Academic literature on the topic 'Sound analyzers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sound analyzers"
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Shashurin, Aleksandr, Konstantiv Fiev, Viktoriia Vasilyeva, and Andrey Voronkov. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR MEASURING NOISE LEVELS IN THE UNDERGROUND ROLLING STOCK." VOLUME 39, VOLUME 39 (2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika202139183.
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This document specifies the methodology for measuring equivalent sound pressure levels in octave frequency bands (in dB rel. 20 μPa), equivalent and maximum A-corrected sound levels (in dB rel. to 20 μPa), generated in the rolling stock in the driver’s cabins and in the passenger rooms of the salons, using acoustic meters - multifunctional analyzers Ecophysics, noise and vibration meters, spectrum analyzers Ecophysics 110A, Oktava 110A Eco, Oktava 110A, Oktava 111, B&K 2250, 2250L, 2270, noise and vibration analyzers ASSISTANT, noise and vibration meters, digital spectrum analyzers Algorithm-05, SVAN979. This methodology is applicable for noise measurements in the driver’s cabins and in the passenger rooms of the rolling stock of both new and old models operated by the underground railway.
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Bowers, G. N., C. Brassard, and S. F. Sena. "Measurement of ionized calcium in serum with ion-selective electrodes: a mature technology that can meet the daily service needs." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.8.1437.
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Abstract This article reviews key advances in ion-selective electrode technology that have made potentiometric measurements of ionized calcium (Ca2+) reliable and precise. Our use of two second-generation Ca2+ analyzers (Radiometer ICA1 and NOVA 8) made possible uninterrupted service as volume increased to 31 640 patient tests in 1985. The lower results on the NOVA 8 were adjusted upwards to match those of the ICA1 to give identical results. Both analyzers were evaluated under working conditions of high volumes and multiple operators to establish downtime, electrode life, and costs. We have classified all Ca2+ analyzers into first-, intermediate-, and second-generation instruments, the better to understand their differences. Results for large numbers of patients' sera were shown to be systematically different when any two analyzers were compared. These differences are the consequence of each manufacturer's unique choices of the following: (a) the matrix of the calcium calibration solutions, (b) the type and configuration of the reference electrode, and (c) the salt-bridge solution. Elimination of each analyzer's biases will require agreement on a reference system that defines the accuracy of Ca2+ measurements on serum, plasma, or whole blood. The sound analytical performance of today's second-generation Ca2+ analyzers has allowed us to exploit the inherent superiority of Ca2+ over total calcium (CaT) measurements in the daily care of patients. We report on the preference of Ca2+ over CaT by physicians at our hospital since the introduction of second-generation Ca2+ analyzers. Therefore, we state unequivocally from our very satisfactory experience over the past five years that Ca2+ is a clinical laboratory test whose time has come!
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Oeding, Kristi, and Michael Valente. "Differences in Sensation Level between the Widex SoundTracker and Two Real-Ear Analyzers." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 08 (September 2013): 660–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.8.3.
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Background: SoundTracker is an algorithm in Widex's Compass fitting software that could potentially be used to estimate a patient's aided sensation level (SL). SoundTracker's accuracy of estimating a patient's SL has never been verified in comparison to SL measured with commercially available real-ear analyzers. Purpose: Determine whether statistically significant differences are present between the estimated SL of the Widex SoundTracker software application and the measured SL of the Audioscan Verifit and Frye 6500 real-ear analyzers at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. Research Design: This study used a randomized repeated measures design to determine differences in SL between SoundTracker and the Verifit and 6500. Study Sample: Ten subjects (N = 20 ears) were recruited who were experienced users of behind-the-ear hearing aids with conventional vented earmolds and had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss that was >30 dB HL below 1000 Hz and ≤70 dB HL to 4000 Hz. Data Collection and Analysis: Real-ear in-situ thresholds (dB sound pressure level [SPL]) and real-ear aided responses (REAR; dB SPL) were measured at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz to determine differences in SL between SoundTracker, Verifit, and 6500. A three-factor repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to determine differences between method (real-ear analyzers and SoundTracker), analyzer (Verifit and 6500), and frequency (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz). Results: Mean differences in measured SL for the Verifit and 6500 were ≤2 dB when compared to the estimated SL using SoundTracker. A statistically significant difference in SL was present between the Verifit and SoundTracker at 2000 Hz (p < 0.01), but no significant differences were present at 500, 1000, and 4000 Hz. A statistically significant difference in SL was present between the 6500 and SoundTracker at 4000 Hz (p < 0.01), but no significant differences were present at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Mean differences in measured SL between the real-ear analyzers (difference of SoundTracker SL minus Verifit SL compared to the difference of SoundTracker SL minus 6500 SL) were ≤2 dB with a statistically significant difference present at 2000 Hz (p < 0.01), but no statistically significant differences were present at 500, 1000, or 4000 Hz. Conclusions: Nearly 85% of the differences between the estimated SoundTracker SL and the measured SLs of the Verifit and 6500 were ≤2 dB. Despite some limitations of this study, SoundTracker could be useful as a counseling tool to illustrate to patients which sounds are audible or inaudible when unaided and aided.
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HILL, PATRICIA M., ROBERTO BAGNARA, and ENEA ZAFFANELLA. "Soundness, idempotence and commutativity of set-sharing." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 2, no. 2 (March 2002): 155–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068401001338.
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It is important that practical data-flow analyzers are backed by reliably proven theoretical results. Abstract interpretation provides a sound mathematical framework and necessary generic properties for an abstract domain to be well-defined and sound with respect to the concrete semantics. In logic programming, the abstract domain Sharing is a standard choice for sharing analysis for both practical work and further theoretical study. In spite of this, we found that there were no satisfactory proofs for the key properties of commutativity and idempotence that are essential for Sharing to be well-defined and that published statements of the soundness of Sharing assume the occurs-check. This paper provides a generalization of the abstraction function for Sharing that can be applied to any language, with or without the occurs-check. Results for soundness, idempotence and commutativity for abstract unification using this abstraction function are proven.
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Sekarwati, Arrum, Syaifudin Syaifudin, Torib Hamzah, and Shubhrojit Misra. "Sensor Accuracy Analysis on Incubator Analyzer to Measure Noise and Airflow Parameters." Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 4, no. 3 (July 28, 2022): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v4i3.227.
