To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Sources for determining obligations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sources for determining obligations'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 35 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Sources for determining obligations.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Obellianne, Stéphane. "Les sources des obligations." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA111009.
Full text
2
Sepinwall, Amy J. "Determining parental obligations to unborn children using a social contract theory." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30114.
Full textAbstract:
I use a brand of social contract theory derived from David Gauthier to delimit precisely what might be permissible in the methods of conception and gestation of a child. More specifically, Gauthier posits a rule that is supposed to govern behavior among individuals prior to but in anticipation of the rise of social interaction. I argue that this rule can be appropriately applied to the interactions between a parent and her unborn child. I review other social contract models in an effort to show that Gauthier's is preferable to these. I also address other accounts concerned with parental obligations to the unborn, to see how these fare against Gauthier's. I conclude that, because of its breadth of applicability, as well as its plausibility, Gauthier's model is a powerful force for guiding us through these issues.
3
Sepinwall, Amy J. "Determining parental obligations to unborn children using a social contract theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ55007.pdf.
Full text
4
Clement, Nicolas. "Contribution à la pensée juridique des sources d'obligation : Etude de doctrine à l'heure de la réforme du Code civil." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAA006.
Full textAbstract:
Le bicentenaire du Code civil était l’occasion du bilan ; la réforme du Code civil ouvre le temps des perspectives. Ou plutôt, d’une perspective : celle des sources d’obligations qui, bien qu’elle fixe la ligne des dispositions du nouveau Titre III du Livre III, n’en reste pas moins à dessiner à leur image. L’affirmation peut surprendre. Il est en effet souvent soutenu que la réforme s’inscrit, à bien des égards, dans la continuité, et qu’il n’est de notions aux contours mieux tracés au cours de l’histoire que celles du contrat, du quasi-contrat, de la responsabilité civile, ou de l’engagement unilatéral de volonté. Qui ne voit, pourtant, que cette impression d’une inébranlable constance pourrait bien tenir de l’indistinction d’un droit nouveau qui se meut encore dans les limbes ?Le présent travail entend profiter de la césure introduite par la réforme pour opérer un retour sur nos doctrines. À l’inverse du praticien, qui en redoute les soubresauts, le théoricien ne craint pas les mouvements du droit, qui lui offrent de contempler les dynamiques de fond à l’œuvre. L’étude des évolutions consommées par la réforme du droit des obligations, menée dans une double optique historique et systématique, laissera ainsi apparaître, tant au plan particulier de chaque source qu’à leur conjonction, d’importants bouleversements qui pourraient bien interdire, dans l’avenir, de penser en théorie l’ouvrage rénové autrement qu’à travers un nouveau paradigmeThe bicentenary of the french civil Code was the occasion for an assessment ; with the reform of the french civil Code it’s time to look ahead to the prospects. From that point of view, one of the major preoccupations should be the definition of the sources of obligations, which determines the implementation of the new law of obligations. This assertion can be surprising. It is often suggested that the reform mostly provides continuity and that there are no other notions as known as contract, quasi-contract, civil liability or commitment by unilateral will. Yet, how can we fail to see that this impression of an unwavering consistency could be an effect of the new provisions’ shadows ?This work aims to take advantage of the gap of the reform to come back to our doctrines. Unlike practitioner, who fears instability, theoretician is not afraid by the motions of the law, which provide him to consider their background. The study of the evolutions implied by the law of obligations’ reform, conducted through an historical and systematic lens, will thus reveal, at the level of each source and at the conjunction of all, significant upheavals which would probably require to think about the law of obligations differently that we used to do
5
Sakrani, Raja. "Sources doctrinales du code des obligations et des contrats tunisiens." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020045.
Full text
6
Miller, Layla. "Determining specific sources of faecal contamination within shellfisheries." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495762.
Full text
7
Henaff, Gaël. "Les usages en droit des obligations : notion et rôles." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR1D024.
Full textAbstract:
Notre premiere partie, sur la notion d'usage, fait apparaitre l'existence de caracteres objectifs, constance et generalite, indispensables a toute transformation d'une pratique en usage. Mais elle met egalement en evidence l'existence de cet element intentionnel, le sentiment dans le caractere obligatoire de la regle, au contraire de ce qu'avait la theorie traditionnelle. Elle devait egalement remettre en question la validite des theories jurisprudentielles sur le role du juge dans la formation et la consecration des usages. Le role des usages (2eme partie) est articule autour d'une problematique directrice qui ressort directement des constatations de la premiere partie sur la notion d'usage : la liaison entre le fait et le droit. Au passage du fait au droit correspond le role normalisateur des usages (titre 1er). Que ce soit au travers de l'acte ou du fait juridique, l'ensemble des usages encadre pour le present et l'avenir les initiatives individuelles d'une multitude de regles ne representant au fond que le denominateur commun et passe des multiples facettes de l'activite de l'homme en societe. Passant du droit au fait, on ne peut que constater l'adaptation par les usages (titre i) des exigences sociales de formation des conventions, qu'elles concernent les regles de validite ou de preuve. Quant a leur execution, le souci materiel et l'interet collectif de proteger la convention contre toute disparition brutale et automatique ont conduit a l'apparition de nombreux usages temperant l'automatisme des resolutions du code civil et nuancant l'application du principe de force obligatoire des conventionsThe first part of this thesis, presenting the notion of usage, brings to light the existence of objective characteristics - cosntancy and generality - which are the necessary elements to the transformation of a practice into a usage. It also brings to the fore the existence of an intentional element, the belief in the compulsory character of the rule, in opposition to what the traditional theory had asserted. Moreover, it calls into question the validity of the juristrudential theories on the role of the judge in the formation and establishement of usages. The role of usages (2nd part) is turned on a main problematic which is the direct result of the statement made in the 1st part on the notion of usage : the link between the fact and the law. To the transition from fact to law corresponds the normalizing role of usages (1st title). Either through the act of through the legal fact, all the usages build a frame for present and future around individual initiatives, consisting in a series of rules, which in fact represent the common and past denominator of the various sides of human activities in society. In the transition from law to facts, the statement is that the usages foster the adaptation of social requirements in the formation of conventions, whether they concern rules of validity ior rules of evidence. As far as their fulfilment is concerned, the material concern and the collective interest for prventing the convention form sudden and automatic. .
