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Journal articles on the topic 'Source scaling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 25 June 2025

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1

Bakulin, Andrey, Dmitry Alexandrov, Christos Saragiotis, Abdullah Al Ramadan, and Boris Kashtan. "Correcting source and receiver scaling for virtual source imaging and monitoring." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 3 (2018): Q15—Q24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0163.1.

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Virtual source redatuming is a data-driven interferometric approach that relies on constructive and destructive interference, and as a result it is quite sensitive to input seismic trace amplitudes. Land surveys are prone to amplitude changes that are unrelated to subsurface geology (source/receiver coupling, etc.). We have determined that such variations may be particularly damaging to construct a virtual-source signal for imaging and seismic monitoring applications, and they need to be correctly compensated before satisfactory images, repeatability, and proper relative amplitudes are achieved. We examine two methods to correct for these variations: a redatuming approach based on multidimensional deconvolution and multisurvey surface-consistent (SC) scaling. Using synthetic data, we discover that the first approach can only balance time-dependent variations between repeat surveys, e.g., compensate for variable shot scaling. In contrast, a multisurvey SC approach can compensate for shot and receiver scaling within each survey and among the surveys. As a result, it eliminates redatuming artifacts, brings repeat surveys to a common amplitude level, while preserving relative amplitudes required for quantitative interpretation of 4D amplitude differences. Applying an SC approach to a land time-lapse field data set with buried receivers from Saudi Arabia, we additionally conclude that separate SC scaling of early arrivals and deep reflections may produce better image and repeatability. This is likely due to the significantly different frequency content of early arrivals and deep reflections.

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2

Liao, Lele, Guoliang Cheng, Zhaoyi Gu, and Jing Lu. "Efficient independent vector extraction of dominant source (L)." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 6 (2022): 4126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0011746.

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The complete decomposition performed by blind source separation is computationally demanding and superfluous when only the speech of one specific target speaker is desired. This letter proposes a computationally efficient blind source extraction method based on the fast fixed-point optimization algorithm under the mild assumption that the average power of the source of interest outweighs the interfering sources. Moreover, a one-unit scaling operation is designed to solve the scaling ambiguity for source extraction. Experiments validate the efficacy of the proposed method in extracting the dominant source.

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3

IDE, Satoshi. "Scaling Relations for Earthquake Source Process." Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 61, Supplement (2009): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/zisin.61.329.

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4

Thingbaijam, Kiran Kumar S., P. Martin Mai, and Katsuichiro Goda. "New Empirical Earthquake Source‐Scaling Laws." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 107, no. 5 (2017): 2225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120170017.

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5

Popescu, Emilia, Anica Otilia Placinta, Felix Borleasnu, and Mircea Radulian. "Repeated Earthquakes in the Vrancea Subcrustal Source and Source Scaling." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 95 (December 2017): 032005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/95/3/032005.

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6

Somerville, P. G., J. P. McLaren, L. V. LeFevre, R. W. Burger, and D. V. Helmberger. "Comparison of source scaling relations of eastern and western North American earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, no. 2 (1987): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0770020322.

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Abstract Source scaling relations have been obtained for earthquakes in eastern North America and other continental interiors, and compared with a relation obtained for earthquakes in western North America. The scaling relation for eastern North American earthquakes was constructed from measurements of seismic moment and source duration obtained by the waveform modeling of seismic body waves. The events used include nine events of mbLg magnitude 4.7 to 5.8 that occurred after 1960, and four earlier events with magnitudes between 5.5 and 6.6. The scaling relation for events in other continental interiors was used for comparative purposes and to provide constraints for large magnitudes. Detailed analysis of the uncertainties in the scaling relations has allowed the resolution of two important issues concerning the source scaling of earthquakes in eastern North America. First, the source characteristics of earthquakes in eastern North America and other continental interiors are consistent with constant stress drop scaling, and are inconsistent with nonconstant scaling models such as that of Nuttli (1983). Second, the stress drops of earthquakes in eastern North America and other continental interiors are not significantly different from those of earthquakes in western North America, and have median values of approximately 100 bars. The source parameters of earthquakes in eastern North America are consistent with a single constant stress drop scaling relation, whereas the source parameters of earthquakes in western North America are much more variable and show significant departures from an average scaling relation in which stress drop decreases slightly with seismic moment.

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7

Ji, Chen, and Ralph J. Archuleta. "A Source Physics Interpretation of Nonself-Similar Double-Corner-Frequency Source Spectral Model JA19_2S." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 2A (2022): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210098.