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Infant incubators are equipment to maintain a stable body temperature for premature babies. Premature babies need room conditioning that is close to conditions in the womb. Room conditioning is carried out in a baby incubator by providing a stable temperature, relative humidity, and measured air flow. This parameter must be controlled so as not to exceed the threshold that will harm the baby. Periodic calibration should be applied to the infant incubator to monitor its function. To ensure the availability of baby incubators according to service standards, it is necessary to conduct test (calibrate) using an incubator analyzer. The purpose of this study is to conduct further research on the incubator analyzer that focuses on discussing the accuracy of noise and airflow sensors with the gold standard. In this study, an experiment was carried out for the sensitivity level of several sensors that had been treated by giving treatment to sensors to choose sensors with good sensitivity to be assembled into one in the incubator analyzer module. The noise sensors (KY-037 and Analog Sound Sensor V2.2) were further compared with the values on the sound level meter and the airflow sensor (D6F-V03A1) was compared with the anemometer. Sensors whose values are close to the comparison values were selected to be integrated into the incubator analyzer module. The incubator analyzer module used Arduino Mega2560 as a data processor and was equipped with an SD Card for the data storage. The built incubator analyzer module was also compared to the Fluke INCU II gold standard for data analysis. The results showed that the Analog Sound Sensor V2.2 had the highest error value (-4.6%) at 32°C and the D6F-V03A1 had the ability to measure sensitivity, where the results were more accurate than INCU II. Based on the error value of the noise sensor, the V2.2 sensor can be applied to measure noise in the baby incubator and the D6F-V03A1 airflow sensor produced an accuracy of up to 3 digits behind the comma which is more accurate than the standard module. The results of the INCU analyzer from this study can be used to calibrate the baby incubator, so that the certainty of the feasibility of the baby incubator is guaranteed. This research can be used as a reference for other researchers who will develop research on incubator analyzers in the future.
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Baranski, Robert, and Grazyna Wszołek. "Educational Implementation of a Sound Level Meter in the LabVIEW Environment." Archives of Acoustics 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2013-0003.
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Abstract As a consequence of recent implementations of EU Directives related to noise protection more and more students of various AGH-UST programs are introduced to the basics of acoustic measurements. Students at various levels of theoretical background in the field of acoustic measurements are offered practical training in measurements using digital sound analyzers. The situation would be optimal if each student could have a device at his/her own disposal. Unfortunately, such a situation is not possible at the moment because of various reasons. With the above problem in mind, a dedicated software package has been developed, implemented in the LabVIEW environment, which allows detailed studies of problems related to the acoustic signal measurement using sound level meters, as well as tasks in spectral analysis (1/1 and 1/3 band filters) and narrow-band (FFT) analysis. With such organization during the introductory laboratory classes each student is offered a direct individual contact with a virtual device that is properly pre-programmed for realization of a well-constructed learning process. It definitely facilitates understanding of the essence of acoustic signal measurements and provides a good basis for further laboratory work carried out as a team-activity.
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Zhang, Lu. "Design of Heart Sound Analyzer." Advanced Materials Research 1042 (October 2014): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1042.131.
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There is important physiological and pathological information in heart sound, so the patients’ information can be obtained by detection of their heart sounds. In the hardware of the system, the heart sound sensor HKY06B is used to acquire the heart sound signal, and the DSP chip TMS320VC5416 is used to process the heart sound. De-noising based on wavelet and HHT and other technical are used in the process of heart sound. There are five steps in the system: acquisition, de-noising, segmentation, feature extraction, and finally, heart sounds are classified
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Jasinski, Christopher M., and Robert Celmer. "A Capstone Acoustical Engineering Design course with industry-sponsored projects." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010824.
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One of the transitions that engineering students must make as they enter the work force is the progression from theoretical concepts to applied/real world applications. At the University of Hartford, engineering design courses serve as culminating experiences devised to bridge this passage. One such course, Acoustics Capstone Design, challenges the student to apply the past three years' conceptual base of two acoustics and two vibration courses to a problem-solving opportunity replete with actual scenarios encountered in industry. Each year local firms approach our Engineering Applications Center for assistance with a variety of sound or vibration problems. After an initial training period, students make use of the laboratory's FFT/real time analyzers, anechoic/reverberation chambers, sound intensity and modal analysis software, acoustic modeling software, and vibration shaker/transducers. Using a consultant-client model, students work collaboratively in teams of two defining the problem, developing a method of approach, making appropriate measurements, devising alternate solutions, and ultimately delivering a written and oral presentation at the end of the semester. The arrangement regularly results in employment offers for the graduating seniors. The paper discusses specific projects and some experiences students have had with their first industrial assignment, as well as creative means of equipment acquisition.
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Hopkins, Carl D., Michelangelo Rossetto, and Ann Lutjen. "A Continuous Sound Spectrum Analyzer for Animal Sounds." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 34, no. 3 (April 26, 2010): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01804.x.
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Sun, Xiaoyu, Li Li, Tegawendé F. Bissyandé, Jacques Klein, Damien Octeau, and John Grundy. "Taming Reflection." ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 30, no. 3 (May 2021): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3440033.
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Android developers heavily use reflection in their apps for legitimate reasons. However, reflection is also significantly used for hiding malicious actions. Unfortunately, current state-of-the-art static analysis tools for Android are challenged by the presence of reflective calls, which they usually ignore. Thus, the results of their security analysis, e.g., for private data leaks, are incomplete, given the measures taken by malware writers to elude static detection. We propose a new instrumentation-based approach to address this issue in a non-invasive way. Specifically, we introduce to the community a prototype tool called DroidRA, which reduces the resolution of reflective calls to a composite constant propagation problem and then leverages the COAL solver to infer the values of reflection targets. After that, it automatically instruments the app to replace reflective calls with their corresponding Java calls in a traditional paradigm. Our approach augments an app so that it can be more effectively statically analyzable, including by such static analyzers that are not reflection-aware. We evaluate DroidRA on benchmark apps as well as on real-world apps, and we demonstrate that it can indeed infer the target values of reflective calls and subsequently allow state-of-the-art tools to provide more sound and complete analysis results.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sound analyzers"
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Clemens, Denise Leslie. "A study of the capability of the computerized Visi-Pitch when investigating prosodic features of motherese." PDXScholar, 1988. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3743.