8
Dallas, Paul-Athos. "Determining the sources of flicker noise in GaAs MESFETs." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283338.
Full text
9
Porter, Kimberly Rae. "Determining Sources of Fecal Pollution in Washington D.C. Waterways." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36009.
Full textAbstract:
Antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) of Enterococci was used to determine sources of fecal contamination in three District of Columbia waterways: Rock Creek, the Anacostia River, and the Potomac River. These three waterways were identified as exceeding water quality standards set for fecal coliform levels and were designated by the District of Columbia to the Environmental Protection Agency's 303 (d) impaired waters list.
A library profile of 1,806 enterococcus isolates from known sources was built based on antibiotic resistance patterns from thirty concentrations of nine antibiotics. These sources included human, cattle, chicken, horse, goat, sheep, deer, raccoon, muskrat, goose, seagull, coyote, duck, wild turkey, dog, and cat.
Antibiotic profiles were characterized for 24 unknown enterococci isolates on each of 198 samples (38 samples from the Potomac River, 79 samples from the Anacostia River, and 81 samples from Rock Creek) collected periodically from July 2002 through April 2003. Two major storm events were also sampled during this period. These isolate profiles were compared to the known source library using logistic regression. Three dominant sources of fecal pollution were detected in the Potomac River: livestock (30%), human (29%), and wildlife (22%). Three dominant signatures were also detected in Rock Creek: horse (26%), human (26%), and wildlife (24%). Human was the only dominant source detected in the Anacostia River, averaging 43% over the sampling period.
The results of this study indicate that human is a substantial contributor to the fecal contamination problems, especially in the Anacostia River, but there are significant agricultural and wildlife contributions as well. Significant and predictable seasonal variations were also detected, indicating the influence of precipitation on source distributions. The results of this study will aid the Metropolitan Washington D.C. Council of Governments in making important management decisions to help improve the water quality in and around the Washington D.C. area.
Expanding the limits of ARA was also an integral part of this research. Three new and even controversial analytical techniques were run on the data collected from this project in an attempt to improve confidence and provide direction to the results of this study. The first was a comparison of the more commonly used statistical analysis model discriminate analysis (DA) with logistic regression (LR). No significant difference was found between the output of the two models for the known source libraries, therefore no suggestion could be made in favor of one model over the other. Another analytical test of the data was the introduction of a standard requiring isolates to meet a minimum of 80% similarity to the known source profiles where it was classified. With the 80% cutoff, between 41% and 44% of the isolates could not be classified to any source and were placed in an unknown category. Based on the remaining isolates, source distributions were recalculated and were not statistically different than those calculated with no restriction for isolate similarity for matching. The last major test of the data was the analysis of the library for representativeness via pulled sample cross validation and the exclusion of all duplicate patterns from the known source library. These analyses did not confirm the representativeness of the databases, but results were further analyzed based on the implications these analyses have on library based methods.Master of Science
10
Teixeira, Cédric. "La classification des sources des obligations du droit romain à nos jours." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30079/document.
Full textAbstract:
Avec l’apparition de plusieurs sources d’obligations en droit romain (le contrat et le délit), les juristes ont cherché à classer ces sources. Cela a commencé avec la classification des Institutes de Gaius. Cette étude propose d’étudier l’évolution de la classification des sources des obligations depuis son apparition en droit romain jusqu’à ses aspects les plus récents. Elle porte en conséquence sur les classifications doctrinales de l’ancien droit, la classification présente dans le Code civil et son interprétation par la doctrine du XIXe siècle, et les évolutions de cette classification au XXe siècle sous l’influence du droit allemand notammentWith the appearance of several sources of obligations in Roman law (contract and torts), jurists sought to classify these sources. That started with the classification of Gaius in his Institutes. This study proposes to study the evolution of the classification of the sources of the obligations since its appearance in Roman law until its most recent aspects. It relates consequently to doctrinal classifications of the former law, classification present in the Civil code and its interpretation by the doctrines of the 19th century, and the evolutions of this classification at the 20th century under the influence of the German right in particular
11
Grimaldi, Cyril. "Quasi-engagement et engagement en droit privé : recherches sur les sources de l'obligation /." Paris : Defrénois, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/525994807.pdf.
Full text
12
Avery, Mark James. "Determining Information Sources For Health Related Issues Utilised By Community Members." Queensland University of Technology, 2003. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15988/.
Full textAbstract:
Reason for information seeking by consumers and community members has been the subject of previous research to ascertain any unique issues about the personal attributes of the information seeker, the search environment and context or particular issues associated with the goods or services being researched. Several researchers have identified ways to study how information on health related topics is communicated to the community. While research is limited on the sources, search approaches and conditions associated with obtaining reliable information on health issues and topics, there is extensive literature on the important aspects of communication processes that impact on the unique, and at times complex, environment within which health consumer research occurs. This research project has enabled a review of the interpersonal and noninterpersonal communication modes to understand a range of issues that impact on the community member as the receiver of messages on health issues and topics. A qualitative and quantitative research approach has been utilised in original research to examine a number of issues associated with where community members in Australia turn to find information on health related topics. The study involves the comparison of a number of communication and information gathering approaches and expectations with a picture of information source experiences. The study highlights a range of considerations for campaign, individual communication, environment and background communication planning for those involved in engaging with the community to impart health care orientated messages.
13
Graves, Alexandria Kristen. "Determining Sources of Fecal Pollution in Water for a Rural Virginia Community." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34409.
Full textAbstract:
This project involves developing and applying bacterial source tracking (BST) methodology to determine sources of fecal pollution in water for a rural community (Millwood, VA). Antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) is the primary BST method for fecal source identification, followed by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for confirmation. Millwood consists of 66 homes, all served by individual septic systems, and a stream (Spout Run) passes through the center of the community. Spout Run drains a 5,800 ha karst topography watershed that includes large populations of livestock and wildlife. Stream and well samples were collected monthly and analyzed for fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, starting in 5/99 and ending in 5/00. Twelve percent of the well samples and 92% of the stream samples were positive for fecal coliforms, and 26% of the stream samples exceeded the recreational water standard (1,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml). ARA of fecal streptococci recovered from the stream samples indicated that isolates of human origin appeared throughout the stream as the stream passed through Millwood with a yearly average of (approx. 10% human, 30% wildlife, and 63% livestock), and the percent human origin isolates declined downstream from Millwood. These results were obtained by comparing the antibiotic resistance profiles of stream isolates against a library of 1,174 known source isolates with correct classification rates of 94.6% for human isolates, 93.7% for livestock isolates, and 87.8% for wildlife isolates.
