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Journal articles on the topic 'Sound – Speed – Measurement'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hussein, Mustafa M. A. "Sound Speed Measurement using Photoacoustic Effect." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 518–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/.

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2

Haldun Ünalmis, Ö. "Flow Measurement Optimization Using Surface Measurements and Downhole Sound Speed Measurements from Local or Distributed Acoustic Sensors." SPE Production & Operations 36, no. 02 (March 24, 2021): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201313-pa.

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Summary The litmus test for downhole multiphase flowmeters is to compare the measured phase flow rates with the rates from a test separator or other surface measurement systems. In most cases, the composition of the measurand is required for flowmeters. This is typically obtained from bottomhole fluid samples. Extracting and analyzing fluid samples is an expensive process mostly done at the initial stages of field development. In some cases, the composition may be old or unavailable, leading to subpar flowmeter performance compared to surface systems. In this work, it is shown that when the data from a surface system such as a test separator are used in conjunction with the mixture sound speed measured downhole, it is possible to optimize a downhole multiphase flowmeter system without obtaining new fluid samples. The optimization process is independent of the downhole measurement device because the required flow-velocity and sound-speed measurements may be obtained from separate devices. For example, the fluid bulk velocity and mixture sound speed can be measured by a local measurement device and a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system, respectively. The main challenge in a flow-velocity/sound-speed measurement system is determining individual phase sound speeds so that the mixture phase fraction can be correctly determined using Wood’s mixture sound speed model. The phase fraction from the separator tests can be used as the target value to optimize the performance of the system. The system has two operation modes. In optimization mode, the individual phase sound speeds are calculated backward using the predicted phase fractions from surface measurements. Pressure and temperature variations at measurement locations, as well as pipe compliance effects, are accounted for during the process. After the adjustment of individual phase sound speeds, steady-state operation mode takes over, and a forward calculation is implemented using the same model. The final phase fraction agrees well with the actual value and can be improved further with an iterative approach. This novel method is demonstrated in a North Sea case history. A downhole optical flowmeter in a North Sea field measured mixture velocity and sound speed. Well-test results indicated that water cut from the flowmeter was underreported and phase flow rates did not match test-separator rates. Instead of halting production and going through a fluid sample analysis cycle, the test-separator water cut was used as the target value to optimize oil phase sound speed using Wood’s model in the optimization mode. The difference between the initial and optimized oil sound speeds was extrapolated to other pressure and temperature conditions, and steady-state operation mode showed that separator tests and flowmeter measurements closely matched. Subsequent flowmeter and test-separator data confirmed excellent agreement. Using surface measurements and downhole mixture sound speed to optimize phase flow rates is a novel method that has not been previously demonstrated. This method is independent of device type, is broadly applicable, and improves the understanding of multiphase flow measurement.
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3

Saito, Shigemi, Yasuhiro Shibata, Akira Ichiki, and Akiho Miyazaki. "Measurement of Sound Speed in Thread." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 45, no. 5B (May 25, 2006): 4521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.45.4521.

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4

Ünalmis, Ö. Haldun. "Sound speed in downhole flow measurement." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 1 (July 2016): 430–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4955302.

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5

Jarvis, W. H. "Measurement of the speed of sound." Physics Education 23, no. 3 (May 1, 1988): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/23/3/413.

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6

Gürtler, Johannes, Daniel Haufe, Anita Schulz, Friedrich Bake, Lars Enghardt, Jürgen Czarske, and Andreas Fischer. "High-speed camera-based measurement system for aeroacoustic investigations." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 5, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-125-2016.

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Abstract. The interaction of sound and flow enables an efficient noise damping. Inevitable for understanding of this aeroacoustic damping phenomenon is the simultaneous measurement of flow and sound fields. Optical sensor systems have the advantage of non-contact measurements. The necessary simultaneous determination of sound levels and flow velocities with high dynamic range has major hurdles. We present an approach based on frequency-modulated Doppler global velocimetry, where a high-speed CMOS camera with data rates over 160 MSamples s−1 of velocity samples is employed. Using the proposed system, two-component flow velocity measurements are performed in a three-dimensional region of interest with a spatial resolution of 224 µm, based on single-pixel evaluation, and a measurement rate of 10 kHz. The sensor system can simultaneously capture sound and turbulent flow velocity oscillations down to a minimal power density of 40.5 (mm s−1)2 Hz−1 in a frequency range up to 5 kHz. The presented measurements of the interaction of sound and flow support the hypothesis that the sound energy is transferred into flow energy.
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7

Weydert, Marco M. P., Nicholas Murray, and Marco D'Alessandro. "Measurement of sound absorption and sound speed in terrigeneous sediments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 81, S1 (May 1987): S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2024263.

