Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sources for determining obligations

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  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Sources for determining obligations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Sources for determining obligations"

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Skybova, Marie. "Quantification, Sources, and Control of Ammonia Emissions in the Czech Republic." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.382.

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The exact quantification of ammonia (NH3) emissions is the basic presumption for the fulfilment of obligations set by the CLRTAP (Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution) Protocol which was signed by the Czech Republic in 1999. Most NH3emissions in the Czech Republic are produced during the breeding of cattle, pigs, and poultry; therefore, determinating emission factors for these kinds of animals by studying their total number, type of breeding, and subsequent disposal of manure is the solution to the problem of NH3emissions quantification. This paper summarizes the results of 4 years of research in this area, determining the emission factors and ways of decreasing emissions from the breeding of cattle, pigs, and poultry.
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Nahnybida, Volodymyr. "Problems of determining a foreign element in dispute resolution in international commercial arbitration." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.72.

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The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the problems of determining the arbitrability of disputes submitted for consideration and resolution to international commercial arbitration in terms of the presence or absence of a foreign element in such disputes. The theoretical foundations of the concept of a foreign element, arbitrability, criteria for determining the competence of international commercial arbitration regarding the resolution of a dispute are analyzed in detail. Also, the article, through the prism of the provisions of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, substantiates the need to improve article 1 of the Law of Ukraine «On International Commercial Arbitration». Based on theoretical and regulatory sources, court practice, the author concludes that it is necessary to supplement the provisions of the Law with norms on the possibility of transferring international commercial disputes to which individual entrepreneurs, states are parties, as well as disputes in which the place of fulfillment of a significant part of the obligations and the place with which the dispute is most closely related located in a country other than the place where the parties engaged in commercial activities. The author also points out that the mechanism for determining the presence of a foreign element in assessing international commercial disputes in accordance with the provisions of the current legislation does not fully comply with international standards enshrined in UN acts. Now the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On International Commercial Arbitration» require additions both in terms of the subject composition (individual entrepreneurs, foreign states), and by other criteria, including the place of fulfillment of a significant part of the obligations and the place with which the dispute is most closely connected. Direct work is currently underway to improve the relevant provisions, in the near future they will be submitted to parliament for consideration and adoption.
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Gordeeva, Mariia. "Execution for debt in the volost courts of Barnaul districts of Tomsk governorate: origin and incidence in the judicial practice (late XIX – early XX centuries)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 12 (December 2020): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.12.34388.

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The subject of this research is the judicial practice of the volost courts of Barnaul district of the Tomsk governorate in the late XIX — early XX centuries. Minute books of the volost courts, which contained records on the claims, testimony of the parties and witnesses, and court decision, served as the main source for this research. Fine and comprehensive record management made allowed applying historical-systemic method, which revealed the mechanism of functionality of the volost courts. The use of content analysis allowed determining the priority of the questions under review, classifying debt enforcement by the types of undischarged obligations, reconstructing the level of legal consciousness of peasants, and assessing the effectiveness of the peasant self-governance. It is established that litigations on obligations default held second place among all cases in the volost courts, which indicates wide applicability of the practice of “seeking truth” not in the rural society, but the official institutions. Based on introduction of new sources into the scientific discourse, the author concludes the spread of debt enforcement is related not only to increase of currency circulation in everyday life of peasants, consolidation of the practice of estimation of things, and getting paid for work, but also with the crisis of trust-based relations within the rural community.
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Dikovska, Iryna. "Modern Approaches to Private International Law and Conflicting Provisions on Legal Aid in Civil Cases." Journal of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine 27, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37635/jnalsu.27(1).2020.177-188.

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Part of the legal aid treaties between Ukraine and other states contains rules concerning conflict of laws. Where those that determine the law applicable to contractual obligations, family, and hereditary relations are not in line with current approaches to determining the law applicable to the specified groups of relations. The purpose of the paper is to uncover the differences between the regulation of conflict of laws in private relations in the legal aid treaties between Ukraine and some EU countries and the modern approaches to the regulation of conflict of laws in such relations, contained in other sources of private international law; an explanation of how to solve conflicts between legal aid treaties and other international treaties; outlining the main areas of improvement of rules concerning conflict of laws in legal aid treaties. The methods of the study were comparative, dialectical, and Aristotelian, which allowed to identify the problems of regulation of conflict of law in legal aid treaties and to draw conclusions for their elimination. Application of these methods allowed to find out that lex loci contractus is most often used to regulate contractual obligations in the absence of an agreement of the parties on the choice of applicable law. The agreement between Ukraine and Romania does not provide for the choice of the law for contractual obligations. Legal aid treaties imperatively determine the law applicable to the property relations of the spouses. They apply a dualistic approach to determining the right to inherit. It has been established that competition between the rules of this Convention and the rules of legal aid treaties between Ukraine and Poland and Ukraine and Estonia should be decided in favour of the Hague Convention. It is proposed to amend the legal aid treaties concluded between Ukraine and the EU Member States: the rules concerning conflict of laws, which define the law applicable to contractual, family, and hereditary relations should be revised using the relevant EU regulations as a model.
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Purba, Debora, and Elvi Zahara. "Hak Anak setelah Perceraian Akibat Pertengkaran Suami Istri." Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 4, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jiph.v4i1.1951.