There is a human signature in Spout Run, but it is small compared to the proportion of isolates from livestock and wildlife. The sporadic instances where well water samples were positive appeared primarily during very dry periods. Restricting livestock access to streams can dramatically lower fecal coliform counts during the unusually hot and dry periods. Reducing FC counts to below recreational water standards for Virginia (1000 per 100ml for any one sample) may be achievable, however to maintain streams below standards may prove to be difficult, as Spout Run is in an area where there are large populations of Canada geese, deer, and other wildlife, and will be hard to restrict these animals.Master of Science
14
Szeles, Cheryl Lynne. "Determining Sources of Fecal Contamination in Two Rivers of Northumberland County, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42178.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of monitoring the water quality of shellfish beds is to provide protection against transmission of water-borne infectious diseases. The Coan River and the Little Wicomico River contain shellfish beds that are closed to harvest due to contamination with fecal bacteria. These two rivers are located in Northumberland County, Virginia, and empty into the lower Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay.
Bacterial source tracking (antibiotic resistance analysis of Eschericia coli) was used to determine the sources of fecal contamination that have caused shellfish harvest closures in these two rivers.
A total of 1,248 Eschericia coli isolates were collected from known sources to build a regional library for the rivers. The Virginia Department of Shellfish Sanitation (DSS) and project cooperators collected known source samples from August 2001 to September 2002.
The Average Rate of Correct Classification for the known source library was 71.9%, with a total of 930 isolates correctly classified. The categories (and rates of correct classification) were Birds (84.7%), Humans (74.8%), Livestock (72.4%), Pets (62.0%), and Wildlife (65.7%). The library was used to identify the sources of Eschericia coli isolated from DSS sampling stations along the Coan and Little Wicomico Rivers from August 2001 to September 2002. Some stations contained a substantial human signature, while wildlife and birds are also major contributors. The results will be used to decide the necessary changes that need to be addressed if the shellfish harvesting beds are to be reopened.Master of Science
15
Bowman, Amy Marie. "Determining Sources of Fecal Pollution in the Blackwater River Watershed, Franklin County, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34546.
Full textAbstract:
Antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) was used to determine sources of fecal pollution in the Blackwater River in South-central Virginia. The Department of Environmental Quality designated six segments as impaired due to high fecal coliform concentrations with non-point source (NPS) agriculture the suspected source of impairment. The Blackwater River watershed encompasses 72,000 ha of dairy, beef, and intensive production agriculture, abundant wildlife populations and many homes with onsite septic systems. A library of antibiotic resistance profiles based on 30 concentrations of 9 antibiotics was developed for 1,451 enterococci isolates from human, cattle, chicken, horse, goat, sheep, deer, raccoon, muskrat, goose, duck, coyote, and wild turkey fecal samples. Each isolate was classified as human, wildlife or livestock. Correct classification rates were 82.3% for human, 86.2% for livestock and 87.4% for wildlife isolates when profiles were analyzed with discriminant analysis.
Profiles were also determined for 48 isolates from 128 stream samples collected periodically from August 1999 thru April 2001 and compared to the known sources using discriminate analysis. A human signature was found at each site at least once during the year, ranging from 0.0% to 85.0% of the sample isolates. The livestock signature varied from 2.3% to 100% over sites and months, and the wildlife signature varied from 0.0% to 79.5%. The results indicate that both humans and wildlife contribute to fecal pollution in addition to the suspected source, livestock, and reducing fecal pollution will require consideration of all three sources. The results from this research are being used to develop a total maximum daily load (TMDL) project allocations for fecal coliforms in the Blackwater River.
Isolates identified by ARA were also profiled using the Biolog metabolic identification system. A library of metabolic profiles was constructed from known source isolates. Stream isolates were identified by Biolog and the metabolic profile was compared to the Biolog library. Of ten stream isolates identified by ARA as human, the Biolog library identified one as human, four as livestock, and five as wildlife. Of ten isolates identified by ARA as livestock, the Biolog library identified seven as livestock and three as wildlife. Of ten isolates identified by ARA as wildlife, one was identified as human, three as livestock and six as wildlife. The overall correct classification of Blackwater isolates in the Biolog library was 14 of 30 isolates, or 47%. Although the Biolog library was constructed with some isolates from the Blackwater basin, there may not be enough isolates in the Biolog library to adequately represent the variability shown by the Blackwater isolates, resulting in lower than expected correct classifications. In spite of these results, Biolog remains promising as one of several tools with potential as a bacterial source tracking method.Master of Science
16
Herak, Patrick James. "A COMPARISION OF SEVERAL MODELS FOR DETERMINING CRITICAL SOURCES AREAS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL VARIATION." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1452253488.
Full text
17
Burdin, Elsa. "L'atypique : essai de systématisation à partir des modes de production des normes en droit privé." Chambéry, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CHAML053.
Full textAbstract:
Défini comme ce qui est dépourvu de type commun, l'atypique ne peut être perçu que par opposition à une structure référentielle à l'aune de laquelle il se singularise. A ce titre, l'identification de l'atypique ne s'effectue que de façon seconde, n'intervenant qu'après la détermination préalable des structures de référence. Il importe donc de respecter le double mouvement d'analyse fondé sur la dialectique du typique et de l'atypique, de la normalité et de l'anormalité. Décrire les phénomènes perçus comme dérogatoires au sein de la matière juridique nécessite, au préalable, de circonscrire avec précision le cadre d'analyse. Du fait de sa prégnance dans la conception juridique classique, la pyramide kelsénienne a été choisie comme modèle de référence. Impuissante à justifier l'existence de mouvements perturbateurs qui la traversent, la pyramide, érigée en dogme, se révèle incapable de rendre compte de l'ensemble du phénomène normatif. Perçue, en revanche, comme un simple modèle, elle devient un instrument d'analyse fécond en fournissant un cadre typique permettant l'observation du phénomène de l'atypique. Souvent analysé comme une anomalie dans le dysfonctionnement du système juridique, l'atypique devrait être rejeté. Pourtant, il est loin de constituer une telle défectuosité. A certains égards, inhérent à la matière juridique elle-même, l'atypique insuffle dynamique et souplesse au droit. Dérogatoire au regard du fonctionnement et des structures typiques de l'édifice normatif, l'atypique l'est sans conteste : il diverge des schémas traditionnels et s'établit en dehors des procédures officielles de production du droit. L'on ne saurait, toutefois prendre prétexte de cette nature dérogatoire pour le condamner. Loin de constitur l'édifice compact et intangible traditionnelllement décrit, le sytème juridique se révèle, au contraire, capable d'accepter des distorsions dès lors que ces dernières n'en perturbent pas l'essence. Là réside précisément la puissance de l'atypique. Accueilli et intégré dans une structure en considération de laquelle il apparaît divergent, l'atypique a, néanmoins, vocation à devenir typique.
