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Journal articles on the topic 'South Africa – Appropriations and expenditures'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

GORDON, SANFORD C., and HANNAH K. SIMPSON. "The Birth of Pork: Local Appropriations in America’s First Century." American Political Science Review 112, no. 3 (2018): 564–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305541800014x.

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After describing a newly assembled dataset consisting of almost 9,000 local appropriations made by the U.S. Congress between 1789 and 1882, we test competing accounts of the politics surrounding them before offering a more nuanced, historically contingent view of the emergence of the pork barrel. We demonstrate that for most of this historical period—despite contemporary accusations of crass electoral motives—the pattern of appropriations is largely inconsistent with accounts of distributive politics grounded in a logic of legislative credit-claiming. Instead, support for appropriations in the

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Visser, Nicholas. "Postcoloniality of a Special Type: Theory and Its Appropriations in South Africa." Yearbook of English Studies 27 (1997): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3509134.

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Mlilo, Mthokozisi, and Matamela Netshikulwe. "Re-testing Wagner's Law: Structural breaks and disaggregated data for South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 4(J) (2017): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i4(j).1821.

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Direction of causality between government expenditure and output growth is pertinent for a developing country since a sizeable volume of economic resources is in the hands of the public sector. This paper investigates the Wagner's law in South Africa over the post-apartheid era, 1994-2015. This paper is unique to present studies since it uses disaggregated government expenditure and controls for structural breaks. The Granger non-causality test of Toda & Yamamoto, a superior technique compared to conventional Granger causality testing, is employed and this paper finds no support for Wagner

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Mlilo, Mthokozisi, and Matamela Netshikulwe. "Re-testing Wagner’s Law: Structural breaks and disaggregated data for South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, no. 4 (2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i4.1821.

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Direction of causality between government expenditure and output growth is pertinent for a developing country since a sizeable volume of economic resources is in the hands of the public sector. This paper investigates the Wagner's law in South Africa over the post-apartheid era, 1994-2015. This paper is unique to present studies since it uses disaggregated government expenditure and controls for structural breaks. The Granger non-causality test of Toda & Yamamoto, a superior technique compared to conventional Granger causality testing, is employed and this paper finds no support for Wagner

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Coetzee, Liza (ESM), Hanneke Du Preez, and Aideen Maher. "The Case For Tax Relief On Private Security Expenditures In South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 2 (2014): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i2.8458.

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Like other countries in transitional democracies, South Africa is experiencing high levels of crime since its first democratic election in 1994. About 83 percent of South Africans believe that the South African Police Service is corrupt and citizens are losing faith in the government to protect them as promised in the Constitution. As a result citizens are paying a large portion of their disposable income on security expenses to protect themselves and their property. Currently no tax relief is available for non-trade related security expenditure, as stated by the South African Revenue Services

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Jack, B. Kelsey, and Grant Smith. "Pay as You Go: Prepaid Metering and Electricity Expenditures in South Africa." American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (2015): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151096.

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High rates of customer default on utility bills present a barrier to the expansion of electricity access in the developing world. Pre-paid electricity metering offers a technological solution to ensuring timely payment. Using an eleven-year panel of pre-paid electricity customers in Cape Town, South Africa, we describe patterns of purchase behavior across property values, our measure of socioeconomic status. Poorer households buy electricity more often, in smaller increments, and are most likely to buy on payday. These patterns suggest difficulties smoothing income, and reveal a preference for

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Vermaak, Claire, Marcel Kohler, and Bruce Rhodes. "Developing an energy-based poverty line for South Africa." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 7, no. 1 (2014): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v7i1.134.

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The issue of energy poverty or the lack of access to modern energy has received increasing attention in the development literature, including specific reference in the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Measures based on just energy expenditures (‘energy burden’) are shown to be rather inadequate when identifying energy-poor households. This paper uses an access-adjusted energy poverty measure that allows for varying energy efficiencies and access to different fuel types used by sampled households from a 2008/9 Department of Energy survey. Taking three pre-assigned thresholds of household

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Habanabakize, Thomas, and Paul-Francois Muzindutsi. "Time series analysis of interaction between aggregate expenditure and job creation in South Africa." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 4 (2015): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c5_p11.