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8

Chen, C. F., D. E. Robinson, L. S. Wilson, K. A. Griffiths, A. Manoharan, and B. D. Doust. "Clinical Sound Speed Measurement in Liver and Spleen in Vivo." Ultrasonic Imaging 9, no. 4 (October 1987): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173468700900401.

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The paper describes an implementation of clinical sound speed measurement using either a commercial water path scanner or a specially developed dual transducer real time scanner, each interfaced to a general purpose minicomputer for off-line analysis. It describes the examination technique to obtain suitable in vivo clinical data from the liver and the spleen. It develops signal processing methods to achieve clinical confidence in individual measurements. Forty-five liver patients and 46 spleen patients were examined. Sound speed was found to correlate closely with fibrosis content in both the liver and the spleen with an increase in fibrosis resulting in a decrease in sound speed. Sound speed in various pathological conditions are discussed. Clinical results of sequential examinations on patients under treatment are presented and successful monitoring of the disease status is demonstrated. The potential clinical role of sound speed measurement is suggested.
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9

Smith, Alphonso C., and Doron Kishoni. "Measurement of the speed of sound in ice." AIAA Journal 24, no. 10 (October 1986): 1713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.9510.

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10

Zhang Ying, Wang Sheng, Zheng Xiong, and He Mao-Gang. "Speed of sound measurement from spontaneous Brillouin scattering." Acta Physica Sinica 64, no. 3 (2015): 037801. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.64.037801.

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11

Didier, Vuarnoz, Yuji Tasaka, Yasushi Takeda, and Hideo Inaba. "Sound Speed Measurement of PCM Micro Emulsion Slurry." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2003 (2003): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2003.36.

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12

Winters, Loren M. "A visual measurement of the speed of sound." Physics Teacher 31, no. 5 (May 1993): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2343764.

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13

Kolkman, Roy G., Wiendelt Steenbergen, and Ton G. van Leeuwen. "Reflection mode photoacoustic measurement of speed of sound." Optics Express 15, no. 6 (2007): 3291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.003291.

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14

Ng, Yee-kong, and Se-yuen Mak. "Measurement of the speed of sound in water." Physics Education 36, no. 1 (December 22, 2000): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/36/1/312.

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15

OKOSHI, Yoshihiro, Yuta MITSUGI, Kotaro TANAKA, Mitsuru KONNO, and Masaaki Kato. "G0700306 Measurement of sound speed in liquid DME." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2015 (2015): _G0700306——_G0700306—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2015._g0700306-.

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16

Chen, C. "Clinical sound speed measurement in liver and spleen ?" Ultrasonic Imaging 9, no. 4 (October 1987): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-7346(87)90075-7.

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17

Meethom, Pattanan, Kheamrutai Thamaphat, Pichet Limsuwan, and Orrawan Rewthong. "Measurement of Sound Speed in Liquid Using Optical Approach." Advanced Materials Research 979 (June 2014): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.75.

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An optical method to determine a speed of sound (or ultrasound) in water was described in this work. The measuring system composes of ultrasonic transducer, glass water bath, He-Ne laser source, lens, and screen. An ultrasound fog generator used for producing an ultrasound with a frequency f of 1.74 MHz was immersed in DI water. It was fixed at one side of water bath. When the sound wave travels in water along the length of water bath, a standing wave is obtained from the interference of the incidence wave and the wave reflected from the opposite side of water bath. The node and antinode of the standing wave act as an opaque and transparent medium. As a He-Ne laser beam with a wavelength of 632.8 nm travelled to a convex lens with a focal length of 5 cm and diverged through the sound field, an enlarged standing wave pattern was shown on a white screen. The wavelength of sound wave λ was obtained using geometry (similar triangle). Therefore, the speed of ultrasound in water was calculated by v = fλ. In this work, the water temperature was varied in a range of 15 - 39 °C. The results showed that the speed of sound increased with increasing the water temperature. The percentage error was below 2.8. This proposed method can be used for demonstrating physics principles such as waves and optics for high school students and undergraduates.
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18

Oelze, Michael L., William D. O'Brien, and Robert G. Darmody. "Measurement of Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, no. 3 (2002): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.0788.

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19

Oelze, Michael L., William D. O'Brien, and Robert G. Darmody. "Measurement of Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, no. 3 (May 2002): 788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.7880.

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20

Ganci, Salvatore. "Time-of-flight measurement of sound speed in air." Physics Education 46, no. 5 (August 23, 2011): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/46/5/002.

