud tekst väga täpselt lavastusse integreeritud. Artikkel näitab, et Krodersi lavakeelne mõtlemine ületab näidendi teksti piire, luues uusi tänapäevaseid kunstiteoseid, mis on üks tänapäeva läti teatri tähtsamaid suundumusi.
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Velsker, Mart. "Kreml ja Kreenholm, Talvepalee ja Toompea. Linnad stalinismiaja eesti luules / The Kremlin and Kreenholm, the Winter Palace and Toompea hill: Cities in Estonian Poetry of the Stalinist Era." Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 19, no. 24 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v19i24.16199.
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Artikkel käsitleb linnade kujutamist Nõukogude Eesti luules aastatel 1940–1955, analüüsimiseks on võetud sel ajal ilmunud luuleraamatud. Eestis kuulutati siis üldkehtivaks kirjanduslikuks meetodiks sotsialistlik realism. Esteetilised printsiibid kujunesid siiski kirjandusliku praktika käigus, sageli kirjutati luuletusi Moskvast ja Leningradist ning nende eeskujul õpiti kujutama ka kohalikke Eesti linnu eesotsas Tallinnaga. Linnaruum – nagu teisedki stalinistliku kultuuri komponendid – oli politiseeritud, mis tähendas esimeses järjekorras sakraliseeritud ruumimudeli ülekannet tekstidesse.
 
 The article aims to give a survey of cities and urban spaces appearing in Soviet Estonian poetry of the Stalinist period. All in all, 93 Estonian-language collections of poetry were published in Soviet Estonia between 1940 and 1955, but not all of these contained urban topics. Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and this brought about an abrupt change in literary texts produced in the country because literature had to take into account the regulations imposed by the doctrine of Socialist Realism and the personality cult of Joseph Stalin. In connection with this, representations of urban space became ideologised in a novel manner. It is difficult to tease forth explicit aesthetic prescriptions from the doctrine of Socialist Realism, but a unified aesthetics was developed in the course of literary practice by authors who copied one another in order not to err unwittingly. The political surveillance of literature increased at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s; it is in this period that the most pronounced standardisation of modes of representation can be observed.
 Several cities are mentioned in Estonian poetry of the Stalinist era, but implicit rules governing the depiction of urban space become most readily evident in case of five cities. Among these were the largest cities in Russia (Moscow and Leningrad, today’s St. Petersburg) and in Estonia (Tallinn, Tartu and Narva). Depictions of Moscow and Tallinn are the most numerous. Representing Moscow is subject to rules in a particularly noticeable way: the capital of the Soviet Union had to contain the overarching spirit of Stalin and Lenin, and the city was represented as the static central point of a superpower or even of the whole world. In the city space of Moscow, Red Square with Lenin’s mausoleum and the Kremlin emerges as a sacralised space. In comparison with Moscow, the image of Leningrad is somewhat more dynamic for the city is often evoked as the starting point of the 1917 revolution, and Leningrad also appears as a city important in connection with World War II.
 Representing Tallinn proceeded from the understanding that the capital of the Estonian SSR had to be an unmediated reflection of the power emanating from Moscow. The representations of Tallinn are more varied, though, for the authors more often tended to have a personal relationship with the city. The most important landmark emerging in representations of Tallinn is the medieval tower of Tall Hermann on Toompea hill that serves as the most important flag tower in Estonia. Even in Stalin-era poetry Tallinn was often perceived as ‘ancient’, (the epithet ‘old’ is repreated in many poems), which is partly paradoxical as the pathos of Socialist Realism would prefer to speak of the birth of new cities. The paradox was resolved by introducing a dialectics of ‘old’ and ‘young’ cities; solutions were also offered in the so-called poetry of reconstruction that encouraged the removal of wartime ruins and the erection of new buldings.
 As concerns other Estonian cities, some poems focus on Narva as a significant industrial town. Tartu had been important in the earlier national history, but its significance waned now that Tallinn’s was rising. Tartu’s reputation as a university town survived into the Soviet period, however, and even the poetry of the Stalinist era contains some depictions of academic life. The urban centres of both Tartu and Narva suffered major damage in World War II, but the ruins receive only scant mention in verse. Still, they are not hidden and war is a recurring topic in the case of both cities.
 Depiction of large cities, huge spatial elements and city centres suited the poetry of Stalin’s era. Small towns seemed meaningless in this context and outskirts only obtained a meaning in case events of the past were described – thus, slums, represented as the living quarters of workers close to the city limits, would harbour a revolutionary spirit. In the case of contemporary Soviet cities, the outskirts played no particular role, as all the politically favoured meanings were located in the centre.
 A couple of publicatons specifically underscored the significance of cities, e.g the thematic anthology The Heart of the Homeland: Poetry Dedicated to Moscow by Estonian Authors (1947) and two books dedicated to Tallinn, Debora Vaarandi’s The Old Man from Lake Ülemiste and the Young City Builder (1952) and Paul Rummo’s A Letter from Tallinn (1955). The era’s most significant urban poets include Johannes Barbarus, Debora Vaarandi, Paul Rummo, Mart Raud, Ralf Parve and Vladimir Beekman. The modes of expression of these authors may vary, but their individual styles are less clearly expressed than is usual in poetry, because different authors’ styles became relatively uniform due to the canonised aesthetics of Socialist Realism.