18
Dittmar, (III) Robert Otto. "Determining biological sources of variation in residual feed intake in Brahman heifers during confinement feeding and on pasture." Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85879.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives were to characterize residual feed intake (RFI) and determine the
phenotypic correlation between performance, feed efficiency, and other biological
measurements in Brahman heifers, as well as the relationship between RFI determined in
confinement and measurements of grazing activity on pasture. Three separate 70 d
feeding trials were performed, and RFI was determined as the residual between actual
and predicted dry matter intake (DMI) for a given level of production. Brahman heifers
(n = 103; 5-to-9 mo of age) were individually limit-fed a pelleted 12% CP complete
ration daily in Calan gates. Weekly body weight (BW) and DMI data were collected, and
predicted DMI was determined by linear regression of actual DMI on mid-test metabolic
BW. Ytterbium chloride was used to evaluate digestive kinetics, and fecal samples were
collected to determine fecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and determine
apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD) utilizing acid insoluble ash as an internal
marker. Measurements of temperament were evaluated on all heifers at weaning. High (n
= 6) and low (n = 6) RFI heifers (Exp. I) grazed fescue and ryegrass to determine
variation in grazing behavior, DMI, and apparent DMD. Data from all three experiments were pooled, and RFI was not correlated with
average daily gain (ADG), DMI, BW, partial efficiency of gain, feed conversion ration,
fecal VFA concentration, or any measures of temperament. There were no significant
differences in digestive kinetics between the RFI efficiency groups. Fecal samples taken
for acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) determination were not collected at frequent
enough intervals to account for weekly variation in fecal ADIA concentration. Pasture
measurements were not different between the efficiency groups for heifers evaluated for
grazing behavior, as well as estimated intake as a proportion of BW, or apparent DMD.
Results of this study suggest that Bos indicus cattle appear to have similar efficiency
traits as Bos taurus and Bos indicus influenced cattle, making this measure of efficiency
equally as valid for use in both types of cattle. This indicates that selection based on RFI
can be made to increase feed efficiency without affecting ADG or BW in Brahman
cattle.
19
Cross, Douglas D. "Determining standards for sources of free information on the Internet for inclusion in academic library holdings by 2010." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1105102-120319/unrestricted/CrossD111802b.pdf.
Full text
20
Cross, Doug D. "Determining Standards for Sources of Free Information on the Internet for Inclusion in Academic Library Holdings by 2010." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/715.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to develop a consensus from a panel of experts composed of library deans/directors, reference librarians, and instructors with online teaching experience. The panel developed the methodology necessary for evaluating free sources of information on the Internet for inclusion in academic library holdings by the year 2010. The following areas were explored as they related to the forecast: 1) The changes in higher education institutions that will be necessary to prepare students to deal with free sources of information on the Internet; 2) The procedures that librarians need to develop and implement to ensure that free Internet materials will meet quality standards for inclusion in academic library holdings; and 3) The things that publishers of free sources of information on the Internet need to do to ensure that their materials will be considered for inclusion in academic library holdings.
The Delphi panel was composed of 24 members: eight library deans/directors, eight reference librarians, and eight instructors with online teaching experience. The members of the panel were selected from the community colleges of the Tennessee Board of Regents System.
In the first round of the study, panelists responded to 10 open-ended questions on an e-mail questionnaire dealing with free sources of information on the Internet. The narrative responses to the questions were specific and provided a basis on which to develop the Round 2 Questionnaire. In the second round of the Delphi study, panelists responded to 9 questions with 42 subparts.
The results of this study may be used to project the information needs of students as well as suggest strategies for publishers on the basis of the data collected in this study. A major finding of the study was the need for reliable information in documents on the Internet. The Delphi panel also listed the lack of permanence of Internet sites as a major reason librarians do not use free sources of information on the Internet. The Delphi panel recommended that educators assist students in dealing with Internet materials by teaching them how to use critical thinking skills.