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Abstract We investigate the relation between the kinematic double-corner-frequency source spectral model JA19_2S (Ji and Archuleta, 2020) and static fault geometry scaling relations proposed by Leonard (2010). We find that the nonself-similar low-corner-frequency scaling relation of JA19_2S model can be explained using the fault length scaling relation of Leonard’s model combined with an average rupture velocity ∼70% of shear-wave speed for earthquakes 5.3 &lt; M&lt; 6.9. Earthquakes consistent with both models have magnitude-independent average static stress drop and average dynamic stress drop around 3 MPa. Their scaled energy e˜ is not a constant. The decrease of e˜ with magnitude can be fully explained by the magnitude dependence of the fault aspect ratio. The high-frequency source radiation is generally controlled by seismic moment, static stress drop, and dynamic stress drop but is further modulated by the fault aspect ratio and the relative location of the hypocenter. Based on these two models, the commonly quoted average rupture velocity of 70%–80% of shear-wave speed implies predominantly unilateral rupture.

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8

Smith, Chad M., and Thomas B. Gabrielson. "Scaling of a gas-combustion infrasound source." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (2018): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5035922.

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9

Gusev, A., M. Radulian, M. Rizescu, and G. F. Panza. "Source scaling of intermediate-depth Vrancea earthquakes." Geophysical Journal International 151, no. 3 (2002): 879–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01816.x.

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10

Vaze, Rahul, and Jayakrishnan Nair. "Network Speed Scaling." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 48, no. 3 (2021): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3453953.3453967.

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Speed scaling for a network of servers represented by a directed acyclic graph is considered. Jobs arrive at a source server, with a specified destination server, and are defined to be complete once they are processed by all servers on any feasible path between the source and the corresponding destination. Each server has variable speed, with power consumption function P, a convex increasing function of the speed. The objective is to minimize the sum of the flow time (summed across jobs) and the energy consumed by all the servers, which depends on how jobs are routed, as well as how server speeds are set. Algorithms are derived for both the worst case and stochastic job arrivals setting, whose competitive ratio depends only on the power functions and path diversity in the network, but is independent of the workload.

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11

Ortega, Alfonso, and Shankar Ramanathan. "On the Use of Point Source Solutions for Forced Air Cooling of Electronic Components—Part I: Thermal Wake Models for Rectangular Heat Sources." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 2 (2003): 226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1569506.

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Analytical solutions are presented for the temperature field that arises from the application of a source of heat on an adiabatic plate or board when the fluid is represented as a uniform flow with an effective turbulent diffusivity, i.e., the so-called UFED flow model. Solutions are summarized for a point source, a one-dimensional strip source, and a rectangular source of heat. The ability to superpose the individual kernel solutions to obtain the temperature field due to multiple sources is demonstrated. The point source solution reveals that the N−1 law commonly observed for the centerline thermal wake decay for three-dimensional arrays is predicted by the point source solution for the UFED model. Examination of the solution for rectangular sources shows that the thermal wake approaches the point source behavior downstream from the source, suggesting a new scaling for the far thermal wake based on the total component power and a length scale given by ε/U. The new scaling successfully collapses the thermal wake for several sizes of components and provides a fundamental basis for experimental observations previously made for arrays of three-dimensional components.

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12

Debnath, Radhe Gobinda, and Srimanta Baishya. "Variability analysis of the epitaxial layer TFET due to gate work function variation, random dopant fluctuation, and oxide thickness fluctuation using the statistical impedance field method." Semiconductor Science and Technology 37, no. 6 (2022): 065005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ac65a8.

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Abstract In this paper, a comparative study on process variability considering work function variation (WFV), random dopant fluctuation (RDF), and oxide thickness fluctuation (OTF) in epitaxial layer tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) with SiGe source (SiGe-ETLTFET) is statistically analyzed using impedance field method (IFM) in Santaurus TCAD tool. Effect of different grain sizes of the gate metal and other device parameter scaling on the variability source are investigated by evaluating the standard deviation of threshold voltage (V th), on current (I ON), and off current (I OFF). At smaller AverageGrainSize, the dispersions in electrical parameters are close to normal, whereas for large AverageGrainSize dispersion increases and deviates from the normal distribution. Compared to RDF and WFV, OTF is not a significant cause of variability in SiGe-ETLTFET. It is found that RDF is the most sensitive variability source while device scaling is concerned. Moreover, L ov scaling causes the most acute fluctuation of electrical parameters for all considered variability sources. The slope of the Pelgrom plot, A VT, of SiGe-ETLTFET considering all variability sources, is smaller than the already reported values for the FinFET and MOSFET.