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Saarlo, Liina. "Regilaul tuulte pöörises. Eesti folkloristika poliitiliste muutuste ajajärgul 20. sajandi keskel / Regilaul in the whirlpool. Estonian folkloristics during the political changes in the middle of the 20th century." Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 16, no. 20 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v16i20.13888.
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Artikli eesmärk on jälgida regilaulu kui Eesti folkloristika paraadžanri käekäiku Eesti sovetiseerimise ajajärgul 1940.–1950. aastatel ja selle kaudu eesti folkloristide kohandumisi muutuva teaduspoliitikaga. Kuna sõjajärgset Eestit võib lugeda koloniseerituks Nõukogude Liidu poolt, tuvastatakse sotskolonialismi tunnuseid Eesti sõjajärgses folkloristikas. Vaatluse alla võetakse regilaulu muutuv positsioon ametlikus retseptsioonis ning folkloristlikel välitöödel. Kuna nõukogude ajajärku esitatakse sageli eesti rahvakultuuri õitseajana, vaadeldakse lähemalt rahvaloomingu viljelemist harrastajate ja professionaalsete kunstnike tasemel, rahvusliku vormi sotsialistliku sisuga täitmist. The purpose of the paper is to follow how Estonian folklorists adapted changing science policy in the 1940s and 1950s, and how an elite genre of the Estonian folklore – regilaul – was treated in the course of the Sovietization of Estonian humanities and cultural life.There are several distinctive features of the Soviet colonization in the post-war Estonian folkloristics. First, an extensive reform of the organization of the academic institutions took place in annexed Estonia, following the example of organizational structures in Soviet Russia’s Academy of Sciences.The most specific feature of the Soviet colonialism was the extremely strong dependence of the peripheries on the colonial centre. Academic life in Estonia was guided by the resolutions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which were observed and monitored closely by local authorities at the plenary meetings of the Estonian Communist Party and further discussed at the meetings of local academic institutions. These discussions were followed by waves of reassessments, (self) criticism and repressions. Folklorists from the Baltic republics were supervised and “assisted” by Russian folklorists in terms of the methods of the Soviet folkloristics at the union-wide conferences held in Moscow, the Soviet colonial centre. Direct models were taken over to reorganize folkloristic fieldwork and research in the spirit of the new ideology.The third specific feature of the Soviet colonialism was the adaption of Soviet pidgin, colonial discourse, which proliferated especially during the last years of the Stalinist era, from 1948 to 1953. Research in any discipline was limited by the Marxist method; any deflection in it was considered renegade and therefore punishable. In Estonian folkloristics, however, the mastering of the Marxist method comprised largely of clever usage of the colonists’ slogans and formulae, such as “bourgeois-nationalist”, “formalism”, “cosmopolitanism” versus “internationalism”, “objectivism”, and “anti-patriotic” etc. Oft-repeated labels carried no actual meaning; far from any rationale, they were rather formulaic weapons of fighting with enemies, tools of revaluing and (self) criticism. In the end of the 1950s, the use of most grievous lexis declined, but in general, the Soviet discourse was adapted.The altering position of regilaul in the folkloristic writings and fieldwork is discussed in the paper. The last years of the Stalinism, the hierarchy of the folklore genres was turned upside down and classical folklore genres were marginalized because mainstream Soviet folkloristics were focused on contemporary “Soviet folklore” and amateur cultural activities. Estonian folklorists adapted the new reality expeditiously, implementing a sort of mimicry. Fieldwork was carried on in areas with vivid traditional culture, such as Setumaa and Kihnu Island, using the collection of Soviet folklore as pretext. Folklorists did not change their collecting methods and continued to collect traditional folklore genres. Examples of contemporary “folk creations” were documented randomly and unsystematically; all the more were these findings proudly brought before the public at the union-wide forums and in the local press. In these years, curiosa like eulogies to the Lenin and Stalin, collective farms and the Soviet Army in the form of regilaul were documented.After the death of Stalin, Estonian folklorists returned to the classical folklore genres, though overemphasizing the motifs of “class struggle” and “heroism of the working crowds” in the old oral poetry.Due to the existing stereotypes regarding favouring ethnic minorities and folk culture under the Soviet regime, the paper takes a closer look to the use of folklore or/and folk creations at both the amateur and professional level of cultural activities. Although Soviet propaganda hailed the blossoming of the folk cultural activities, not all branches of the folk culture were allowed to blossom. Certainly, “folk” and “national” cannot be seen as synonyms. The concept of folklore was blurred because of the parallel concept of folk creations, which included non-traditional cultural activities. Folklorists were forced to deal with amateur cultural activities. In the professional level, the slogan of “socialist content in national form” marked deterioration, simplification and impoverishment regarding means of artistic expression. Instead of folklore pieces, the national epic “Kalevipoeg” was used as an exemplary to the professional artistic creations. Because of sophisticated stylistic features and lyricist mood of regilaul, conflicting to the Soviet aesthetics, becoming inspired by the regilaul tradition was out of the question for artists of the Stalinist era. Enforced simplicity and conservatism caused innovation in literary and musical creations in 1960s, broadening the use of regilaul in professional culture.