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<p class="1judul"><em>The Rights of the Child After Divorce Due to the Sparring of the Wife</em><em> </em></p><p><em>Marriage is a human desire to let go of solitude in navigating the twists and turns of life. Marriage generally applies to every creature created by God, both humans, plants and animals. In essence marriage is a sense of love, obligation, fulfillment of sexual desire and continuation of offspring. Rights of minors after divorce, parents must maintain and educate their children as well as possible. In article 4 of the Marriage Law, fathers are responsible for all the costs of care and education of children needed, if the father cannot fulfill his obligations, the court can determine that the mother also bears the costs of care and education for the child also divorced. The purpose of this study is; to find out custody of minors due to divorce from a married couple; to know the judges' judgment in determining child care responsibilities. This type of research is normative juridical, descriptive analytical nature, and data sources for this research are obtained through secondary data, namely data collected through document studies on the language library.</em></p><p class="1judul"> </p>
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Świrgoń-Skok, Renata. "ACCESSIO (AKCESJA) W TERMINOLOGII RZYMSKIEGO PRAWA PRYWATNEGO." Zeszyty Prawnicze 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2008.8.2.02.

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The ‘accessio’ (accession) in the Terminology of Roman Private LawSummaryThe term accessio (accession) in the terminology of Roman private law did not only denote union and confusion of things. It was a very general term used for defining various cases of property acquisition through union, growth of property, and it determined addition of a new obligation to an old one or addition of a supplementary contract, person or object to the obligation.In the Roman Law literature the term accessio is predominantly used for union of two things in accordance with the principle accessio cedit principali, i.e. the increase falls to the share of the principal.Moreover, the term accessio also denoted adding the duration of ownership of an object by the predecessor (accessio possessionis) or simply adding the duration (accessio temporis). In the sources for the Roman Law accessio temporis and possessionis are used interchangeably for determining specific actual states, which resolve issues connected with accession of ownership duration of the predecessor to the ownership duration of the last owner. Similarly in lexicons, accessio temporis is presented as a synonym of accessio possessionis. The aforementioned accession of ownership duration [of the predecessor by his successor under specific title was permissible with interdict aimed at protection against infringement of ownership of movable objects (interdictum utrubi), with prescription (usucapio) and charge of long time ownership (longi temporis praescriptio).Furthermore, accession also meant accessio personae that is addition of a person, i.e. additional creditor who, beside the principal creditor, could collect repayment of debt from debtor (adstipulator), or a person who additionally, beside the principal debtor, pledged to the creditor to repay the debt (adpromissor), or it is addition of a new obligation to an old one by means of contract of guaranty (fideiussio). With accessio personae, similarly to union of things in accordance with the principle of accessio cedit principali, there had to be two things, one of them determined as principal and the other - additional. Obviously, here occur two obligations, one treated as principal, and the other as additional or accessory.Moreover, accession also means accessio rei, that is addition of new article of service to obligation, that the debtor could render alternatively with the previous, which was possible with alternative obligation (obligatio alternativa) and alternative authorization (facultas alternativa).
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Reeves, Anthony R. "The Binding Force of Nascent Norms of International Law." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 27, no. 1 (January 2014): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900006263.

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Demonstrating that a developing norm is not yet well established in international law is frequently thought to show that states are not bound by the norm as law. More precisely, showing that a purported international legal norm has only limited support from well-established international legal sources is normally seen as sufficient to rebut an obligation on the part of subjects to comply with the norm in virtue of its legal status. I contend that this view is mistaken. Nascent norms of international law (e.g., crystallizing norms of customary law) can be binding in much the same way as better-established doctrine. This point becomes perspicuous, I argue, once we get a clear sense of the plausible options for grounding the moral authority of international law generally.This result is interesting in its own right, but it also reveals two other features of the character of state responsibility under international law. First, the distinction between legislation and compliance is less pronounced compared to domestic law. Consequently, the virtues of good governance will frequently be pertinent to determining the content of states’ obligations under international law. Second, normally more powerful and influential agents will be more strongly bound by international law than other subjects. This is an attractive result, addressing a concern that motivates many international lawyers to view international law as absolutely binding. An absolutist view international legal authority is unnecessary for showing that the most powerful and dangerous states are strongly bound by the terms of much existing law.
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Metsaranta, J. M., C. H. Shaw, W. A. Kurz, C. Boisvenue, and S. Morken. "Uncertainty of inventory-based estimates of the carbon dynamics of Canada’s managed forest (1990–2014)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 8 (August 2017): 1082–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0088.

