Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Souchet'
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Rivard, Chantal. "Le bon roi : étude sur la représentation du souverain idéalisé par un auteur d'histoire locale du XVIIe siècle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17836.
Full textSENECHAL, LUCILE. "Analyse des eps produits par des souches de rhizobium atypiques infectant la luzerne et caracterisation de la souche r. Sp. T1." Amiens, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AMIE0121.
Full textMalric, Laure. "Rôle de l'intégrine bêta 8 dans le maintien de l'état souche et la radiorésistance des cellules souches de glioblastomes : vers une nouvelle thérapie ciblée." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30109/document.
Full textGlioblastomas (GB) are invasive, resistant and recurrent brain tumors (median overall survival of 15 months) despite standard treatment including surgical resection, radio- and chemotherapy. This tumor aggressiveness could partly be explained by the presence into the tumor of Glioblastoma-Stem like Cells (GSC), characterized by their ability to self-renew, their higher expression of specific GSC markers, their multipotent aptitude and their high tumorigenic potential. They are strongly involved in tumor resistance and recurrence and their targeting could improve GB treatment. Regarding current literature but also transcriptomic results obtained in our lab, a specific ß8 integrin emerged as a potential selective target in GSC. We then hypothesized that ß8 integrin could be involved in stemness maintenance of GSC. I first demonstrated, during my doctoral thesis, that ß8 is overexpressed in primocultures of GSC isolated from patients resections and also in human GB samples. Moreover, I showed that this integrin could be associated with stemness and features unique to these cells, including self-renewal ability, viability, migration and radioresistance. Indeed, the selective inhibition of ß8 in GSC by si/shRNA resulted in vitro in a decrease of neurosphere formation and migration, associated with an increase of differentiation patterns and cell death, this one being potentiated after irradiation. Finally, in vivo, I showed that ß8 inhibition decreased tumorigenesis and increased mice survival. In conclusion, my doctoral results allow to identify ß8 integrin as a membrane protein essential for stemness maintenance of GSC but mostly as a new potential radiosensitizing therapeutic target for GB
Filippi, Marie-Dominique. "Les cellules souches embryonnaires de souris : modèle d'étude de Mpl, le récepteur de la thrombopoi͏̈étine." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P028.
Full textMarsol, Marie-Christine. "Traitement de la maladie de Kahler par autogreffe de cellules souches périphériques chez 14 patients." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25082.
Full textRibot, Jonathan. "Impact du diabète de type 2 sur la fonctionnalité et le potentiel angiogénique des cellules souches mésenchymateuses." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0045/document.
Full textDiabetes is a disease associated with a bad functioning of glucose metabolism and represents a major health issue. The majority of diabetic are type 2 diabetic patients.Main complications in diabetes are vascular. Diabetic patients have paradoxical angiogenesis pathologies. Microangiopathy which occurs during diabetes modifies the microenvironment of bone marrow and lead to problem of wound healing whereas exacerbate angiogenesis is responsible for pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their differentiation potential and their release of bioactive mediators which are involved in tissular regeneration. The mechanism associated with microenvironment and functions of MSCs in a diabetic context remain elusive. Diabetes can change the characteristics of MSCs and diabetic microenvironment can lead to modifications in functionality of transplanted MSCs as well as modifying their autocrine/paracrine capacity on surrounding cells. The study of diabetic MSCs potential and the diabetic microenvironment on MSCs could have major clinical implications. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the impact of diabetes on functionality and angiogenic potential of MSCs with the help of a rat model, the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) which develop spontaneously diabetes type 2 and the whole vascular complication associated with it
Davila, Sylvie. "Etude de l'influence de la virulence des souches de peste procine classique, sur les risques de propagation de la maladie. Etude de l'immunopathogénicité d'une souche moyennement virulente." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10096.
Full textPaulus, François. "Les souches de biotype III d'Agrobacterium tumefaciens : étude de trois souches à octopine : systématique moléculaire et évolution des souches de biotype III." Strasbourg 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR13193.
Full textNakache, Sandrine. "La cellule souche hématopoi͏̈étique." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P156.
Full textDestefanis-Exbrayat, Carole. "Evolution du phénotypage lymphocytaire après allo et autogreffe de moelle osseuse ou de progéniteurs circulants." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON11070.
Full textLauden, Laura. "L' immunité des cellules souches adultes : le modèle des cellules souches/progéniteurs cardiaques humaines." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077023.
Full textCurrently, stem cell therapy is a compelling choice for treating and repairing organ functioning. Over the excitement of benefit, a major hurdle was often overlooked, the immunogenicity. Strategies using stem cells transplantation for ischemic cardiomyopathy are among the most explored in regenerative medicine. The "perfect" stem cell remains elusive, but at present the use of allogeneic cardiac stem/progenitor cells (hCPC), is among the most expectative goals. My thesis objective is to characterize the bi-directional interactions between hCPC and both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system to determine the potential risk and/or benefits of such therapy. After a precise characterization of their phenotype and reparative capacity, we investigated the hCPC crosstalk with adaptive T cells and innate NK cells in allogeneic settings. We showed that hCPC, whether under inflammatory conditions or not, do not induce conventional allogeneic T cell response but expand and activate regulatory T cells that endows with PD-L1/PD-1 dependent immuno¬modulatory capacity. The hCPC also elicit modest NK cells cytotoxicity that is significantly blocked within inflammatory environment. In addition, hCPC dowmodulate NK cells activity towards conventional target cells, inhibit their proliferation and biase their cytokine secretion towards anti-inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, our data reveal that the hCPC in allogeneic context are hypo-immunogenic and their crosstalk with both arms of the immune system is probably in favor of cardiac repair. Advancing the basic knowledge of stem cells immunology, our studies may also pave the way for clinical translation of these hCPC
Mourão, Larissa. "Unravelling the identity and fate of Notch1-expressing cells within intestinal tumours." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066586/document.
