Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Source de sédiment'
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Liu, Shaochen. "Water content and geochemistry of the Cenozoic basalts in SE China : implications for enrichment in the mantle source of intra-plate basalts." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0360/document.
Full textThe major and trace element contents, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope, H2O contents and the cpx phenocryst O isotope of Cenozoic basalts from 11 places with distinct geological backgrounds in SE China have been measured to decipher the relationship between the possible recycled components and mantle geochemical heterogeneities. Zhejiang basalts erupted in two stages, 20-27Ma and after 11Ma. Their H2O contents range from 1.3-2.6%. The estimated H2O contents of initial basaltic melts for the Shiheng basalts range from 1.3-2.4%; the Bailin diabases have “fake” basaltic melt water contents from 1.9-2.1%; and the Mingxi basalts have initial H2O contents of 0.3-0.5%, in Fujian. H2O content the basalts from Leihuling (LH), Dayang (DY) and Fujitian (FJT) areas in Hainan are 2.7 wt. %, 1.3 wt. %, and 2.6 wt. %. The Xilong basalts from Zhejiang, Mingxi basalts from Fujian and Leihuling basalts from Hainan involved recycled oceanic crust components in the mantle source, while the Gaoping and Shuangcai basalts from Zhejiang, Shiheng, Bailin, and Niutoushan basalts from Fujian as well as the Maanling, Dayang and Fujitian basalts from Hainan involved recycled oceanic sediments and crust components in their mantle source. Overall, the SE China Cenozoic basalts have involved the recycled oceanic materials in their mantle source. The recycled oceanic materials have different existential state and locations, when the geological history of SE China are considered. The subducted Pacific slab most likely effect the composition of mantle in SE China
Hawie, Nicolas. "Architecture, geodynamic evolution and sedimentary filling of the levant basin : a 3D quantitative approach based on seismic data." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00990235.
Full textLachance, Christina. "Sources de sédiments dans un réservoir d'eau potable par la technique de traçage de sédiments." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27681.
Full textLa Ville de Victoriaville fait face à des problèmes d’ensablement du réservoir Beaudet, source d’eau potable pour la moitié de ses habitants. En collaboration avec Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada ainsi qu’avec l’University of Manitoba, une étude de traçage des sédiments a été mise sur pied afin d’évaluer la contribution de différentes sources de sédiments à la problématique. En comparant les propriétés physiques et géochimiques des particules, la technique de traçage permet d’estimer la contribution des sources de sédiments, soit les sols forestiers, les sols agricoles et les berges de rivière dans le bassin versant de la rivière Bulstrode, à la charge sédimentaire en suspension. L’analyse spatiale de la taille des particules indique que les sédiments des sources et en suspension sont de plus en plus fins en allant de l’amont vers l’aval du bassin versant. L’analyse temporelle de la taille des particules montre, quant à elle, que le transport des sédiments varie en fonction des saisons étudiées, soit le printemps et l’automne. L’empreinte des sédiments nécessaire à l’estimation de la contribution des différentes sources est composée du radionucléide 137on et des coefficients de couleur x, y, X, Y, Z, L, b, v, c, h, R, G et B. Aucun élément géochimique n’a été retenu dans la suite finale des traceurs. La modélisation par la méthode de Monte Carlo par chaînes de Markov réalisée à partir de ces traceurs indique que la source majeure des sédiments en suspension passe des sols forestiers à l’amont du bassin versant aux berges de rivière à l’embouchure de la rivière Bulstrode. À cet endroit, les berges de rivière contribuent à entre 75.7 et 86.9 % de la charge sédimentaire échantillonnée et représentent donc la source principale de sédiments dans la problématique d’ensablement du réservoir Beaudet. Des mesures de contrôle de l’apport de sédiments au cours d’eau sont cependant recommandées pour l’ensemble du bassin versant, en fonction des sources prédominantes dans chaque secteur étudié.
The city of Victoriaville faces sedimentation problems in Beaudet reservoir, the drinking water source for half of town’s population. A sediment fingerprinting study has been launched in collaboration with Agriculture and AgriFood Canada and University of Manitoba. Comparing the particles’ physical and geochemical properties, a fingerprinting technique can estimate the contribution of each sediment source - forested fields, agricultural fields and streambanks - in Bulstrode river watershed case, to the suspended sediment load. Particle size spatial analysis indicates that source particles and suspended sediment become finer moving downstream in the watershed. Particle size temporal analysis indicates that sediment transport changes according to the season, here spring and fall. The sediment fingerprint used to estimate the source contributions comprises radionuclide 137Cs and color coefficients x, y, X, Y, Z, L, b, v, c, h, R, G and B. No geochemical element has been kept in the final sediment fingerprint. MonteCarlo Markov chain modeling based on that fingerprint shows that the major sediment source is forested soils in the upstream part of the watershed and switches to river banks at the Bulstrode river outlet. At that location, streambanks represents 75.7 to 86.9 % of the sampled suspended load and are therefore the main sediment source in the sedimentation problems occurring at the Beaudet reservoir. Sediment control practices are however recommended to be implemented all across the watershed, based on the major sources identified at each site.
Hawie, Nicolas. "Architecture, geodynamic evolution and sedimentary filling of the levant basin : a 3D quantitative approach based on seismic data." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066048.
Full textSedimentological and biostratigraphic investigations onshore Lebanon coupled with 2D offshore reflection seismic data allowed proposing a new Mesozoic-Present tectono-stratigraphic framework for the northern Levant Margin and Basin. The seismic interpretation supported by in-depth facies analysis permitted to depict the potential depositional environments offshore Lebanon as no well has yet been drilled. The Levant region has been affected by successive geodynamic events that modified the architecture of its margin and basin from a Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic rift into a Late Cretaceous subduction followed by collision and Miocene-Present strike slip motion. The interplay between major geodynamic events as well as sea level fluctuations impacted on the sedimentary infill of the basin. During Jurassic and Cretaceous, the Levant Margin is dominated by the aggradation of a carbonate platform while deepwater mixed-systems prevailed in the basin during the Oligo-Miocene, three major sedimentary pathways are expected to drive important quantities of clastic material into the Levant Basin: (1) canyons along the Levant Margin, (2) the Latakia region (coastlal Syria) and (3) the Nile Deep sea cone. Regional drainage system analysis was performed to estimate the contribution of the different sediment sources to the infill of the basin. A numerical stratigraphic forward model, Dionisos, was used to test the Middle-Late Miocene source-to-sink scenarios permitting to better assess the plausibility of the expected sedimentary volumes for each source through a comparison with actual drainage systems
Pelleter, Anne-Aziliz. "Cycle géodynamique du soufre : le rôle des sédiments subduits." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2060/document.
Full textThe main issue of this study is to constrain the fate of subducted sediments variably enriched in sulphur for P-T (pressure – temperature) relevant for the slab at sub-arc depth. Using piston-cylinder apparatus, we performed melting and crystallisation experiments (3 GPa; 650 – 1000°C; ƒO2 ~ NNO) on natural, trace elementundoped and volatile-rich sediments (pelite and marlstone). Experiments were conducted with variable water (5 to 10 wt% H2Oin) and sulphur (0, 1 and 2 wt% Sin) contents. Silicate melts produced by the fluid-present melting of pelite range from trondhjemitic to granitic compositions, are broadly peraluminous and coexist with garnet + kyanite ± phengite ± quartz + rutile. Those produced by the fluid-present melting of marlstone are sodic (granodioritic composition), metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and coexist with garnet ± epidote ± clinopyroxene ± kyanite ± quartz + rutile. Sulphur addition at ƒO2 ~ NNO leads to sulphide precipitation. Thus, iron (Fe2+) contents decrease (Mg# increase) in the system and this strongly impacts phase relationships: garnet, epidote and phengite are consumed in favour of pyroxens, biotite and amphibole. Trace-element distribution between silicate melt and starting bulk for S-doped systems is largely impacted (e.g. rare earth elements fractionation). On the basis of data obtained in mantle xenoliths(Grenada, Lesser Antilles) and from geochemical modelisations, we are suggesting that a contribution in the mantle wedge of 1 to 3 % of trondhjemitic/granitic melts derived from pelitic sediments (≤ 1 wt% Sin) mayaccount for the composition of basalts in the southern part of Lesser Antilles (Grenada and Grenadines)
Graco, Michelle Ivette. "Sédiments d'une région de résurgence côtière dans le système de Humboldt : source ou puits d'azote ?" Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066413.