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Annuk, Eve. "Stalinismi „Teised“: Ilmi Kolla kui teisitimõtleja / Stalinism’s ”Others”: Ilmi Kolla as a dissenter." Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 16, no. 20 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v16i20.13890.
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Artikkel käsitleb luuletaja Ilmi Kolla (1933–1954) luulet stalinismiperioodi kontekstis kui vastupanu ajastu diskursiivsetele jõujoontele. Ilmi Kolla luuletuste enamikku ei olnud võimalik avaldada, sest need ei vastanud sotsialistliku realismi ja stalinliku ideoloogia nõuetele. Ka avaldamiseks vastu võetud tekstide puhul heitsid ajalehtede ja ajakirjade toimetused talle sageli ette luuletuste sobimatust kehtivate ideoloogiliste ja esteetiliste nõuetega. Selles mõttes võib Ilmi Kolla luulet näha sotsiaalse protestina, mis ei olnud küll otseselt selle eesmärgiga loodud, kuid mis toimis sellisel moel. The article analyzes the poetry of the Estonian writer Ilmi Kolla as the resistance toward the discursive hegemony of the Stalinist era. The dominant tenor of the Stalinist era was falsely optimistic, leaving no space for articulations of individual experiences and existential questions, the topics which were central for Ilmi Kolla’ poetry. The writers could not, in the Stalinist era, publicly oppose the ideological and social demands of Soviet rule. Instead, one could adapt the position of a passive dissenter; in the context of literary production, such a position could mean remaining silent (i.e. not publishing texts) or cultivating aesthetic practices which were out of touch with the official ideological demands of the era – this last option meant writing into the drawer.During the Stalinist period in Estonian SSR, the only officially accepted method of creating literary texts was ‘socialist realism.’ The acceptance of this method suggested ideological conformism; indeed many authors conformed to the ideological demands of the era. Estonian literature of earlier periods was re-evaluated according to Stalinist ideological demands. In poetry, the newly-established demand for socialist realism prescribed the range of accepted topics; acceptable themes included war, building up the new socialist society, class struggle and the struggle for peace, and the worship of Stalin. Ideological emphasis was laid on the foregrounding of a collective viewpoint and communist values. However, there were several authors who did not conform to the pressure; the poetess Betti Alver, for example, did not publish any poems during the twenty postwar years.Ideological education of authors became one of the cornerstones of producing the socialist realist works; of particular importance was guiding the literal production of young authors. This was arranged through the Writers Union, where advisers of prose and poetry were employed. Journal editors performed the same role and critical articles were published concerning the production of young authors. As a young author, the position of Ilmi Kolla in the Soviet literary landscape was precarious because she hardly complied with requirements of socialist realism. Therefore, she failed to publish most of her poems. Kolla indeed tried to conform and wrote conforming poetry for earning income, but these poems often failed. Even poems which were accepted by the editorial board for publication were not considered ideological enough and were harshly criticized. The central theme in Kolla’s poetry was individual and erotic love, instead of collective values demanded by socialist realism. Kolla’s poetry tended to have existential undertones and was tempered by a sense of sorrow. Such poetic modes were considered unacceptable in the context of Stalinism since these indicated a sense of human weakness, understood according to Stalinist ideology as lacking in optimism and yielding to negativity and decadent feelings. The most well known poem by Kolla, “Sorrowful moments” carries a sense of an approaching death; it focuses on an individual who loves and longs for the happiness, whose soul is sick and who is thinking about the transciense of life and about the appoaching death. This poem was published only after Kolla’s death in 1957 and then became widely read. The poem has been considered Kolla’s existential outcry; it has been interpreted as a turning point in the poetic practices of the period (Veidemann 2000). Many poems by Ilmi Kolla which she could not publish during her lifetime were distributed from hand to hand in a manuscript form after her death, impacting in this way the attitudes of many people. Readers have recalled how discovering the poetry of Kolla affected them strongly in the Stalinist atmosphere of the 1950s; many remember how Kolla’s poems became close to their hearts and were experienced in the context of the era as something extraordinary and out of sync with the official trends. A collection of Kolla’s poetry was published after her death in 1957, but the compiler Heljo Mänd has acknowledged that she did not dare to publish Kolla’s more spiritual poetry because of the fear of criticism. Since individualism was suppressed in the Soviet Union, the expression of poetic individualism can be understood as a form of dissent or opposition (Hersch 2016). Therefore, the poetry of Ilmi Kolla can be seen as an opposition to Soviet rule and as a protest toward society which repressed individuality. In addition to Kolla’s poetry as a poetic dissent, her freeminded personality was also somewhat inappropriate in the Soviet system. As many other writers, Kolla teased the system, conformed where necessary, but also used the system in her own interests. The poetry of Ilmi Kolla can be understood as a social protest which was not directly created for the purpose of dissent, but which functioned in this way in the Stalinist and post-Stalinist society.