Full textLes cellules souches et le cancer sont inextricablement liés et de nombreuses tumeurs, y compris les cancers colorectaux, contiennent une petite population de cellules auto-renouvelables, appelées cellules souches cancéreuses (CSCs), capables de donner naissance à des cellules proliférantes mais progressivement différenciatrices qui contribuent à l'hétérogénéité cellulaire typique des tumeurs solides. Ainsi, l'identification des CSC et des facteurs qui régissent leur comportement devrait avoir un impact profond sur le traitement du cancer. Notch signale le contrôle le maintien et la différenciation des cellules souches dans plusieurs tissus, y compris l'intestin, où elles sont essentielles au maintien des cellules souches. Sur la base de ces prémisses, mes travaux visaient à identifier et caractériser les cellules qui expriment le récepteur Notch1 dans les tumeurs intestinales in vivo, dans le but de mieux comprendre la hiérarchie cellulaire des cellules cancéreuses du colon. Nous avons constaté que le récepteur Notch1 s'exprime dans de rares cellules tumorales indifférenciées qui se renouvellent et se multiplient in vivo, car elles donnent lieu indéfiniment à une différenciation marquée des cellules tumorales et à une croissance tumorale. Notre analyse du profil transcriptomique de ces cellules a confirmé nos observations in vivo selon lesquelles les cellules tumorales Notch1+ représentent une population spécifique de cellules tumorales hautement prolifératives, exprimant plusieurs marqueurs connus, mais pas tous, des cellules souches intestinales normales (CSI). En effet, leur signature transcriptionnelle est fortement corrélée avec les CSI normaux. Étant donné que les cellules tumorales que nous avons caractérisées ne semblent pas être porteuses de mutations Apc, nous supposons que durant les premières étapes de la tumorigénèse, les CSI normales Notch1+ sont englouties dans la tumeur naissante (dans des cryptes hyperprolifératives aberrantes) et sont capables de croître et de s'étendre dans ce nouvel écosystème, car elles sont soutenues par les facteurs de croissance extrinsèques des cellules mutantes voisines. Le concept selon lequel les CSI normaux pourraient contribuer à l'expansion tumorale met en évidence les complications que les patients peuvent rencontrer pendant le traitement, puisque ces cellules partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques avec leurs homologues de type sauvage, ce qui rend le traitement délétère pour les CSI normaux
Caradec, Josselin. "Cancer, métastases et cellules souches." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST0036.
Full textChimiokines are proteins belonging to the cytokines' family. In the beginning, chemokines were studied for their implication in the leucocytic trafic regulation. Since ten years, many studies however show that chemokines are also implied in all of carcinogenesis steps: antitumor immunity inhibition, role of growth factor of tumoral cells, angiogenesis regulation and especially metastases migration induction. Indeed, chemokines are able to guide metastatic cells from the primary tumour towards their secondary site thanks to chemokine / chemokine receptors interactions which lead to metastases migration along a chemokine gradient until their secondary site. Then, metastases activation will lead to the development of a secondary tumour.It is the understanding of chemokines' role in metastases migration that led to the study of their receptors expression in cancer. After having initially studied the tools that were necessary to obtain reliable results in particular in quantitative PCR, expression profile of several chemokine receptors was established on patients developing a colorectal cancer. Results show that only CCR10 and CXCR4 expressions significantly decrease in patients who develop metastases. Moreover this decrease is correlated with poor prognostic. However, in vitro studies show that metastatic colon cell lines overexpress the both receptors, and that migration of those cells is sensitive to a CCL27 gradient, the CCR10 ligand.These paradoxical results may however be easily explained if the metastatic concept is compared to the stem cell one. In both cases, these cellular types share phenotypical properties (migration, survival, proliferation) and are able to give a heterogeneous cellular population. The development of a protocol that turns proliferative tumoral cells into migratory metastatic ones (and vice versa) led us to a syncretic concept in which tumoral cells, metastases and stem cells notions are merging. In this concept, tumoral cells (which result or not from healthy stem cells), are able to reversibly change their phenotype to form metastases (‘epithelial-mesenchymal transition' equivalent). Reversibility is actually an essential concept because it may explain how a metastatic cell, once established, can be activated again and become a proliferative tumoral cell. That also implies that metastases, able to remain several months in dormancy, share the same mechanisms as stem cells ones.Lastly, the study of new angiogenesis regulation pathways - which provides to metastases the means of leaving the primary tumour - involving on the one hand PAR1 thrombin receptor, and on the other hand chemokine CXCL4 (also called PF4), may lead to the development of new therapeutic molecules
Pinotti, Francesco. "Dynamiques multi-souche sur réseaux." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS289.