Full textDouchement, Claude. "Chimie de deux milieux marins anoxiques : Eaux hydrothermales et eaux interstitielles des sédiments : Méthodologie des prélèvements et des analyses des composés de l'azote, du phosphore et du silicium : Dynamique de leur circulation en sédiments côtiers." Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2044.
Full textFroger, Claire. "Sources et dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des contaminations en éléments traces et hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques du continuum atmosphère - sol - rivière d'un bassin versant contrasté." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS394/document.
Full textThe development of human societies since the 19th century has led to deleterious impacts on the Critical Zone (from atmosphere to river, including biosphere and soils). Despite the decrease of pollutions since the late 1960’s, contaminations remain especially in urban environment, concentrating human activities. To better manage this pollution, it is necessary to understand the dynamics and pathways of contaminants through the atmosphere – soil – river continuum. The goal of this study in thus to evaluate the temporal and spatial variations of two contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and trace elements (TE)) in the Orge River catchment (900 km2, France) being under increasing urban pressure from up to downstream. Several fingerprinting approaches were used to trace sediment dynamics in the river (radionuclides: ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs), to identify lead sources (lead isotopes) and PAH sources (PAH molecular ratios). The results demonstrated the strong influence of downstream urban areas on the river quality, with an increasing contamination for Cu, Zn, Sb, Pb and PAH in the particulate phase, and for SO42⁻, Na⁺ et Cl⁻, Cu, Zn and Pb in the dissolved phase. The sediment fingerprinting using radionuclides revealed a significant input of particles originating from urban areas and transferred through urban runoff, and identified road deposited sediments as the major source of contaminated particles downstream. Source tracking of Pb and PAH confirmed urban runoff as the main pathway of river contamination. In addition, annual and seasonal PAH and TE fluxes were estimated respectively for the atmospheric inputs, and riverine exports and revealed a global accumulation of contaminant over the catchment, already containing a significant stock of pollutants in its soils. Finally, this study highlights the need to integrate the Critical Zone and the potential of coupling multiples tracking approaches to properly evaluate the contaminant dynamics. These results may be used to establish a model of contaminants transfer in urban catchments
Elsgaard, Lars. "Le cycle du soufre et bactéries sulfato-réductrices dans les sédiments hydrothermaux, marins et lacustres." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066822.
Full textVan, Metre Peter. "Contamination métallique et organique des sédiments lacustres aux Etats-Unis : Evolution spatio-temporelle, processus de transport, et identification des sources." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES026.
Full textThe understanding of water-quality trends contributes to our knowledge of the links between human activities and environmental quality and is necessary for the evaluation of regulatory actions designed to improve water quality. This research evaluated trends in metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) for the United States using sediments cores from 42 lakes. The metals (pb, Cr, Cd) and HOCs (DDT, PCBs) for wich emissions have decreased since the 1970s showed mostly decreasing trends in concentrations. However, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased rapidly in urban watersheds. In more focused studies, selected sediment cores were evaluated to gain insight into transport processes and fate of contaminants. Urban sources of PAHs were quantified using simulated runoff. The result indicate that parking lot “sealcoat”, a product widely used to coat parking lots, is a major source of PAHs
Soclo, Henri H. "Etude de la distribution des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans les sédiments récents : identification des sources." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10643.
Full textSauvadet, Anne-Laure. "Interactions entre ciliés et métazoaires dans deux environnements marins contrastés : les sources hydrothermales et les sédiments anoxiques." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/images/stories/sbr/Edition-communication/theses/these_sauvadet.pdf.
Full textJaegler, Hugo. "Redistribution des isotopes de l’uranium et du plutonium présents à l’état d’ultra-traces dans les sédiments des fleuves côtiers drainant le panache radioactif de Fukushima." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS288/document.
Full textThe 2011 Fukushima Dai-ichi accident led to the deposition of uranium and plutonium at ultra-trace levels on coastal catchments in northeastern Japan, in addition to the natural uranium and plutonium from the global fallout of the atmospheric nuclear tests, already present before the accident. The relative contribution of these different sources can be quantified from the precise measurement of their isotopic composition and the precise determination of local isotopic signatures prior to the accident through the compilation of literature data and the analysis of a sediment core collected in a dam reservoir. Furthermore, the analysis of soil samples collected after 2011 shows that the spatial distribution of initial plutonium deposits is roughly similar to that of radiocaesium. In addition, if the presence of uranium originating from the plant was not confirmed, the plutonium rejected by the accident was identified and quantified in all the river sediment samples analyzed, showing that the plutonium originating from the plant is more quickly exported to the Pacific Ocean than that originating from the global atmospheric tests. In addition, plutonium bearing micro particles were localized and then precisely characterized (size, morphology, chemical composition). Overall, this work provided original data on the fate of actinides in the Fukushima environment
Paul, Maxence. "Étude des isotopes de l'osmium dans les eaux souterraines du Bangladesh et les sédiments himalayens : implications et rôle de l'érosion himalayenne sur le budget océanique de l'osmium." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL031N/document.
Full textUsing the Himalayan example, this study documents the systematics controlling the osmium composition of sediments during weathering processes, sedimentary transport and sediment deposition in tidal areas. The relationships observed between osmium concentrations and organic carbon contents in sediments of the Himalayan Kali Gandaki catchment underscore the role of black shales from the TSS (mostly unradiogenic) and LH (highly radiogenic) Himalayan units, despite their limited geographic distribution. However, the highly radiogenic composition displayed by Ganges sediments is not coupled to an enrichment in 187Os in these sediments, which on average are comparable to that of typical continental crust. Instead, the Ganges radiogenic signature results from an impoverishment in non-radiogenic osmium, reflecting a strong dilution by erosion products of crystalline rocks of the HHC unit. Moreover, based on the study of rivers in the tidal zone, we document the complex behavior of osmium at the salt/fresh water transition, potentially involving exchange between sediments and dissolved osmium. Analytical development performed concurrently with the sediment studies allowed the first measurements of groundwater osmium compositions. Groundwaters of Bengal plain aquifers have osmium contents significantly higher than those previously documented for river water or seawater. If this result can be generalized to other aquifers a global osmium groundwater flux to the ocean of about 170 kg per year could be expected. This contribution is significant and would require a reevaluation of both the osmium marine budget and the residence time of osmium in the ocean. This result could partially reconcile the diverging marine Os residence times estimated from mass balance and from glacial-interglacial variations in the 187Os/188Os marine record
Sukkampatti, Palanisamy Saravanan. "Empreinte géochimique urbaine dans la mégapôle de Chennai sur les sédiments de rivière : gradient amont-aval, sources et résilience." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4016.
Full textIn this study, an attempt is made to ascertain the present pollution status of Adyar and Cooum River, which are the two important rivers among the six main waterways in the Chennai Megacity, Tamil Nadu, India and greatly influenced by urbanisation in the past three decades. This study is designed 3 main objectives (i) Geochemical footprint of megacity onto river sediments (ii) Endocrine disruptor occurrence: Preliminary study for PAHs, PBDEs, PCBs and Phthalates (iii) Influence of 2015 monsoon hazard onto trace element pollution level of 2 main rivers
Delorme, Thierry. "Tolérance aux métaux lourds des bactéries de sédiments fluviatiles : acclimatation au zinc d'une souche d'Alcaligenes piechaudii." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10134.
Full textDubrulle-Brunaud, Carole. "Les sédiments fins dans un système macrotidal actuel (continuum Seine-Baie de Seine) : caractérisation géochimiques et minéralogiques, identification des sources." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES074.