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Canada’s National Forest Carbon Monitoring Accounting and Reporting System (NFCMARS) quantifies the carbon (C) dynamics and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals of Canada’s managed forest to fulfill reporting obligations under international climate conventions. Countries are also requested to assess the uncertainty associated with these estimates, which we report here. We used Monte Carlo simulation to quantify uncertainty of carbon stock and flux estimates from the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3), the core ecosystem model of the NFCMARS. We evaluated the impacts of model algorithms, parameters, and the input data used to describe forest characteristics and disturbance rates. Under our assumptions, 95% confidence interval widths averaged 16.2 Pg C (+8.3 and –7.9 Pg C, or ±15%) for total ecosystem C stock and 32.2 Tg C·year−1 (+16.6 and –15.6 Tg C·year−1) for net biome production relative to an overall simulation median of –0.8 Tg C·year−1 from 1990 to 2014. The largest sources of uncertainty were related to factors determining biomass increment and the parameters used to model soil and dead organic matter C dynamics. Opportunities to reduce uncertainty and associated research challenges were identified.
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Nurhadi, Nurhadi, and Muhammad Irhamuddin Harahap. "Teacher's Responsibility in Islamic Education (Relevance of Hamka and Hasan Langgulung Thought)." PALAPA 9, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 137–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36088/palapa.v9i1.1065.

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Duties and responsibilities of teachers are not limited in society, even teachers included in this case are essentially strategic components that have an important role and responsibility in determining the progress of the nation's life and become the foundation of expectations of children's parents to make their children good children (anaks haleh) who know how to carry out their religious obligations and have a noble character (akhlak al-karimah). This study aims to determine; What are the Responsibilities of Teachers in Islamic Education according to Hasan Langgulung's Thought ?. What are the Responsibilities of Teachers in Islamic Education according to Buya Hamka's Thought ?. What is the relevance of Hasan Langgulung and Buya Hamka's thoughts on the Responsibilities of Teachers in Islamic Education ?. This research is a library research that uses various sources of literature as a source of research data. Primary data sources are the book Hamka Institution of Life and Budi and Hasan Langgulung Man and Education, An Analysis of Psychology, Philosophy and Education. While secondary data sources in research are books, articles, magazines, newspapers, or other sources, which are then drawn from these data. Based on the results of the processed data, it can be seen that the responsibilities of Teachers in Islamic Education according to Buya Hamka's thinking based on the explanation above, then the responsibility of educators namely educating: a). Faith Education; b). Moral education (morals); c). Physical education (physical and spiritual); d). Community social education; e). Intellectual education. While the Responsibility of Teachers in Islamic Education according to Hasan Langgulung's Thought covers at least 7 things, namely: a). Religious education which includes religious education, aqeedah and worship; b). Moral education (morals); c). Physical education which includes physical education and health; d). Psychological education consisting of psychiatric education and feelings; e). Community social education; f). Intellectual education. The relevance of the thoughts of Buya Hamka and Hasan Langgulung about the Responsibilities of Teachers in Islamic Education can be seen that Education basically revolves around science, charity, morals, and justice. All three are concepts that must be interconnected in the education process. Education for humans is not only to fulfill internal interests as dynamic creatures, but also external interests, namely the orderly and harmonious organization of human civilization.
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Tridimas, Takis. "The general principles of EU law and the Europeanisation of national laws." Review of European Administrative Law 13, no. 2 (July 24, 2020): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/187479820x15930701852193.

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Although the ECJ has used general principles of law as a source of rights and obligations from an early stage in the development of EU law, key issues regarding their definition, nature and role as a source of law remain unresolved. How can they be identified? What is their normative basis? Are there rules determining priorities among them and how do they relate to Charter rights? How has their role evolved? Diverse and often bewildering judicial terminology serves to obfuscate the role of principles which, in terms of positive law, stand at the apex of the EU law edifice. This article seeks to revisit some of those questions. It explores the meaning of 'Europeanisation; it attempts a typology of general principles; it seeks to identify their normative basis; and assesses their role both as generators of jus communae and as a source of constitutional conflict.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sources for determining obligations"

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Obellianne, Stéphane. "Les sources des obligations." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA111009.

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Sepinwall, Amy J. "Determining parental obligations to unborn children using a social contract theory." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30114.