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21

Gooding, M. J., D. Barber, S. H. Kennedy, and J. A. Noble. "Measurement of the speed of sound in follicular fluid." Human Reproduction 20, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh591.

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22

Johnston, Nigel. "High-precision in situ measurement of speed of sound in hydraulic systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 234, no. 3 (July 21, 2019): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651819862719.

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An existing ISO standard frequency-domain method for measurement of speed of sound in a hydraulic pipeline is enhanced and extended in this article to include in situ measurement of pressure transducer calibration factors. Transducer mounting stresses are shown to cause variations in the calibration factors, and the proposed method can be used to eliminate these uncertainties, consequently improving the accuracy of the speed of sound. 95% confidence ranges in the speed of sound of less than ±0.1% have been achieved, and such high precision cannot be achieved by other practical methods. The method can also been extended to estimate viscosity and mean flow velocity, but accuracy is less good. Novel time-domain versions of the method are introduced. These may be valuable for real-time monitoring, and changes in speed of sound or calibration factor can be tracked with minimal delay. Some examples showing the effect of sudden aeration are presented; a sudden drop in speed of sound is apparent.
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23

Emms, Grant W., Bernadette Nanayakkara, and Jonathan J. Harrington. "Application of longitudinal-wave time-of-flight sound speed measurement to Pinus radiata seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 8 (August 2013): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0482.

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The sound speed of wood is related to important wood quality properties such as the microfibril angle of the S2 layer in the cell wall, stiffness, and shrinkage propensity. Measuring the sound speed of seedling stems has benefits to the forestry industry, potentially enabling early selection of trees that yield better quality wood. A nondamaging longitudinal-wave time-of-flight (LWToF) acoustic technique was used to determine the sound speed of 10 cm long sections of 2-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings. The measured sections were harvested and acoustic resonance used to determine the sound speed of the sections before and after the bark was removed and after the remaining xylem was dried. A linear relationship between the acoustic resonance sound speed of the dry xylem and the LWToF sound speed of the seedling stem was found (R2 = 0.89). To demonstrate a potential application using the LWToF acoustic technique, it was used as a tool for investigating the effect of various applied stresses on wood properties of a clone of P. radiata. The LWToF sound speed measurements of phytohormone stressed stems were significantly lower than the control stems, indicating the negative impact on stiffness and shrinkage propensity imposed by this treatment.
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24

Shen, J. J. S. "A New Method of Steam Quality Measurement Based on Ultrasound." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795978.

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A new method of measuring the steam quality based on ultrasound is presented in this paper. This method is based on rigorous consideration of the steam’s thermodynamic properties. It is shown in the paper that the steam’s speed of sound depends on its quality at a given saturation temperature. Thus, the quality of the wet steam can be determined if its speed of sound is known. The speed of sound of a flowing fluid can be measured using transit-time ultrasonic meters. Field testing of a pair of customdesigned ultrasonic transducers has shown that it is feasible to measure the steam’s speed of sound. An uncertainty analysis of this new method is also presented in the paper. The analysis suggests that this method is capable of achieving a measurement accuracy of better than ±3 percentage points of the steam quality under typical oil field steam injection conditions.
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25

Briggs, Kevin, Michael Richardson, Kevin Williams, and Eric Thorsos. "Measurement of grain bulk modulus using sound speed measurements through liquid/grain suspensions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 3 (September 1998): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.423511.

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26

Stumbo, Stan, Kenneth Fox, Frank Dvorak, and Larry Elliot. "The Prediction, Measurement, and Analysis of Wake Wash from Marine Vessels." Marine Technology and SNAME News 36, no. 04 (October 1, 1999): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1999.36.4.248.

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In the marine environment, wake wash from passing vessels can be detrimental to a shoreline environment, damage shoreline property and disturb or damage other marine operations. Slowdowns to prevent such impact can hamper or curtail high-speed vessel operations that depend on speed for successful service. To prevent this failure, low-wash vessel designs are needed and success must be assured before significant dollar investments are made. This paper describes establishment of "no harm" wash criteria, prediction of wash using computational fluid dynamics for various speeds of high-speed aluminum catamarans, techniques of measurement and analysis of the wash from actual vessels, and agreement between wash predictions and wash measurements. This paper documents a successful program which Washington State Ferries used to procure new, high-speed environmentally friendly passenger ferries for operation on Puget Sound.
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27

Martin, Kevin, and David Spinks. "Measurement of the speed of sound in ethanol/water mixtures." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 27, no. 2 (February 2001): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-5629(00)00331-8.