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Jobs are the pillars of the economy and aggregate expenditure is among the key factor used to create an employment stimulating environment. This study scrutinizes the relationship between the component of aggregate expenditure and job creation in South Africa form 1995 to 2014. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model and multivariate co-integration approach were employed to examine how household consumption, government, investment and export expenditures affect job creation in South Africa. Findings of this study revealed that there is long-run relationship between aggregate expenditure and job

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Colclough, Christopher, and Samer Al-Samarrai. "Achieving Schooling for All: Budgetary Expenditures on Education in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia." World Development 28, no. 11 (2000): 1927–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00065-6.

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Dzomira, Shewangu. "Financial accountability & governance in an emerging country." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 3 (2017): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i3c1art6.

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In the public sector the agents have the responsibility of being accountable to the exploitation of the resources towards service delivery. The public sector expenditure has been characterised with wasteful and fruitless, irregular and unauthorised expenditures. Therefore governance embraces the engagements set to certify that the anticipated upshots for stakeholders (citizens) are limpid and realized. This study is grounded on agency theory as it seeks out to analyse public expenditure and governance in South Africa’s public sector. The research study followed a qualitative research approach

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Chisholm, Dan, Emily Garman, Erica Breuer, et al. "Health service costs and their association with functional impairment among adults receiving integrated mental health care in five low- and middle-income countries: the PRIME cohort study." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 5 (2020): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz182.

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Abstract This study examines the level and distribution of service costs—and their association with functional impairment at baseline and over time—for persons with mental disorder receiving integrated primary mental health care. The study was conducted over a 12-month follow-up period in five low- and middle-income countries participating in the Programme for Improving Mental health carE study (Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Data were drawn from a multi-country intervention cohort study, made up of adults identified by primary care providers as having alcohol use disorders,

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Okafor, Chukwuemeka, Solomon Matiwane, and Richard Amechi Onuigbo. "Examining Municipal Councillors’ Oversight Roles in Alfred Nzo District Municipality of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 3, no. 3 (2015): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v3i3.89.

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This study reviews the oversight roles played by municipal councillors in Alfred Nzo District Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The objective is to determine the appropriate strategies that can be recommended for improving effectiveness of leadership, i.e., council structures. This is against the backdrop of the Auditor-General’s audit report for three financial years (2008–2011), which revealed the weakness of the systems of the municipal councils, including internal controls and inadequate leadership. These audit findings had been highlighted as the basis for irregular, frui

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Dobrzanski, Pavel, Sebastian Bobowski, Elie Chrysostome, Emil Velinov, and Jiri Strouhal. "Toward Innovation-Driven Competitiveness Across African Countries: An Analysis of Efficiency of R&D Expenditures." Journal of Competitiveness 13, no. 1 (2021): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2021.01.01.

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The main goal of this paper is to determine whether R&D funds are used efficiently in African countries. The innovativeness of a country’s economy is nowadays one of the key factors stimulating the economic growth and competitiveness. Becoming more innovative is important in particular for developing countries, whose governments are developing national innovation strategies (NIS) and assuming a steady increase in research and development spending. Efficient innovation policies are creating conditions for enterprise development and the increase of competitiveness of the country. A calculati

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London, Leslie. "Human Rights and Public Health: Dichotomies or Synergies in Developing Countries? Examining the Case of HIV in South Africa." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00435.x.

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Despite growing advances in medical technologies, health status inequalities continue to increase across the globe. Developing countries have been faced with declining expenditures in health and social services, increasing burdens posed by both communicable and non-communicable diseases, and economic systems poorly geared to fostering sustainable development for the poorest and most marginalized. Under such circumstances, the challenges facing health practitioners in countries in transition are complex and diverse, and require the balancing of many conflicting imperatives. This is particularly

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Hashmi, Shabir Mohsin, Ali Gul Khushik, Muhammad Akram Gilal, and Zhao Yongliang. "The Impact of GDP and Its Expenditure Components on Unemployment Within BRICS Countries: Evidence of Okun’s Law From Aggregate and Disaggregated Approaches." SAGE Open 11, no. 2 (2021): 215824402110234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211023423.