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I use a brand of social contract theory derived from David Gauthier to delimit precisely what might be permissible in the methods of conception and gestation of a child. More specifically, Gauthier posits a rule that is supposed to govern behavior among individuals prior to but in anticipation of the rise of social interaction. I argue that this rule can be appropriately applied to the interactions between a parent and her unborn child. I review other social contract models in an effort to show that Gauthier's is preferable to these. I also address other accounts concerned with parental obligations to the unborn, to see how these fare against Gauthier's. I conclude that, because of its breadth of applicability, as well as its plausibility, Gauthier's model is a powerful force for guiding us through these issues.
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Sepinwall, Amy J. "Determining parental obligations to unborn children using a social contract theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ55007.pdf.

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Clement, Nicolas. "Contribution à la pensée juridique des sources d'obligation : Etude de doctrine à l'heure de la réforme du Code civil." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAA006.

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Le bicentenaire du Code civil était l’occasion du bilan ; la réforme du Code civil ouvre le temps des perspectives. Ou plutôt, d’une perspective : celle des sources d’obligations qui, bien qu’elle fixe la ligne des dispositions du nouveau Titre III du Livre III, n’en reste pas moins à dessiner à leur image. L’affirmation peut surprendre. Il est en effet souvent soutenu que la réforme s’inscrit, à bien des égards, dans la continuité, et qu’il n’est de notions aux contours mieux tracés au cours de l’histoire que celles du contrat, du quasi-contrat, de la responsabilité civile, ou de l’engagement unilatéral de volonté. Qui ne voit, pourtant, que cette impression d’une inébranlable constance pourrait bien tenir de l’indistinction d’un droit nouveau qui se meut encore dans les limbes ?Le présent travail entend profiter de la césure introduite par la réforme pour opérer un retour sur nos doctrines. À l’inverse du praticien, qui en redoute les soubresauts, le théoricien ne craint pas les mouvements du droit, qui lui offrent de contempler les dynamiques de fond à l’œuvre. L’étude des évolutions consommées par la réforme du droit des obligations, menée dans une double optique historique et systématique, laissera ainsi apparaître, tant au plan particulier de chaque source qu’à leur conjonction, d’importants bouleversements qui pourraient bien interdire, dans l’avenir, de penser en théorie l’ouvrage rénové autrement qu’à travers un nouveau paradigme
The bicentenary of the french civil Code was the occasion for an assessment ; with the reform of the french civil Code it’s time to look ahead to the prospects. From that point of view, one of the major preoccupations should be the definition of the sources of obligations, which determines the implementation of the new law of obligations. This assertion can be surprising. It is often suggested that the reform mostly provides continuity and that there are no other notions as known as contract, quasi-contract, civil liability or commitment by unilateral will. Yet, how can we fail to see that this impression of an unwavering consistency could be an effect of the new provisions’ shadows ?This work aims to take advantage of the gap of the reform to come back to our doctrines. Unlike practitioner, who fears instability, theoretician is not afraid by the motions of the law, which provide him to consider their background. The study of the evolutions implied by the law of obligations’ reform, conducted through an historical and systematic lens, will thus reveal, at the level of each source and at the conjunction of all, significant upheavals which would probably require to think about the law of obligations differently that we used to do
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Sakrani, Raja. "Sources doctrinales du code des obligations et des contrats tunisiens." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020045.

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Miller, Layla. "Determining specific sources of faecal contamination within shellfisheries." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495762.

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Henaff, Gaël. "Les usages en droit des obligations : notion et rôles." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR1D024.