Full textFor many human pathogens, distinct strains have been reported to circulate in the host population. However, despite our ability to observe strain diversity, biological, environmental and host-related mechanisms shaping co-existence patterns remain largely unexplored. In this context, the importance of modeling contact structure is becoming increasingly recognized, yet, the study of this aspect is still at the beginning. To date, the majority of works focus on two pathogens that either compete or cooperate. Here, we extend current knowledge about strain co-existence on contact networks in two directions, characterizing the ecology of an open strain population, and analyzing the effect of heterogeneous concurrent interactions. In a first study, we assess the role of important contact properties on ecological diversity in a parsimonious model of strain competition. We found that our theoretical results improve our interpretation of observed patterns in a joint dataset consisting of face-to-face interactions and Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a hospital. In a second work, we study a theoretical model accounting for both competition and cooperation. We consider two competing strains that both cooperate with a second pathogen. The interplay between transmissibility and cooperative factor led to a rich phase diagram, showing complex boundaries and bistability. Here, repartition of hosts into communities enables strain co-existence by dynamically creating different ecological niches. Our findings confirm the importance of host contact structure as a driver of strain diversity
Mourey, Claire. "Les cellules souches nerveuses des mammifères." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.enssib.fr/bibliotheque/documents/dessid/rrbmourey.pdf.
Full textLaplane, Lucie. "Cellules souches cancéreuses : ontologie et thérapies." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100119/document.
Full textA new theory of cancer has recently gained importance in the scientific community. According to this theory, cancers develop from a particular sub-population of cancer cells, named “cancer stem cells” (CSCs). The proponents of the CSC theory argue that relapses are caused by CSCs because they escape classical therapies. Consequently, they claim that eliminating all the CSCs of a given cancer is a necessary and sufficient condition to cure the patient. In this dissertation, I scrutinize this therapeutic strategy and I argue that its ability to cure cancers will depend on our understanding of the nature of stemness. Indeed, cancer stem cells are characterized by this property, that is, the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate. However, the nature of stemness is rather obscure. Is it a categorical property or a disposition? Can a non-stem cell (cancerous or not) acquire stemness, and under which conditions? On the basis of analysis survey of the scientific literature, I distinguish four possible concepts of the nature of stemness. I contend that if the CSC theory is true, determining the exact nature of stemness is essential for cancers treatments
Myint, Aung. "Sélection de souches microbiennes productrices d'antifongiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL076N.
Full textHarichane, Yassine. "Cellules souches pulpaires et réparation dentinaire." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T042.
Full textStem cell based research may provide a conservative alternative to current treatments based on a biochemical approach. My thesis work was founded on 3 complementary approaches in order to pave the way to the development of new conservative tools in biodentistry. In vitro axis. We derived cell lines from the dental pulp of mouse embryo displaying stem cell properties. These stem cells evidenced the formal demonstration that multipotent stem cells do exist in the pulp. In vivo axis. Our data show that the implantation of bioactive molecules or dental pulp stem cells in the first maxillary molar of rat leads to the repair of pulp exposure. In silico axis. We contributed to the development of new imaging tools allowing quantitative and qualitative analysis of hard tissues in a non-invasive way
Zeineddine, Dana. "Prédétermination cardiaque des cellules souches embryonnaires." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20027.
Full textBouacida-Boucherma, Amina. "Caractérisation des cellules souches mésenchymateuses natives." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR3304.
Full textNative mesenchymal stem cells were found tore perivascular cells with pericyte features. This suggests that pericyte phenotype is crucial for the stenness of MSC. We cultured MSC from bone marrow upon in vitro conditions (EGM2 versus standard mediums). They all express MSC, markers and character. Cells cultivated into ECM2 were found to be more immature than cells obtained from standard conditions (expressed OCT4, NANOG and SOX2), with high neuronal and engraftment potential
Trávníčková, Jana. "Rôle de l'environnement sur la mise en place de l'hématopoïèse définitive." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT3510.
Full textHaematopoiesis is the process of haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) generation conserved in all vertebrates. During the embryonic development, two successive waves of haematopoiesis occur – the primitive and the definitive wave. The first one gives rise to erythrocytes, macrophages and neutrophils. During the second one, HSCs emerge from the ventral wall of dorsal aorta (DA) in the aorta-gonads-mesonephros (AGM) region by a process called endothelial-to-haematopoietic transition or EHT.In the last years, several studies performed in mammals have shown that the microenvironment plays a key role in haematopoiesis. During my thesis I have studied the role of the microenvironment in definitive haematopoiesis in the zebrafish embryo. I have described several cell components present in the AGM and evaluated their contribution to the haematopoiesis. I further analysed two of those players: macrophages and sympathetic nervous system. Each of them plays a specific role during the definitive wave of haematopoiesis. Macrophages mobilise nascent HSCs from the AGM to allow their intravasation and colonisation of haematopoietic organs. Catecholamines synthetized by sympathetic nervous system control EHT through the activation of beta2b and beta3 receptors in the AGM.In conclusion, we have shown that the microenvironment can substantially influence the definitive haematopoiesis in the zebrafish by distinct mechanisms. These findings would help to understand the mechanism of HSC generation and potentially to allow in vitro HSC production
Souchon, Rémi Chapelon Jean-Yves. "Application de l'élastographie à l'imagerie du cancer de la prostate et à sa thérapie par ultrasons focalisés rostate cancer detection and HIFU therapy monitoring using elastography /." Villeurbanne : Doc'INSA, 2005. http://docinsa.insa-lyon.fr/these/pont.php?id=souchon.