21
Viktor, Aleysia. "Physiological and metabolic factors determining nitrogen use efficiency of tomato seedlings grown with elevated dissolved inorganic carbon and different nitrogen sources." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52999.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine (l) the influence of elevated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) on the nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) of tomato seedlings grown with different nitrogen sources, (2) how changes in the regulation and activities of nitrate reductase (NR), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and subsequent changes in metabolites would account for observed changes in NUE, and (3) to what extent elevated DIC contributed to the carbon budget of plants grown with different nitrogen sources. Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Fl44 seedlings were grown in hydroponic culture (pH 5.8) with 2 mM of either N03- or NH4 + and the solutions were aerated with either 0 ppm or 5000 ppm CO2 concentrations. The similar NUEs of NH/-fed plants grown with either root-zone CO2 concentration were largely due to their similar RGRs and N uptake rates. Elevated root-zone DIC had an initial stimulatory effect on N~ + uptake rates, but it seems as if this effect of DIC physiological processes was cancelled out by the toxic effect of unassimilated NH/. The NUE for N03--fed plants supplied with 5000 ppm root-zone CO2 was higher relative to 0 ppm root-zone CO2 and it was possibly due to the higher relative growth rates for similar N uptake rates of 5000 ppm compared to 0 ppm root-zone CO2. Nitrate-fed plants grown with 5000 ppm compared to 0 ppm root-zone CO2 had higher in vivo NR and in vitro NR and PEPc activities. These increases in enzymes activities possibly lead to increases in organic acid synthesis, which could have been used for biomass accumulation. This would account for the increased relative growth rates of N03--fed plants grown with 5000 ppm compared to 0 ppm root-zone CO2. The increasing rootzone CO2 concentrations resulted in the Ó15N values of NH/-plants becoming more positive indicating an absence of enzymatic discrimination. This may have been due to the inhibitory effect of DIC on Nll,+ uptake, causing plants to utilise both internal isotopes equally. The Ól3C studies showed that PEPc contributed equally to both N03-- and NH/-fed plants over the long term. From this it can be concluded that the lower NUE of NH/-compared to N03--fed plants grown with 5000 ppm root-zone C02 was due to increased N uptake and exudation of organic compounds into the nutrient solution. Experiments with 813C also showed that at increasing rootzone CO2 concentrations, PEPc made a bigger contribution to the carbon budget via the anaplerotic reaction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om (1) die invloed van verhoogde opgeloste anorganiese koolstof dioksied (DIC) op die stikstofverbruiksdoeltreffenheid (NUE) van plante wat op verkillende stikstofbronne gekweek is, te bepaal. (2) Veranderinge in die regulering van nitraat reduktase (NR), fosfo-enolpirovaatkarboksilase (PEPc) en karboonsuuranhidrase (CA) is bestudeer en gekorreleer met waargeneemde verskille in NUE. (3) 'n Beraming van die mate waartoe verhoogde DIC bydra tot die koolstofbegroting van plante, gekweek op verskillende stikstofbronne, word bespreek. Lycopersicon esculentum cv. F144 saailinge is in waterkultuur (pH 5.8) met 2 mM N03- of NH/ gekweek en die oplossings is alternatiewelik met 0 ppm of 5000 ppm CO2 belug. Die NUEs van plante gekweek met NH/ en belug met albei C02 konsentrasies was vergelykbaar grootliks as gevolg van hulooreenkomstige relatiewe groeitempo's en Nopname. DIC het aanvanklik NH/ opname gestimuleer, maar enige latere stimulerende effek van DIC op fisiologiese prosesse was klaarblyklik uitgekanselleer deur N~ + toksiteit veroorsaak deur vertraagde assimilasie. Die NUE van plante gekweek met N03- en 5000 ppm CO2 was hoër as dié van plante gekweek met N03- en 0 ppm CO2. Dit is moontlik gekoppel aan hoër relatiewe groeitempo's teenoor onveranderde N opname tempo's. Plante gekweek met N03- en 5000 ppm CO2 het hoër in vivo NR en in vitro NR en PEPc aktiwiteite getoon as plante gekweek met N03- en 0 ppm CO2. Bogenoemde toenames in ensiem aktiwiteite word verbind met biomassa toename deur verhoogde organiese suur sintese. Dit bied 'n moontlike verklaring vir die hoër relatiewe groeitempo's van plante gekweek met N03- en 5000 ppm CO2 teenoor plante gegroei met N03- en 0 ppm CO2. Die 015N waardes van plante gekweek met NH/ en 5000 ppm CO2 was meer positief as dié van plante gekweek met Nl-l,+ en 0 ppm CO2 wat gedui het op die afwesigheid van ensiematiese diskriminasie. Dit kon as gevolg gewees het van die vertragende effek van DIC op Nl-la + opname wat daartoe sou lei dat die plante beide isotope eweveel inkorporeer. Eksperimente met ol3C het getoon dat PEPc oor 'n lang tydperk eweveel begedra het tot die koolstofbegroting van plante gekweek met beide N03- and N~+. Hiervan kan afgelei word dat die laer NUE van plante gekweek met NH4 + en 5000 ppm C02 in vergelyking met dié van plante gekweek met N03- en 5000 ppm CO2 die gevolg was van verhoogde NH/ opname en uitskeiding van aminosure in die voedingsoplossing. Eksperimente met 0"c het ook getoon dat verhoogde DIe konsentrasies die bydrae van PEPc tot die plant se koolstofbegroting laat toeneem.
22
Wilson, Adelyn Lorraine McKenzie. "Sources and method of the Institutions of the law of Scotland by Sir James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair, with specific reference to the law of obligations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6205.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the sources and method used by Sir James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair, when writing and revising his seminal work, the Institutions of the Law of Scotland (1681). In doing so, it focuses particularly on Stair’s titles on the law of obligations. The thesis shows how Stair used learned authority and continental legal treatises. It demonstrates that Stair relied particularly upon Hugo Grotius’ De jure belli ac pacis (1625), Petrus Gudelinus’ De jure novissimo (1620), and Arnoldus Vinnius’ Commentarius academicus et forensis (1642), and, to a lesser extent, Vinnius’ Jurisprudentia contracta (1624-1631) and Arnoldus Corvinus’ Digesta per aphorismos (1642). It establishes when, in the process of writing and later revising the Institutions, Stair first used and when he returned to these continental legal treatises. It explains Stair’s pattern of borrowing from these treatises, and shows how his method and pattern of borrowing changed as he revised the Institutions. It establishes Stair’s purpose in consulting each of these works and how he was influenced by them. Overall, the thesis explains Stair’s method of writing and his use of sources and authorities, places his work in the context of continental jurisprudence, and thus significantly enhances current understanding of Stair’s Institutions.
23
Rameck, Makokove. "Determining the association between household drinking water handling practices and bacteriological quality of drinking water at the point-of-use in the rural communities of Murewa district, Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6859.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Public Health - MPHThere is growing awareness that drinking water can become contaminated following its collection from safe communal sources such as boreholes, as well as during transportation and storage in the house. Drinking water is the most important source of gastroentric diseases worldwide, mainly due to post collection contamination of drinking water. Globally, waterborne diseases are a major public health problem, causing millions of deaths annually. Aim: To determine the association between household drinking water handling practices and bacteriological quality of drinking water at the point-of-use in the rural communities of Murewa district in Zimbabwe.
24
Bourdoncle, Emmanuel. "Le concept de traité international. Racines antiques et significations contemporaines." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020076.