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With commercial availability of non-real and real-time spectrum analyzers, the speech-language pathologist has the means to objectively extract and measure pitch taken from speech samples. Though both types of spectrum analyzers provide the clinician with viable methods of measuring fundamental frequency and frequency range values, pitch extraction using real time allows for greater efficiency in acoustic measurements. The Kay Elemetrics Visi-Pitch is one such real-time spectrum analyzer that is less expensive and more accessible than other real time speech science hardware. The purpose of this study was to investigate the capability of a computerized Visi-Pitch to reflect elevation of fundamental frequency and expansion of frequency range by female adults.
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Gazzoni, Fernando Estevam. "Medidor de pressão e dose sonora." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1334.
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CAPES; CNPqO estudo dos sons e a influência que ele exerce nos seres humanos foi intensificado nas últimas décadas devido ao grande número de veículos e indústrias nos centros das grandes cidades. O equipamento usado para caracterizar o som e verificar se ele está dentro dos padrões técnicos é o medidor de intensidade sonora ou sonômetro. As normas permitem que sejam comercializados desde equipamentos que medem apenas o nível de pressão sonora até equipamentos que além do nível de pressão sonora mostram seu espectro em freqüência e pressão média a que um operador foi exposto durante a jornada de trabalho. No Brasil, a maioria dos sonômetros comercializados que não medem apenas a pressão sonora normalmente são importados. O presente trabalho visa criar um protótipo de sonômetro capaz de medir a pressão sonora, caracterizar o sinal medido na freqüência e calcular a dose a que um indivíduo é exposto. Foi desenvolvido um sonômetro do tipo 2 com curvas de resposta lenta, rápida e impulsiva, com análise espectral em freqüência usando filtros de banda de oitava e com curvas de ponderação A e C. Os testes do software desenvolvido e da resposta do circuito montado foram realizados usando a curva de ponderação C, que é quase linear e por isso melhor para verificar a resposta em freqüência do circuito eletrônico projetado. A captura das medidas com curvas de ponderação A. Nos testes de dose de ruído foi usada a curva de ponderação A. Para testes usando ondas periódicas os resultados obtidos com o sonômetro usando as curvas de resposta lenta, rápida e impulsiva apresentaram resultados iguais, conforme esperado pela norma IEC 651. O firmware apresentou boa resolução em freqüência nos testes e respondeu de forma eficiente à variação de amplitude e freqüência do sinal sonoro de entrada. Os testes de bancada foram realizados comparando o resultado do protótipo com um sonômetro comercial e a medida de alguns sinais sonoros apresentou diferença elevada entre seus valores mínimo e máximo. Esse erro deve-se ao ruído de fundo da sala de testes, do microfone utilizado e dos erros intrínsecos ao processo da Transformada Rápida de Fourier (FFT), tais como espalhamento espectral devido à descontinuidade do início e fim da janela de amostragem, número de amostras da janela. O uso do filtro de decimação intensificou os erros ao redor da freqüência de 250Hz. A dose de ruído calculada pelo sonômetro foi proporcional ao aumento da intensidade sonora da fonte, conforme registrado pelo dosímetro comercial, porém sempre registrando um valor maior que o esperado.
The study of sounds and the influence it exerts in humans has intensified in recent decades due to the large number of vehicles and industries in the centers of large cities. The equipment used to characterize the sound and compare if it is within the technical standards is the sound intensity meter or sound level meter. The standards allow marketed since equipment that only measure the sound pressure level to equipment that show pressure level spectrum in frequency and mean pressure to which an operator was exposed during the workday. In Brazil, most sound level meters marketed that measure the sound pressure, the others are usually imported. The present work aims to create a prototype of sound level meters capable of measuring the sound pressure, characterize the signal measured in the frequency and calculate the dose to which an individual is exposed. We developed a sonometer type 2 with slow, fast and impulsive response curves, with spectral analysis using frequency filters and octave band weighting curves A and C. The testing software developed and the response of the developed circuit were performed using the C weighting curve, which is almost linear and therefore best to check the frequency response of the electronic circuit designed. In tests of noise dose and sound pressure level was used weighting curve A. For tests using periodic waves the results obtained with the sound level meter using the response curves of slow, fast and impulsive showed similar results, as expected by IEC 651. The firmware had good resolution in frequency in testing and responded efficiently to fluctuations in the amplitude and frequency of the sound signal input. The bench tests were performed comparing the results of the prototype with a marketed sonometer and some measure of sounds presented high difference in their minimum and maximum values. This error is due to the background noise of the testing room, the microphone used and the errors inherent to the process of fast Fourier transform (FFT), such as spread spectrum due to the discontinuity at the beginning and end of the sampling window, number of samples of the window. The use of the decimation filter intensified errors around the frequency of 250Hz. The calculated noise dose meter reading was proportional to the increase in the intensity of the sound source, as recorded by the marketed dosimeter, but recording a value greater than expected.
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Portilho, Edsel Freitas. "Estudo e desenvolvimento de uma fonte sonora com direcionamento controlado, voltado para exames de audiometria /." Ilha Solteira, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153146.
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Orientador: João Antônio PereiraResumo: O presente trabalho trata do estudo de uma fonte acústica com direcionamento sonoro controlado. A proposta envolve o desenvolvimento do projeto de um equipamento de teste para uso biomédico na aplicação e análises fonoaudiológicas, em que é proposto o dimensionamento de uma fonte acústica direcional, com adequada isolação e direcionamento do som emitido em relação ao posicionamento do ouvido do paciente, para ser usada dentro de um ambiente acusticamente isolado, dimensionado para permitir os testes, treinamentos e análise dos exames fonoaudiológicos relativos às percepções espaciais binaurais.
Abstract: The present work deals with the study of an acoustic source with controlled sound direction. The proposal involves the development of design a test equipment for biomedical use in the application and phonoaudiological analyzes, in which it is proposed dimensioning of a directional acoustic source, with adequate isolation and directness of the of the emitted sound in relation to the positioning of patient's ear, To be used within an acoustically isolated environment, sized to allow the testing, training and analysis of speech-language pathology examinations related to binaural spatial perceptions.
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Ullah, Farooq Kifayat. "New Generation of Vibration Experiments Remotely Controlled Over the Internet:Development of Labview based Spectrum Analyzer and Interface." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2509.