Full textThèse rédigée en anglais. Introduction et conclusion en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 113-118. Publications de l'auteur, 3 p.
Katz, Shauna. "Rôle de microARN-9 dans la régulation de l'état cellule souche neural chez l'adulte." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS086.
Full textSince the seminal discovery of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain, multiple studies have unravelled the importance of these cells for maintaining brain homeostasis. Notably, disturbances in NSC equilibrium have been linked to physiological aging and various neurological pathologies thus sparkling interest in harnessing them for use in regenerative medicine. NSCs reside in distinct germinal zones; in the adult rodent brain NSCs are found mainly in two well-established neurogenic niches in the telencephalon which contrasts with the situation in the adult zebrafish where NSC niches are widespread throughout the brain, including in the dorsal telencephalon or pallium. In both the rodent and zebrafish brains, adult NSCs display fundamental stem cell properties: they are multipotent, e.g. capable of generating new neurons and glia throughout adult life, and have the capacity for long-term self-renewal. Similar to stem cells in other adult tissues, and in contrast to embryonic neural progenitors, a hallmark of these adult NSCs is their relative proliferative quiescence. Quiescence is an actively maintained, reversible state of cell-cycle arrest and generally thought to protect against exhaustion of the stem cell pool. In line with this, disrupting the balance between quiescent and activated NSCs leads to a premature depletion or permanent cell-cycle exit of these cells highlighting the importance of fully deciphering the mechanisms regulating this equilibrium. microRNAs, a major class of small pleiotropic regulatory RNAs, play crucial roles in reinforcing developmental and transitional states. They are capable of reacting to environmental cues, both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic, with varying outputs such as changing their regulatory functions and expression levels, thus enabling them to coordinating diverse cues to induce cell-state transitions. One microRNA in particular, miR-9, is a highly conserved master regulator of embryonic neurogenesis and in the embryonic zebrafish brain, it establishes a primed neural progenitor state enabling them to quickly respond to cues to differentiate or proliferate. The primary goal of this study was to investigate, for the first time, a potential role for miR-9 in influencing NSC state in a physiological context in which the majority of NSCs are quiescent – the adult zebrafish pallium. We found that miR-9 is exclusively expressed in quiescent NSCs and highlights a “sub-state” within quiescence. In part by maintaining high levels of Notch signalling, a known quiescence promoting pathway, miR-9 anchors NSCs in the quiescent state. Strikingly, we identified a conserved age-associated change in the subcellular localization of the mature miR-9 from the cytoplasm of all embryonic/juvenile neural progenitors to the nucleus of a subset of quiescent NSCs in the adult brain. Moreover, the nuclear expression of miR-9 in these quiescent NSCs is highly correlated with nuclear localization of the microRNAs effector proteins Argonaute (Agos), suggestive of a functional role for nuclear miR-9. Indeed, the elucidation of the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport mechanism of miR-9/Agos enabled us to manipulate their nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios which directly impacted NSC state. Altogether, these results identify miR-9 as a crucial regulator of NSC quiescence, provide for the first time a molecular marker for an age-associated sub-state of quiescence and suggest the involvement of a novel and unconventional microRNA-mediated mechanism to maintain homeostasis of NSC pools
Clavairoly, Adrien. "Ascl1 and Olig2 transcriptional regulations of oligodendrogenesis." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066316/document.
Full textOur project aims to provide a new molecular understanding of the transcription program involved in neural stem cells differentiation into oligodendrocytes. The rational of this work relies on previous studies demonstrating that the bHLH transcription factors Olig2 and Ascl1 work in synergy to specify OPCs, the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. One central goal of this work was to understand at a genomic and transcriptomic level, how Ascl1 and Olig2 work together to specify OPCs. We followed a strategy using genome-wide transcriptome analysis and chromatin immuno-precipitation to characterize Ascl1 and Olig2 directly regulated genes in OPCs and during oligodendrocyte differentiation.We identified new specific markers of different stage of the neural lineages and new important genes correlated to OPCs differentiation. We focused on Chd7 and Tns3, two genes which expressions are driven by Ascl1 and Olig2 and enriched in the oligodendroglial lineage at two interesting stage, the early specification stage and the transition between migrating and differentiating oligodendrocytes, respectively. Moreover, we identified the myelinating oligodendrocyte as the cell in charge of the creatine synthesis in the brain and potentially driving axonal metabolic support. We also used an approach a toxicogenomic and drug repositioning approach to identify new molecules known to modify OPCs and myelin genes but untested in the context of demyelinating diseases. As currently, most of the available treatments for demyelinating diseases are based on immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory drugs but none are able to directly promote myelin repair, we expect that these identified genes involved in oligodendrogenesis and whose expression are regulated in demyelinated lesions will allow the development of new therapeutic strategies promoting an efficient remyelination in demyelinating diseases such as Multiple sclerosis or leukodystrophies
Loison-Robert, Ludwig. "Cellule souche gingivale : origine et multipotence." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0083/document.