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This article examines the responsiveness of changes in the unemployment rate to changes in output for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) using aggregate and disaggregated data from 1991 to 2018. We also split the entire sample period into two subsamples (from 1991 to 2008 and 2009 to 2018) to see the responsiveness of changes in the unemployment rate to changes in the GDP in pre and post global financial crisis period of 2007–2008. Three different econometric methods were employed for conducting the analysis. Results obtained from aggregated and disaggregated data for the e

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Mpundu, Mubanga, Mubanga Mpundu, and Nolutho Diko. "Economic Growth and Household Expenditure Nexus: A Focus on Education and Health in South Africa." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 4 (2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0030.

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The COVID-19 pandemic which was first recorded from China and spread globally in 2020 caused a massive response from many countries with most opting for national lockdowns. The move prohibited the movement of people across boarders so as to control and limit the spread of the virus. In developing countries, the move contributed to ill performing economies even before the pandemic was rampant. The study focused on analysing time series data with a focus on the effects of changes in final consumer consumption on health and education on gross domestic product per capita. A Vector Error Correction

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Piesse, J., and C. Thirtle. "Agricultural R&D, technology and productivity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1554 (2010): 3035–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0140.

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The relationships between basic and applied agricultural R&D, developed and developing country R&D and between R&D, extension, technology and productivity growth are outlined. The declining growth rates of public R&D expenditures are related to output growth and crop yields, where growth rates have also fallen, especially in the developed countries. However, growth in output value per hectare has not declined in the developing countries and labour productivity growth has increased except in the EU. Total factor productivity has generally increased, however it is measured. The p

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Saxena, Akshar, Nicholas Stacey, Paula Del Ray Puech, Caroline Mudara, Karen Hofman, and Stéphane Verguet. "The distributional impact of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages: findings from an extended cost-effectiveness analysis in South Africa." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 4 (2019): e001317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001317.

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BackgroundFacing increasing obesity prevalence and obesity-related disease burden, South Africa has devised an obesity prevention strategy that includes a recently implemented tax on the sugar content of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). We assess the potential distributional impact (across socioeconomic groups) of this tax on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence and associated mortality and its financial burden on households.MethodsWe conducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis of the new 10% tax on SSBs in South Africa, and estimated: the averted premature deaths related to T2DM, t

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Gratwohl, Alois, Helen Baldomero, Mahmoud Aljurf, et al. "Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: a Global Perspective From the Worldwide Network of Blood and Marrow Transplantation." Blood 114, no. 22 (2009): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.809.809.

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Abstract Abstract 809 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has become the standard of care for many patients with defined congenital or acquired disorders of the hematopoietic system. It has seen rapid expansion over the last two decades. HSCT is frequently considered as high cost and highly specialized medicine restricted to countries with abundant resources. This view needs to be changed; HSCT might represent the most cost effective therapy in certain situations. In an attempt to obtain a global overview, the WBMT, has collected information from 1,350 transplant centers in 71 repor

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Townsend, R. F., J. van Zyl, and C. Thirtle. "ASSESSING THE BENEFITS OF RESEARCH EXPENDITURES ON MAIZE PRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA / RAMING VAN DIE VOORDELE VAN NAVORSINGSBESTEDINGS OP MIELIEPRODUKSIE IN SUID-AFRIKA." Agrekon 36, no. 4 (1997): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1997.9523486.

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Zieleniewski, M., and A. C. Brent. "Evaluating the costs and achievable benefits of extending technologies for uneconomical coal resources in South Africa: the case of underground coal gasification." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 19, no. 4 (2008): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2008/v19i4a3335.

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As the South African economy relies heavily on its coal resources, these resources should be utilised and managed in the best possible manner. Underground coal gasification (UCG) is one of the leading technologies used where conventional min-ing techniques are uneconomical. UCG delivers gas suitable for synthesis, production of fuels and elec-tricity, or for home usage. The method is perceived as being environmentally friendly and safer than traditional mining. The study summarised in this paper was conducted so as to create a simple model that would allow for the evaluation of UCG process-rel

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Voorend, Carlijn GN, Shane A. Norris, Paula L. Griffiths, Modiehi H. Sedibe, Marjan J. Westerman, and Colleen M. Doak. "‘We eat together; today she buys, tomorrow I will buy the food’: adolescent best friends’ food choices and dietary practices in Soweto, South Africa." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 3 (2012): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003254.