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This thesis is part of the on going work at BTH (Blekinge Technical University) to develop a remote lab for Sound and Vibration Experiments. The aim of this undertaking is to develop a Spectrum Analyzer that can simultaneously take inputs from 10 sensors and be able to measure the Power Spectral Density, Cross correlation, Frequency Response Functions (FRF) and coherence. The Interface and analysis algorithms are developed inLabview programming language. The thesis starts by introducing the overall aim of the project and its scope, the place of this particular thesis in the whole picture and the algorithms used for analysis are introduced. In the second part of the thesis the development of the software is explained and the main aim is to thoroughly document the software. This part of the thesis explains Labview programming concepts in detail to make it easier for other students who want to undertake theses to continue this work and who may not have experience of Labview programming.Two versions of the spectrum analyzer were developed. The third part explains theexperimental set up and results obtained and compares measurements to those obtained using other spectrum analyzers. An accurate Spectrum Analyzer Virtual Instrument has been developed and tested during this thesis project and it can be used as a component of the proposed Sound and vibration analysis laboratory and also for general Spectral Analysis tasks.Good guide to learn Labview and sound and vibration analysis..
fkul08@gmail.com Is my email and i can be contacted via messenger usually at farooq_kifayat@hotmail.com And i can also be contacted via skype using farooqkifayat as my name. I move around a lot so i have no permanent address that stays longer than half a year .
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Ghent, Jeremy E. "A digital signal processing approach to analyze the effects of multiple reflections between highway noise barriers." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175090494.
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Toufarová, Tereza. "Testování prostorové akustiky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219093.
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This paper presents parameters of evaluation of acoustic quality of the space. It is divided into parts presenting physical principle of the origin and movement of the acoustic signal, principles of its processing with current technology and properties of the acoustic field. This is followed by an analysis of the musical part and notes on psychoacoustics. The document contains a description of relevant parameters of acoustic spaces and way in which we can reach desired results, including material analysis. The paper mainly focuses on description of relevant parameters of three acoustic spaces which were measured. The last part of the work is a program for elementary acoustical measurement, which can be provided by means of commonly accessible equipment such as a notebook or a personal computer.
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Rodesten, Stephan. "Program för frekvensanalys." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-58157.
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Denna rapport täcker arbetsprocessen bakom att skapa en spektrumanalysator. Läsaren kommer att få läsa om den valda metoden men även alternativa metoder. Utöver detta kommer även de teoretiska delarna bakom varje moment att undersökas samt jämföras med potentiella alternativa lösningar. Projektet har utförts på uppdrag av KA Automation. Syftet med projektet var att skapa en basplattform för analys av ljudfrekvenser. Målet med detta var att kunna identifiera ljudegenskaper i form av frekvenserna hos exempelvis servomotorer i vattenpumpar. Tanken var att i ett senare utvecklingsskede kunna identifiera om och när nya frekvenser dykt upp i ljudprofilen vilket i sådana fall kan resultera i att motorn är i behov av service. Basplattformen är uppbyggd med hjälp av C# och ljudbehandlingsbiblioteket NAudio. Från resultatet kan slutsatsen dras att detta program kan analysera ljud och visa de olika frekvensernas styrka och därmed är en lämplig basplattform för vidareutveckling.This report will cover the work process behind creating a spectrum analyzer. The reader will be able to read about the chosen method but also the alternative methods. Apart from this the theoretical parts behind every moment will also be covered and compared to potential alternative solutions. The project has been carried out on behalf of KA Automation. The purpose of the project was to create a base for analyzing sound frequencies. The goal was to be able to identify sound properties in the form of frequencies in servo motors in for example water pumps. The idea was to be able to in a later development stage be able to identify when new frequencies have entered the audio profile which might result in the motor to be in need of service. The base is created with the help of C# and the sound library NAudio. From the result one can conclude that this program can analyze sound and display the magnitude of its frequency components and is therefore a suitable base for future development.
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Beale, Michael P. "New Approaches to Analyze Sound Barrier Effectiveness." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3240.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Highway noise can cause annoyance, affect sleep patterns, and reduce the property value for people in the proximity. Current methods for analyzing the effectiveness of sound barriers only take loudness into consideration. This paper introduces new methods that can be used to analyze the effectiveness of the sound barriers. Our approach uses psychoacoustic measures including sharpness, roughness, fluctuation, strength, and annoyance. Highway noise is non-stationary, therefore each of these metrics are calculated over a short time. Finally analysis is performed the distribution and change over time. We used nth nearest neighbor algorithm to remove sounds that are not a part of the experiment. In the future, this data can be combined with human surveys to see if the change in sound quality due to the presence of sound barriers has a meaningful impact on people's lives.
Books on the topic "Sound analyzers"
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Coates, M. J. Impulse noise and sound exposure meters. West Perth, W.A: Dept. of Occupational Health, Safety, and Welfare, 1985.
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Wayman, James L. A variance detector for signal-gap discrimination in noisy speech channels. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1985.
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Read, Robert R. An investigation of timing synchronization errors for tracking underwater vehicles. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1990.
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Jeong-Guon, Ih, and Benesty Jacob, eds. Acoustic array systems: Theory, implementation, and application. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
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Schomer, Paul. Acoustic directivity patterns for Army weapons. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1986.
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Schomer, Paul. Acoustic directivity patterns for Army weapons. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.
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Siewert, Senta. Performing Moving Images. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985834.
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Performing Moving Images: Access, Archive and Affects presents institutions, individuals and networks who have ensured experimental films and Expanded Cinema of the 1960s and 1970s are not consigned to oblivion. Through a comparison of recent international case studies from festivals, museums, and gallery spaces, the book analyzes their new contexts, and describes the affective reception of those events. The study asks: what is the relationship between an aesthetic experience and memory at the point where film archives, cinema, and exhibition practices intersect? What can we learn from re-screenings, re-enactments, and found footage works, that are using archival material? How does the affective experience of the images, sounds and music resonate today? Performing Moving Images: Access, Archive and Affects proposes a theoretical framework from the perspective of the performative practice of programming, curating, and reconstructing, bringing in insights from original interviews with cultural agents together with an interdisciplinary academic discourse.
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Russkevich, Evgeniy. Criminal law and "digital crime": problems and solutions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1840963.