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28

Sabatier, James M., Charles H. Sabatier, and Celeste S. Taylor. "Outdoor pulse echo speed of sound measurement for all ages." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124, no. 4 (October 2008): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4783106.

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29

Mak, Se-yuen, Yee-kong Ng, and Kam-wah Wu. "Measurement of the speed of sound in a metal rod." Physics Education 35, no. 6 (November 2000): 439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/35/6/311.

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30

Yang, Jie, Dajun Tang, and Kevin L. Williams. "Direct measurement of sediment sound speed in Shallow Water '06." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124, no. 3 (September 2008): EL116—EL121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2963038.

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31

Qi, Xiao-Ying, Lin Ma, Qiang Lu, Lu-Lu Yang, and Yan Luo. "Sound speed measurement in the liver: Methodology and influencing factors." World Chinese Journal of Digestology 24, no. 17 (2016): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v24.i17.2713.

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32

UCHIKOSHI, Ryuga, Taro KURANARI, Takashi NISHIYAMA, and Korai TAKAO. "Speed of sound measurement for HFO refrigerants in liquid phase:." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2021.74 (2021): B24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2021.74.b24.

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33

Mehl, James B., and Michael R. Moldover. "Measurement of the ratio of the speed of sound to the speed of light." Physical Review A 34, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 3341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.34.3341.

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34

Zou, Da Peng. "Study on the First Arrival Cycle Based Analysis Methods for Sound Speed of In Situ Acoustic Measurement in Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.181.

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The in-situ acoustic measurement is very important in geoacoustics and underwater acoustics. An in-situ acoustic instrument of Attenuation Array is used to measure sound speed of water to examine the different data analysis methods. Based on the first arrival cycle (FAC) judgment method, point judgment based data analysis method (PJDAM) and cross correlation based data analysis method (CCDAM) have the similar results of sound speed as 1479.4±0.6 and 1480.5±2.1 m/s respectively in a wide range of measurement frequency changing from 100kHz to 300kHz, which is very close to the standard sound speed of 1480 m/s of water measured in-situ with CTD. The analysis method will be useful in in-situ measurement of seafloor sediment.
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35

Jung, Sung Soo, Yong Tae Kim, Yu Cheon Pu, Min Gon Kim, and Ho Chul Kim. "Non-contact sound speed measurement by optical probing of beam deflection due to sound wave." Ultrasonics 44, no. 1 (January 2006): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2005.06.007.

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36

Aljalal, Abdulaziz. "Time of flight measurement of speed of sound in air with a computer sound card." European Journal of Physics 35, no. 6 (September 3, 2014): 065008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/35/6/065008.

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37

Zhu, Chunli, Jie Guo, Dashan Zhang, Yuan Shen, and Dongcai Liu. "In Situ Measurement of Wind-Induced Pulse Response of Sound Barrier Based on High-Speed Imaging Technology." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8704134.

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The lifetime of the sound barrier is threatened by high-speed train-induced impulsive wind pressure as it passes by. The vibration response of the sound barrier during the process of train passing is difficult to be measured using conventional measurement methods because of the inconvenience of the installation of markers on the sound barrier. In this paper, the high-speed camera is used to record the whole process of the train passing by the sound barrier. Then, a displacement extraction algorithm based on the theory of Taylor expansion is proposed to obtain the vibration response curve. Compared with the result simulated by using the finite element method, the video extraction result shows the same head wave and tail wave phenomenon, demonstrating that the vibration measurement by using the high-speed imaging technology is an effective measuring way. It can achieve noncontact and remote vibration measurement and has important practical value.
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38

Jhang, Kyung Young, Hai Hua Quan, Job Ha, and Noh Yu Kim. "Ultrasonic Estimation of Clamping Force in High-Tension Bolts." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.240.

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High-tension bolts have been used widely for the clamping of many kinds of large structures. In these bolts, the estimation of clamping force has been regarded as the main issue in the evaluation of clamping condition. This paper proposes a method using ultrasonic wave, which is based on the dependency of sound speed on the stress. In order to verify the usefulness of the proposed method, two kinds of experiments are carried out. The first one involves the measurement of sound speed when the bolt is stressed by the tension tester, and here, the relationship between the exact axial force and sound speed is calibrated. The result shows good agreement with the expected linear relationship between sound speed and axial stress. The second experiment involves the measurement of axial stress by the proposed method when the bolt is stressed by the torque wrench. The results are coincident to the strain gage measurement. From these results, we can conclude that the proposed method is indeed useful in evaluating clamping force in high-tension bolts.
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39

Wu, Xiongjun, and Georges L. Chahine. "Characterization of the Content of the Cavity Behind a High-Speed Supercavitating Body." Journal of Fluids Engineering 129, no. 2 (July 14, 2006): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2409356.