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13

Campbell, Kenneth W. "Proposed methodology for estimating the magnitude at which subduction megathrust ground motions and source dimensions exhibit a break in magnitude scaling: Example for 79 global subduction zones." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 3 (2020): 1271–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019899957.

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In this article, I propose a method for estimating the magnitude [Formula: see text] at which subduction megathrust earthquakes are expected to exhibit a break in magnitude scaling of both seismic source dimensions and earthquake ground motions. The methodology is demonstrated by applying it to 79 global subduction zones defined in the literature, including Cascadia. Breakpoint magnitude is estimated from seismogenic interface widths, empirical source scaling relations, and aspect ratios of physically unbounded earthquake ruptures and their uncertainties. The concept stems from the well-established observation that source-dimension and ground motion scaling decreases for shallow continental (primarily strike-slip) earthquakes when rupture exceeds the seismogenic width of the fault. Although a scaling break for megathrust earthquakes is difficult to observe empirically, all of the instrumentally recorded historical [Formula: see text] mega-earthquakes have occurred on subduction zones with [Formula: see text] (8.1–8.9), consistent with an observed break in source scaling relations derived from these same events. The breakpoint magnitudes derived in this study can be used to constrain the magnitude at which the scaling of ground motion is expected to decrease in subduction ground motion prediction equations.

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14

Jiang, Bo, Xiaoqin Liu, and Xing Wu. "Sound power estimation method based on dual arrays sound intensity scaling and sound pressure superposition." Noise Control Engineering Journal 71, no. 1 (2023): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/37713.

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The sound intensity scaling method can be used to calculate the source sound power from the array beamforming results. The distance between the sound source and the array and the environmental noise during the test process will affect the accuracy of the sound source intensity measurement. A sound power level solution method for sound intensity scaling suitable for complex environments is verified in this paper. The depth of the sound source is determined by dual arrays. The sound wave propagation and superposition characteristics are used to establish an optimized objective function, to optimize the strength of the target sound source and remove the noise components. Finally, the sound power level of the sound sources after noise reductions are calculated by the sound intensity scaling method. In the semi-anechoic room, white noise signal and impact signal are used as interference noise in the experiments. The results show that this method can effectively reduce the noise of the signal in the noisy environment and improve the calculation accuracy of the sound power level of the sound source. The error of the sound power level calculation results under the influence of white noise and impact noise has been greatly reduced after optimization. The calculation error of sound power level decreased from 3.2 dB–12.2 dB to 0.2 dB–5dB.

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15

Noh, Hee-Min. "Noise-source identification of a high-speed train by noise source level analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231, no. 6 (2016): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409716640310.

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In this study, noise-source identification of a high-speed train was conducted using a microphone array system. The actual sound pressure level analysis of the noise source was performed using scaling factors between the real sound pressure and the beam-power output based on the assumption that the integrated area of the main beam-power lobe is equal to half that of the actual sound pressure of the noise source. Then, the scaling factors for the 144-channel microphone array were derived from analysis of the array response function, and a verification experiment was conducted using a known noise source, an air horn, located on a high-speed train moving at 240 km/h. After the verification test, noise-source identification of the high-speed train was conducted. Based on the resulting noise map of the high-speed train moving at 390 km/h, the main noise sources were determined to be the inter-coach spacing, wheels, and pantograph. The noise generated by the pantograph was then investigated in more detail. It was concluded that the pan head of the pantograph was the main noise source at a frequency of 1000 Hz.

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16

Mai, P. M. "Source Scaling Properties from Finite-Fault-Rupture Models." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 90, no. 3 (2000): 604–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0119990126.

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17

Galluzzo, D., E. Del Pezzo, M. La Rocca, M. Castellano, and F. Bianco. "Source Scaling and Site Effects at Vesuvius Volcano." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99, no. 3 (2009): 1705–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080142.

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18

Chen, S. "Earthquake Source Scaling: m1 versus Other Magnitude Scales." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100, no. 2 (2010): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120090167.

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19

Tréhu, Anne M. "Source Parameter Scaling and the Cascadia Paleoseismic Record." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 106, no. 3 (2016): 904–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120150272.