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The monograph is devoted to a complex of theoretical and applied problems of adapting the domestic mechanism of criminal law protection to the "digitalization" of crime in the conditions of the formation of the information society. Along with general theoretical issues, foreign criminal legislation and provisions of international law are being thoroughly analyzed. The paper presents an updated criminal-legal description of crimes in the field of computer information, including novelties of Russian criminal legislation - unlawful impact on the critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation (Article 2741 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), developed proposals for the differentiation of criminal liability for attacks on the security of computer data and systems, developed scientifically sound recommendations for qualification.
In the second edition, the issues of differentiation of criminal liability for digital crimes by means of the General and Special Parts of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are separately worked out. The analysis of the problems of qualification of crimes in the field of computer information, as well as other crimes committed using information and communication technologies, outside of Chapter 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the results obtained, a draft resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation "On judicial practice in cases of crimes in the field of computer information" is presented.
It is intended for researchers, teachers, practicing lawyers, students and postgraduates of law schools and faculties.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. System for detecting objects that represent a threat. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.
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Investigation on experimental techniques to detect, locate, and quantify gear noise in helicoper transmissions. Rolla, Mo: Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Sound analyzers"
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Hamanaka, Masatoshi, Keiji Hirata, and Satoshi Tojo. "deepGTTM-I&II: Local Boundary and Metrical Structure Analyzer Based on Deep Learning Technique." In Bridging People and Sound, 3–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67738-5_1.
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Avanzini, Federico. "Procedural Modeling of Interactive Sound Sources in Virtual Reality." In Sonic Interactions in Virtual Environments, 49–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04021-4_2.
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AbstractThis chapter addresses the first building block of sonic interactions in virtual environments, i.e., the modeling and synthesis of sound sources. Our main focus is on procedural approaches, which strive to gain recognition in commercial applications and in the overall sound design workflow, firmly grounded in the use of samples and event-based logics. Special emphasis is placed on physics-based sound synthesis methods and their potential for improved interactivity. The chapter starts with a discussion of the categories, functions, and affordances of sounds that we listen to and interact with in real and virtual environments. We then address perceptual and cognitive aspects, with the aim of emphasizing the relevance of sound source modeling with respect to the senses of presence and embodiment of a user in a virtual environment. Next, procedural approaches are presented and compared to sample-based approaches, in terms of models, methods, and computational costs. Finally, we analyze the state of the art in current uses of these approaches for Virtual Reality applications.
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Rahul, O. P. Sahu, and Gaurav Verma. "Ambient Environment Monitoring and Air–Sound Pollution Analyzer on Wi-Fi Network." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1465–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5341-7_112.
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Wahid, Risqo, Heikki Karjaluoto, Dandison Ukpabi, and Kimmo Taiminen. "Can TikTok Sound Enhance Tourism SMEs’ Engagement?" In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2023, 142–47. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25752-0_15.
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AbstractThis study explores the role of sound and its interaction with marketer-generated content (MGC) (i.e., emotional, informational, transactional) in influencing customer engagement (CE) (i.e., views and shares) in the context of tourism SMEs and TikTok. Content analysis was conducted to analyze data from 7 travel guide services in Indonesia. The final dataset comprised 660 TikTok videos, 4,092,289 views, and 10,920 shares. The results confirm that cover sound has no direct effect either on views or shares. Also, cover sound has no interaction effects with any MGC in impacting CE (i.e., views and shares). Individually, the MGC of emotional content has significant and positive effects on views, while informational and transactional posts have no significant effects on views. Further, transactional social media posts have significant and positive effects on shares, while informational and emotional posts have no significant effects on shares. Theoretically, this study expands content marketing and tourism CE literature by investigating factors driving CE in the context of tourism SMEs and TikTok. Practically, findings from this research can assist tourism SMEs in optimizing their content marketing strategies on TikTok.
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Madhusudhana, Shyam, Gianni Pavan, Lee A. Miller, William L. Gannon, Anthony Hawkins, Christine Erbe, Jennifer A. Hamel, and Jeanette A. Thomas. "Choosing Equipment for Animal Bioacoustic Research." In Exploring Animal Behavior Through Sound: Volume 1, 37–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97540-1_2.
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AbstractStudies of animal bioacoustics require equipment to record and analyze sounds and sometimes to play back recorded sounds. Choosing the right equipment can be a difficult task for the novice bioacoustician. In this chapter, we outline the components that make up a typical recording or playback setup, define some of the commonly used terminology for describing the instruments, and present some illustrative studies that required the use of specific types of equipment. We cover instruments used in both terrestrial and aquatic bioacoustic studies. The ensuing discussions will introduce the reader to some of the commonly used microphones, hydrophones, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, projectors (loudspeakers), as well as programmable autonomous recording systems. Where applicable, we also discuss some of the pros and cons to be considered when choosing a particular product for a study, and the limitations that specific equipment may pose to the planned research. We also present equipment that can be used to record directly to a computer. Often, it may be necessary to use calibrated equipment so that accurate measurements can be made. We present considerations for calibrating the different components of the recording setup. Finally, we present some additional equipment used in biotremology to measure vibration and particle motion, and we list some smartphone-based applications used in bioacoustic studies.
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Salgado Kent, Chandra, Tiago A. Marques, and Danielle Harris. "Fundamental Data Analysis Tools and Concepts for Bioacoustical Research." In Exploring Animal Behavior Through Sound: Volume 1, 319–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97540-1_9.
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AbstractBioacoustics is a growing field of research in which sound is measured to gain knowledge about species’ natural history and their environments. For example, bioacousticians have been able to create phylogenies, identify populations, and estimate abundance using sound. Moreover, today, many animals are exposed to human-generated noise, which can impact animals’ behavior, ability to communicate, physiology, hearing, and, in some instances, survival. Bioacoustics, thus, is commonly used to assess and predict the impacts of anthropogenic noise on animals and their populations. The use of bioacoustics to address such research questions, however, is only effective provided the quantitative and statistical analysis methods used are adequate and reliable. While it may not be reasonable to expect a single researcher working in bioacoustics to master all three fields required in bioacoustical research (i.e., biology, acoustics, and statistics), bioacousticians should understand basic statistical concepts, have good knowledge of existing techniques for data analysis, and identify possible pitfalls in survey design. In addition, bioacousticians should be able to conduct a range of current standard analyses, produce informative visualizations, and know when to engage a statistician to perform more sophisticated analyses. This chapter introduces common terms, concepts, and statistical methods available to analyze bioacoustical data. Not surprisingly, most are concepts and methods that could be used for any applied research topic, not necessarily just bioacoustics. The authors’ aim is for this chapter to expose users with no or limited experience in quantitative methods in bioacoustics to key analytical considerations for making valid inferences from acoustic data.