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A high speed/high flow test facility was designed and implemented to study experimentally the supercavitating flow behind a projectile nose in a controlled laboratory setting. The simulated projectile nose was held in position in the flow and the cavity interior was made visible by having the walls of the visualization facility “cut through” the supercavity. Direct visualization of the cavity interior and measurements of the properties of the cavity contents were made. Transducers were positioned in the test section within the supercavitation volume to enable measurement of the sound speed and attenuation as a function of the flow and geometry parameters. These characterized indirectly the content of the cavity. Photography, high speed videos, and acoustic measurements were used to investigate the contents of the cavity. A side sampling cell was also used to sample in real time the contents of the cavity and measure the properties. Calibration tests conducted in parallel in a vapor cell enabled confirmation that, in absence of air injection, the properties of the supercavity medium match those of a mixture of water vapor and water droplets. Such a mixture has a very high sound speed with strong sound attenuation. Injection of air was also found to significantly decrease sound speed and to increase transmission.
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40

Zwolak, Karolina, Łukasz Marchel, Aileen Bohan, Masanao Sumiyoshi, Jaya Roperez, Artur Grządziel, Rochelle Ann Wigley, and Sattiabaruth Seeboruth. "Automatic Identification of Internal Wave Characteristics Affecting Bathymetric Measurement Based on Multibeam Echosounder Water Column Data Analysis." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 4774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164774.

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The accuracy of multibeam echosounder bathymetric measurement depends on the accuracy of the data of the sound speed layers within the water column. This is necessary for the correct modeling of ray bending. It is assumed that the sound speed layers are horizontal and static, according to the sound speed profile traditionally used in the depth calculation. In fact, the boundaries between varying water masses can be curved and oscillate. It is difficult to assess the parameters of these movements based on the sparse sampling of sound velocity profiles (SVP) collected through a survey; thus, alternative or augmented methods are needed to obtain information about water mass stratification for the time of a particular ping or a series of pings. The process of water column data collection and analysis is presented in this paper. The proposed method updates the sound speed profile by the automated detection of varying water mass boundaries, giving the option to adjust the SVP for each beam separately. This can increase the overall accuracy of a bathymetric survey and provide additional oceanographic data about the study area.
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41

Tuziuti, Toru, Akira Tsuge, Masakazu Nishida, and Wataru Kanematsu. "Measurement of speed of sound in poly(lactic acid)-clay composite." Ultrasonics 54, no. 4 (April 2014): 1010–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2013.11.014.

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42

Haïat, G., F. Padilla, R. Barkmann, S. Kolta, C. Latremouille, C. C. Glüer, and P. Laugier. "In vitro speed of sound measurement at intact human femur specimens." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 31, no. 7 (July 2005): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.02.015.

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43

Ganci, Salvatore. "Time-of-flight measurement of the speed of sound in water." Physics Education 51, no. 3 (April 14, 2016): 034001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/51/3/034001.

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44

MATSUMOTO, Yuta, Kenta YOSHIZAWA, Masashi SHIMADA, Taiguang YU, and Tomohiko YAMAGUCHI. "Measurement of speed of sound in hydrogen by a spherical resonator." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2017.70 (2017): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2017.70.211.

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45

Newman, Timothy J., Anurag Agarwal, Ann P. Dowling, and Ludovic Desvard. "A sound power measurement technique optimised for low-speed fan tones." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 15, no. 1-2 (March 2016): 59–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475472x16630667.

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46

Yu, Wanwei, and Nelson G. Chen. "Simple Sound Speed Measurement Method for Liquids and Castable Phantom Materials." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2020.3022136.

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47

Gabrielson, Thomas B. "Measurement of the sound speed in air by sing‐around velocimetry." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, S1 (May 1989): S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2026647.

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48

Li, Zhuang, Brett Schaefer, Brian Schaefer, William Dever, Tyler Morgan, and Matthew Foltz. "Measurement of speed of sound profile as a function of altitude." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, no. 4 (October 2017): 2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5014160.

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49

Lamarre, Eric, and W. K. Melville. "Instrumentation for the Measurement of Sound Speed near the Ocean Surface." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 12, no. 2 (April 1995): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<0317:iftmos>2.0.co;2.

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50

Freitas, Samuel V. D., Márcio L. L. Paredes, Jean-Luc Daridon, Álvaro S. Lima, and João A. P. Coutinho. "Measurement and prediction of the speed of sound of biodiesel fuels." Fuel 103 (January 2013): 1018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.082.

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