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AbstractObjectiveTo explore if and how female adolescents engage in shared eating and joint food choices with best friends within the context of living in urban Soweto, South Africa.DesignA qualitative, exploratory, multiple case study was conducted using semi-structured duo interviews of best friend pairs to ascertain their eating patterns, friendship and social interactions around dietary habits.SettingParticipants were recruited from three high schools in the urban township of Soweto, South Africa.SubjectsFifty-eight female adolescents (twenty-nine friend pairs) still in high school (mean a

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Ngalawa, Harold P. E. "Anatomy Of The Southern African Customs Union: Structure And Revenue Volatility." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 1 (2014): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i1.8385.

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This paper studies the evolution of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), tracing it from its inception in 1889 as the Customs Union Convention, the worlds first customs union, to its current status. While the union has operated under different agreements, which have been negotiated and renegotiated with changing circumstances, the study identifies the agreements of 1889, 1910, 1969 and 2002 as key to the unions transformation. It is observed that SACU has evolved from a geopolitical organisation with a repressive colonial foundation to a well-integrated regional trading bloc that is perc

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South, David B., Robert J. Mitchell, Bruce R. Zutter, et al. "Integration of nursery practices and vegetation management: economic and biological potential for improving regeneration." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (1993): 2083–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-260.

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Researchers in New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, Texas, and Alabama provided data on growth responses owing to nursery management practices and weed control after outplanting. Nursery treatments included nitrogen fertilization (0 vs. 168 kg/ha), seedling grades (small-diameter vs. large-diameter seedlings), and a comparison of stock types. Weed-control treatments varied by study and included broadcast and spot applications. Interactions between nursery practices and weed control were examined. Regardless of location, growth (2–8 years after planting) was increased as seedling diameter incre

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Townsend, Rob, and Johan van Zyl. "ESTIMATION OF THE RATE OF RETURN TO WINE GRAPE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES IN SOUTH AFRICA / BEPALING VAN DIE OPBRENGSKOERS VAN NAVORSING EN TEGNOLOGIE-ONTWIKKELING IN DIE WYNDRUIFINDUSTRIE." Agrekon 37, no. 2 (1998): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1998.9523505.

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Prayagsing, Chakeel, and Kheswar Jankee. "Influence of External Sources of Funding on Corporate Financial Policies in a Pre-Financial Crisis Period in South Africa—A Case Study of Mauritian Enterprises." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 3, no. 3 (2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v3n3p287.

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<p><em>A number of scholars have been motivated to study the manner to which firms adjust their corporate finance strategies in light of the availability and easiness of accessing external sources of funding. Till recently, researchers have also been interested to analyse the external factors that allow firms to relax their fixed budget and the consequent impact on corporate strategies. These mainly include alterations in the composition of their funding and the second round effects on other corporate decisions such as on investment projects and their dividend policies. External fi

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Silva do Carmo Previdelli, Maria de Fatima, and Luiz Eduardo Simões de Souza. "Environmental Policy in Brazil after the 2016 Coup: An Analysis of Government Expenditure." Management and Economics Research Journal 4, no. 2 (2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2018.04.670142.

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An emerging power since the last decade and a participant in BRICS—a bloc composed of Russia, China, India, and South Africa—Brazil would be the weakest link of an opposition to U.S. hegemony in the world order established since 1991 with the end of the Cold War. The 13-year advances of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva’s reformist and progressive government, continued by his successor Dilma Rousseff, appear to have reached a tolerance limit regarding the retrograde domestic forces and outside interests of the metropolitan center. The coup happened in 2016, following a two-year process of political an

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Sharma, Avinash, Olusegun Isaac Alatise, Kelli O'Connell, et al. "Healthcare utilisation, cancer screening and potential barriers to accessing cancer care in rural South West Nigeria: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (2021): e040352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040352.