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Notre premiere partie, sur la notion d'usage, fait apparaitre l'existence de caracteres objectifs, constance et generalite, indispensables a toute transformation d'une pratique en usage. Mais elle met egalement en evidence l'existence de cet element intentionnel, le sentiment dans le caractere obligatoire de la regle, au contraire de ce qu'avait la theorie traditionnelle. Elle devait egalement remettre en question la validite des theories jurisprudentielles sur le role du juge dans la formation et la consecration des usages. Le role des usages (2eme partie) est articule autour d'une problematique directrice qui ressort directement des constatations de la premiere partie sur la notion d'usage : la liaison entre le fait et le droit. Au passage du fait au droit correspond le role normalisateur des usages (titre 1er). Que ce soit au travers de l'acte ou du fait juridique, l'ensemble des usages encadre pour le present et l'avenir les initiatives individuelles d'une multitude de regles ne representant au fond que le denominateur commun et passe des multiples facettes de l'activite de l'homme en societe. Passant du droit au fait, on ne peut que constater l'adaptation par les usages (titre i) des exigences sociales de formation des conventions, qu'elles concernent les regles de validite ou de preuve. Quant a leur execution, le souci materiel et l'interet collectif de proteger la convention contre toute disparition brutale et automatique ont conduit a l'apparition de nombreux usages temperant l'automatisme des resolutions du code civil et nuancant l'application du principe de force obligatoire des conventions
The first part of this thesis, presenting the notion of usage, brings to light the existence of objective characteristics - cosntancy and generality - which are the necessary elements to the transformation of a practice into a usage. It also brings to the fore the existence of an intentional element, the belief in the compulsory character of the rule, in opposition to what the traditional theory had asserted. Moreover, it calls into question the validity of the juristrudential theories on the role of the judge in the formation and establishement of usages. The role of usages (2nd part) is turned on a main problematic which is the direct result of the statement made in the 1st part on the notion of usage : the link between the fact and the law. To the transition from fact to law corresponds the normalizing role of usages (1st title). Either through the act of through the legal fact, all the usages build a frame for present and future around individual initiatives, consisting in a series of rules, which in fact represent the common and past denominator of the various sides of human activities in society. In the transition from law to facts, the statement is that the usages foster the adaptation of social requirements in the formation of conventions, whether they concern rules of validity ior rules of evidence. As far as their fulfilment is concerned, the material concern and the collective interest for prventing the convention form sudden and automatic. .
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Dallas, Paul-Athos. "Determining the sources of flicker noise in GaAs MESFETs." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283338.

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Porter, Kimberly Rae. "Determining Sources of Fecal Pollution in Washington D.C. Waterways." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36009.

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Antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) of Enterococci was used to determine sources of fecal contamination in three District of Columbia waterways: Rock Creek, the Anacostia River, and the Potomac River. These three waterways were identified as exceeding water quality standards set for fecal coliform levels and were designated by the District of Columbia to the Environmental Protection Agency's 303 (d) impaired waters list. A library profile of 1,806 enterococcus isolates from known sources was built based on antibiotic resistance patterns from thirty concentrations of nine antibiotics. These sources included human, cattle, chicken, horse, goat, sheep, deer, raccoon, muskrat, goose, seagull, coyote, duck, wild turkey, dog, and cat. Antibiotic profiles were characterized for 24 unknown enterococci isolates on each of 198 samples (38 samples from the Potomac River, 79 samples from the Anacostia River, and 81 samples from Rock Creek) collected periodically from July 2002 through April 2003. Two major storm events were also sampled during this period. These isolate profiles were compared to the known source library using logistic regression. Three dominant sources of fecal pollution were detected in the Potomac River: livestock (30%), human (29%), and wildlife (22%). Three dominant signatures were also detected in Rock Creek: horse (26%), human (26%), and wildlife (24%). Human was the only dominant source detected in the Anacostia River, averaging 43% over the sampling period. The results of this study indicate that human is a substantial contributor to the fecal contamination problems, especially in the Anacostia River, but there are significant agricultural and wildlife contributions as well. Significant and predictable seasonal variations were also detected, indicating the influence of precipitation on source distributions. The results of this study will aid the Metropolitan Washington D.C. Council of Governments in making important management decisions to help improve the water quality in and around the Washington D.C. area. Expanding the limits of ARA was also an integral part of this research. Three new and even controversial analytical techniques were run on the data collected from this project in an attempt to improve confidence and provide direction to the results of this study. The first was a comparison of the more commonly used statistical analysis model discriminate analysis (DA) with logistic regression (LR). No significant difference was found between the output of the two models for the known source libraries, therefore no suggestion could be made in favor of one model over the other. Another analytical test of the data was the introduction of a standard requiring isolates to meet a minimum of 80% similarity to the known source profiles where it was classified. With the 80% cutoff, between 41% and 44% of the isolates could not be classified to any source and were placed in an unknown category. Based on the remaining isolates, source distributions were recalculated and were not statistically different than those calculated with no restriction for isolate similarity for matching. The last major test of the data was the analysis of the library for representativeness via pulled sample cross validation and the exclusion of all duplicate patterns from the known source library. These analyses did not confirm the representativeness of the databases, but results were further analyzed based on the implications these analyses have on library based methods.
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Teixeira, Cédric. "La classification des sources des obligations du droit romain à nos jours." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30079/document.