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20

Wang, Jeen-Hwa. "A Review on Scaling of Earthquake Source Spectra." Surveys in Geophysics 40, no. 2 (2019): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09512-4.

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21

Dworetzky, Eli, Edgar Kaziakhmedov, and Jessica Fridrich. "Secure Payload Scaling For Source Adaptive Payload Allocation." Electronic Imaging 36, no. 4 (2024): 337–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/ei.2024.36.4.mwsf-337.

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22

Uppu, Ravitej, Freja T. Pedersen, Ying Wang, et al. "Scalable integrated single-photon source." Science Advances 6, no. 50 (2020): eabc8268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc8268.

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Photonic qubits are key enablers for quantum information processing deployable across a distributed quantum network. An on-demand and truly scalable source of indistinguishable single photons is the essential component enabling high-fidelity photonic quantum operations. A main challenge is to overcome noise and decoherence processes to reach the steep benchmarks on generation efficiency and photon indistinguishability required for scaling up the source. We report on the realization of a deterministic single-photon source featuring near-unity indistinguishability using a quantum dot in an “on-chip” planar nanophotonic waveguide circuit. The device produces long strings of >100 single photons without any observable decrease in the mutual indistinguishability between photons. A total generation rate of 122 million photons per second is achieved, corresponding to an on-chip source efficiency of 84%. These specifications of the single-photon source are benchmarked for boson sampling and found to enable scaling into the regime of quantum advantage.

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23

Tutt, J., C. Anderson, and G. McKinney. "Background-Source Cosmic-Photon Elevation Scaling and Cosmic-Neutron/Photon Date Scaling in MCNP6." Physics Procedia 90 (2017): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2017.09.002.

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24

Chattaraj, Arghya, and T. Palani Selvam. "APPLICABILITY OF PURE PROPANE GAS FOR MICRODOSIMETRY AT BRACHYTHERAPY ENERGIES: A FLUKA STUDY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 189, no. 3 (2020): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa041.

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Abstract Applicability of pure propane gas for microdosimetric measurements at photon energies relevant in brachytherapy is studied using the Monte Carlo-based FLUKA code. Monoenergetic photons in the energy range of 20–1250 keV and brachytherapy sources such as 103Pd, 125I, 169Yb, 192Ir, 137Cs and 60Co are considered in the study. Using the calculated values of energy deposited in the sensitive region of LET-1/2 tissue-equivalent proportional counter filled with pure propane gas and tissue-equivalent propane gas, values of density scaling factor for the site sizes of 1 and 8 μm are obtained. The study shows that density of propane gas should be lowered by a factor of about 0.93 for 169Yb, 192Ir, 137Cs and 60Co sources for the site sizes of 1–8 μm. For 125I source, the density of propane gas requires a scaling of 0.93 for 1 μm site size, whereas for site sizes 2–8 μm, density need not be altered. 103Pd source does not require density scaling for site sizes 1–8 μm.

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25

Chael, Eric P. "Spectral scaling of earthquakes in the Miramichi region of New Brunswick." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, no. 2 (1987): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0770020347.

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Abstract Seismograms of 12 earthquakes in the Miramichi region of New Brunswick were analyzed to determine source scaling relations. The events ranged in magnitude from 3.3 to 5.8 (mbLg). P-wave spectra between 1 and 20 Hz were calculated using digital records from station RSNY (Δ = 6°). Spectral ratios were then formed using the main shock as a reference event. Because the travel paths were virtually identical for all of the signals, the spectral ratios yield the scaling of the sources as a function of frequency. The spectral ratio curves show a smooth progression with event size, with their separation decreasing toward higher frequencies. These data were compared with theoretical curves for source models whose displacement spectra roll off as ω−2 and ω−3 above the corner frequencies. The data strongly favor the ω−2 models; the ω−3 models predict greater variation across the 1- to 20-Hz band than is observed. Comparison of the P-wave scaling at 15 Hz with the Rayleigh wave scaling at a period of 8 sec indicates that stress drop may increase with moment for these events, although not as fast as Nuttli (1983) has suggested for intraplate earthquakes.

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26

Hellendoorn, Vincent J., and Anand Ashok Sawant. "The growing cost of deep learning for source code." Communications of the ACM 65, no. 1 (2022): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3501261.

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27

Packan, Paul A. "Scaling Transistors into the Deep-Submicron Regime." MRS Bulletin 25, no. 6 (2000): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2000.93.