Full textIn the macrotidal Seine estuary where growing mud deposits occurred in the mouth and in the bay of Seine, the identification and quantification of sources of fine material have been undertaken on three hundred superficial samples using particulate markers. A great"chemical and mineralogical identity card" of muddy sediments in the continuum Seine-bay of the Seine contributes new information on: dilution of fine material in the bay of the Seine, penetration of marine fine-grained sediments in the estuary and in the small rivers adjacent to the bay, and local and punctual fossil contribution. The determination of particulate mixing (PCA, mixing equations) shows that the recent fine sedimentation is the composite mixing of four sources (marine, riverine, fossil, estuarine) at long time scale (several decades). The mixing is more complex at short time scale (seasonal, instantaneous), with the input of secondary sources
Billon, Gabriel. "Géochimie des métaux et du soufre dans les sédiments des estuaires de la Seine et de l'Authie." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-143-144.pdf.
Full textMazzella, Di Bosco Nicolas. "Etude de la composition phospholipidique de bactéries hydrocarbonoclastes marines cultivées sur différentes sources de carbone et application in situ." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30055.
Full textPhospholipids are the major components of bacterial membrane. Furthermore, the growths in vitro on xenobiotics such as n-alkanes, aromatic compounds and alkanols bring about to a bacterial membrane adaptive response. Generally, this response is revealed by major modification of the phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids composition. Concerning this work, we studied different hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria cultured in vitro on either a soluble or hydrophobic substrates so as to determine the effects xenobiotics on both phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids and intact phospholipids. Afterward, we proposed an in situ experiment involving the structural determination and the quantitative analysis of fatty acids and polar lipids extracted from marine sediments. These sediments were collected near to a petroleum refinery and during either the winter or the late spring in order to estimate the influence of hydrocarbon amounts and the seasonal lipid contribution of the macrophytes respectively
Gourdin, Elian. "Traçage des sources et quantification de la dynamique des sédiments en crue : application au bassin tropical montagneux de la Houay Xon au Laos." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112201/document.
Full textSoil erosion is particularly intense in small mountainous tropical catchments. When supplied to the rivers, eroded sediment leads to numerous problems downstream (transfer of pollutants, increase of water turbidity, dam siltation…). Identifying sediment sources and understanding their dynamics across catchments constitutes a prerequisite to design and implement efficient measures to reduce these problems. This thesis aimed at testing and developing fingerprinting methods, by comparing physico-chemical properties of soils and riverine suspended sediment to define their origin and constrain their transfer across catchments. The study site is a 22.4 km² catchment in northern Laos equipped with nested monitoring stations and submitted to monsoon rainfalls. Three field campaigns were conducted to collect samples of surface soils, gullies, riverbanks, and rainwater, overland flow, river water, suspended matter and deposited sediment during three floods at the beginning of the monsoon in May 2012 and June 2013. Collected samples were analysed to determine fallout radionuclide activities (¹³⁷Cs, ⁷Be and ²¹ºPb), organic matter composition (organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations, C/N ratio, δ¹³C et δ¹⁵N), particle size distribution and water composition (electric conductivity and δ¹⁸O). Several methodological experiments were performed to check assumptions underlying the use of atmospheric 7Be and ²¹ºPb as tracers of sediment (quick adsorption of rainwater radionuclides to soil particles; similarity between /210Pbxs activity ratio measured in overland flow particles and corresponding rainfall signature). During the flood studied in May 2012, the contribution of recently eroded sediment was high at the beginning of the rising stage (25-35%), but was then diluted by sediment remobilization from the riverbed and deposition areas (swamps). The combined determination of particulate organic carbon (POC) and ¹³⁷Cs activity of sediment indicated the dominance of surface soil ( C₃ vegetation labelling) erosion in upstream parts and the increase of riverbank (labelled by C₄ plants) erosion contribution in the downstream part of the catchment. The highest runoff coefficient (11.7%), sediment specific yield (43.3 Mg km-2), total organic carbon specific yield (0.83 MgC km-2) and overland flow contribution (78–100%) were found at the station draining mainly the areas covered with teak plantations. Total organic carbon concentrations and POC specific yields calculated during this thesis are much higher than those obtained during a previous study carried out 10 years earlier in the same catchment, when teak plantations covered a much lower proportion of its area (2.5% in 2002-2003 vs 32% in 2012). At the downstream station, carbon specific yields for the studied flood in 2012 were twice higher than the annual ones observed in 2002-2003 (34 erosive events). During the two floods analysed in June 2013, the spatial and temporal variability of ⁷Be and ²¹ºPb wet deposition was investigated and quantified. The results indicate that the input signal of ⁷Be/²¹ºPb labelling associated with each storm should be determined and that spatially distributed collection of rainfall should be privileged to the sequential time-fractionated sampling at a single location. During these floods, the composition of exported suspended sediment could be studied along a continuum of ten nested stations draining areas between 0.1 ha and 19.8 km². Respective contributions of the different surface and subsurface sources of sediment and their propagation across the catchment, were successfully determined with the same tracers as during the May 2012 event. In future, the panel of parameters used in this thesis could be applied to characterise suspended matter behaviour during floods occurring later in the rainy season, or along a longer continuum of nested monitoring stations
Foucher, Anthony. "Reconstitution de la cascade sédimentaire en contexte de plaine agricole drainée : sources, voies de transfert et stockage de matière dans le bassin versant du Louroux (Indre et Loire)." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4031/document.
Full textSoil erosion is identified as one of the main factors influencing the physico-chemical degradation of the aquatic environments. This phenomenon has been largely described on contrasted topographic areas but there is a gap of knowledge about sediment mobilization/transfer in lowland areas despite the high connectivity level between the potential sources of sediment and the water bodies. In this context we have implemented an integrated multi-parameter approach allowing to track the sediment dynamics in a drained lowland area (the Louroux pond catchment: 47.16°N – 0.78°E) by starting from the sources of sediment to their accumulation in a sedimentary receptacle: the middle-age Louroux pond. The aims of this study are (i) to quantify at long (approx. 60 years) and short time scales (<10 years) the evolution of the erosion rate in the hillslope in link with the increase of the anthropogenic pressures (land consolidation, implementation of the drain network, ditches design), (ii) to track the origin of sediment reaching the pond, (iii) to identify and quantify the parameters influencing bank erosion, that is one of the main source of sediment transfers
Léauté, Frédérique. "Biogéochimie des contaminants organiques HAP, PCB et pesticides organochlorés dans les sédiments de l'étang de Thau." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00449516.
Full textConstant, Mel. "Source, transfert et devenir des microplastiques (MPs) en mer Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0057/document.
Full textAnthropogenic litter, particularly plastic litter and their fragments (microplastics or “MPs”; < 5 mm) represent a highly pervasive and persistent global threat to marine ecosystems, as they can be ingested by a wide range of marine species. As a landlocked sea with a high population density, the Mediterranean Sea is highly exposed to marine litter pollution. This thesis aims tounderstand the origin and the future of marine MPs thanks to a holistic approach from terrestrial sources to marine sinks. This strategy was applied at the regional scale of the Gulf of Lion (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea) on all coastal compartments. MPs were observed in every studied matrices (water, sediment, atmospheric fallout) with a high variability within and betweenthe different compartments. No significant qualitative trend seems to occur during the transfer of MPs between compartments and fibers were the most abundant shape found in samples. MP concentrations changed at a short spatial and temporal scale (< 1 hour and < 1 kilometer), overlaying other variabilities (i.e. seasonal or between sites). If no obvious relationship betweenexternal forcing (e.g. precipitations, river flow rates, winds) and MP concentrations was observed, rainfall events seemed to have an important impact on the amount of MPs transferred into the sea. Extrapolating our results to the whole Gulf of Lion watersheds, 30 ± 20 tons of MPs would settle on urban areas and 7 ± 10 tons would be supplied by rivers into the Mediterranean Sea every year. The extrapolation of MP quantities within marine environments seems to indicate that the sea surface and beaches are only transitory compartments (<1 ton) whereas sea floor and water column couldbe more impacted (up to 350 tons for marine sediment). New data on water column and marine sediments are needed to confirm this hypothesis, but those results suggest that both latter compartments could be major sinks for marine MPs
Le, Gall Marion. "Traçage des sources de sédiments à l'amont des hydrosystèmes agricoles : apport de la géochimie élémentaire, du rapport ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr et des radionucléides." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS355/document.