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Avec l’apparition de plusieurs sources d’obligations en droit romain (le contrat et le délit), les juristes ont cherché à classer ces sources. Cela a commencé avec la classification des Institutes de Gaius. Cette étude propose d’étudier l’évolution de la classification des sources des obligations depuis son apparition en droit romain jusqu’à ses aspects les plus récents. Elle porte en conséquence sur les classifications doctrinales de l’ancien droit, la classification présente dans le Code civil et son interprétation par la doctrine du XIXe siècle, et les évolutions de cette classification au XXe siècle sous l’influence du droit allemand notamment
With the appearance of several sources of obligations in Roman law (contract and torts), jurists sought to classify these sources. That started with the classification of Gaius in his Institutes. This study proposes to study the evolution of the classification of the sources of the obligations since its appearance in Roman law until its most recent aspects. It relates consequently to doctrinal classifications of the former law, classification present in the Civil code and its interpretation by the doctrines of the 19th century, and the evolutions of this classification at the 20th century under the influence of the German right in particular
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Books on the topic "Sources for determining obligations"

1

Tancelin, Maurice. Sources des obligations. [Montréal]: W & L, 1993.

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Obellianne, Stéphane. Les sources des obligations. Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2009.

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Obellianne, Stéphane. Les sources des obligations. Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2009.

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Terré, François, and Lionel Andreu. Pour une réforme du régime général des obligations: Les autres sources des obligations, le régime général des obligations, la preuve des obligations. Paris: Dalloz, 2013.

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Mörtl, Fabian. Die OR-Fassungen seit 1911/1912: Das Schweizerische Obligationenrecht von 1911/1912 und die seitherigen Änderungen. Bern: Stämpfli Verlag, 2015.

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International investment law: The sources of rights and obligations. Leiden: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.

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Montenegro. Zakon o obligacionim odnosima. Podgorica: JU Službeni list Crne Gore, 2008.

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Montenegro. Zakon o obligacionim odnosima. Podgorica: Službeni list Crne Gore, 2012.

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Grimaldi, Cyril. Quasi-engagement et engagement en droit privé: Recherches sur les sources de l'obligation. Paris: Defrénois, 2007.

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Japan, ed. Minpō (Meiji 23-nen) seigi. Tōkyō: Shinzansha, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sources for determining obligations"

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Benstock, Bernard. "Determining the Re-Sources." In Narrative Con/Texts in Ulysses, 92–124. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11874-8_5.

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Atchison, Eric S. "Determining Appropriate Data Sources." In Cultivating a Data Culture in Higher Education, 113–25. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315171326-9.

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Samoilenko, Sergey V., and Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson. "Determining Sources of Relative Inefficiency in Heterogeneous Samples." In Quantitative Methodologies using Multi-Methods, 109–24. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003024149-19.

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Middleton, Donald B. "Sources and Resources in Determining Immunization Status of Your Patients." In Vaccine Science and Immunization Guideline, 273–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60471-8_8.

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Liu, Yikan, Zhiyuan Li, and Masahiro Yamamoto. "Inverse problems of determining sources of the fractional partial differential equations." In Fractional Differential Equations, edited by Anatoly Kochubei and Yuri Luchko, 411–30. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110571660-018.

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Eklund, Neil H., and Mark J. Embrechts. "Determining the Color-Efficiency Pareto Optimal Surface for Filtered Light Sources." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 603–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44719-9_42.

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Amewornu, Ernestina, and Nnamdi Nwulu. "Determining the Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources for Distributed Generation in Ghana." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 631–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5753-8_58.

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Walker, Glen, Jean-Pierre Brunel, John Dighton, Kate Holland, Fred Leaney, Kerryn McEwan, Lisa Mensforth, Peter Thorburn, and Colin Walker. "The Use of Stable Isotopes of Water for Determining Sources of Water for Plant Transpiration." In Stable Isotope Techniques in the Study of Biological Processes and Functioning of Ecosystems, 57–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9841-5_4.

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Wolstencroft, Ramon D. "Astronomical Sources of Circularly Polarized Light and their Role in Determining Molecular Chirality on Earth." In The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments, 171–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5462-5_25.

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Chatzara, Viktoria. "The Interplay Between the GDPR and the IDD." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, 255–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52738-9_11.

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AbstractThe General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Insurance Distribution Directive (IDD) have radically transformed the EU data protection and insurance distribution laws, thus constituting the two main regulatory sources of disruption for the insurance industry. The new IDD obligations require the adoption and implementation of compliance measures, which affect both the internal and the external operations of distributors, and which in numerous cases involve and even require the collection and processing of personal data in order to be effective and achieve the intended goals. As such, compliance with the IDD provisions needs to be designed in a way that respects the applicable GDPR provisions and ensures abidance by the related data protection obligations. This chapter aims to highlight some characteristic examples of areas where the IDD obligations mingle with the GDPR provisions, both in terms of the internal organization and functioning of insurers and intermediaries (Sect. 2), as well as with regard to the relations between distributors and their customers, and between distributors themselves (Sect. 3), and to pose some of the key issues that should be taken into account when attempting to tackle the interplay of these two sets of rules.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sources for determining obligations"

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Wauer, Matthias. "Determining Relevant Product Information Sources." In 2010 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence-Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wi-iat.2010.266.