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The dominant device used in the semiconductor industry today is the silicon-based metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistor. The MOS transistor consists of a source, drain, channel, and gate region fabricated in single-crystal silicon (Figure 1). The source region provides a supply of mobile charge when the device is turned “on.” The source is electrically isolated from the drain by the channel region, which is oppositely charged. An insulating oxide layer between the gate and the channel region forms a capacitor. During operation, a voltage is applied to the gate. By applying the appropriate voltage, a conductive layer of charge can be attracted in the channel region at the oxide/silicon interface. This layer of charge acts as a wire that effectively connects the source and drain regions. By changing the voltage on the gate, the conducting layer of charge can be removed. Thus the transistor acts like a switch, with the gate electrode controlling the connection from the source to the drain. These individual switches can be connected to form the basic building blocks for circuit design. These building blocks are used to create the high-performance microprocessors and memory chips in today's computers.

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28

Fischetti, Massimo V., Seonghoon Jin, Ting-wei Tang, et al. "(Invited) Scaling FETs to 10 nm: Coulomb Effects, Source Starvation, and Virtual Source." ECS Transactions 28, no. 1 (2019): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3375584.

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29

Fischetti, M. V., S. Jin, T. W. Tang, et al. "Scaling MOSFETs to 10 nm: Coulomb effects, source starvation, and virtual source model." Journal of Computational Electronics 8, no. 2 (2009): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10825-009-0277-z.

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30

Gusev, Alexander A., and Danila Chebrov. "On Scaling of Earthquake Rise‐Time Estimates." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (2019): 2741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180214.

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Abstract The scaling behavior of rise times Tr determined within earthquake source inversions that used strong‐motion data is determined using estimates as accumulated in the SRCMOD database. The Tr versus M0 trend derived from this data set is close to logTr=1/3logM0+ const; this agrees with the assumption of self‐similarity of earthquake ruptures. No biasing effect of station distance on Tr was found. The result was compared to recent scaling estimates based on mass teleseismic inversions. Absolute levels of teleseismic and local inversions match well; the slope of the trend of teleseismic estimates is somewhat more gradual. The absolute levels of Tr versus M0 trends recovered from finite source inversions may need reduction when used to predict parameters of near‐source ground motion. The observed scaling behavior of Tr is incompatible with the assumption that Tr defines the second corner frequency of the source spectrum.

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31

Jennette, Trae L., and Krish K. Ahuja. "Noise source location and scaling of subsonic upper-surface blowing." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 19, no. 3-5 (2020): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475472x20930652.

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This paper deals with the topic of upper surface blowing noise. Using a model-scale rectangular nozzle of an aspect ratio of 10 and a sharp trailing edge, detailed noise contours were acquired with and without a subsonic jet blowing over a flat surface to determine the noise source location as a function of frequency. Additionally, velocity scaling of the upper surface blowing noise was carried out. It was found that the upper surface blowing increases the noise significantly. This is a result of both the trailing edge noise and turbulence downstream of the trailing edge, referred to as wake noise in the paper. It was found that low-frequency noise with a peak Strouhal number of 0.02 originates from the trailing edge whereas the high-frequency noise with the peak in the vicinity of Strouhal number of 0.2 originates near the nozzle exit. Low frequency (low Strouhal number) follows a velocity scaling corresponding to a dipole source where as the high Strouhal numbers as quadrupole sources. The culmination of these two effects is a cardioid-shaped directivity pattern. On the shielded side, the most dominant noise sources were at the trailing edge and in the near wake. The trailing edge mounting geometry also created anomalous acoustic diffraction indicating that not only is the geometry of the edge itself important, but also all geometry near the trailing edge.

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32

Howe, Michael, Göran Ekström, and Paul G. Richards. "Vertical force scaling in seismic source models of underground nuclear explosions." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 1 (2020): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz582.

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SUMMARY We have reanalysed observations of body waves and surface waves for 71 well-recorded underground nuclear explosions (UNEs) that were conducted between 1977 and 1989 at the Balapan subregion of the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan. To reconcile differences between body-wave and surface-wave amplitudes, we solve for a scaling factor between vertical and horizontal forces in the explosion model. We find that the estimated scaling factor is anticorrelated with the scaled depth of burial for the subset of UNEs at Balapan that have published depths. The observed anticorrelation and the inferred variations in force scaling suggest that recorded surface-wave amplitudes are significantly influenced by UNE burial depth as well as by previously recognized tectonic release. As part of our analysis, we revisit the relationship between teleseismic mb(P) and yield for UNEs at Balapan, and discuss the physical basis for effectiveness of the mb–MS discriminant.