Full textSoil erosion is recognized as one of the main processes of land degradation in agricultural environments. This study develops an original fingerprinting method to examine sediment source contributions in two contrasted agricultural catchments. Several properties were used to trace sediment lithological sources (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, elemental concentrations), soil surface and subsurface sources (¹³⁷Cs) and to quantify their temporal dynamics (⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb_xs).In the Louroux catchment (24 km², France), representative of drained areas of Northwestern Europe, results showed the dominant contribution of very fine particles (<2 µm) transiting through the tile drainage system to suspended sediment. Sediment accumulated in the river channel was mainly exported during the two first floods investigated in 2013 whereas the next event was characterized by the transport of sediment eroded from the cultivated soil surface. Mixing models were used, and results indicated that surface sources contributed the majority of sediment deposited in the pond, at the outlet of the catchment. The two lithological sources, discriminated using ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, contributed in similar proportions to downstream pond sediment. In contrast, significant variations were observed since the 1950s. These changes may be related to the progressive implementation of land consolidation schemes within the catchment. Results obtained in the Louroux catchment revealed the potential of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios to trace sediment lithological sources. The methodology was then applied to the larger and steeper Guaporé catchment (2000 km², Brazil), exposed to a more erosive climate and characterized by contrasted laterite soils. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and elements that discriminated the five soil types found in the catchment were incorporated in mixing models. Results showed that the major part of sediment was supplied by soils located in lower catchment parts. This result suggests the higher sensitivity of land cultivated with conventional farming practices (downstream contribution), compared to areas cultivated under conservation agriculture (upstream contribution). Coupling several tracers (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, elemental concentrations and radionuclides) was shown to improve the understanding of sediment sources and dynamics at the catchment scale and to provide crucial information to guide the implementation of management measures to limit soil erosion. This fingerprinting approach produced an original dataset that may be used to calibrate and validate models simulating erosion and sediment transfers
Kitayama, Yumi. "Les quatre isotopes du soufre dans les kimberlites de Sibérie, traceurs du recyclage de croûte océanique et de sédiments Archéens dans le manteau terrestre." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0244.
Full textInherited from the early atmosphere, anomalies in the relative abundances of sulfur isotopes (32S, 33S, 34S and 36S) are recorded in sediments older than 2.5 billion year (i.e. Archean). Here we test the robustness of sulfur isotopes to trace the early recycling of oceanic crust and sediments that may have been transferred to the deep mantle or stored in the lithospheric mantle since the onset of subduction. In Siberia, the lithospheric mantle has been naturally sampled by the Udachnaya-East kimberlite while it was erupting. Because it is extremely well preserved, rich in Na, K, Cl, S and contains remnants of oceanic crust recycled during the Archean, this kimberlite enables us to test : (1) the hypothesis of an early recycling of Archean atmospheric sulfur in the lithospheric mantle and/or the deeper source of the kimberlite; (2) the coherence between in situ (SIMS in sulfide minerals) and bulk methods (chemical extraction of sulfur from powdered rocks, followed by gas source mass-spectrometry) for measuring multiple sulfur isotopes. Our results, combined with measurements of Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd and lead (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) isotopes, show that: (1) sulfates from the Udachnaya-East kimberlite and its nodules composed of chloride-carbonate have a deep, magmatic origin, uncontaminated by host sediments, suggesting the presence of sulfate-rich, oxidized domains in the mantle; (2) measurements of sulfur isotopes by bulk methods are consistent with the sulfide populations observed in situ; (3) sulfides from salty kimberlites are depleted in 34S with respect to the chondritic value and record small anomalies in sulfur isotopes ; (4) sheared peridotites contain another population of sulfides that are depleted in 34S and preserve 33S and 36S anomalies inherited from the Archean surface, despite resetting of the U-Pb chronometer during kimberlite eruption
Bentahila, Yasmine. "Sédimentation autour de Taiwan de 35000 ans à l'actuel : variations des sources (isotopes du Pb-Sr-Zn) et des conditions environnementales (isotopes du Cu-Zn)." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00103456.
Full textA l'échelle des derniers 35ka, d'importantes variations isotopiques en Sr-Pb (terrigène) et en Cu-Zn (carbonate) sont enregistrées dans les échantillons du forage ODP 1202D (Bassin d'Okinawa). Les isotopes du Sr et du Pb mettent en évidence une augmentation des apports lœssiques durant la période du Younger Dryas : cette augmentation est reliée à une intensification de la mousson d'hiver, engendrant des vents plus forts provenant du continent asiatique. Parallèlement, les fractionnements isotopiques importants du Cu et du Zn enregistrés depuis 6.9ka seraient liés à l'incorporation préférentielle des isotopes légers par l'activité biologique dans la zone euphotique. Ainsi, les faibles fractionnements isotopiques mesurés dans les échantillons du Younger Dryas seraient dus à un mélange entre les eaux de surfaces et les eaux plus profondes du fait de l'intensification des vents, provoquant ainsi une homogénéisation isotopique.
Galy, Valier. "Source, transport et enfouissement du carbone organique lors de l'érosion continentale : l'exemple du système himalayen." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL037N/document.
Full textIn the Ganga-Brahmaputra system, TOC linearly increases with the relative proportion of philosilicates and fine grain minerals. The proportion of fossil Corg in the suspended and bed sediments is respectively ~ 20 % and > 50 % of the TOC. During the Gangetic floodplain transit, more than 50 % of recent Corg derived from the Himalaya is oxidised and is replaced by Corg derived from the floodplain. The Corg loadings of river and recent Bengal Fan sediments are comparable. Biomarker abundance and ð13C show that Corg is dominated by terrestrial inputs. Consequently, the terrestrial Corg burial efficiency must be around 100 %. In the Himalayan basin, we estimate the burial fluxes or recent and fossil Corg to be respectively 3.1±0.3 × 1011 mol/yr and 0.9±0.4 × 1011 mol/yr. Corg burial therefore account for ~ 80 % of atmospheric CO2 consumption generated by Himalayan erosion. Efficient burial of Corg is likely a characteristic of high physical erosion typical of active orogenic systems
Garcia, Esteves Javier. "Géochimie d'un fleuve côtier méditerranéen : la Têt en Roussillon : Origines et transferts de matières dissoutes et particulaires de la source jusqu'à la mer." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0672.
Full textThe purpose of this work was the study of the chemical and mineralogical composition in the dissolved and particulate matter of the river Têt (Pyrénées-Orientales) in order to identify the major sources of these materials, and to propose detailed budgets with respect to their fluxes to the Mediterranean Sea. The main objective was to develop a geochemical and hydrosedimentological model that is able to distinguish between the part of the materials that come from natural sources, and the part that is released or retained by human activities. The scientific approach was constructed on a weekly survey during one hydrological year (2000-2001), from the headwaters down to the river mouth. The overall observations allowed the identification of five major sources that contributed to the material fluxes: rainfall, road salting, agriculture, urban waters and chemical rock weathering. For each source, the respective contributions were quantified. The particulate matter fluxes were determined by etablishing empirical models between the suspended matter concentrations and runoff, which also allowed a prediction of the carbon fluxes. All particulate matter fluxes were affected by the existence of a major reservoir lake and their retention rates in this lake could be estimated. The distinction between the natural and anthropogenic matter fluxes finally also allowed the proposition of a model about the functioning of a natural erosion that takes into account the spatial variability of the chemical and mechanical erosion in the basin, and that also distinguishes the contributions of silicate and carbonate weathering in the overall release of alkalinity to the river
Hebting, Yanek. "Elucidation de mécanismes de réduction de la matière organique sédimentaire : Nouveaux aspects de la chimie des sulfures." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13140.
Full textBen, Slimane Abir. "Rôle de l’érosion ravinaire dans l’envasement des retenues collinaires dans la Dorsale tunisienne et le Cap Bon." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0003/document.