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Amory, Alexandre, Edson Moreno, Fernando Moraes, and Marcelo S. Lubaszewski. "Determining the test sources/sinks for NoC TAMs." In 2013 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isvlsi.2013.6654615.

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Borulko, V., and S. Vovk. "Determining sources in the array of electric dipoles." In 2010 International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Electromagnetic Theory (MMET). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmet.2010.5611347.

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Cooper, G. R. J., and R. C. Whitehead. "Determining the Depth of Gravity and SP Sources." In Near Surface Geoscience 2016 - 22nd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201601911.

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De Sanctis, Annamaria E., Feng Shang, and James G. Uber. "Determining Possible Contaminant Sources through Flow Path Analysis." In Eighth Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium (WDSA). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40941(247)124.

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Dougherty, Robert P. "Determining Spectra of Aeroacoustic Sources from Microphone Array Data." In 25th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-2745.

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Ramsey, Gordon P. "Determining Spin-Flavor Dependent Distributions." In SPIN 2002: 15th International Spin Physics Symposium and Workshop on Polarized Electron Sources and Polarimeters. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1607157.

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Goblyos, Bela, and Mihaly Reger. "Determining the priority of heat sources used in district heating." In 2015 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sisy.2015.7325402.

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Zha, Yang, Spahr C. Webb, and William Menke. "Determining the orientations of ocean bottom seismometers using virtual sources." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2013. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2013-0663.1.

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Jutras, Mark, and Mike Ingemi. "Determining and reducing emi sources in on-board switching regulators." In IEEE Applied Power Conference and Exposition. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apec.1987.7067150.

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Reports on the topic "Sources for determining obligations"

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Thompson, M. C. Determining Radionuclide Emissions from Unmonitored Sources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13801.

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Gehring, Amanda Elizabeth, Michelle A. Espy, Todd Joseph Haines, James F. Hunter, Manuel J. Manard, Jacob Mendez, David C. Moir, et al. Determining x-ray spectra of radiographic sources with a Compton spectrometer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1191118.

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BATTELLE MEMORIAL INST COLUMBUS OH. A Handbook for Determining the Sources of PCB Contamination in Sediments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607839.

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Stout, S. A., J. M. Leather, W. E. Corl, and III. A User's Guide for Determining the Sources of Contaminants in Sediments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada418118.

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Grubb, Farley. Colonial New Jersey's Provincial Fiscal Structure, 1709-1775: Spending Obligations, Revenue Sources, and Tax Burdens in War and in Peace. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21152.

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Gaffney, Jeffrey. Natural Radionuclides and Isotopic Signatures for Determining Carbonaceous Aerosol Sources, Aerosol Lifetimes, and Washout Processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1172299.

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Berkowitz, Jacob F., Christine M. VanZomeren, Jaybus J. Price, and Anthony M. Priestas. Incorporating Color Change Propensity into Dredged Material Management to Increase Beneficial Use Opportunities. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39261.

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Dredged materials provide a number of beneficial use opportunities, including beach nourishment, habitat creation and restoration, and other activities. In situ sediment color is important for determining aesthetic and habitat suitability, for beach nourishment, and for other projects. However, dredged materials must meet locally established color compatibility requirements (for example, material cannot be too dark). Often, potential sediment sources are close to meeting specified color thresholds, and previous observations suggest that sediments lighten over time. In response to these observations, this study quantified sediment color change potential in a dredged m aterial management context. Results indicate that dredged material sediment color responded to changes in secondary color components, sediment mixing, and photolytic bleaching improving the sediment color for beneficial use application. Findings allowed for development of a conceptual color change capacity framework and supported development of tools for resource managers to incorporate color change dynamic into planning and operations activities.The following report provides a framework for determining the color change capacity of dredged materials using (1) a comprehensive laboratory approach and (2) a semiquantitative index based on source material and placement location conditions. These tools allow practitioners to incorporate dredged-material color change into resource management decisions, thus increasing beneficial use opportunities.
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Job, Jacob. Mesa Verde National Park: Acoustic monitoring report. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286703.

