Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sous-refroidissement'
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Kaiser, Robin. "Manipulation par laser d'hélium métastable: effet Hanle mécanique, refroidissement sous le recul d'un photon." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011870.
Full textTardif, Xavier. "Cristallisation et transferts thermiques dans un polymère thermoplastique semi-cristallin en refroidissement rapide sous pression." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00880924.
Full textKaiser, Robin. "Manipulation par laser d'atomes d'helium metastable : effet hanle mecanique, refroidissement sous le recul d'un photon." Paris 6, 1990. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011870.
Full textPASTINA, BARBARA. "Etude sur la radiolyse de l'eau en relation avec le circuit primaire de refroidissement des reacteurs nucleaires a eau sous pression." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112193.
Full textRached, Wissam. "Etude et conception des pompes à chaleurs air/eau utilisant des mélanges à grand glissement de température et à faible GWP." Paris, ENMP, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENMP1205.
Full textThis research has led to a series of results related to the use of refrigerant blends in heat pump systems. First, after a review of existing methods showing some of their limitations, an in-situ measurement method of mixture circulation composition has been elaborated and can be used for all kind of mixtures. Second, the effect of the circulation composition variation on heat pump system performances and possible capacity control is thoroughly investigated. Third, new mixtures with low GWP and permitting a safe use have been analyzed. Fourth, a steady state heat pump model is elaborated and mixture properties routines (Thermoblend) have been incorporated to simulate heat pump operations with large temperature glide mixtures. Circulation composition and composition effect on the system capacity and performances are analyzed. A new Staged Evaporation and Enhanced Sub-Cooling (SEESC) heat pump system has been designed taking into account the high temperature glide and composition effect. A separation process permits to control the circulation composition. The new system is tested for two different mixtures, and results are compared to classical R-407C heat pump system
Turpin, Florence. "Étude théorique de collisions inélastiques atome – diatome sous l’action d’un champ magnétique : applications en Astrochimie et au domaine du refroidissement et du piégeage moléculaires." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14205/document.
Full textTremendous progress in experimental production and trapping of ultracold neutral and ionic molecules has been achieved over the past few years which even allowed the production of molecular Bose–Einstein condensates. These ultracold molecules samples have potential applications in many different fields, such as precision spectroscopic measurements or quantum information storage and processing. The optimization of the cooling processes and the trapping techniques also stimulated a great number of theoretical studies. Many of them are dedicated to inelastic scattering of molecules in collisions with 3He atoms (buffer gas cooling method). The potential energy surface of the ground state of the He–MnH(X7Σ+) van der Waals complex is presented, followed by the calculations of the bound states of this system and the Zeeman relaxation in function of the magnetic field. In the field of astrochemistry, a quantum mechanical investigation of rotational energy transfer in cold collisions of CH+ with 4He atoms is presented
Cachon, Lionel. "Etude tribologique de revêtements durs sans cobalt destinés aux organes d'isolement du circuit primaire des REP." Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR10618.
Full textAmiable, Sébastien. "Prédiction de durée de vie de structures sous chargement de fatigue thermique." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS0003.
Full textThe aim of this work is to predict the lifetime of structures submitted to thermal fatigue loadings. This work lies within the studies undertaken by the CEA on the thermal fatigue problems from the french reactor of Civaux. In particular we study the SPLASH test : a specimen is heated continuously and cyclically cooled down by a water spray. This loading generates important temperature gradients in space and time and leads to the initiation and the propagation of a crack network. We propose a new thermo-mechanical model to simulate the SPLASH experiment and we propose a new fatigue criterion to predict the lifetime of the SPLASH specimen. We propose and compare several numerical models with various complexity to estimate the mechanical response of the SPLASH specimen. The practical implications of this work are the reevaluation of the hypothesis used in the French code RCC, which are used to simulate thermal shock and to interpret the results in terms of fatigue. This work leads to new perspectives on the mechanical interpretation of the fatigue criterion
Espargilliere, Harold. "Système de refroidissement sec et de production d'eau pour centrale électrosolaire thermodynamique à cycle de Rankine." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0004.