Full textAbstract:
Instrument essentiel du système juridique international, le traité se caractérise par sa permanence historique et son utilisation étendue. Cette importance peut notamment être soulignée à travers une analyse historique mettant en avant la dimension inhérente à tout système juridique international de l’instrument conventionnel. Dans sa nature comme dans sa pratique, le traité démontre une souplesse et une faculté d’adaptation essentielle que l’Antiquité gréco-romaine permet d’éclairer. En effet, pensé et utilisé largement à cette époque, cet instrument connaît dès ce moment ces principaux traits. Collection d’actes unilatéraux dont l’unité découle de son caractère écrit et la force obligatoire de l’engagement international de ses parties, le traité permet la formation d’obligations internationale diverses conduisant à une application particulière du droit internationalAs an essential instrument of the international legal system, the treaty is characterized by its historical permanence and its extensive use. This importance can be highlighted in particular through a historical analysis putting forward the inherent dimension of the convention to any international legal system. Its nature and its practice demonstrate the treaty flexibility and a capability of adaptation that the Greco-roman Antiquity allows to enlighten. Indeed, thought and used from this time, this instrument knows its main features since this moment. Collection of unilateral acts whose unity derives from its written character and its binding force from the international commitment of the parties, the treaty allows the formation of international obligations leading to a particular application of international law
25
Hage-Chahine, Najib. "La distinction de l'obligation et du devoir en droit privé." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020011.
Full textAbstract:
L’obligation et le devoir sont très souvent confondus. Pourtant, leur distinction est fondamentale. La présente étude propose de les distinguer en puisant le critère de la distinction dans la structure et dans la source de la situation de passivité envisagée. Sous l’angle de sa structure, l’obligation se distingue du devoir par l’existence d’un débiteur et d’un créancier déterminés. La structure de l’obligation permet de la distinguer des devoirs à sujets indéterminés. Néanmoins, ce critère ne suffit pas à distinguer l’obligation des devoirs à sujets déterminés. Il doit être combiné avec un second critère tiré de la source de la situation de passivité. Sous l’angle de sa source, l’obligation dérive de l’autorité seule de la loi ou de l’intervention du débiteur. La source de l’obligation permet de la distinguer des devoirs extra-légaux et des devoirs extra-juridiques. La distinction de l’obligation et du devoir est utile. À cette distinction s’attachent des intérêts pratiques dans le contentieux de la responsabilité civile et en dehors de ce contentieux. Mais, l’obligation et le devoir ne sont pas séparés par une cloison étanche. Leur distinction est caractérisée par sa souplesse et il existe des ressemblances entre les deux notions. Séparés par leur structure et par leur source, l’obligation et le devoir se rapprochent par l’objet et par le sujet. Il en résulte qu’une même personne peut être tenue d’accomplir la même prestation en vertu d’une obligation et en vertu d’un devoirObligations and duties are often confused. However, their distinction is fundamental. The present essay proposes to distinguish the two concepts by drawing the criterion of distinction in the structure and the source of the situation of passivity. In terms of structure, the obligationdiffers from the duty by the existence of a determined debtor and creditor. The structure of the obligation separates it from duties that do not exist between two determined parties. Nevertheless, this first criterion is insufficient. It does not make it possible to distinguish between obligations and duties that exist between determined parties. Therefore, it must be combined with a second criterion that is drawn in the source of the situation of passivity. In terms of its source, obligations derive from the rule of law or the intervention of the debtor. The source of the obligation separates it from non-statutory duties and non-legal duties. The distinction between obligations and duties is useful. It has practical use within liability proceedings and outside such proceedings. However, the present essay does not merely highlight the differences between obligations and duties. Their distinction is flexible, in that it reveals similarities between the two concepts. Separated by their structure and their source, obligations and duties have a similar object and a similar subject. In effect, the same person may be required to accomplish the same performance under an obligation or under a duty
26
Jarc, Jaka. "Rights and obligations : conceptions of social relations viewed through the treatment of possessions in the Biblical poems of Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Junius XI." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/19349.
Full textAbstract:
My thesis examines social conceptions framing rights and obligations by reviewing how possessions are used and exchanged in the poems of MS Junius XI. I identify several major additions to the scriptural source material of the poetic narrative where the poems present a unique treatment of possessions in a social environment. These poetic additions often feature novel combinations of events and even entirely new sub-stories. In reviewing these departures I focus specifically on possessions and examine how they frame the rights and obligations within social interactions. Focusing on objects of social exchange enables the discussion of the literary narrative to relate to secondary historical literature on possessions as well as social conceptions. This has not yet been done for the poems of Junius XI. This thesis is divided into four thematic chapters ordered from the most tangible to the most abstract: moveable objects, landed possessions, degrees of possession of people, and abstract notions of authority framing social interactions tied to holding and exchanging possessions. In chapter two moveable possessions will be discussed in relation to social status, cultural identity, exchange and hierarchy. The third chapter will examine the interplay between the allegorical and practical notions of land possession. The fourth chapter will discuss social hierarchy framed as a range of rights and obligations discussing to what degree people are themselves treated as possessions. The discussion will examine what types and levels of relative personal freedom is detectable in the Junius XI poems. The final chapter will amalgamate findings and issues of the previous chapters by examining how the exchange and treatment of possessions impact various types of authority which frame social interactions, hierarchies and values.
27
Cantali, Rodrigo Ustárroz. "Da forma ao contexto : a importância dos elementos contextuais na evolução histórica da categoria do contrato." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/185070.
Full textAbstract:
Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar as influências do contexto da relação contratual na delimitação das obrigações das partes. Sustenta-se que os contratos sempre funcionam em contextos sociais específicos, que influenciam o significado das relações contratuais. Analisa-se como o Direito pode reconhecer e valorar o ambiente social e econômico de certas condutas adotadas pelas partes ao longo da relação obrigacional. Trata-se, consequentemente, de uma pesquisa voltada para as fontes das obrigações, no sentido de se averiguar se o contexto pode ser considerado como uma fonte de efeitos normativos para a relação contratual, especialmente nas relações de âmbito civil-empresarial. O problema do contexto como possível fonte de efeitos normativos é apresentado a partir de duas perspectivas: a primeira, mais ampla, é relativa ao desenvolvimento da teoria das fontes das obrigações e da função exercida pelo contexto da relação no desenvolvimento do que hoje se denomina Teoria Geral dos Contratos; a segunda, mais restrita, é referente à delimitação das obrigações em uma relação contratual a partir dos elementos contextuais da relação. Ao final, procura-se demonstrar que o contexto da relação contratual se apresenta como elemento influente na determinação do momento em que obrigações contratuais são contraídas e na delimitação das obrigações contraídas.This dissertation has as its central theme the analysis of to what extent the context of the contractual relations influences the delimitation of contractual obligations. It is argued that contracts always function in specific social contexts, which influence the meaning of contractual relations. This study seeks to analyze how the law can acknowledge and value the social and economic environment of certain behaviors adopted by the parties along the obligatory relationship. It is, therefore, a study that addresses the question of whether the context can be considered as a source of normative effects for the contractual relationship, especially in civil-commercial relationships. The problem of context as a possible source of normative effects is presented from two perspectives: the first one, broader, concerning the development of the theory of sources of obligations and the function exerted by the context of the relations in the development of what is now called General Theory of Contracts; the second one, more restricted, regarding the delimitation of the obligations in a contract from the contextual elements of the relationship. This study aims, in the end, to demonstrate that the context of the contractual relationship is an influential element both in determining when contractual obligations arise and in delimiting the contractual obligations.