Full textWater erosion affects nearly 3 million hectares of agricultural soil in Tunisia, and presents a threat to the sustainability of reservoirs to store surface waters. The high density of gully systems in Tunisia, like in many Mediterranean regions, raises the question of their role in the siltation of reservoirs. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to propose a methodology for evaluating the relative contribution of gully erosion (gullies/channel) compared to surface erosion (rill and interrill) in sediment fluxes at the outlet of small catchments (0.1-10 km ²), for pluri-annual periods (about 15 years). The proposed approach is based on the method of fingerprinting sediment sources developed by Walling et al. (1999), and takes advantage of the stable nature of certain elements to discriminate the origin of sediment trapped in reservoirs. The different steps of this approach consist in i) the identification of potential tracers adapted to the objectives of the study, ii) the quantification of these tracers in sources samples and in sediment cores, iii) the application of a mixing model combined with a Monte Carlo model. The results of this fingerprinting approach primarily tested on the Kamech experimental catchment were subsequently validated using eroded soil volumes estimated by two independent approaches. The results for this catchment show the dominance of surface erosion which represents nearly 80% of the 15 t/ha/year of total erosion. In addition, guidelines for method application have been proposed, including the implementation of a core sampling strategy which limits the level of uncertainty to less than 10%. The method was then applied to four other catchments representative of the diversity of the Tunisian Dorsal and Cape Bon landscapes. The comparison of the results for the five studied catchments shows a wide variability of erosion behaviour. Surface erosion is the dominant process in three catchments which require the establishment of protective cultivation of the soil resource. The two other catchments are dominated by gully erosion and require the priority use of structural measures such as improvements of gullies and bank channel protection. These differences between catchments have been related to the characteristics of the sites in order to identify predictive factors.Keywords: Gully Erosion. Rill and Interrill Erosion. Catchments. Reservoirs. Sediment Fingerprinting. Remote Sensing. Tunisia
Benabdelkader, Mohammed el Amine. "Sources et transferts des éléments majeurs et traces dans le bassin versant de la Tafna (Algérie) : approches géochimiques et hydrochimiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0046.
Full textSemi-arid Mediterranean characterized by floods and sever low water and anthropogenic increasing, the North African wadis are exposed to important environment impacts. Traces metal elements contamination (ETM including rare earth elements) continues to increase and contributes to degrade aquatic environment. Traces metals elements concentrations and mobility, different processes (hydro)biogéochimiques as well as their transfer downstream, are thus affected. In this context, to evaluate the impact of these pressures, the Tafna was used as a model in this thesis to evaluate the water and sediments quality of the basin, to identify the sources and the behavior of the ETM in different hydrological conditions. ETM (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, As), the REE (La-Yb) and the major elements, COP, COD, as well as the physicochemical parameters, were studied during several hydrological campaigns contrasting, for 10 stations and two dams, from upstream to downstream of the watershed. The results obtained show that the chemical composition of the water is influenced by lithology (presence of calcite and evaporitic minerals) which contributes to the water enrichment by Na, Mg, B, Cl, SO4, as well as by Ca and CO3 through dissolution process. The hydrological conditions and the different geochemical processes of adsorption/desorption, precipitation/dissolution, dilution influence the content and mobility of ETM in water and sediments, particularly in relation to the presence of carbonate and evaporitic formations. Enrichment and origins of sediment contamination were assessed using a combination of geochemical and isotopic indicators. High contamination in some ETM (Pb> Cd> Zn> Cu) and low enrichment for others (Al, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni) was demonstrated. Multiple local contamination sources were identified (industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes) and more diffuse pollution, notably from atmospheric deposition (gasoline, ores, aerosols). During floods, through the remobilization of particles accumulated, dams can be either secondary sources of contamination or dilution of contamination by particles from highly erosive upstream zones. Geomorphology plays a major role in slowing the transfer contamination to downstream (by sedimentation), but in high water condition there is remobilization and transfer of ETM to the Mediterranean. The elements with natural origin (Co, Ni, Cr, As) are correlated with Al, Fe and Mn, suggesting a control by oxides or clays, those of anthropogenic origin with phosphorus (Cd and Zn) or sulfur (Cu), mainly related to agricultural inputs. Cadmium and Pb are the most extractable metals upstream and downstream, but their availability is not strictly related to the degree of contamination. REE profiles in sediments are controlled by particle size and geochemical characteristics (including anomalies). Light rare earths elements were associated with clay minerals and heavy rare earths elements with coarse silt; the medium and heavy rare earths were the most extractable. Dams are wells for light rare earths from retained sediments and influence the traditional fractionation of REE erosion patterns from upstream to downstream. By highlighting the natural processes impact (hydrological, geochemical and erosion) and anthropogenic disruptions (discharges, dams) by the REE and various geochemical and isotopic tools combined, this innovative work for semi-arid carbonate systems could be used for other similar basins subjected to various pressures (erosion and anthropization). Repository recommendations and a set of geochemical and statistical data and tools are provided
Mhadhbi, Takoua. "Dynamique des pesticides au sein d’un écosystème lagunaire (lagune de Bizerte, Tunisie) : identification des sources de contaminations et processus de transformation des contaminants." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG040.
Full textThe Bizerte Lagoon watershed is surrounded by intense agricultural activities. The use of phytosanitary products to treat the crops that surround this watershed, causes a deterioration of the lagoon water quality. Monitoring the level of pollution in this ecosystem requires the application of combined approaches. Thus, in this work a survey is carried out to determine the sources of pollution due to agricultural activities and to identify pesticides used by farmers. To verify the presence of the molecules determined during the investigation, a diagnosis of water column pollution is carried out using two sampling techniques: grap sampling and passive sampling (POCIS). Sediments are also threatened by these xenobiotics, thus, a screening was carried out in this matrix. It is relevant to determine the fate of these pollutants once they are present in the aquatic environment. Thus, the study of their photodegradation in the water column was carried out. The degradation of these pollutants can give rise to by-products that are more toxic than the parent molecules. An ecotoxicological approach is developed in this work to determine the toxicity of these products on a model species Ostreococcus tauri
Ortiz, Alexandre. "Géométries et bilan érosion-sédimentation d’un rétro-bassin d’avant-pays durant son évolution finie-orogénique et post-orogénique : le cas du système Pyrénées / bassin d’Aquitaine / golfe de Gascogne de 38 à 0 Ma." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B068.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to study the "source-to-sink" system of the Pyrenees system and its retro-foreland basins, the Aquitaine basin and its deep equivalent, the Bay of Biscay during the Cenozoic. This work required (1) a biostratigraphic re-evaluation, (2) an analysis in terms of seismic stratigraphy and quantification of preserved sediment volumes, (3) a quantification of eroded volumes from the Massif Central, (4) a quantification of the eroded volumes from the Pyrenees, (5) a synthesis of all these data. The transition from the orogenic to the post-orogenic phase occurs between 27.1 and 25.2 Ma. It corresponds to the succession of three erosional surfaces that fossilize the entire compressive structures. The orogenic period is divided into two phases, (1) up to 43.5 Ma (Lutetian), is characterized by a strong subsidence at the front of the North-Pyrenean-Thrust, (2) from 43.5 to 27.1 Ma, is characterized by the subsidence migration toward the basin, in sub-basins controlled by the thrusts activity. The post-orogenic period is divided into two phases, (1) from 25.2 to 16 Ma approximately, corresponds to the establishment of the isostatic rebound, (2) between 16 and 10.6 Ma, corresponds to an uplift of the whole system. This phase corresponds to a West European event undoubtedly linked to a mantle activity. The total quantity of rocks preserved in the Aquitaine basin and the Bay of Biscay is 92 200 km3. The distribution of sediments preserved over time evolves in favor of the Aquitaine basin between 66.0 and 33.9 Ma and in favor of the Bay of Biscay between 5.3 and 0 Ma. This balance is due to the different stages of evolution of the subsidence / uplift in the Aquitaine basin. The sedimentation rates show two periods of increase in sedimentary fluxes, the first at the Eocene-Oligocene limit, which we relate to both the period of Pyrenean paroxysmal exhumation and to contemporary global cooling. The second, at 5.3 Ma, seems to correspond to the global increase of fluxes, whose climatic origin is favored by the authors. The total amount of eroded rock from the Pyrenees and the Massif Central is 34 335 km3. The difference observed between the sedimented volumes and the eroded volumes can be explained by the contribution of sediments resulting from the currents from the Pliocene, the not taking into account the volumes coming from the Cantabrian massifs and an underestimation of the eroded volumes
Tapia, Joseline. "Sources, mobility and bioavailability of metals and metalloids in the mining and smelter impacted altiplanean city of Oruro, Bolivia." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755310.