Full textIndustrial concentrated solar power plants consume 4 m3/MWh of water to cool down their thermodynamic cycle. In arid area, it could induce conflicts of use on a more fundamental resource than electricity. This fact highlights the need to develop alternatives dry cooling technologies but equally effective. The solar field represents 50% of the investment cost of a CSP plant to be used only daily for the heat production needed for the thermodynamic cycle. The approach of the project is to use this huge area as macro-heat exchanger with its surrounding environment through a coupled heat transfer with the ambient air (convective) and with outer space at 3K (radiative). After validating the compatibility of solar field materials for a such application, these research works has shown experimentally that in addition to extract the waste heat of the thermodynamic cycle, it could also produce cold by night radiative cooling. An innovative alternative solution for cooling CSP plants offering two new features to their already existing solar field for the benefit of its paying off
Tavakoli, Shahab. "Modélisation du cycle thermique des moules de fonderie sous pression." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100095.
Full textReducing the weight of vehicles, specially the powertrain Group, contributes to the reduction of the emissions. Today, in order to achieve this objective, the automobile parts conception (Housing gear box, Cylinder block) in lightweight materials such as aluminum and its alloys is increasing. For the mass production, aluminum alloys are formed by a foundry process called ‘’High Pressure Die Casting’’.This process uses the metal molds. Control the thermal behavior of the mold : Heating, intern cooling (by circuit) and extern cooling, is a key point to ensure castings quality and rate of production.In this thesis, the industrial process has been detailed since the mold closing and aluminum melting injection in the die, to the mold opening time and the part (Gearbox RENAULT) ejection. Then, the mold design details, different generation of the cooling systems and the parameters of each step of the manufacturing process taking into account the actual cooling system are presented. The actual cooling systems in the dies are positioned today in empirical way. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to provide the key elements for the cooling system conception from the thermal behavior point of view. For this one, a complete modeling of the phenomena has been realized and validated by 8 thermocouples and the cooling system position has been defined from the thermal equations. The thermal cycle of the die has been optimized and allowed us to reduce and homogenize the temperature fields on the die surface during the production. The rate of production, the castings quality and the lifetime of the die have been consequently increased
Temperville, Francis. "Formalisme simplifié de calcul des puissances résiduelles en fonction des différents paramètres de fonctionnement d'un réacteur à eau pressurisée." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112499.
Full textLelong, Franck. "Expérimentation, modélisation et simulation de l'impact de gouttes d'eau sur le gainage gonflé des assemblages d'un coeur de REP en situation d'ARP." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10102/document.
Full textIn a pressurized water reactor (PWR), during a Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA), liquid water evaporates and the fuel assemblies are not cooled anymore; as a consequence, the temperature rises to such an extent that some parts of the fuel assemblies can be deformed resulting in ’ballooned regions’. When reflooding occurs, the cooling of these partially blocked parts of the fuel assemblies will depend on the coolant flow that is a mixture of overheated vapour and undersaturated droplets. The aim of this thesis is to study the heat transfer between droplets and hot walls of the fuel rods. In this purpose, an experimental device has been designed in accordance with droplets and wall features (droplet velocity and diameter, wall temperature) representative of LOCA conditions. The cooling of a hot Nickel disk, previously heated by induction, is cooled down by a stream of monodispersed droplet. The rear face temperature profiles are measured by infrared thermography. Then, the estimation of wall heat flux is performed by an inverse conduction technique from these infrared images. The effect of droplet dynamical properties (diameter, velocity …) on the heat flux is studied. These experimental datas allow us to validate an analytical model of heat exchange between droplet and hot slab. This model is based on combined dynamical and thermal considerations. On the one hand, the droplet dynamics is considered through a spring analogy in order to evaluate the evolution of droplet features such as the spreading diameter when the droplet is squeezed over the hot surface. On the other hand, thermal parameters, such as the thickness of the vapour cushion beneath the droplet, are determined from an energy balance. In the short term, this model will be integrated in a CFD code (named NEPTUNE_CFD) to simulate the cooling of a reactor core during a LOCA, taking into account the droplet/wall heat exchange
Agoudjil, Naguib. "Condensation en présence d'incondensables : application au refroidissement d'enceinte REP." Aix-Marseille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX22109.