Full textGingiva is a natural regeneration model thanks to its "ad integrum" healing capability. Gingival fibroblasts are the main actors of this property. These cells, the main cellular component of the gingival connective tissue, regulate the inflammatory responses and healing process. This tissue contains, like many others, mesenchymal stem cells; which also partly explain these regenerative abilities. Moreover, as the gingiva is abundant and easily accessible, the use of these stem cells may interest cell therapy or in vitro model tissues responses. In this work, we demonstrated that Stem Cells Derived from Human Gingiva (SCHG) have common properties with neural crest adult stem cells. These cells can be called "stem cells" for their ability to self-renew, adhere to plastic and to differentiate. First, we have shown that the method and the culture products used for isolation of gingival fibroblasts from gingival biopsy had an influence on the obtained cells. Secondly, an analysis of in vitro clonal populations of gingival fibroblasts has shown that gingival fibroblasts are composed of subpopulations that express specific markers of stem cells and neural crests. In addition to their embryological origin, the study of their multipotency was also characterized after expansion and depending on the used additives. Finally, two examples of using these cells and dental pulp stem cells as a model to study the in vitro biocompatibility of biomaterials have been developed, mimicking oral mucosa or dentin reactions (reparative or reactional)
Wittmann, Tatiana Branlant Christiane Leroy Éric. "Analyse phylogénétique des souches du virus de la fièvre hémorragique Ebola et mise en évidence de souches atypiques." S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2007_0129_WITTMANN.pdf.
Full textFlippe, Léa. "Etude de la différenciation de cellules souches hématopoïétiques et de cellules T à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=c61a0ae9-8328-4516-a59a-dd4bf879ebb5.
Full textCell therapy using T cells has revolutionized medical care in the last years but limitations are associated with the difficulty of genome editing, the production of sufficient number of cells and product standardization. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into T cells to provide a standardized homogenous product of defined origin in indefinite quantity, therefore they are of great potential to alleviate limitations of therapeutic T cell production. We describe an efficient protocol for the generation of hematopoietic and T cell progenitors in two steps: generation of hematopoietic progenitor cells from embryoid bodies then directed differentiation of hPSC-derived hematopoietic progenitors into T-cell progenitors in the presence of Notch signaling. We compared the transcriptome of the hematopoietic progenitors differentiated from hPSCs with cord blood HSCs. This revealed that the CD34+CD43+ subset of cells is the closest to cord blood HSCs. Similarly, we compared the T cells differentiated from hPSCs with primary thymus tissue. This revealed that we managed to differentiate cells up to the DN2 step of T cells development in thymus. Moreover, FOXP3 transduction during the differentiation resulted in a significant differentiation of Foxp3+CD3+TCRαβ+CD8+ or Foxp3+CD3+TCRαβ+CD4+ cells. Collectively, these results are of great interest for the study of hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. In addition, this work is a step towards the use of human T cells derived from hiPSCs in cell therapy
Wittmann, Tatiana. "Analyse phylogénétique des souches du virus de la fièvre hémorragique Ebola et mise en évidence de souches atypiques." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10129/document.
Full textThe virus Ebola, a negative non segmented RNA virus, is responsible for an hemorrhagic fever disease. Together with the Marburg virus, they compose the Filoviridae family (order Mononegavirales). Ebolavirus is geographically divided into 4 species: Zaire in Central Africa, Sudan in East Africa, Ivory Coast in West Africa, and Reston in Asia. Zaire ebolavirus, first appeared in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the highest mortality rate in humans (up to 88%) and has caused several outbreaks since its re-emergence in 1995. Outbreaks from 2001 to 2005 are characterized by multiple independent epidemic chains and large concomitant outbreaks in chimpanzee and gorillas. The viral glycoprotein (GP) gene was amplified and sequenced from samples obtained during the two last human outbreaks in 2003 and 2005 and samples from great apes carcasses found in the forest of the Gabon-Congo area since 2001. A second viral gene coding the nucleoprotein (NP) was amplified and sequenced from animal samples and human outbreaks since 2001. Phylogenetic analysis based on the GP gene showed the separation of Zaire ebolavirus strains into two genetic lineages. This separation is supported by molecular signatures specific to sequences of each lineage, and by genetic distances between sequences. Analysis based on the NP genes give the same results. However, the topology of human strains recovered between 2001 and 2003 is different in both trees. Results show the existence of two phylogenetic lineages and suggest a recombination event between strains of these lineages.The estimation of the age of the most recent common ancestor tracks back the separation of the lineages before the first appearance of Ebolavirus, up to 1975 (1971 estimated on the NP gene). With this method, the recombination event is dated to 1998-1999
Lapillonne, Hélène. "Le contrôle de la phase G1 du cycle cellulaire dans les cellules souches embryonnaires de souris." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T129.
Full textFlici, Hakima. "Différenciation et plasticité des cellules souches neurales." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01070644.
Full textRenard, Emmanuelle Alliot-Licht Brigitte. "Les cellules souches et la pulpe dentaire." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/CDrenard.pdf.
Full textKlimchenko, Oléna. "Différenciation hématopoïétique des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077056.