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Background/aimsCancer burden is predicted to double by 2030 in sub-Saharan Africa; access to healthcare services for cancer management is a priority in the region. In Nigeria, National Cancer Control Plan aims to ensure >50% cancer screening of eligible populations by 2022 for all Nigerians. We describe healthcare utilisation, cancer screening activities and potential barriers to accessing cancer care within an understudied rural community-based adult population in South West Nigeria.MethodsIn April 2018, we conducted a cross-sectional study of community-based adults (>18 years) ~130 km

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Mpofu, Raphael T. "Macroeconomic variables and food price inflation, nonfood price inflation and overall inflation: A case of an emerging market." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 7, no. 2 (2017): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv7i2art4.

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The paper analyses the association between certain macroeconomic variables and food price inflation, non-food price inflation and overall inflation in Zimbabwe, and also seeks to determine the level of association between these variables, given food security implications and overall well-being of its citizens. The study reveals that during the 2010 to 2016 period, Zimbabwe experienced stable food prices—annual food price inflation for food and non-alcoholic beverages averaged a relatively low growth rate of 0.12% monthly, while non-food inflation monthly growth rate was 0.09% and overall infla

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SHKOLNYK, INNA O., NATALIIA G. VYHOVSKA, YULIIA S. HAVRYSH, and ANDRII O. IVANCHENKO. "Transparency of Public and Local Finances: Foreign Experience." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 3 (2020): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.89.02.

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In modern conditions, the role of transparency of both public and local finances is growing significantly, which is a tool to increase the efficiency of financial resources, which confirms the analysis of Ukrainian and foreign studies. In Ukraine, the level of transparency is improving every year and as of 2019 is assessed by international organizations as the minimum allowable. At the same time, the level of transparency of local budgets differs significantly in different regions. To improve the situation and implement best practices in the field of transparency of public finances at both the

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Makate, Marshall, Steve Whetton, Robert J. Tait, et al. "Tobacco Cost of Illness Studies: A Systematic Review." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 4 (2019): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz038.

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Abstract Introduction To identify studies reporting costs arising from tobacco use and detail their (1) economic approaches, (2) health outcomes, and (3) other cost areas included. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, EconLit, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2008 and April 2018 in English. Eligible articles reported tobacco-related costs and included all tobacco-using populations (multinational, national, subpopulations, and involuntary smokers). All economic approaches that resulted in monetary outcomes were included. We reported USD or converted local curren

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Rangasamy, Logan. "Healthcare price changes and expenditures in South Africa: Some implications for economic policy." Development Southern Africa, April 6, 2021, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2021.1907176.

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Babikir, Ali, Ali Satty, and Henry Mwambi. "Determinants of out-of-pocket health expenditure and their welfare implications in a South African context." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 11, no. 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v11i1.177.

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This study aims to quantify the extent of catastrophic household health expenditures on welfare and determine factors influencing it. A logistic regression model based on the logit link function was used to predict the probability of catastrophic health expenditure occurrence. A comparison between 2008 and 2012 health status of adults shows that there was a sizable improvement of the health status of individuals. The high level of catastrophic health expenditure may be associated with the low share of prepayment in national health expenditure, adequate availability of services and a high level

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Mahomed, Ozayr H., Ruth Lekalakala, Shaidah Asmall, and Naseem Cassim. "Implications of the introduction of laboratory demand management at primary care clinics in South Africa on laboratory expenditure." African Journal of Laboratory Medicine 5, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v5i1.339.

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Background: Diagnostic health laboratory services are regarded as an integral part of the national health infrastructure across all countries. Clinical laboratory tests contribute substantially to health system goals of increasing quality of care and improving patient outcomes.Objectives: This study aimed to analyse current laboratory expenditures at the primary healthcare (PHC) level in South Africa as processed by the National Health Laboratory Service and to determine the potential cost savings of introducing laboratory demand management.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of

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Munzhedzi, Pandelani H. "Fostering public accountability in South Africa: A reflection on challenges and successes." Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa 12, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/td.v12i1.339.