Full textXie, Zhong Jian. "Effet élastocalorique dans le caoutchouc naturel." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI025/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we aimed to study the eC effect of natural rubber (NR) and to prove its potential to act as an eC material primarily. The method for improving the eC effect efficiency and fatigue life of NR were also proposed. The eC effect of NR is characterized directly, and interpretation based on the theory of strain-induced crystallization/crystallite (SIC) is proposed. The eC adiabatic temperature change and isothermal entropy change of NR can be up to 9 K and 50 kJ.m-3.K-1 (56 J.kg-1.K-1), which are larger than most of caloric materials. Two coefficients, eC strain coefficient and eC stress coefficient , are defined for evaluating the eC performance at different strains, where is the specific entropy, is the engineering strain, is the temperature and is the stretching stress. It’s found that both coefficients are maximum for a strain around 4.5, indicating that the highest eC performance occurred at middle strain, which is attributed to the occurrence of SIC. To improve the eC performance, it is proposed to apply a pre-strain, so that the low strain regime where eC performance is low can be skipped. Moreover, the large needed deformation can be reduced by the pre-strain and thus the possibility of a compact cooling system designed based on NR is improved. The fatigue property of eC effect of NR is then investigated. The fatigue life at large deformation strain amplitudes (strain of 1-6) is about 800 cycles for the tested NR, which is too short to be used for a cooling system. Decreasing strain amplitude is necessary to extend fatigue life up to requirement of a cooling device. For the same small strain amplitude of 3, the fatigue property is compared at amorphous strain regime (strain of 0-3), onset strain of melting (strain of 2-5) and high strain of SIC (strain of 4-7). It’s found that a larger eC temperature change and a better fatigue property can be obtained at two SIC strain regimes (strain of 2-5 and 4-7) than amorphous strain regime. Especially, the fatigue property at the onset strain of melting (strain of 2-5) is better than that at high strain of SIC (strain of 4-7). A high-cycle fatigue was applied at the strain of 2-5 (most promising strain regime) up to 1.7×105 cycles. It was observed that there is no crack of the sample, as well as a degradation degree of 12% of the eC temperature change. Furthermore, the eC stress coefficient (4.4 K/MPa) at onset strain of melting is larger than that at high strain of SIC (1.6 K/MPa). As a result, the middle strain regime (onset strain regime of melting) can get a higher eC performance, larger temperature change, and better fatigue life, which should be chosen for eC cooling system
Bellemin, Béatrice. "Brulure ? vite sous l'eau : preparation, suivi et evaluation d'une action de prevention secondaire des brulures." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1M271.
Full textYoshida, Yukihiro. "Effet élastocalorique dans le caoutchouc naturel et le terpolymère : Mécanismes responsables de la variation de température et bilan énergétique sous déformation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI070.