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33

Tsai, Chu-Chuan Peter. "Relationships of Seismic Source Scaling in the Taiwan Region." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 8, no. 1 (1997): 049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.1997.8.1.49(t).

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34

FUKUSHIMA, Yoshimitsu, and Teiji TANAKA. "SCALING RELATIONS FOR EARTHQUAKE SOURCE SPECTRUM AND JMA MAGNITUDE." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 425 (1991): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.425.0_19.

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35

Gao, H., D. A. Schmidt, and R. J. Weldon. "Scaling Relationships of Source Parameters for Slow Slip Events." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102, no. 1 (2012): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120110096.

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36

Beaulieu, L., D. R. Bowman, D. Fox, et al. "Source size scaling of fragment production in projectile breakup." Physical Review C 54, no. 3 (1996): R973—R976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.54.r973.

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37

HALVERSON, W., Y. K. PU, L. BROMBERG, et al. "GYROTRON-DRIVEN ECR ION SOURCE SCALING, DESIGN, AND EXPERIMENTS." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 50, no. C1 (1989): C1–751—C1–758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1989179.

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38

Ohtsuki, Toshiya. "Scaling Behavior of Diffusion-Controlled Recombination with a Source." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 62, no. 6 (1993): 1823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.62.1823.

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39

Shapira, A., and A. Hofstetter. "Source parameters and scaling relationships of earthquakes in Israel." Tectonophysics 217, no. 3-4 (1993): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90005-5.

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40

YOKOI, Toshiaki, and Kojiro IRIKURA. "Empirical Green's Function Technique Based on the Scaling Law of Source Spectra." Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 44, no. 2 (1991): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/zisin1948.44.2_109.

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41

Joshi, Mrinalini H., and Pratibha P. Shingare. "Image scaling implementation for portable medical devices in support of VLSI architecture realization." International Journal of Microsystems and IoT 2, no. 11 (2024): 1317–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14496501.

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Amongst the challenges in image processing, image scaling is a particular challenge that depends on factors, including geometrical concepts. Image scaling is required when source resolution is varied from the target image. The application of image scaling techniques for end -user devices, researchers, and designers is getting new opportunities and facing challenges for realizing of image scaling techniques. To realize image scaling with VLSI design, researchers started to focus on identifying technological aspects that will play a role in making the scaling realization successful. This paper focuses on implementation of the proposed block diagram for the image scaling algorithm intended for VLSI architecture realization for different applications.

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Mobley, Frank S., Steven C. Campbell, and Mason A. Reeves. "Construction of source description database for machine learning analysis." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (2023): A293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023571.

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A large set of acoustic measurements were conducted in conjunction with Sinclair Community College Center for UAS Training and Certification at the Flying Pavilion in Dayton, Ohio. Ten aircraft were characterized at multiple altitudes above a circular array placed on the ground. A subset of these data, with two biologic signals, were presented to a sound jury who provided pairwise similarity judgments. These human perception data were organized into a similarity matrix that then passed through a multi-dimensional scaling analysis. The output of the scaling analyses were examined for each subject and the average across the data collection. This dimensional analysis provides a basis for machine learning analysis to determine the salient features.

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Jarma, Yakubu A., John Thompson, Bilal M. Khan, and Yoram Cohen. "Field Evaluation of UF Filtration Pretreatment Impact on RO Membrane Scaling." Water 15, no. 5 (2023): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050847.

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Pretreatment of reverse osmosis (RO) feed water of high mineral scaling propensity was evaluated with respect to downstream RO membrane scaling, for two different feed pretreatment configurations. The pretreatment schemes included (i) media sand filtration, followed by a hydrocyclone (HC) and (ii) a hydrocyclone, microfilter, and a UF module, where both configurations included mesh screens for added protection. The first pretreatment configuration reduced the source water turbidity to ~0.5 NTU, while treatment that included UF feed yielded turbidity of <˜0.1 NTU; both pretreatment strategies provided feed water turbidity within the range recommended for RO desalination. Membrane scaling tests, with the pretreated water without antiscalant dosing, using a plate-and-frame RO unit and a membrane monitoring system, provided real-time membrane surface images that were quantified with respect to the progression of mineral scaling. RO desalting of source water pretreated with the first configuration revealed flux decline that was 75% greater and scale coverage (primarily gypsum) a factor of approximately eight higher relative to desalting of UF-treated source water. The results suggest that RO desalting of high mineral scaling propensity water can significantly benefit from added UF treatment to achieve feedwater turbidity to well below the typically recommended 0.5 NTU upper limit.