Full textTorelli, Martina. "Modelling Microbial Methane Processes in Marine Environments : from Source to Seep. Insights from Basin Analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS270.pdf.
Full textMarine sediments in continental margins are known to be enriched in Sedimentary Organic Matter (SOM) which can yield methane by microbial activity. Previous results collected in the framework of the PAMELA research project allowed to identify several seepages of microbial methane offshore Aquitaine (Bay of Biscay) and along the Mozambique and Madagascar continental margins. In order to better understand the impact of the Organic Matter (OM) on such fluid systems, we (1) characterized the OM, and (2) proposed a new modelling approach to predict methane cycle at the basin scale from its generation to migration and release. The OM in the Mozambique Channel shows heterogeneities at large scale in quality and quantity between the Mozambique and the Madagascar margins. We concluded that isotopic signature variations can be the result of different transport and preservation conditions between the two sites. A new modelling approach was applied to the Bay of Biscay biogenic fluid system. It consists of a basin modelling workflow of microbial gas generation and migration process at the basin scale and accounts for OM biodegradation processes and the main biogenic gas sink. The results allowed us to propose a reference scenario for microbial gas production in offshore Aquitaine that is compared with measured data from in situ bubbling sites and acoustic water column signatures. The biogenic system appears to be sourced by biogenic gas system found in the Plio-Pleistocene sediments that is still active, with a mean flow rate estimated between 0.87 and 1.48 Tcf/My
Bravo, Mercado Manuel. "Spéciation des composés organostanniques dans les sédiments et matériaux biologiques du littoral chilien par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la photométrie de flamme pulsée (GC-PFPD)." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3027.
Full textIn this work the development of an analytic methodology based on "headspace" soild phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC-PFPD) were carried out. It showed to be efficient, fast and simple for the simultaneous determination of eight organotins. The chemometrical optimisation of extraction allowed to reach instrumental limits of detection more lower than 1 ng (Sn) l-1. During the analysis of some Chilean sediments the unknown signal presence on chromatograms were found. The GC-MS use demonstrated that these signals correspond to sulphur compounds. The application of HS-SPME allowed to solve these problems and it appears as a promising alternative thanks to its high sensitivity and selectivity for the organotin determination by GC-PFPD on the complex samples. For the first time, the tin speciation on environmental samples coming from the Chilean coastal sites was determinated. Only butyltins were determinated (MBT, DBT and TBT). Their concentrations are variable and it depends of sampled sites and their proximity with contamination sources. The determination of the total concentrations of metals and metalloids on more contaminated sites allowed to classify the samples in two groups. Besides, factor analysis evidenced relationships between some elements concentrations and organotin compounds. This result suggests a common anthropogenic source for butyltins, arsenic and copper, chemicals species used in antifouling paints
Tapia, Zamora Joseline Soledad. "Sources, mobilité et biodisponibilité des métaux traces et métalloïdes dans la ville minière d'Oruro sur l'altiplano bolivien." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1813/.
Full textThis study was performed within the main altiplanic hydrological system constituted by the Lake Titicaca-Desaguadero River- Lake Poopó-Coipasa salar (TDPS) sub-basins. This region is characterized by the presence of two highly mineralized ranges: the Cordillera Occidental related to epithermal and sedimentary Cu deposits and the Cordillera Oriental associated with numerous metallogenic belts, where the Bolivian Tin Belt is very well known. The Oruro Department is located in the central part of this belt. This study has been motivated by the fact that despite this city has been exposed to intense mining activities since the XVIIth century, very little is known about the geochemical characteristics and the dispersion processes affecting this area. A detailed geochemistry study was performed in five lacustrine sedimentary cores (Lake Uru Uru). Statistical analyses of sediment and soil concentrations allowed us to propose a geochemical background and a present time geochemical baseline for the Altiplano sediments and has allowed us to propose that the upper continental crust (UCC) composition is not adequate to obtain enrichment factors in this region, naturally enriched in trace metals and metalloids. Furthermore, we propose that the anthropogenic impact in superficial soils is associated with trace elements dispersion from the Vinto Foundry, whereas Lake Uru Uru sediments are related to mining activities. Post-depositional redistribution of trace metals and metalloids during early diagenesis are related to a change in chemical speciation of these elements and moreover, authigenic enrichment, mainly as sulfides. Particularly, Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides destabilization plays a preponderant role in this redistribution. Early diagenesis is influenced importantly by seasonal precipitation variability, with an important role of evaporation. Trace elements diffusion into the water-sediment interface, controlled by concentration gradients resulting from redox reactions during early diagenesis, show that Lake Uru Uru sediments are a source of trace metals and metalloids, particularly arsenic, into the overlying water column. This work has also shown that trace metals and metalloids deposition within Lake Uru Uru sediments is mainly influenced by three sources : local geology, authigenic minerals formation during early diagenesis influenced probably by cold ENSO (La Niña) events and mining origin gangues and ores
Dubrulle-Brunaud, Carole. "LES SEDIMENTS FINS DANS UN SYSTEME MACROTIDAL ACTUEL (CONTINUUM SEINE-BAIE DE SEINE) : caractérisations géochimiques et minéralogiques, identification des sources." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00214127.
Full textLa résolution du mélange particulaire (ACP, équations de mélange) montre qu'à long terme (plusieurs décennies), la sédimentation fine actuelle correspond au mélange composite de quatre sources (marine, fluviatile, fossile, estuarienne). A court terme (saisonnier, évènementiel), le mélange est encore plus complexe, marqué par certaines sources secondaires.
Ponte, Jean-Pierre. "La marge africaine du canal du Mozambique, le système turbiditique du Zambèze : une approche « Source to Sink » au Méso – Cénozoïque." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B005/document.
Full textThe Zambezi system located on the eastern slope of Africa is characterized by a turbiditic system of very large size (x 100 km) and is associated onshore to the third largest watershed in Africa (1,320,000 km2) after those of the Nile and Congo. Few studies have examined the evolution of the land - sea system from the eroding catchment to the sedimentation basin. This work will focus on: [1] characterize and discuss the origin of the deformations recorded in the Zambezi sedimentary system since 155 Ma, [2] quantify the erosion-sedimentation balances of the Zambezi system, for a better understanding of the sedimentary routing
Fiandino, Mirabelle. "Apports de matières en suspension par les fleuves côtiers à l'étang de Berre (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) : Quantification des flux, identification des zones sources, étude des relations avec les conditions hydrologiques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10035.
Full textAboussou, Anabel. "New Rock-Eval method for Pyritic and Organic Sulphur quantification : Application to study Organic Matter preservation in Jurassic sediments." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS529.pdf.
Full textThis study was focused on development of the new Rock-Eval 7S which presents the same functionalities as the current version (Rock-Eval 6), complemented by a system of sulphur detection during the two phases of the analysis: pyrolysis phase and oxidation phase. The main goal of this PhD project was to provide and highlight different carbon and sulphur Rock-Eval 7S parameters which can be used to describe OM preservation in marine sediments. To reach this goal, a new Rock-Eval method for sulphur speciation and quantification was developed, and validated on a set of marine sediments and on sedimentary mixtures. This new method was then used to help the description of organic matter preservation in three marine sedimentary sections: (i) Kimmeridge Clay Formation; Grey Shale Member; (iii) Blue Lias Formation. This PhD project aims to lay the scientific foundation to apply Rock-Eval 7S carbon and sulphur parameters as routine descriptors in basin models
Aycard, Mylène. "Géochimie des sédiments du bassin de Cariaco (Venezuela) dans le contexte de la dernière transition glaciaire-interglaciaire : processus de sédimentation et préservation de la matière organique." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-Aycard.pdf.