28
Soussan, Audrey. "Contribution à la théorie de la coutume internationale : à partir de l’identification de la coutume de droit international pénal." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100153.
Full textAbstract:
La coutume n’est pas uniquement la cumulation de ses deux éléments que sont la pratique et l’opinio juris, elle est en plus, et peut-être surtout, une opération. L’opération coutumière permet le passage de la pratique à la conviction du droit. Cette opération n’est possible qu’en ce que la pratique n’est pas uniquement la répétition de conduites, mais avant tout l’observation de cette répétition par les destinataires de l’obligation en formation. Dès lors, la coutume peut se définir comme une opération imprévisible par nature, identifiable toujours après coup, par la production de conduites, leur observation par les destinataires de l’obligation, puis par l’existence d’une conviction du droit de ces mêmes destinataires. La conviction en l’existence de l’obligation consiste finalement en une explication, pour les destinataires, de la répétition observée. Pourquoi une telle répétition existe, si ce n’est parce qu’il existe une obligation y contraignant. De ce point de vue, la coutume de droit international pénal, bien qu’identifiée abondamment par les juridictions internationales pénales, présente des difficultés d’identification inédites : les conduites pertinentes sont souvent cachées, elles ne sont pas observables, en particulier en temps de guerre et dans le cadre des hostilités, les destinataires sont les personnes physiques et, enfin, le droit international pénal s’est développé par l’intermédiaire de l’activité de juridictions ad hoc, ayant quasiment une obligation de résultat quant à leur compétence et l’existence de condamnations. Il en ressort une modalité d’identification des normes coutumières posant des questions inéditesCustom is not only the accumulation of these two elements that are the practice and the opinio juris, it is additionally, and maybe mostly, an operation. The customary operation allows to pass from practice to the conviction of law. This operation is only possible in that practice is not only the repetition of conducts, but above all, the observation of this repetition by the addressee of the obligation in formation. Therefore, custom can be defined as an operation which is, in nature, unforeseeable, identifiable afterwards, by the production of conducts, and their observation by the obligation’s addresses. The conviction in the existence of the obligation actually consists in an explanation, to the addressees, of the observed repetition. Why would the repetition exist if not because of an obligation constraining it to be so. From this point of view, the custom of international criminal law, bears unprecedented identification difficulties. Indeed the pertinent conducts are often hidden and cannot be observed, particularly at times of war and in the context of hostilities. Furthermore, the addressees are natural persons. Lastly, international criminal law has developed through the activity of ad hoc jurisdiction that had practically an obligation of result concerning their jurisdiction and the existence of condemnations. From these difficulties emerges an identification method of customary rules bearing unprecedented issues
29
Khan, Badi-Uz-Zaman. "Determining the nature and location of emission sources contributing to Toronto aerosol." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=81015&T=F.
Full text
30
Huang, Wei-lun, and 黃韋倫. "The role of PAHs in determining the characteristic and sources of suspended particles in Gaoping coast." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5jz87w.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
海洋環境及工程學系研究所
102
This study determined the distribution of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Gaoping coastal area. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and chemical fingerprinting were performed to investigate the possible sources of PAHs in this area. The total concentrations of 36 analyzed PAHs (ΣPAHs) varied from 0.20 to 34.4 ng/L in the water column with the mean value of 2.53±2.19 ng/L. Higher ΣPAHs values were observed in Gaoping Submarine Canyon in November 2012 due to the higher contents of suspended particles. ΣPAHs on suspended particles varied from 137 to 4270 ng/g with the mean value of 1010±825 ng/g. Higher values occurred at stations W05, W07, W08, W10 and W11 whose particles were finer and bearing higher sorption capacity in general. In addition, PAH concentrations were found significantly correlated with organic carbon content (R=0.30, P<0.05). Relatively, particulate PAH concentrations in Gaoping coastal area were at lower level comparing with other areas in the world. Results from chemical fingerprinting, HCA and PCA indicate that particulate PAHs in the study area were mainly from petrogenic sources and petroleum combustion in May and November 2012, from petroleum combustion and pyrogenic sources in September 2012; while from pyrogenic sources in March 2013. The characteristics of bottom suspended particles in Gaoping Submarine Canyon were different from other samples. The tidal current in the canyon might cause those particles distinct from other areas in source recognition. In addition, the surface particles exhibited stronger signal from terrestrial input and atmosphere deposition.
31
Béreš, Ján. "Předmět plnění a odpovědnost za porušení povinností ze smluv o dílo v mezinárodním obchodním styku." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352108.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation deals with how the subject matter of performance under a contract for work is defined and issues related to formulating the rights and obligations ensuing therefrom. At the same time, it seeks common legal sources existing across national laws which provide definitions thereof. It attempts to find a common definition of contracts for work and how they differ from other similar contracts. It further defines some common basic features and problems related to contracts for work which apply in international trade or in cases where parties decide to formulate their contract by reference to international contract conditions. In that context, it primarily refers to construction contracts as the most common type of contract for work in international trade. At the same time, it focuses on the possible consequences of a breach of contract and emphasizes some parties' claims ensuing therefrom. Moreover, this work examines the definition of work defects and conditions for asserting claims as a specific topic, which relates to the definition of the subject matter of a contract for work and its basic features. Key words: contract for work, construction work, contractor, employer, international trade, sources for determining obligations, international contract conditions, subject matter of...