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Föll, Fabian, Valerie Gerber, Claus-Dieter Munz, Berhand Weigand, and Grazia Lamanna. "On the Consideration of Diffusive Fluxes Within High-Pressure Injections." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 195–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_12.
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Abstract Mixing characteristics of supercritical injection studies were analyzed with regard to the necessity to include diffusive fluxes. Therefore, speed of sound data from mixing jets were investigated using an adiabatic mixing model and compared to an analytic solution. In this work, we show that the generalized application of the adiabatic mixing model may become inappropriate for subsonic submerged jets at high-pressure conditions. Two cases are discussed where thermal and concentration driven fluxes are seen to have significant influence. To which extent the adiabatic mixing model is valid depends on the relative importance of local diffusive fluxes, namely Fourier, Fick and Dufour diffusion. This is inter alia influenced by different time and length scales. The experimental data from a high-pressure n-hexane/nitrogen jet injection were investigated numerically. Finally, based on recent numerical findings, the plausibility of different thermodynamic mixing models for binary mixtures under high pressure conditions is analyzed.
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Akshay, S., Paul Gastin, and Karthik R. Prakash. "Fast Zone-Based Algorithms for Reachability in Pushdown Timed Automata." In Computer Aided Verification, 619–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81685-8_30.
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AbstractGiven the versatility of timed automata a huge body of work has evolved that considers extensions of timed automata. One extension that has received a lot of interest is timed automata with a, possibly unbounded, stack, also called pushdown timed automata (PDTA). While different algorithms have been given for reachability in different variants of this model, most of these results are purely theoretical and do not give rise to efficient implementations. One main reason for this is that none of these algorithms (and the implementations that exist) use the so-called zone-based abstraction, but rely either on the region-abstraction or other approaches, which are significantly harder to implement.In this paper, we show that a naive extension, using simulations, of the zone based reachability algorithm for the control state reachability problem of timed automata is not sound in the presence of a stack. To understand this better we give an inductive rule based view of the zone reachability algorithm for timed automata. This alternate view allows us to analyze and adapt the rules to also work for pushdown timed automata. We obtain the first zone-based algorithm for PDTA which is terminating, sound and complete. We implement our algorithm in the tool TChecker and perform experiments to show its efficacy, thus leading the way for more practical approaches to the verification of timed pushdown systems.
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Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Bich. "Developing Smart City Infrastructure Inside a Historical City: A Case from Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam." In Smart Cities in Asia, 115–24. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1701-1_10.
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AbstractWith the accelerated development of science and technology in the last 20 years, many cities in the world are undergoing major changes to become smarter, safer, and more sustainable. Some cities in Vietnam are also making efforts to catch up with this irreversible trend. In Vietnam, the government is working with corporations to plan and implement smart cities, focusing on nine fields: architecture, urban planning, interaction, healthcare, education, transportation, safety and security, journalism and communication management, and digital government. This paper draws on the case of the Intelligent Operations Center in Thua Thien Hue province––a remarkable example of effective smart city planning and application in Asia—and analyzes its smart city implementation inside a historical and cultural city. The center is designed and implemented to lay a sound foundation for smart city technologies. The Intelligent Operations Center helps the government supervise and control citizens’ social activities and predict social trends. Additionally, it encourages the participation of citizens in managing the city.
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Ojo Nehinbe, Joshua. "A Model for Auditing Smart Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) and Log Analyzers in Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs)." In Cybersecurity Threats with New Perspectives. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94569.
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Suitable models that auditors can adopt to concurrently audit smart Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) and log analyzers in Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) that are also founded on sound empirical claims are scarce. Recently, post-intrusion studies on the resilience of the above mechanisms and prevalence of intrusions in the above domains have shown that certain intrusions that can reduce the performance of smart IDSs can equally overwhelm log analyzers such that both mechanisms can gradually dwindle and suddenly stop working. Studies have also shown that several components of Cyber Physical Systems have unusual vulnerabilities. These key issues often increase cyber threats on data security and privacy of resources that many users can receive over Internet of a Thing (IoT). Dreadful intrusions on physical and computational components of Cyber Physical Systems can cause systemic reduction in global economy, quality of digital services and continue usage of smart toolkits that should support risk assessments and identification of strategies of intruders. Unfortunately, pragmatic studies on how to reduce the above problems are grossly inadequate. This chapter uses alerts from Snort and C++ programming language to practically explore the above issues and further proposes a feasible model for operators and researchers to lessen the above problems. Evaluation with real and synthetic datasets demonstrates that the capabilities and resilience of smart Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) to safeguard Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs) can be improved given a framework to facilitate audit of smart IDSs and log analyzers in Cyberspaces and knowledge of the variability in the lengths and components of alerts warned by Smart Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs).
Conference papers on the topic "Sound analyzers"
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Liu, Hai, Yanyi Zhang, Dong Hao, Yong Chen, Xiang Ji, and Changyin Wei. "Objective Evaluation of FCV Interior Sound Quality During Acceleration." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87011.
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While driving a FCV during acceleration, many sorts of sounds could be heard, which influence the interior sound quality. A typical FCV is taken as a sample, four interior noises generated under the acceleration operation are collected in the whole vehicle semi-anechoic chamber, and the noise sample database of diesel engine radiation noise is established after preprocessing. Based on sound quality theory (physical and psychoacoustic features), the Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) is used to extract the key objective features mainly influencing the sound quality, which realize the dimension reduction target; the variations of objective features are analyzed to qualitatively analyze the law of the sound quality varying during acceleration. According to the objective evaluation of FCV interior sound quality, combining with FCV operating parameters, the influencing law of the FCV sound quality could be obtained.
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Petiot, Jean-François, Bjørn G. Kristensen, and Anja M. Maier. "How Should an Electric Vehicle Sound? User and Expert Perception." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12535.