Full textLe résultat majeur obtenu est que dans le site exceptionnel du bassin de Cariaco la matière organique se révèle être un marqueur paléoclimatique d'aussi grande qualité que les isotopes stables de l'oxygène. Une étude géochimique détaillée de la matière organique de cinq échantillons révèle l'origine essentiellement phytoplanctonique de la matière organique, ainsi qu'une faible contribution d'origine bactérienne, alors que la matière organique dérivée de végétaux supérieurs est négligeable. Un examen détaillé de la matière organique, par une étude spectroscopique, puis pyrolytique, a permis de montrer que le proto-kérogène, ou matière organique insoluble non hydrolysable, est essentiellement constitué de géomacromolécules, ou mélanoi͏̈dines, formée par une réaction de condensation de matériel dérivé de protéines et de polysaccharides dégradés associées à des lipides fonctionnalisés. Des thermochemolyses TMAH ont également permis de montrer que des protéines avaient été préservées par encapsulation dans la fraction de la matière organique la plus réfractaire. Enfin, le processus de sulfuration naturelle est d'ampleur très modérée, et ce malgré des conditions de sédimentation a priori favorables, i. E. Présence d'une anoxie de la colonne d'eau et intense sulfato-réduction
Cependant, la proportion de composés organo-soufrés tend à augmenter avec le temps. Ainsi, il apparaît que le processus de sulfuration naturelle se produit sur un intervalle de temps long, à l'inverse de la dégradation-recondensation qui paraît finie même pour l'échantillon le plus récent (ca. 800 ans). Une étude détaillée des composés organo-soufrés a permis d'approcher la cinétique de ces processus, et révèle que les polysaccharides incorporent le soufre plus rapidement que les lipides. En effet, la matière organique sulfurée identifiée dans l'échantillon le plus récent est essentiellement dérivée de carbohydrates. En revanche, la proportion de lipides sulfurés dans les proto-kérogènes tend à augmenter dans les échantillons les plus anciens traduisant une meilleure résistance des lipides à la reminéralisation par rapport aux carbohydrates. La combinaison d'une étude géochimique globale des sédiments bruts, couplée à l'étude géochimique moléculaire approfondie de la matière organique permet de proposer un modèle de dépôt de la matière organique dans un cadre climatique parfaitement contraint
Drira, Achraf. "Geoacoustic inversion : improvement and extension of the sources image method." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0089/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing the signals emitted from a spherical omnidirectional source reflected by a stratified sedimentary environment and recorded by a hydrophone array in order to characterize quantitatively the marine sediments at medium frequencies, i.e. between 1 and 10 kHz. The research developed in this manuscript provides a methodology to facilitate the estimation of medium geoacoustic parameters with the image source method, and some appropriate technical solutions to improve this recently developed inversion method. The image source method is based on a physical modeling of the wave reflection emitted from a source by a stratified medium under the Born approximation. As result, the reflection of the wave on the layered medium can be represented by a set of image sources, symmetrical to the real source with respect to the interfaces, whose spatial positions are related to the sound speeds and the thicknesses of the layers. The study consists of two parts : signal processing and inversion of geoacoustic parameters. The first part of the work is focused on the development of the image source method. The original method was based on migration and semblance maps of the recorded signals to determine the input parameters of the inversion algorithm which are travel times and arrival angles. To avoid this step, we propose to determine the travel times with the Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO) and the arrival angles are estimate with a triangulation approach. The inversion model is then integrated, taking into account the possible deformation of the antenna. This part concludes with a new approach that combines TKEO and time-frequency representations in order to have a good estimation of the travel times in the case of noisy signals. For the modeling and geoacoustic inversion part, we propose first an accurate description of the forward model by introducing the concept of virtual image sources. This idea provides a deeper understanding of the developed approach. Then, we propose an extension of the image sources method to the estimation of supplementary geoacoustic parameters : the density, the absorption coefficient, and the shear wave sound speed. This extension is based on the results of the original inversion (estimation of the number of layers, their thicknesses, and the pressure sound speeds) and on the use of the amplitudes of the reflected signals. These improvements and extents of the image source method are illustrated by their applications on both synthetic and real signals, the latter coming from tank and at-sea measurements. The obtained results are very satisfactory, from a computational point of view as well as for the quality of the provided estimations
Inoubli, Nesrine. "Ruissellement et éronsion hydrique en milieu méditerranéen vertique : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0040/document.
Full textAs one of the major types of land degradation, soil erosion by water induced large-scale environmental deterioration and declines in land productivity, especially in the Mediterranean area. If water erosion factors are now well known, the complex hierarchy of erosion processes over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales still needs to be studied. Shrink–swell soils that are widespread under Mediterranean climate, imply additional changes in terms of hydrological and erosive responses in relation to the changing soil water conditions. In this context, this study aims to better understand the processes and factors affecting the lateral transfers of water and sediments in an agricultural catchment dominated by vertisols under a range of spatial and temporal scales. A detailed monitoring investigation was conducted in the Kamech catchment (ORE OMERE, Tunisia) that includes continuous runoff and suspended sediment load measurement between 2005 and 2012 at the outlet of a four hydrological gauging stations: 1/ a plot (1.32 ha), 2/ a gully (0.17 ha) in which drains a 1.20 ha plot; 3/ a micro-catchment (15.2 ha) integrating the two previous stations and 4/ the oued station (175 ha) located in the main drain just upstream the Kamech reservoir. Data analysis showed that topsoil cracks appeared to seriously affect the seasonal dynamics of water and sediment delivery whatever the considered spatial scale. A similar time lag in the seasonality between water and sediments delivery was observed: although the runoff rates were globally low during the presence of topsoil cracks in autumn, most sediment transport occurred during this period because of very high sediment concentrations. Mean annual runoff proved to slightly increase with the scale area with 95 mm/year for the plot, 105 mm/ year for the gully and 120mm/year for the micro-catchment station. Increase of area with low infiltration capacity when moving from plot to micro-catchment has been identified as a major explanation of this increase. A simple linear model combining a single rate of topsoil erosion (17 t ha-1 yr-1) and a single rate of gully erosion (80 t ha-1 yr-1) -weighted by their respective surface area- has successfully reproduced the differences observed in the mean annual erosion rates between the spatial scales. The sediment fingerprinting method applied on sediments collected during four flood events at the different stations showed that the apportionment of the processes responsible for the transfer of sediments was relatively stable during the year. The application of the Morel-Seytoux infiltration model has allowed reproducing runoff measured at the parcel outlet for most of the events, whatever the presence of cracks or not. However, the evolution of the two parameters in this model (the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the storage-suction factor) as a function of the presence of the cracks, of the soil surface conditions and of the degree of humidity still need to be modelled. This work allows concluding that the Kamech catchment is characterized by a very high hydro-sedimentary connectivity and a predominance of topsoil erosion processes and that the implementation of erosion control measures should incentivize farming conservation practices focusing especially on the autumn period. This work also highlights the crucial role of the cracks on the catchment runoff and sediment dynamics in Mediterranean vertisol context and the need to better understand and model both the runoff and soil erosion processes associated with cracking soils environment
Bonneau, Lucile. "Impact des oscillations climatiques rapides du dernier cycle glaciaire sur l'érosion et les transferts sédimentaires dans le sud des Alpes (SE France)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066617.
Full textWhile dominant processes and time-scales controlling denudation rates are intensively debated, past terrigenous input remains difficult to detect from the marine sedimentary record, especially during the Quaternary because of the strong overprint exerted by the sea-level changes. In this study, we focus on the Var sediment-routing system (SE France) where the absence of a continental shelf off the Var river mouth (Ligurian margin, NW Mediterranean Sea) resulted in the direct connection between the Var River and the deep basin during both highstand and lowstand conditions. Moreover hyperpycnal flow initiated during Var floods are the main sediment transfer processes in the Var turbidite system, making changes in sediment supply within headwater source regions possible to discern in the stratigraphic record of the distal sedimentary basin
Azaroff, Alyssa. "Réactivité et devenir des micropolluants dans le canyon sous-marin de Capbreton." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3046.