Full textCaloric effects (CEs), which are the phenomena that temperature variation is caused by entropy change, have been investigated for the novel system which might be able to replace conventional vapor compression refrigeration system. In the present thesis, the elastocaloric effect (ElCE) of natural rubber (NR) and terpolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)), was focused. First of all, NR, which is an excellent candidate material for ElCE, was evaluated in cyclic deformation with different strain levels. It was found that NR exhibits temperature variation of around 4.0 °C. In general, the relation between stress/strain versus temperature variation is used to evaluate ElCE. The unsuitability of such evaluation method for NR was demonstrated. The evaluation method for ElCE which uses energy balance was then proposed. A linear relation between the temperature variation caused by ElCE and the applied mechanical energy by deformation was experimentally found. This fact verifies the suitability of the proposed method. Using the energy balance, besides, not only the conversion efficiency but also the influences of the Mullins effect and the strain-induced crystallization on the ElCE of NR were discussed. ElCE of P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) was also evaluated in order to find out the potential of polymer. It was found that present terpolymer which is not one of the elastomers can also exhibit a large temperature variation, 2.1 °C, caused by ElCE if a large pre-stretch such as more than 1050 % is applied in advance. By comparison with other materials for ElCE, it was demonstrated that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) can be a high potential material for ElCE. It was also shown that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) converts most of the applied mechanical energy into the heat energy
Martinez, de Baños Maria Lourdes. "Mechanisms of formation and dissociation of cyclopentane hydrates." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3037/document.
Full textThe mechanisms of formation and dissociation of cyclopentane (CP) hydrates, which form at ambient pressure and temperatures between 0°C and 7°C, have been observed in/on/near water drops immersed in CP at scales ranging from a few nanometers to the millimeter by a variety of techniques including macrophotography and optical microscopy under various modes: bright field, differential interference contrast (DIC), fluorescence and confocal reflectance. The substrates used are either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. In a first series of experiments, a simple millifluidic method is implemented. It allows to generate, store and monitor at the same time almost a hundred of regularly-spaced water droplets of equal volume (in the µl range) separated by the guest (CP) phase in a transparent fluorinated polymeric (PFA) (hydrophobic) tubing, each droplet behaving as an independent reactor for hydrate crystallization. Insights into the ‘memory effect’ are gained by measuring the statistics of hydrate nucleation events in these reactors when chilling below 7°C the water drops. The method also allows the visualization of single-drop events such as hydrate birth and growth, and the formation of a CP-in-water emulsion upon hydrate melting, especially when an additive such as an inhibitor is added to the water. In a second series of experiments, a single water droplet in CP, either sitting or hanging from a glass substrate, is observed by microscopy under various cooling and heating sequences. Hydrate crystallization (nucleation and growth) is observed to strongly depend on subcooling at the water drop/CP interface. Two novel phenomena are visualized in detail:(i) the propagation, from the contact line of the water drop, of a hydrate halo along the glass/CP interface. (ii) hydrate crystallization in a two-dimensional CP-in-water emulsion.The two types of tools developed in this thesis open new perspectives for elucidating the mechanisms of hydrate formation and dissociation in presence of additives (promoters and inhibitors) and in the presence of a mineral substrate. Applications include hydrates in sedimentary environments, flow assurance, gas separation, etc
Pretrel, Hugues. "Etude de comportement thermohydraulique de pulvérisations liquides sous l'effet d'un rayonnement infrarouge : application à la protection incendie par rideau d'eau." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0070.
Full textA theoretical and experimental study of the attenuation performance of a water spray curtain subjected to thermal radiation on one side is presented. The spray curtain is a two-phase flow consisting of a gas phase and a droplet phase produced by an array of nozzles; both phases flow vertically downward. The thermal radiation ranges from the short to the medium infra-red spectrum. Such a droplet barrier is intended to produce sufficient radiative shielding to protect industrial storage tanks against accidental fires. The theoretical approach presents a description of the behavior of a single water droplet submitted to thermal radiation. This description is extended to the behavior of droplet medium using two flux models. The contribution of the gas phase is also analyzed. Hydrodynamic transfer (momenturn exchange) and heat and mass transfers {convection and evaporation) between the droplets and the gas are investigated. The theoretical approach leads to the development of numerical model simulating the thermohydraulic behavior of a water curtain. An experimental program carried out in the Water-Spray-Facility of the von Karman Institute is performed. The hydrodynamic behavior is measured with Phase Doppler Laser Anemometer and the attenuation performance (Total transrnittance) with fluxmeters. Results show the significant efficiency of water spray curtain to attenuate thermal radiation. Conclusions focus on practical guidelines for the design of water curtains as safety equipment
Gerardin, Jonathan. "Évaluation du transfert radiatif dans le coeur d'un Réacteur à Eau Pressurisée (REP) lors de la phase de renoyage d'un Accident de Perte de Réfrigérant Primaire (APRP)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0145/document.