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As electric vehicles are moving in on the automobile market, safety relating to acoustic perception is an important issue. It is a growing concern, particularly with respect to pedestrians, cyclists or visually impaired people. This can be addressed by adding sounds to the vehicle whilst at low speed. However, adding artificial sounds to an electric vehicle begs the question as to what kind of sound is appropriate. Appropriateness concerns technical specifications and is also linked to affective reactions of recipients of such a sound. Emotional reactions to 17 artificial exterior sounds for electric vehicles were investigated in an experimental setting with a total of 40 participants, 34 novice users and six sound experts. Word association was used to elicit emotional reactions to the different sounds. Novice users employ more character-related terms to describe the sounds, while experts use more composition-based words. Analysis of variance and conjoint analysis was used to analyze participants’ assessments of sounds according to two semantic scales (pleasantness and appropriateness). Considerable inter-individual differences in the ratings of pleasantness and appropriateness indicate a great diversity of opinion about the sounds. Novice users indicate their preference for the sound of the traditional combustion engine as a possible proposition. Whilst participants saw the necessity, there was generally little enthusiasm for adding sounds to electric vehicles. The contribution of the paper concerns the methodology to analyze the results of the experiment and implications for the design of sounds for electric vehicles.
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Strilka, Tomas, Miklos Sajben, and Peter Nagy. "Continuous Monitoring of Binary Gas Mixture Concentration With Application to Turbine Blade Cooling Experiments." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-365.
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Turbine blade cooling experiments often use mixtures of air and a heavy gas (CO2, SF6) to simulate coolant/mainstream density ratios. If the mixing of the mainstream with the coolant ejected from the blade is of interest, then it may be necessary to determine the spatial distribution of the heavy gas concentration in the flowfield. Commercial analyzers are too slow and have other disadvantages when used for this purpose. To meet this special need, a device has been developed to continuously monitor the heavy gas concentration in a small sample stream by determining the speed of sound in the sample. Together with the temperature of the sample, the information is sufficient to determine the concentration. The device measures the time of propagation for an ultrasonic burst transverse to the stream. The temperature of the gas contained in the device is controlled and measured. Calibration with several gas mixtures (air and CO2, SF6, He) has shown an uncertainty (Cmeas-Ctrue) of 2% over the full concentration range of 0–100%, for CO2 and SF6. The device is operable in the pressure range from −50 to 100 kPa gauge and in the temperature range from 0 to 40 °C. The instrument is rugged and will survive in noisy, turbulent environments.
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Khrystoslavenko, Olga, and Raimondas Grubliauskas. "Theoretical End Experimental Evaluation of Perforations Effect on Sound Insulation." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.027.
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To design a sound-absorbing panel, it is important to identify factors that affect the maximum sound absorption of low, middle and high frequency sounds. Perforation effect is very important for the noise-reducing and noiseabsorbing panels. Perforations are often used for sound reduction. Experimental data shows that the perforation is very effective to absorb low-frequency noise. In the presented study, influence of perforation coefficient of noise reduction was analyzed with theoretical and experimental methods. The experiments were conducted in noise reduction chamber using an perforated construction with glass wool filler. Sound reductions index of 15 dB indicates good acoustic properties of the panel.
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Mattsen, Sven, Pascal Cuoq, and Sibylle Schupp. "Driving a sound static software analyzer with branch-and-bound." In 2013 IEEE 13th International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scam.2013.6648185.
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Fritz, J. N., C. E. Morris, R. S. Hixson, and R. G. McQueen. "Liquid sound speeds at pressure from the optical analyzer technique." In High-pressure science and technology—1993. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46483.
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Koremblum, Nicolas M., Francisco Galli, Luciano Bertola, and Nicolas Santamaria. "Impedance analyzer using the sound card of a standard computer." In 2016 IEEE XXIII International Congress on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computing (INTERCON). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intercon.2016.7815569.
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Hamzah, Hammuzamer Irwan bin, and Azween bin Abdullah. "A new abstraction model for biologically-inspired sound signal analyzer." In Applications (ISIEA 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isiea.2009.5356390.
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bin Hamzah, Hammuzamer Irwan, Azween bin Abdullah, and Ria Candrawati. "Biologically-inspired abstraction model to analyze sound signal." In 2009 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scored.2009.5443168.
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Anuntachai, Anuntapat, and Kittituch Pavaranchanakul. "Analyze Traffic Conditions and Events with Sound Processing." In 2020 20th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/iccas50221.2020.9268304.
Full textReports on the topic "Sound analyzers"
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Wells, Andrew T., and Phillip L. Hopper. Measuring Hearing Protection Device Performance Using the Metrosonics db-3100 Sound Level Analyzer(Dosimeter). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada260852.
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Ali, Ali Y. Measuring Day-Night Noise Levels (DNL) Using the Metrosonics db-310 Sound Level Analyzer (Dosimeter). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada215757.
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Papandreou-Suppappola, Antonia, and Lynn T. Antonelli. Use of Quadratic Time-Frequency Representations to Analyze Cetacean Mammal Sounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400072.
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Perdigão, Rui A. P. Earth System Dynamic Intelligence - ESDI. Meteoceanics, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/esdi.210414.
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Earth System Dynamic Intelligence (ESDI) entails developing and making innovative use of emerging concepts and pathways in mathematical geophysics, Earth System Dynamics, and information technologies to sense, monitor, harness, analyze, model and fundamentally unveil dynamic understanding across the natural, social and technical geosciences, including the associated manifold multiscale multidomain processes, interactions and complexity, along with the associated predictability and uncertainty dynamics. The ESDI Flagship initiative ignites the development, discussion and cross-fertilization of novel theoretical insights, methodological developments and geophysical applications across interdisciplinary mathematical, geophysical and information technological approaches towards a cross-cutting, mathematically sound, physically consistent, socially conscious and operationally effective Earth System Dynamic Intelligence. Going beyond the well established stochastic-dynamic, information-theoretic, artificial intelligence, mechanistic and hybrid techniques, ESDI paves the way to exploratory and disruptive developments along emerging information physical intelligence pathways, and bridges fundamental and operational complex problem solving across frontier natural, social and technical geosciences. Overall, the ESDI Flagship breeds a nascent field and community where methodological ingenuity and natural process understanding come together to shed light onto fundamental theoretical aspects to build innovative methodologies, products and services to tackle real-world challenges facing our planet.