Full textThis work improved our knowledge about the marine pollution from anthropogenic activities in the submarine Canyon of Capbreton, a transfer zone of particulate matter from the continent to the deep sea. An inventory of the priority and emerging micropollutants has been performed from sediments of the first 25 kilometres of this canyon. Higher concentrations of micropollutants were observed in the canyon compare to the continental shelf suggesting that this canyon is both a trap for particles and micropollutants. Tracking of sources with isotopic tools demonstrated high contribution of runoff inputs for coastal sediments and a contribution of the hemipelagic inputs for the offshore sediments. Reactivity of emerging micropollutants and mercury was assessed by experiments under controlled conditions in order to identify transformations processes and Prokaryotes involved. Emerging micropollutants degradation is slow under anoxic condition and much higher under oxic condition. Thecapacity of degradation observed for bacteria isolated from those sediments suggests their implication for the organic micropollutants bioremediation in the marine environment. Mercury methylation and demethylation potentials demonstrated a high biomethylation in coastal anoxic sediments, linked to bacteria related to the sulphur cycle. This work confirm that Capbreton Canyon, likely as others submarine canyons, are important ecosystems for the transfer and micropollutants transformations processes
Gardes, Thomas. "Reconstruction temporelle des contaminations métalliques et organiques particulaires dans le bassin versant de l'Eure et devenir des sédiments suite à l'arasement d'un barrage. Reconstruction of anthropogenic activities in legacy sediments from the Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine Estuary (France) Flux estimation, temporal trends and source determination of trace metal contamination in a major tributary of the Seine estuary, France Temporal trends, sources, and relationships between sediment characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from the major Seine estuary tributary, France Impacts à court-terme de l’arasement d’un barrage sur la morphologie du cours d’eau et la remobilisation de sédiments contaminés par les métaux traces Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, PCBs) and trace elements: Influencing factors and determination in a river sediment core." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR038.
Full textThe anthropogenic impact on rivers has significantly increased following the industrial revolutioninitiated by Western countries. Thus, changes in the geomorphology of rivers for water storage andnavigation, the conversion of land for agricultural, industrial and urbanization purposes illustrate thisenvironmental pressure, which results, among other things, in an increase in discharges of variouscontaminants into environmental compartments, particularly rivers. Therefore, part of these dischargescan end up in suspended particulate matter, which is then considered as storage wells, which transit inrivers. River development, particularly the construction of dams, encourages the sedimentation of these contaminated particles over time. These sediments of anthropogenic origin, also called legacy sediments, are therefore witnesses to human activities and make it possible to reconstruct the temporal trajectories of contamination within watersheds. The Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine estuary, has experienced significant anthropogenic pressures since the twentieth century. The temporal reconstruction of anthropogenic pressures has required the combination of different methodological approaches: (i) a diachronic analysis of the morphological modifications of the river was carried out, in conjunction with (ii) an analysis of the sedimentary dynamics and the nature of the sediment deposits by coupling geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical methods, and (iii) the setting up of a network for monitoring the hydro-sedimentary behaviour with continuous sampling of suspended particulate matter. Significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the lower reaches of the watershed, with the main consequences being an outlet moved some ten kilometres in the direction of a dam and the formation of hydraulic annexes favouring the accumulation of sediments as early as the 1940s. These made it possible to show that the Eure River watershed had experienced significant contamination, the consequences of which are still being recorded despite the cessation of activities or uses. The temporal trends of trace metal and metalloid elements showed strong contaminations in As in the 1940s and contaminations of industrial origin in Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as contaminations in Sb and Pb in 1990–2000. The latter are still recorded despite the cessation of the activities responsible for the discharges, as evidenced by the results from the suspended particulate matter currently collected in the river. Like most trace metals, organic contaminants such as PAHs showed significant contamination during the 1940–1960s, with signatures indicating a predominantly pyrogenic origin. PCBs showed significant contamination during the period 1950–1970, in connection with the production and national uses of mixtures composed mainly of low chlorinated congeners. Finally, interest in a third family of persistent organic contaminants, organochlorine pesticides, showed the use of lindane and DDT, particularly during the 1940–1970 period, and highlighted the post-ban use of lindane and the presence of a metabolite of DDT several decades after the cessation of its use, in connection with the increase in erosion of cultivated soils
Le, pape Pierre. "Etude de la dynamique, des sources et de la spéciation des éléments tracés dans le bassin versant de l’orge (Essonne, France)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112330/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the dynamics of trace elements (TE) in the water column of the Orge River. In the upstream part of the watershed, land uses consist mainly in forests and agricultural soils, whereas downstream, the population density reaches up to 8,000 inh. km-2, in the suburbs of Paris Megacity. The sampling sites were chosen to describe a gradation in urbanization influence from up to downstream in this particularly contrasted catchment. Four sampling campaigns were performed at seven selected sites along the Orge River during an hydrological year (2010/2011). The spatio-temporal monitoring of the concentrations in the dissolved phase (< 0.45 µm) and in suspended particulate matter (SPM) was associated to isotopic tools (δ34S [SO42-], 206Pb/207Pb) to understand both the dynamics of TE partition and the sources of contamination. Speciation of zinc was investigated as it is the main inorganic contaminant in the Orge River catchment, using X-ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopy coupled to microanalysis, and synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy. Results of geochemical analyses showed that runoff and sewer releases are major sources of contamination in river. Results from isotopic measurements allow to build a hydro-geochemical indicator of anthropogenic pressure in river which considers both physico-chemistry and hydrodynamics, by tracing simultaneously dissolved and particulate compartments. The investigation of zinc speciation permits to identify iron and manganese oxyhydroxydes, calcite, clays and amorphous silica as main bearing phases for this element. Microscopy results confirmed the existence of such phases in river and allowed the identification of secondary zinc bearing phases as sulfides, “surprisingly” present in the oxic water column. At last, this work permitted a better understanding of biogeochemical cycling of TE in urbanized rivers, and to explore new research schemes by coupling speciation and isotopic measurements for specific elements
Vinciguerra, Constance. "Reconstruction des paléo-drainages des bassins précoces péri-orogéniques (Crétacé terminal-Paléocène) à partir des dépôts fluviatiles dans le système pyrénéen oriental." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BOR30001.
Full textDuring the Pyrenean early orogenic phase of the Pyrenees, the location of the first Pyrenean reliefs and the timing of their establish development remain uncertain. The records of continental deposits from Late Cretaceous to Palaeocene in the peri-orogenic basins of the eastern Pyrenean system allows the definition of various fluvial architectures that lead to (1) reconstruct paleo-drainages, (2) estimate paleo-relief locations, and (3) constrain and compare sediment fluxes in the system. The study was conducted in the Tremp Basin (Spain), and in Corbières, in Languedoc and in Provence (France). The first part of this work corresponds to the sedimentological analysis and fluvial object mapping allowing the characterisation of depositional models and the estimation of sediment provenance. The second part of this work consists in improving the stratigraphic calibration of these continental series using the δ13Corg variations carried out on two sections on both sides of the Eastern Pyrenees (Orcau-Talarn, in Spain and Saint-Ser in Provence). Values were measured on Campanian to Danian deposits and compared to the signal of reference marine sections. This work shows that from the Campanian to the Lower Maastrichtian, the major fluxes are recorded in the southern area of the Corbières and in the Tremp Basin; in the Upper Maastrichtian, local fluxes emanated from small active reliefs; at the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition, the whole area records a lacustrine phase more important in the northern area; during the Dano-Selandian, the system records a major flux from the north of the Tremp Basin and in the west of the Corbières, while the small active reliefs still form local sources in the northern domain. Thus the paleo-drainages show that the majority of the sediments come at the beginning of the orogeny first from the external zones, and from an eastern proto-axial zone, disappeared during the opening of the Gulf of Lion. Then the re-activation of old structures in the north and the emergence of major thrusts in the south generated local production of sediments and partitioned fluxes. It is only during the mid-Thanetian or the Eocene that sediments were shed in the basins sourced from the axial zone, about 26 Ma after the beginning of the convergence
Lefrançois, Julie. "Dynamiques et origines des matières en suspension sur de petits bassins versants agricoles sur schiste." Phd thesis, Rennes 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178187.
Full textSuspended sediments (SS) are responsible for aquatic habitat degradation. The objectives of this work are to explain the SS dynamics on small agricultural catchments and to identify particle origin. This study focuses on three catchments that have different bank degradation. SS dynamics are studied using SS concentration-discharge relationship. SS origin is assessed by the interpretation of these relationships and by direct methods : 137Cs measures, SS-sources fingerprinting. SS dynamics depend on hydrological processes. But on two catchments, particles also comme from the degradation of the riparian areas by cattle trampling, without link with the hydrology. This conclusion was confirmed both by 137Cs measures on riparian areas and by fingerprinting SS sources. Territory management would suggest an arrangement that integrates cattle as a determining parameter in SS dynamics