Full textWe developped a method of resolution of radiative transfer inside a medium of vapor-droplets surrounded by hot walls, in order to couple it with a simulation of the flow at the CFD scale. The scope is the study of the cooling of the core of nuclear reactor following a Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA). The problem of radiative transfer can be cut into two sub problems, one concerning the evaluation of the radiative properties of the medium and a second concerning the solution of the radiative transfer equation. The radiative properties of the droplets have been computed with the use of the Mie Theory and those of the vapor have been computed with a Ck model. The medium made of vapor and droplets is an absorbing, anisotropically scattering, emissive, non grey, non homogeneous medium. Hence, owing to the possible variations of the flow properties (diameter and volumetric fraction of the droplets, temperature and pressure of the vapor), the medium can be optically thin or thick. Consequently, a method is required which solves the radiative transfer accurately, with a moderate calculation time for all of these prerequisites. The IDA has been chosen, derived from the well-known P1-approximation. Its accuracy has been checked on academical cases found in the literature and by comparison with experimental data. Simulations of LOCA flows have been conducted taking account of the radiative transfer, evaluating the radiative fluxes and showing that radiative transfer influence cannot be neglected
Roussette, Olivier. "Étude tribologique de couples de matériaux sous sollicitations de freinage très sévères : application à un frein ferroviaire à performances améliorées." Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/d8bd6db9-3415-4804-93e5-0c88d9534e8b.
Full textMorlon, Romain. "Stratification thermique et optique d'un environnement enfumé et interactions eau/fumée sous aspersion." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0138/document.
Full textThis work was devoted to the study of water/smoke interactions in the case of water mist activation on a smoke layer. The aim was to investigate the effects observed on thermal and optical properties when injecting water particles using sprinkler or water mist devices through a smoke layer generated with an heptane pool fire. A first review was reported in order to highlight the researches devoted to water aspersion for firefighting and the smoke stratification phenomena. An experimental study based on 50 runs at real scale was presented, involving optical and thermal measurements. In particular, a laser opacimeter system was developed, which allowed measuring the smoke opacity and the effects of smoke/water interactions on opacity and visibility. Afterwards, a numerical study was conducted. On the one hand fire tests were simulated using the FDS 6th version (Fire Dynamics Simulator) and on the other hand a dedicated code allowed us to evaluate the visibility. The values of the soot and droplet concentrations were extracted from FDS and used into the code dedicated to visibility to calculate the optical properties of the corresponding absorbing-scattering environment. Those properties are then used in a Monte Carlo approach combined with PSF (Point Spread Function) and MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) methods to evaluate the intensity and the contrast of reconstructed images. The destratification effects based on thermal and optical criteria were compared experimentally and numerically for each technology
Peña, Carrillo Juan David. "Étude expérimentale du transfert paroi/fluide dans le cas d’un écoulement vertical vapeur/gouttes dans une géométrie tubulaire." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0193/document.
Full textDuring a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), caused by a break or a leakage on the primary circuit, partial or even complete drying of the fuel assemblies may occur. In these conditions, the fuel temperature increases, leading to a significant deformation and rupture of the fuel rod cladding. The cooling flow might be impaired, according to the size and distribution of the deformed zones within the fuel assemblies during the emergency cooling phase (Reflooding phase). To contribute to the thermalhydraulic study of the reflooding phase, this study aims to characterize experimentally the coolability of a representative deformed sub-channel by a steam-droplets flow under LOCA conditions. In order to reproduce such a scenario, the experimental thermal-hydraulic set-up COLIBRI was designed. Several geometrical blockage configurations are analyzed (Blockage ratios and axial lengths). Three measurement techniques are set up to follow the cooling transient phase of each experience: Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) in order to obtain both velocity and diameter of droplets, Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) to measure the mean droplet temperature and Infrared thermography to estimate the heat flux removed by the two-phase flow. Additionally, a one-dimensional mechanistic model, taking into account of the heat transfers mechanisms in the post-dry out region, is developed in order to analyze the experimental data and identify each one of the wall-to-fluid heat transfers (radiation with vapor and droplets, convection with vapor, evaporation, and droplet impact)
Esnoul, Coralie. "Etude du comportement à rupture de la zone HBS du combustible UO2 dans les réacteurs à eau pressurisée, par une approche micromécanique en condition accidentelle d’APRP." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0682.