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Accountability and oversight are constitutional requirements in all the spheres of government in the Republic of South Africa and their foundation is in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa of 1996. All spheres of government are charged with the constitutional mandate of providing public services. The level of responsibility and public services provision also goes with the level of capacity of a particular sphere. However, most of the direct and visible services that the public receives are at the local sphere of government. As such, enormous resources are channelled towards this s

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Vyas, Seema, Melissa Meinhart, Katrina Troy, Hannah Brumbaum, Catherine Poulton, and Lindsay Stark. "The Economic Cost of Violence Against Women and Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Evidence." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, May 17, 2021, 152483802110160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15248380211016018.

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Evidence demonstrating the economic burden of violence against women and girls can support policy and advocacy efforts for investment in violence prevention and response programming. We undertook a systematic review of evidence on the costs of violence against women and girls in low- and middle-income countries published since 2005. In addition to understanding costs, we examined the consistency of methodological approaches applied and identified and assessed common methodological issues. Thirteen articles were identified, eight of which were from sub-Saharan Africa. Eight studies estimated co

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Mpanza, Mbalenhle, Elhadi Adam, and Raeesa Moolla. "Perceptions of external costs of dust fallout from gold mine tailings: West Wits Basin." Clean Air Journal 30, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2020/30/1.7566.

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Mining is important for the South African economy, as it is for many developing African nations. In 2017, mining was reported to contribute 6.8 % to the South African GDP and provided more than 460, 000 jobs. Though mining adds an enormous amount of value to the country, it has significant impacts on the environment and the socio-economic factors of society. The well-documented environmental impact of mining operations on surface and groundwater systems, known as Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), is just one of these environmental impacts. There are also other impacts such as the pollution of agricult

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C. Onuoha, Favour, and Moses Oyeyemi, Agbede. "Impact of Disagregated Public Expenditure on Unemployment Rate of Selected African Countries: A Panel Dynamic Analysis." Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, August 29, 2019, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2019/v24i530175.

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The study examined the impact of disaggregated public expenditure on unemployment rate in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Tunisia with panel data spanning from 2000 to 2017. The data were majorly sourced from the World Bank Indicator. The study employed Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) techniques for empirical analysis. The findings of two-step system GMM showed that expenditure on infrastructure and education reduce unemployment

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Biswas, Sanjib, Shuvendu Majumder, and Suman Kumar Dawn. "Comparing the Socioeconomic Development of G7 and BRICS Countries and Resilience to COVID-19: An Entropy–MARCOS Framework." Business Perspectives and Research, May 10, 2021, 227853372110154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22785337211015406.

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In this article, we aim to compare the socioeconomic development (SED) of the countries listed in G7 (representing developed nations) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa—developing countries). Further, we intend to delve into the nexus between the SED of a country and its resilience to the current pandemic, COVID-19. The initial apprehension is that a country with better SED can show better resilience. To test this assumption, we consider seven socioeconomic indicators representing income, employment status, educational level, health condition, government expenditures in e

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Steinert, Janina Isabel, Shaukat Khan, Khudzie Mlambo, et al. "A stepped-wedge randomised trial on the impact of early ART initiation on HIV-patients’ economic outcomes in Eswatini." eLife 9 (August 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.58487.

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Background:Since 2015, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-positive patients. Epidemiological evidence points to important health benefits of immediate ART initiation; however, the policy’s impact on the economic aspects of patients' lives remains unknown.Methods:We conducted a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial in Eswatini to determine the causal impact of immediate ART initiation on patients’ individual- and household-level economic outcomes. Fourteen healthcare facilities were non-randomly matched int

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O’Keeffe, Derek Timothy, Kevin Johnson, and Spyridoula Maraka. "OR30-04 Autonomous Drone Delivery of Insulin." Journal of the Endocrine Society 4, Supplement_1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.880.

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Abstract Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s) or drones have become ubiquitous in modern society, predominantly as recreational tools (e.g. racing, photography). However, their use to transport medical products is still nascent, with the best examples seen in emerging economies with underdeveloped infrastructure due to local terrain such as East African jungles or the South Pacific islands. A case in point is the drone operator Zipline, which has pioneered the delivery of blood products in Rwanda since 2016 [1]. Therefore UAV’s have potential in disaster relief operations where there is often sign

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