32
"Determining Standards for Sources of Free Information on the Internet for Inclusion in Academic Library Holdings by 2010." East Tennessee State University, 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-1105102-120319/.
Full text
33
Li, Yue-Heng, and 李岳衡. "Determining animal sources of placental derivatives using a newly developed proteomic assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27551689966532793836.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立陽明大學
生化暨分子生物研究所
100
Placenta derivatives, in either solid or liquid form, from humans or other animals are believed to have therapeutic benefits in a diversity of societies. While these benefits still need to be verified pharmacologically, it is as important to investigate how to properly regulate these materials such that their unwanted effects can be avoided. Effective and accurate determination of the animal source of these materials has been considered as the first step toward establishment of regulatory guidelines by the government. To establish such a platform, we first implement an in-situ tryptic digestion procedure for solid derivatives, which aims to make proteolytic enzymes penetrate into the tissue interior following the flow of solutions during the rehydration of dried tissues. We have indeed found that much more peptides can be prepared from otherwise insoluble proteins, particular those in extracellular space, cytoskeletons and nuclear matrix. These peptides are the subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and special informatics methods have been implemented to interpret the acquired tandem mass spectra. We first developed computer programs to normalize the sequence database of human, cow, pig and sheep together such that the databases of these four organisms all contain FASTA sequences for the same numbers of proteins homologues. The MS/MS datasets are then interpreted with TurboSequest against each of four normalized databases respectively, which in turn produces four sets for Sequest scores associated with different organism-specific databases. Plotting percentage of tandem mass spectra above Sequest scores against from different animal databases, we can successfully identify the most likely species from which the analyzed sample originate. This proteomics platform should be quite useful in analyses of biological samples associated with complicated genetic polymorphisms, like those collected clinically from patients.
34
Kment, Vojtěch. "Vnitřní předpisy a právní řád České republiky." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-313060.
Full textAbstract:
UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE PRÁVNICKÁ FAKULTA Ing. Vojtěch KMENT Vnitřní předpisy a právní řád České republiky Bylaws and the legal system of the Czech Republic Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: JUDr. Karel Beran, Ph.D. Katedra: Katedra teorie práva a právních učení Datum vypracování práce: srpen 2011 Abstract (english): Bylaws and the legal system of the Czech Republic The purpose of my thesis is to provide some theory on bylaws which will help to identify their existence and particularly the legal obligations and/or rights they constitute. I located areas in which the bylaws may exist in the context of the legal system of Czech Republic, conditions of their valid promulgation and other circumstances when they may constitute legally binding obligations or rights. This thesis uses the term bylaws for the abstract normative acts which are not generally binding and which do not constitute the common contracts, i.e. the common concept in which they are used within the current Czech law. Bylaws are traditionally considered out of the scope of interest of the academic as well as the professional lawyers as legal documents of a very low degree. Yet they exist and proliferate nearly everywhere and establish a vast amount of various legal obligations or even rights which the average citizen quite often finds difficult...
35
Parent, Alain. "L'exception de non-subrogation: l'influence de ses principes justificatifs sur sa mise en oeuvre." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2643.
Full textAbstract:
À la lecture de l'article 2365 c.c.Q., le créancier et la caution ne peuvent pas percevoir les droits et les libertés que ce texte concrétise à leur encontre ou à leur profit. Pour pallier ce problème, les auteurs et la jurisprudence ont alors laissé place à leur imagination afin de tenter de classifier cette disposition à l'intérieur d'institutions juridiques éprouvées, le tout en vue de démythifier le contenu de la règle de droit. Pour notre part, nous considérons que l'exception de non-subrogation est une notion originale en soi, qui trouve sa source à l'intérieur même de son institution. La thèse que nous soutenons est que l'exception de non-subrogation, mode de libération qui a pour mission de combattre le comportement opportuniste, cristallise l'obligation de bonne foi en imposant implicitement au créancier une obligation de bonne subrogation. Tout manquement du créancier à cette obligation a comme conséquence de rendre le droit de créance du créancier irrecevable à l'égard de la caution devant les tribunaux. Ce précepte éclaircit le contexte de l'article 2365 C.c.Q. et, par le fait même, il permet de délimiter le contour de son domaine et de préciser ses conditions d'application. L'exception de non-subrogation est un mécanisme juridique qui date de l'époque romaine. Elle est maintenant intégrée dans presque tous les systèmes juridiques du monde, tant en droit civil qu'en common law. Dans la législation québécoise, elle s'est cristallisée à l'article 2365 C.c.Q. Il s'agit d'une disposition d'ordre public qui ne peut être invoquée que par la caution. Son application dépend du cumul de quatre conditions: 1) le fait du créancier; 2) la perte d'un droit subrogatoire; 3) le préjudice de la caution; 4) le lien causal entre les trois derniers éléments. Lorsque ces quatre conditions sont remplies, la caution est libérée de son engagement dans la mesure du préjudice qu'elle subit.Article 2365 of the Civil Code of Quebec ("C.C.Q.") states that the creditor and the surety cannot claim rights and liberties that the text secures for or against them. To deal with this problem, the authors and authorities gave free reign to imagination in an attempt to categorize this provision within recognized legal institutions and thereby demythicize the content of the rule of law. We are of the opinion that the non-subrogation exception is in itself an original concept that arises from within its institution. We believe that the non-subrogation exception, a discharge mode which aims at fighting opportunistic behaviour, crystallises the duty of good faith by implicitly imposing upon the creditor the obligation of subrogation. The creditor's failure to comply with this obligation will result in his right to claim in respect of the surety not being receivable in court. This throws some light on the context of Article 2365 C.c.Q., defines its boundaries and clarifies its applicability. The non-subrogation exception is a legal mechanism that goes back to Roman times. ft has now been incorporated into both civil and common law in almost ail legal systems in the world. In Quebec legislation, it falls under Article 2365 C.C.Q. It is a public order provision that only the surety can cite. The enforcement of this provision is subject to the following conditions: 1) the act of the creditor; 2) the loss of a subrogatory right; 3) the surety's prejudice; 4) the causal link between the three. When these conditions are fulfilled, the surety is released from his obligation to the extent of the prejudice he has suffered.