Full textUnder Loss Of Coolant Accident(LOCA) transients conditions, the high irradiated fuel is fragmented in small sizes fragments who can be relocated in the balloon, or being ejected out of the fuel rod if the latter burst. This work focuses on the pellet rim, where bubbles density increases owing to a higher irradiation level. Usually the hypothesis used to explain fuel fragmentation during transient is grain cleavage induced by over pressurized fission gas bubbles, located at the grain boundary. The aim of this study is to define a macroscopic fragmentation model based on a micro mechanical approach to have a better understanding of the fuel mechanical behaviour at lower scale : size and volume fraction of fragments. This PhD introduces a stepwise micromechanical method based on three steps : i) firstly, we detail how to model the HBS microstructure including pressurized porosities, based on experimental or numerical data and define a representative volume element (RVE)
Turque, Isabelle. "Effet de fortes teneurs en hydrogène sur les propriétés métallurgiques et mécaniques des gaines en alliage de zirconium après incursion à haute température." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM066/document.
Full textUnder hypothetical loss-of-coolant accident conditions, fuel cladding tubes made of zirconium alloys can be exposed to steam at high temperature (up 1 200°C) before being cooled and then quenched in water. In some conditions, after burst occurrence the cladding can rapidly absorb a significant amount of hydrogen (secondary hydriding), up to 3 000wt.ppm locally, during steam exposition at HT.The study deals with the effect, poorly studied up to date, of high contents of hydrogen on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of two zirconium alloys, Zircaloy-4 and M5®, during and after cooling from high temperatures, at which zirconium is in its β phase. A specific facility was developed to homogeneously charge in hydrogen up to ~3 000wt.mass. cladding tube samples of several centimeters in length. Phase transformations, chemical element partitioning and hydrogen precipitation during cooling from the β temperature domain of zirconium were studied by using several techniques, for the materials containing up to ~3 000wt.ppm of hydrogen in average: in-situ neutron diffraction upon cooling from 700°C, X-ray diffraction, µ-ERDA, EPMA and electron microscopy in particular. The results were compared to thermodynamic predictions. In order to study the effect of high hydrogen contents on the mechanical behavior of the (prior-)β phase of zirconium, axial tensile tests were performed à various temperatures between 20 and 700°C upon cooling from the β temperature domain, on samples with mean hydrogen contents up to ~3 000ppm-mass.The results show that metallurgical and mechanical properties of the (prior-)β phase of zirconium alloys strongly depend on temperature and hydrogen content
Louhi, Amine. "Intégrité des tours aéroréfrigérantes en béton armé sous sollicitations extrêmes : Vent et séisme." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0114/document.