Full textHematopoiesis in vertebrates includes two waves: one transitional extraembryonic called primitive and the second intra-embryonic origin called definitive. This sequence in mammals has been well studied in mice and much more difficult in humans for ethical reasons. The development of cell lines of human embryonic stem) offers a unique cellular model to study the different events mat occur during ontogeny. The goal of my thesis was to study embryonic hematopoiesis in the ES cell model to characterize the ontogenetic changes and better understand the pathophysiology of certain malignancies that occur on fetal progenitors. The first part of my thesis was devoted to studying the development of erythroid and megakaryocytic lineage. This work has identified the bipotent erythro-megakaryocytic progenitor (MEP) during thé embryonic primitive human hematopoiesis. We also showed that the MEP is upstream of monopotent progenitors committed exclusively to erythroid and megakaryocytic and produce mature nucleated erythrocytes and ,respectively. Platelets. The study of the specific regulation of embryonic development of MEPs help to establish the molecular mechanisms of commitment to a specific lineage differentiation during erythroblastic and megakaryocytic primitive. These results suggest that the primitive yolk sac hematopoiesis in humans is associated with the simultaneous emergence of erythroblastic and megakaryocytic fines. The second part of my thesis was devoted to the study of the ontogeny of human embyonic monopoesis. This work has enabled us to show that the process of macrophage differentiation from human ES cells reproduces the main stages of monopoiesis observed in adult bone marrow. Monocytic cells derived from human ES cells (huESC) express a combination of cell-surface markers that overlap with adult blood resident monocytes and showed an anti- inflammatory state that was confirmed at the level of secreted proteins. This polarization appeared to be related to ontogeny as fetal liver CD34+ cells- derived monocytic cells demonstrated a very similar phenotype. Both embryonic and fetal monocytic cells showed an enhanced expression of genes encoding tissue degrading enzymes, anti-inflammatory chemokines and scavenger receptors. They secreted high amounts of proteins acting on tissue remodeling and angiogenesis in comparison to blood adult monocytes and they promoted the development of large blood vessels in xeno-transplanted human tumors. These ontogenic functional properties correlated with a specific pathway of differentiation. These findings suggest that the differentiation of monocytic cells during human development may produce a majority of cells endowed mainly with antiinflammatory and trophic fonctions, supporting human fetus development
DUFAURE, ISABELLE. "Selection de souches hyperproductrices de beta-glucanases." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CLF21223.
Full textMonsarrat, Paul. "Cellules souches, médecine régénérative et régénération parodontale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30031/document.
Full textThe first part of this work introduces a new concept of analysis of clinical trial records and the dynamics of their evolution, both thematic and temporal. This concept has been applied to regenerative medicine, showing the lack of correlation between the source of stem cells and the fields of application. The stomatognathic diseases are few involved in clinical trials for stem cells therapy. Yet periodontitis, immuno-infectious diseases responsible for the destruction of the tooth supporting tissues, are a major public health issue. While the authors agree on the responsibility of the immune and microbial ecology in the pathophysiology of the disease, the reasons for dysbiosis, individual susceptibilities, are still unclear. Graft of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) would return to homeostasis by promoting the activation of endogenous MSCs. The second part of this work shows that periodontitis were potentially associated with 57 systemic diseases; the clinical trials registry of the World Health Organization have been analyzed. The efficacy and safety of the use of MSCs for periodontal regeneration in animal models have also been demonstrated. Yet the models suffered from methodological problems, periodontal lesions are few representative of the pathophysiology. This second part thus provides data on the effectiveness of ASC (CSM from adipose tissue) to improve quantitative and qualitative regeneration of periodontal supporting tissues in a mouse model where periodontal lesions were generated by repeated administration of parodonto-pathogenic bacteria. It is therefore a model whose pathophysiology is closer to that found in humans. Finally, the second part demonstrates broad antibacterial spectrum of ASC whose effect is both direct (macrophage-like effect) and indirect (via the secretion of antibacterial factors)
Dupont, Isabelle. "Identification moléculaire de souches de lactobacilles productrices d'exopolysaccharides et comparaison de la production d'exopolysaccharides par trois de ces souches." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38073.pdf.
Full textLaurenson, Anne-Sophie. "Transformation des cellules souches neurales en cellules souches cancéreuses de glioblastome : rôle de la voie de signalisation Delta-Notch." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6151.
Full textZylbersztejn, Florence. "Etude du rôle du récepteur à la vitamine D (VDR) dans l'hématopoïèse normale et dans les Leucémies Aiguës Myéloïde -lien avec la voie des Bone Morphogenetic Protein." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS480.