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In 2015, the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division (NSNSD) received a request to collect baseline acoustical data at Mesa Verde National Park (MEVE). Between July and August 2015, as well as February and March 2016, three acoustical monitoring systems were deployed throughout the park, however one site (MEVE002) stopped recording after a couple days during the summer due to wildlife interference. The goal of the study was to establish a baseline soundscape inventory of backcountry and frontcountry sites within the park. This inventory will be used to establish indicators and thresholds of soundscape quality that will support the park and NSNSD in developing a comprehensive approach to protecting the acoustic environment through soundscape management planning. Additionally, results of this study will help the park identify major sources of noise within the park, as well as provide a baseline understanding of the acoustical environment as a whole for use in potential future comparative studies. In this deployment, sound pressure level (SPL) was measured continuously every second by a calibrated sound level meter. Other equipment included an anemometer to collect wind speed and a digital audio recorder collecting continuous recordings to document sound sources. In this document, “sound pressure level” refers to broadband (12.5 Hz–20 kHz), A-weighted, 1-second time averaged sound level (LAeq, 1s), and hereafter referred to as “sound level.” Sound levels are measured on a logarithmic scale relative to the reference sound pressure for atmospheric sources, 20 μPa. The logarithmic scale is a useful way to express the wide range of sound pressures perceived by the human ear. Sound levels are reported in decibels (dB). A-weighting is applied to sound levels in order to account for the response of the human ear (Harris, 1998). To approximate human hearing sensitivity, A-weighting discounts sounds below 1 kHz and above 6 kHz. Trained technicians calculated time audible metrics after monitoring was complete. See Methods section for protocol details, equipment specifications, and metric calculations. Median existing (LA50) and natural ambient (LAnat) metrics are also reported for daytime (7:00–19:00) and nighttime (19:00–7:00). Prominent noise sources at the two backcountry sites (MEVE001 and MEVE002) included vehicles and aircraft, while building and vehicle predominated at the frontcountry site (MEVE003). Table 1 displays time audible values for each of these noise sources during the monitoring period, as well as ambient sound levels. In determining the current conditions of an acoustical environment, it is informative to examine how often sound levels exceed certain values. Table 2 reports the percent of time that measured levels at the three monitoring locations were above four key values.
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Crouch, Rebecca, Jared Smith, Bobbi Stromer, Christian Hubley, Samuel Beal, Guilherme Lotufo, Afrachanna Butler, et al. Preparative, extraction, and analytical methods for simultaneous determination of legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil or sediment, and tissue matrices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41480.

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No standard method exists for determining levels of insensitive munition (IM) compounds in environmental matrices. This project resulted in new methods of extraction, analytical separation and quantitation of 17 legacy and 7 IM compounds, daughter products of IM, and other munition compounds absent from USEPA Method 8330B. Extraction methods were developed for aqueous (direct-injection and solid-phase extraction [SPE]), soil, sediment, and tissue samples using laboratory-spiked samples. Aqueous methods were tested on 5 water sources, with 23 of 24 compounds recovered within DoD QSM Ver5.2 limits. New solvent extraction (SE) methods enabled recovery of all 24 compounds from 6 soils within QSM limits, and a majority of the 24 compounds were recovered at acceptable levels from 4 tissues types. A modified chromatographic treatment method removed analytical interferences from tissue extracts. Two orthogonal high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) separation methods, along with an HPLC–mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS) method, were developed. Implementing these new methods should reduce labor and supply costs by approximately 50%, requiring a single extraction and sample preparation, and 2 analyses rather than 4. These new methods will support environmental monitoring of IM and facilitate execution of risk-related studies to determine long-term effects of IM compounds.
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Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffrey Roesler, M. Ley, Shinhyu Kang, Loren Emerson, Zane Lloyd, Braden Boyd, and Marllon Cook. High-volume Fly Ash Concrete for Pavements Findings: Volume 1. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-030.

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High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) has improved durability and sustainability properties at a lower cost than conventional concrete, but its early-age properties like strength gain, setting time, and air entrainment can present challenges for application to concrete pavements. This research report helps with the implementation of HVFAC for pavement applications by providing guidelines for HVFAC mix design, testing protocols, and new tools for better quality control of HVFAC properties. Calorimeter tests were performed to evaluate the effects of fly ash sources, cement–fly ash interactions, chemical admixtures, and limestone replacement on the setting times and hydration reaction of HVFAC. To better target the initial air-entraining agent dosage for HVFAC, a calibration curve between air-entraining dosage for achieving 6% air content and fly ash foam index test has been developed. Further, a digital foam index test was developed to make this test more consistent across different labs and operators. For a more rapid prediction of hardened HVFAC properties, such as compressive strength, resistivity, and diffusion coefficient, an oxide-based particle model was developed. An HVFAC field test section was also constructed to demonstrate the implementation of a noncontact ultrasonic device for determining the final set time and ideal time to initiate saw cutting. Additionally, a maturity method was successfully implemented that estimates the in-place compressive strength of HVFAC through wireless thermal sensors. An HVFAC mix design procedure using the tools developed in this project such as the calorimeter test, foam index test, and particle-based model was proposed to assist engineers in implementing HVFAC pavements.
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