Full textThe authorities have planned to increase the lifetime of currently operating nuclear power plants. The ageing of reinforced concrete structures such as cooling towers should be evaluated and its impact on the bearing capacity calculated. In the case of significant damage, the strengthening must be considered to ensure the sustainability of these towers facing the risk of storms and earthquakes becoming more and more frequent. This work aims to quantify the adverse effects that can generate concrete cracks and rebar section loss induced by corrosion, especially on the bearing capacity of nuclear power plant cooling towers under monotonic or cyclic extreme load conditions (wind and earthquake). These loads are certainly the most severe, since they take the structure into the nonlinear domain and can induce or amplify cracking damage. Numerical simulations are proposed to determine the quasi-static or dynamic response of the structure, taking into account appearance of concrete cracks and their evolution via an appropriate material concrete law and rebar's yielding. In the case of a seismic load, the responses are evaluated by three different methods; the nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA), the response spectrum analysis and the modal response history analysis (MRHA) in order to compare the earthquake modeling approaches and to evaluate the robustness of the results. Parametric studies on damping, load combinations and structural configurations, are also performed. In the case of a wind load, the strengthening technique using composite materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) is modeled. The behavior of the damaged structure with an advanced corrosion rate is estimated in the pre- and post-cracking regime, compared to the undamaged structure. The drop of bearing capacity is quantified, a reinforcement designed is proposed to restore the integrity and thus increase the lifetime of the structure
Fernandes, Hipolito Ana Isabel. "Étude des phénomènes de transport dans un réacteur catalytique pilote de type filaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10285/document.
Full textSmall size fixed-bed reactors are a common choice for testing industrial supported catalyst under industrial operating conditions. The most common criterion for reactor’s scale-down is based on the conservation of the liquid hourly space velocity which leads to a very low fluid flow velocity at the laboratory scale. Under these conditions, the external mass transfer flux can become the limiting step of the process. In this context, a new reactor geometry was proposed to intensify mass and heat transfers and to increase fluid flow velocities: the single pellet string reactor. This reactor is composed of a tube with an internal diameter close to that of the catalyst particles and with a high length over diameter ratio. The main goal of this thesis is to characterise the hydrodynamic and external mass transfer performances of this new reactor in order to define its application domain. In two-phase gas-liquid flow, the reactor flow is plug flow and the liquid hold-up values are high, which insures a complete wetting of the catalyst particles. The mass transfer coefficients were quantified and the measured rates are much higher than those observed in conventional pilot fixed-bed reactors, which can be explained by the increased local liquid velocities and by the modified Taylor flow regime. Catalytic tests with a very fast model reaction revealed that the external mass transfer performances of the single pellet string reactor are close to those measured in a stirred tank reactor equipped with a catalytic basket. In conclusion, the single pellet string reactor represents a new and efficient alternative to fixed-bed pilot reactors to study shaped catalysts
Bouchama, Amar. "Refroidissement en cascade par flash détente, modélisation par contraintes et aide à la décision." Phd thesis, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001008.
Full textYoshida, 1988 Yukihiro. "Effet élastocalorique dans le caoutchouc naturel et le terpolymère : Mécanismes responsables de la variation de température et bilan énergétique sous déformation." Thesis, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI070/document.
Full textCaloric effects (CEs), which are the phenomena that temperature variation is caused by entropy change, have been investigated for the novel system which might be able to replace conventional vapor compression refrigeration system. In the present thesis, the elastocaloric effect (ElCE) of natural rubber (NR) and terpolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)), was focused. First of all, NR, which is an excellent candidate material for ElCE, was evaluated in cyclic deformation with different strain levels. It was found that NR exhibits temperature variation of around 4.0 °C. In general, the relation between stress/strain versus temperature variation is used to evaluate ElCE. The unsuitability of such evaluation method for NR was demonstrated. The evaluation method for ElCE which uses energy balance was then proposed. A linear relation between the temperature variation caused by ElCE and the applied mechanical energy by deformation was experimentally found. This fact verifies the suitability of the proposed method. Using the energy balance, besides, not only the conversion efficiency but also the influences of the Mullins effect and the strain-induced crystallization on the ElCE of NR were discussed. ElCE of P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) was also evaluated in order to find out the potential of polymer. It was found that present terpolymer which is not one of the elastomers can also exhibit a large temperature variation, 2.1 °C, caused by ElCE if a large pre-stretch such as more than 1050 % is applied in advance. By comparison with other materials for ElCE, it was demonstrated that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) can be a high potential material for ElCE. It was also shown that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) converts most of the applied mechanical energy into the heat energy