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Mironov, V., S. Bogomolov, A. Bondarchenko, A. Efremov, V. Loginov, and D. Pugachev. "Development and validation of the numerical model of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 06 (2022): P06028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/06/p06028.

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Abstract Processes of the secondary electron emission (SEE) from the walls are included into the Numerical Advanced Model of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (NAM-ECRIS). It is found that SEE strongly influences electron confinement time and ion production. With the modified model, we observe reactions of the source to changes in a gas flow into the source and in an injected microwave power. The source performance with scaling the hexapole magnetic field is investigated. The calculated tendencies are close to the experimental observations.

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Burridge, H. C., and G. R. Hunt. "Scaling arguments for the fluxes in turbulent miscible fountains." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 744 (March 11, 2014): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.51.

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AbstractFor established axisymmetric turbulent miscible Boussinesq fountains in quiescent uniform environments, expressions are developed for the fluxes of volume, momentum and buoyancy at the outflow from the fountain: the outflow referring to the counterflow at the horizontal plane of the source. The fluxes are expressed in terms of the fountain source conditions and two dimensionless functions of the source Froude number, ${\rm Fr}_{0}$: a radial function (relating a horizontal scale of the outflow to the source radius) and a volume flux function (relating the outflow and source volume fluxes). The forms taken by these two functions at low ${\rm Fr}_{0}$ and high ${\rm Fr}_{0}$ are deduced, thereby providing the outflow fluxes and outflow Froude number solely in terms of the source conditions. For high ${\rm Fr}_{0}$, the outflow Froude number, ${\rm Fr}_{out}$, is shown to be invariant, indicating (by analogy with plumes for which the ‘far-field’ Froude number is invariant with source Froude number) that the outflow may be regarded as ‘far-field’ since the fluxes within the fountain have adjusted to attain a balance which is independent of the source conditions. Based on ${\rm Fr}_{out}$, the fluxes in the plume that forms beyond the fountain outflow are deduced. Finally, from the results of previously published studies, we show that the scalings deduced for fountains are valid for $0.0025 \lesssim {\rm Fr}_{0} \lesssim 1.0 $ for low ${\rm Fr}_{0}$ and $ {\rm Fr}_{0} \gtrsim 3.0 $ for high ${\rm Fr}_{0}$.

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Ziolkowski, Anton. "Determination of the signature of a dynamite source using source scaling, Part 1: Theory." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 8 (1993): 1174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443501.

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It is normally impossible to measure the source signature in land seismic data acquisition with a dynamite source, because it is normally impossible to separate the incident field from the scattered field. Nevertheless, in any serious attempt to invert the seismic data, it is essential to know the source signature; for the dynamite source this is the volume injection function. The problem can be solved by using two different shots at each shot point and relating the source signatures by the source scaling law, which follows from the invariance of the medium parameters with the size of the charge. The volume injection function of the larger shot is an amplified and stretched version of that of the smaller shot, the amplification factor being equal to the ratio of the charge masses and the time stretch factor being equal to the cube‐root of this ratio. At a given receiver, the response to one shot is a convolution of the source signature with the impulse response of the earth, plus noise. The two shots and the scaling law give three independent equations relating the three unknowns: the two source signatures and the impulse response of the earth (plus noise). This theory may be put at risk in a physical experiment which requires a third shot at the same shot point, using a known mass of dynamite, different from the first two. The resulting shot record should be different from the first two and, apart from the noise, should be predictable from them.

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Ziolkowski, Anton, and Karel Bokhorst. "Determination of the signature of a dynamite source using source scaling, Part 2: Experiment." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 8 (1993): 1183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443502.

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In April 1990 we performed an experiment in the Netherlands to test the theory of the determination of the signature of a dynamite source using the scaling law. The theory says that the source signature may be determined from the recorded seismic data using two shots of different charge size at the shotpoint; we used 125 g and 500 g charges. The theory was put at risk with a 250-g test charge at each shotpoint. According to the theory, the test record should be different from the other two and, apart from the noise, should be predictable from them. This experiment was repeated 95 times at approximately 50 m shotpoint intervals, using a 240-channel recording system. The results corroborate the theory within an acceptable error. The second‐derivative of the volume injection function was extracted as the source signature; it varied slightly from shot to shot and was minimum phase. This new method of seismic data acquisition allows the signature of the dynamite source to be obtained from the data, uncontaminated by the earth, and avoids the assumptions that must be made in statistical wavelet estimation methods. If there is good shot‐to‐shot repeatability, the second shot is only needed occasionally for calibration.