Full textOne of the most important causes of failure in the management of cancer is relapse, due to cancer stem cells persistence. Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AML) are the major form of acute leukemia in adults and are characterized by excessive proliferation of immature cells and apoptosis defect. At the top of the clonal hierarchy, leukemic stem cells (LSC) through their functional abilities participate in the initiation and maintenance of the disease. These cells are regulated both extrinsically mechanisms through the microenvironment and intrinsically by transcription factors.Our team is working on the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) and its ligand Vitamin D (VD) and has demonstrated a synergistic action between iron chelation and VD in order to lift the differentiation blocking of AML with reduced toxicity (Callens et al, JEM 2010). A retrospective clinical study was conducted showing that a high vitamin D level in patients with AML before any treatment gives them a better prognosis (Paubelle, Zylbersztejn et al, Plos One 2013). We are continuing this project on the study of the VD/VDR pathway in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and its deregulation in AML. My project aims to determine the involvement of the tumor microenvironment (BMP and VDR pathway) in the maintenance of AML-LSC. Our working hypothesis is that the vitamin D receptor, in addition to its known differentiating role, would have an impact on the maintenance of normal HSC and AML and that its mechanism of action would be through the Bone Morphogenetic Protein pathway. We first demonstrated the importance of VDR in the regulation of HSCs and tested the interest of the use of its ligand to specifically target LSC in pre-clinical models. Finally we were able to confirm the deregulation of this pathway in primary AML cells and the regulation of this receptor by the Bone Morphogenetic Protein pathway. These works open up new perspectives in the understanding in CSH biology and their deregulation in AML
Mukhtar, Husni. "Étude de l'action d'antibiotiques antifongiques sur deux levures kluyveromyces lactis : souche sauvage et souche résistante à l'amphotericine B." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10432.
Full textBera, Agata Natalia. "Développement d'outils pour suivre la différenciation précoce de cellules souches embryonnaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ042.
Full textEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a powerful system to investigate developmental processes in vitro, and a promising tool to generate specific cell types for cellular therapies and regenerative medicine. ESCs are self-renewing, pluripotent cells, maintaining a proliferative and undifferentiated state in culture, while retaining the capacity to differentiate into the three embryonic lineages: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, and all their derivatives. Here, I established a primitive streak specific Brachyury/T Reporter ESC line (TRepV) to investigate early ESC differentiation. In contrast to previously published Tknock-in line, we established a transgene T ESCs reporter line, in order to avoid the disruption of the T locus, which may result in a hapoinsuficient phenotype. During the validation process, I observed discrepancies in expression between the TRepV and the endogenous T locus. I followed upon these observations with a more detailed analysis and obtained evidence that T is regulated differently in the ESC system compared to in vivo development. Against expectations, I also observed heterogeneous expression of the TRepV reporter in undifferentiated ESCs. Undifferentiated ESCs were found to be a mix of TRepV+ and TRepV- cells. This finding became the focus of my studies: I found TRepV+ cells represent a distinct population of ESCs with a unique identity. Unlike other heterogeneous ESC populations (such as Stella or Nanog), TRepV+ cells do not interconvert in their fate and represent an explicit, stable subpopulation of ESCs. Finally, I performed a microarray analysis of TRepV+ and TRepV- ESCs and identifed new genes which may be involved in the regulation of self-renewal and pluripotency
Le, Bouteiller Marie. "Implication de la biogenèse des ribosomes dans la régulation des cellules souches : étude du gène Notchless dans l'homéostasie des cellules souches hématopoïétiques chez la souris adulte." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00832965.
Full textBarroca, Vilma. "Renouvellement des cellules souches : plasticité des progéniteurs germinaux et rôle du gène Fancg dans la fonction des cellules souches hématopoïétiques." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461254.
Full textTerrie, Élodie. "Rôle de la signalisation calcique dépendante des Store-Operated Channels (SOC) dans les cellules souches neurales adultes et les cellules souches cancéreuses de glioblastomes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2322.
Full textNeural stem cells (NSC) persist in the brain of adult mammals and fuel the brain with new neurons and glial cells all lifelong. Recruited by brain injuries, NSC are considered with great interest by regenerative medicine. However, the development of new therapeutic approaches based on the use of NSC requires an in-depth knowledge of the mechanism regulating these cells. Glioblastomas are the most frequent and deadliest form of adult brain tumors. Within the tumor, glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) form a subpopulation of cells that is considered as responsible of tumor initiation, propagation and relapse, as these cells are particularly resistant to anti-tumoral treatments. GSC and NSC share key characteristics and numerous studies suggest that GSC arise from transformed NSC. Transcriptomic analysis of NSC and of GSC revealed an enrichment of calcium signaling transcripts in these two cell populations. Representing a major way of calcium influx into cells, Store-Operated Channels (SOC) are mobilized in response to a wide range of extracellular factors. SOC regulate many cellular processes and are often hijacked in cancer to promote tumor progression.The aim of this thesis is to evaluate potential SOC involvement in NSC and GSC regulation.The first part of this work, relying on in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrates that NSC from adult mice express functional SOC whose inhibition by pharmacological agents reduces NSC proliferation and self-renewal. In the second part of this thesis, we demonstrate that GSC from primary cultures derived from patients express SOC, as do NSC, and that SOC inhibition reduces GSC ability to proliferate and self-renew.Accordingly, the results of this thesis demonstrate that SOC regulate NSC and GSC self-renewal, a property that is essential to maintain stem cells pool. As GSC are responsible for glioblastomas treatment resistance, our studies point to a potential new therapeutic way, via calcium channels, against this deadly pathology
Simic, Milos. "The role of the UPRER in the acquisition of pluripotency during reprogramming." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066431/document.