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Michelmore, Richard, Eviatar Nevo, Abraham Korol, and Tzion Fahima. Genetic Diversity at Resistance Gene Clusters in Wild Populations of Lactuca. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573075.bard.
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Genetic resistance is often the least expensive, most effective, and ecologically-sound method of disease control. It is becoming apparent that plant genomes contain large numbers of disease resistance genes. However, the numbers of different resistance specificities within a genepool and the genetic mechanisms generating diversity are poorly understood. Our objectives were to characterize diversity in clusters of resistance genes in wild progenitors of cultivated lettuce in Israel and California in comparison to diversity within cultivated lettuce, and to determine the extent of gene flow, recombination, and genetic instability in generating variation within clusters of resistance genes. Genetic diversity of resistance genes was analyzed in wild and cultivated germplasm using molecular markers derived from lettuce resistance gene sequences of the NBS-LRR type that mapped to the major cluster if resistance genes in lettuce (Sicard et al. 1999). Three molecular markers, one microsatellite marker and two SCAR markers that amplified LRR- encoding regions, were developed from sequences of resistance gene homologs at the Dm3 cluster (RGC2s) in lettuce. Variation for these markers was assessed in germplasm including 74 genotypes of cultivated lettuce, L. saliva and 71 accessions of the three wild Lactuca spp., L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa that represent the major species in the sexually accessible genepool for lettuce. Diversity was also studied within and between natural populations of L. serriola from Israel and California. Large numbers of haplotypes were detected indicating the presence of numerous resistance genes in wild species. We documented a variety of genetic events occurring at clusters of resistance genes for the second objective (Sicard et al., 1999; Woo el al., in prep; Kuang et al., in prepb). The diversity of resistance genes in haplotypes provided evidence for gene duplication and unequal crossing over during the evolution of this cluster of resistance genes. Comparison of nine resistance genes in cv. Diana identified 22 gene conversion and five intergenic recombinations. We cloned and sequenced a 700 bp region from the middle of RGC2 genes from six genotypes, two each from L. saliva, L. serriola, and L. saligna . We have identified over 60 unique RGC2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis surprisingly demonstrated much greater similarity between than within genotypes. This led to the realization that resistance genes are evolving much slower than had previously been assumed and to a new model as to how resistance genes are evolving (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). The genetic structure of L. serriola was studied using 319 AFLP markers (Kuang et al., in prepa). Forty-one populations from Turkey, Armenia, Israel, and California as well as seven European countries were examined. AFLP marker data showed that the Turkish and Armenian populations were the most polymorphic populations and the European populations were the least. The Davis, CA population, a recent post-Columbian colonization, showed medium genetic diversity and was genetically close to the Turkish populations. Our results suggest that Turkey - Armenia may be the center of origin and diversity of L. serriola and may therefore have the greatest diversity of resistance genes. Our characterization of the diversity of resistance genes and the genetic mechanisms generating it will allow informed exploration, in situ and ex situ conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources for disease control. The results of this project provide the basis for our future research work, which will lead to a detailed understanding of the evolution of resistance genes in plants.
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SOUND RADIATION OF ORTHOTROPIC STEEL DECKS SUBJECTED TO MOVING VEHICLE LOADS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.052.
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Orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) are widely used in the construction of steel bridges due to their high bearing capacity and low material consumption. Current investigations into OSDs mainly focus on issues associated with static, stability, fatigue, etc. However, from the perspective of dynamics, structures with low dead loads may be susceptible to excessive vibration and noise, which occurs when shocks caused by moving traffic loads are transferred to the bridge deck and other components. Hence, bridge vibration and the associated noise are critical issues in steel bridges. This paper investigates the vibration and noise characteristics of OSDs under moving vehicle loads by using analytical method. First, the forced vibration response of the OSDs is solved by the Finite Element Method(FEM), and then the obtained response is used as the boundary condition of the OSDs boundary element model to solve the acoustic radiation. Finally, the variation rules of the vibration and sound radiation of the OSDs are analyzed when the load parameters, boundary conditions and structural parameters are changed. The results show that when analyzing the high-frequency vibration and noise of the OSDs, the all-shell-element model should be selected. The high frequency part of vibration and sound pressure of the OSDs is greater than the low frequency part under moving load. Increasing the load speed will increase the low-frequency part of vibration and sound pressure, but increasing the load eccentricity will have the opposite result. Strengthening the boundary constraints and increasing the number of ribs will suppress the vibration and reduce the sound pressure.
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Latin America and the Caribbean Standardized Public Debt Database: Data as of December 2019. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002864.
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The LAC Debt Group believes that to have sound regional policy it is important to have valid, comparable, and standardized data on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Therefore, at the core of the initiative is the development of a standardized sovereign debt database to help debt managers, policy makers, and other actors of financial markets, analyze the composition of public debt in LAC. The information presented in this database is provided by the Debt Management Offices of 26 LAC countries in response to a questionnaire specifically created to allow comparability of data. The questionnaire is intended to compile up-to-date standardized statistics to conduct cross-country comparisons over clear, objective, and homogeneous definitions of public debt.
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Latin America and the Caribbean Standardized Public Debt Database: Data as of December 2020. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003600.
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The LAC Debt Group believes that to have sound regional policy it is important to have valid, comparable, and standardized data on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Therefore, at the core of the initiative is the development of a standardized sovereign debt database to help debt managers, policy makers, and other actors of financial markets, analyze the composition of public debt in LAC. The information presented in this database is provided by the Debt Management Offices of 26 LAC countries in response to a questionnaire specifically created to allow comparability of data. The questionnaire is intended to compile up-to-date standardized statistics to conduct cross-country comparisons over clear, objective, and homogeneous definitions of public debt.
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Latin America and the Caribbean Standardized Public Debt Database: Data as of December 2021. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004475.
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The LAC Debt Group believes that to have sound regional policy it is important to have valid, comparable, and standardized data on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Therefore, at the core of the initiative is the development of a standardized sovereign debt database to help debt managers, policy makers, and other actors of financial markets, analyze the composition of public debt in LAC. The information presented in this 2021 database is provided by the Debt Management Offices of 26 LAC countries in response to a questionnaire specifically created to allow comparability of data. The questionnaire is intended to compile up-to-date standardized statistics to conduct cross-country comparisons over clear, objective, and homogeneous definitions of public debt.