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Prakash, R. B. R., P. Srinivasa Varma, Chinthaginjala Ravikumar, et al. "Intelligent Energy Management for Distributed Power Plants and Battery Storage." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2023 (July 18, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6490026.

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A smart energy management controller is required for effective source coordination and load demand management. This work proposes a novel instantaneous current reference technique for use in power management of hybrid power systems (HPS), both autonomous and interconnected with the grid. A grid integrated hybrid power system (GI-HPS) includes both the AC grid and additional sources used in industrial and commercial environments. Solar photovoltaic (SPV) panels, wind turbine generators, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and batteries are all part of the test system. The suggested energy management system (SEMS) manages power from the hybrid power source and the energy storage components to meet the load needs. The recommended SEMS can transit between 12 different modes of operation to fulfil the load demand requirements. The SEMS employs a scaling factor N to accelerate the rate at which the measured current approaches the reference current. The proposed scaling factor significantly improves the SEMS’s dynamic performance since it can quickly respond to the changes in the source and load characteristics. The dependability of an HPS powered by a variety of renewable energy sources can also be improved.

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Thomas Walker, W., Scott H. Brady, and Charles Taylor. "Updating Existing Travel Simulation Models with Small-Sample Survey Data Using Parameter Scaling Methods." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1607, no. 1 (1997): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1607-08.

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The travel simulation models for many metropolitan areas were originally developed and calibrated with older large-sample travel surveys that can no longer be undertaken given today’s funding constraints. Small-sample travel surveys have been collected as part of model update activities required by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act and the Clean Air Act Amendments. Although providing useful information, these surveys are inadequate for calibrating elaborate simulation models by traditional techniques. Parameter transfer scaling based on small-sample surveys and other secondary source data can be a cost-effective alternative to large-sample surveys when existing models are being updated, particularly when the models tend to be robust and the required changes are relatively small. The use of parameter scaling methods to update the Delaware Valley Planning Commission’s existing travel simulation models is demonstrated. All available sources of data are incorporated into the update process including current survey data, census work trips from the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP), transit ridership checks, highway screenline counts, and Highway Performance Monitoring System travel estimates. A synopsis of experience with parameter scaling techniques including the model changes and resulting accuracy is provided. Overall, small-sample-based parameter scaling techniques were judged to be effective. The census CTPP data were evaluated versus the home interview and were found to be useful in the model recalibration effort as a source of small-area employment data by place of work and as a supplement to home interview data for model validation. However, a home interview survey is required as the primary source of travel data for both work and nonwork trips.

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Mori, Azusa, and Hiroyuki Kumagai. "Estimating plume heights of explosive eruptions using high-frequency seismic amplitudes." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 2 (2019): 1365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz374.

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SUMMARY Seismic signals during explosive eruptions have been correlated to eruption size or eruption volume flux for individual eruptive episodes. However, the universality of these correlations has yet to be confirmed. We quantified the sources of high-frequency seismic signals associated with sub-Plinian and Vulcanian eruptions at Kirishima (Japan), Tungurahua (Ecuador) and other volcanoes in Japan using a simple approach based on highly scattered seismic waveform characteristics. We found that eruption plume heights scale to seismic source amplitudes and are described by two relations depending on the value of source amplitudes: power-law and exponential relations for plume height >6 km and <6 km, respectively. Though conceptually similar, our scaling relations differ from the previously proposed relation based on reduced displacement. By comparing seismic and geodetic data during sub-Plinian eruptions at Kirishima, we found that the source amplitude is proportional to eruption volume flux. Combining these relations, we show that our scaling relation for Plinian eruptions is consistent with predictions from plume dynamics models. We present a source model to explain the proportionality between the source amplitude and eruption volume flux assuming a vertical crack or a cylindrical conduit as the source. The source amplitude can be estimated in seconds without any complicated data processing, whereas eruption plumes take minutes to reach their maximum heights. Our results suggest that high-frequency seismic source amplitudes are useful for estimating plume heights in real time.

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