Full textSomatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent stem cells state and is achieved by the forced expression of 4 transcription factors: OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC. This process theoretically requires a global remodeling of the organelles and a drastic change in metabolism. Furthermore, reprogramming has an inherent property of stochastic variation that is limiting and largely unknown. We hypothesize that this variation is due, in part, by variable regulation of the protein homeostasis network. We therefore postulated that the early steps of reprogramming would result in the activation of a variety of stress pathways that regulate the protein homeostasis network, which might in turn impact the efficiency of reprogramming. We focused in particular on the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER). We find that the UPRER is activated during reprogramming and that its activation can increase the efficiency of this process. We find that stochastic activation of the UPRER can predict reprogramming efficiency. These results suggest that the low efficiency of cellular reprogramming is partly the result of the cell’s inability to initiate a proper stress response to cope with the newly expressed load of proteins that will eventually change the fate of this cell
Coppin, Emilie. "Leucémie myélomonocytaire chronique : rôle des molécules Dok-1 et Dok-2 en tant que suppresseurs de tumeur." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4008.
Full textMy work focused on the roles of Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins in physiological hematopoiesis in the CSH and pathological hematopoiesis in the case of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). They are negative regulators of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, activated upon receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) triggering. Moreover, Dok1 and Dok2 gene ablation (Dok DKO) in mice induces a myeloproliferative syndrome illustrating myeloproliferative (MP) form of CMML. This MP-CMML subtype is primarily characterized by alterations of genes encoding for proteins involved in RAS pathway, found in 30% of MP-CMML cases.We have identified DOK1 and DOK2 nucleotide variants. The DOK2 L238P mutationhas been functionally studied, demonstrating that DOK2 L238P is an haploinsufficient loss of function mutant, inducing increased cell proliferation, correlated to MP-CMML phenotype.I also studied early hematopoiesis in Dok1 / Dok2 double KO (Dok DKO) mice. This model allowed us to demonstrate that Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins act as switch regulators of HSC between quiescence and cell cycle entry. Moreover, they negatively regulate cell cycle in myeloid committed progenitors.Thus, Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins appear to play an important role in the regulation of HSC quiescence and proliferation, as well as hematopoietic progenitors. Their deregulation by haploinsufficient mutation may play a role in the pathogenesis of the CMML, attesting to their function as tumor supressors. Finally, it would be interesting to link their function in HSCs to CMML pathogenesis and to further define the mechanisms by which Dok-1 and Dok-2 proteins are involved in leukemogenesis
Watterlot, Laurie. "Analyse des effets de souches probiotiques anti-inflammatoires." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00570505.
Full textSimonnet, Arthur. "Réponse des cellules souches hématoïétiques aux radiations ionisantes." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA11T072.
Full textDELPLANQUE, AURELIE. "Caracterisation des cellules souches de l'epithelium respiratoire humain." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112367.
Full textMerceron, Christophe. "Ingénierie tissulaire du cartilage : hydrogel et cellules souches." Nantes, 2011. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=5f4996be-9d81-47bd-aed3-fb4ce525bab3.
Full textArticular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue that covers the end of bone and forms the smooth surface of joints. Articular cartilage is an avascular, alymphatic, aneural tissue that has limited self-healing capabilities. Cartilage can be altered by traumatic injuries, inflammatory or degenerative diseases. Current surgical treatments for cartilaginous defects only allow to obtain short-term satisfactory results. Therefore strategies for long-term cartilage repair have been developed. These tissue engineering strategies are based on the use of chondrogenic cells, biomaterials and morphogens. In this context, we investigated the combined use of stem cells from human adipose tissue (hATSC) and a silated cellulose-based injectable self-setting hydrogel (Si-HPMC). First we have shown that hATSC exhibit stem cells features. We have then demonstrated that hATSC cultured within a 3D environment provided by Si-HPMC and in the presence of inductive medium, express a chondrocytic phenotype and are able to form a cartilaginous tissue in vivo. In order to optimize the chondrogenic differentiation of hATSC, we were finally interested in deciphering the potential roles of hypoxia and a marine polysaccharide GAG-mimetic (GY785 DRS) to improve chondogenic differentiation of hATSC. These two factors have emerged as potential tools to optimize the chondrogenic differentiation for use in regenerative medicine of cartilage
Funakoshi, Natalie. "Différenciation des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines vers l'hépatocyte." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T009/document.
Full textPrimary cultures of human adult hepatocytes (PCHH) have widespread potential applications in liver physiopathology , pharmacology, and cell-based therapies, but are currently limited by poor availability. Human embryonic stem cells (hES) are a promising source for the generation of hepatocytes in large quantities. In this study, we differentiated hES into hepatocytes by mimicking in vitro the various stages of hepatic ontogenesis. We analyzed the expression of a panel of 41 liver marker genes in hepatocyte-like cells derived from hES (hES-Hep) in comparison with PCHH, fetal liver and progenitors obtained from adult liver. The data revealed that after 21 days of differentiation ES-Hep are representative of fetal hepatocytes at around 20 weeks of gestation. The forced expression of the xenoreceptor CAR in hES-Hep induced the expression of detoxification genes as well as the biotransformation of midazolam, a substrate of CYP3A4. These results may contribute to the development of hES-Hep cultures as an alternative to PCHH for studies of xenobiotic metabolism and for cell-based therapies
Souche, Stéphanie. "Economie du bien-être et liberté : le cas du péage urbain et de son acceptabilité." Lyon 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2002/souche_s.
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