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1
Stephenson, Joan. "AIDS in South Africa." JAMA 296, no. 7 (August 16, 2006): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.7.759-c.
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Waterston, T., P. Zinkin, N. Richman, I. Gordon, and P. N. Leigh. "Working in South Africa." BMJ 293, no. 6547 (September 6, 1986): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6547.630-c.
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Myburg, Henrietta, Marieka Gryzenhout, Brenda D. Wingfield, and Michael J. Wingfield. "β-Tubulin and histoneH3gene sequences distinguishCryphonectria cubensisfrom South Africa, Asia, and South America." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-039.
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Cryphonectria cubensis (Bruner) Hodges is the causal agent of an important stem canker disease of Eucalyptus. Previous phylogenetic studies based on sequence data have shown that C. cubensis is distinct from other species of Cryphonectria but that C. cubensis isolates reside in two distinct groups, consistent with geographical origin. Thus, isolates of C. cubensis from South America and South Africa grouped together but apart from those originating from Southeast Asia and Australia. These results were in contrast with the symptoms of Cryphonectria canker in South Africa, which are different from those observed elsewhere in the world. The aim of this study was to use more variable regions of the fungal genome to test whether South African isolates of C. cubensis are genetically distinct from those from other parts of the world. For this comparison, β-tubulin and histone H3 gene sequences were used. Specimens from South America, Southeast Asia, Australia, and South Africa were also compared morphologically. The phylogram emerging from the analysis indicated that South American and Southeast Asian Australian isolates resided in two well-resolved but closely related clades. However, isolates from South Africa were distinct from other groups. This is consistent with ecological aspects of the South African fungus, although no obvious morphological differences between the fungi from the various regions could be found. Our results suggest that the South African fungus represents a species distinct from C. cubensis occurring elsewhere in the world.Key words: β-tubulin, histone H3, molecular phylogeny, Cryphonectria cubensis.
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Gazidis, C. "Health care in South Africa." BMJ 307, no. 6905 (September 11, 1993): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.307.6905.686-c.
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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "A revision of the African hygropetric genus Coelometopon Janssens, and description of Oomtelecopon new genus (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 949, no. 1 (April 20, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.949.1.1.
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The African hygropetric beetle genus Coelometopon Janssens is revised, and Oomtelecopon new genus is described, based on the study of 1,884 specimens. The genus Coelometopon is redescribed, and redescriptions are provided for C. cavifrons Janssens, C. leleupi Janssens, C. madidum Janssens, and C. mussardi Janssens. Eighteen new species of Coelometopon and two new species of Oomtelecopon are described. The two genera are placed in the Coelometoponini, new tribe, of the subfamily Prosthetopinae. A key to the two genera and 24 known species is given. High resolution digital images of all holotypes are presented (online version in color), the male genitalia are illustrated, and geographic distributions are mapped. Structural details of a representative species, C. granulatum, are illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. Members of Coelometopon are restricted to hygropetric microhabitats, being found on vertical or near vertical rock surfaces which have a thin film of flowing water, such as rock seeps and splash zones of waterfalls and cascades. Members of Oomtelecopon have been collected from algae in seeps, from wet cliff faces, and by sifting marsh shore litter. New species of Coelometopon are: C. angulatum (Lesotho: Mamathes, 5 mi. E. Tayateyaneng), C. balfourbrownei (South Africa: Cape Prov., George District, near George), C. blinkwater (South Africa: Cape Prov., Table Mountain, Blinkwater ravine), C. brincki (Lesotho: Mamathes, 5 mi. E. Tayateyaneng), C. clandestinum (South Africa: Natal Prov., Olivershoek Pass), C. coronatum (Lesotho: Mamathes, 5 mi. E. Tayateyaneng), C. costatum (South Africa: Transvaal Prov., Zoutpansberg, 6 mi. NNE Louis Trichardt), C. drakensbergense (South Africa: Natal Prov., Drakensburg, Cathedral Peak, Mikes Pass), C. emarginatum (South Africa: Transvaal Prov., Nelshoogte, Knuckles rocks forest), C. endroedyi (South Africa: Natal Prov., Drakensburg, Loteni Reserve), C. fimbriatum (South Africa: Cape Prov., Swellendam District, Langeberge Mountains, Tradouw Pass), C. granulatum (South Africa: Natal Prov., Mpumalanga, 13 km E Sabie), C. kilimanjaro (Tanzania: Kilimanjaro, Marangu), C. langebergense (South Africa: Cape Prov., Swellendam District, Langeberge Mountains, Tradouw Pass), C. minipunctum (South Africa: Natal Prov., Drakensberg, Cathedral Peak, Rainbow G.), C. natalensis (South Africa: Natal Prov., Mpumalanga, 28 km N Graskop), C. punctipennis (South Africa: Cape Prov., Xalanga District, Cala Pass), and C. zulu (South Africa: Natal Prov., Zulu Drakensberg, 7 km N Nogome Forest Reserve). New species of Oomtelecopon are: O. sebastiani (South Africa: Cape Prov., Cape-Cederberg), and O. setosum (type species) (South Africa: Cape Prov., Table Mountain, Blinkwater Ravine).
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Deacon, Francois, and Andy Tutchings. "The South African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa: a conservation success story." Oryx 53, no. 1 (April 5, 2018): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001612.
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AbstractAcross Africa the majority of giraffe species and subspecies are in decline, whereas the South African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa remains numerous and widespread throughout southern Africa. By 2013 the number of giraffes in South Africa's Kruger National Park had increased by c. 150% compared to 1979 estimates. An even greater increase occurred on many of the estimated 12,000 privately owned game ranches, indicating that private ownership can help to conserve this subspecies. The estimated total population size in South Africa is 21,053–26,919. The challenge now is to implement monitoring and surveillance of G. camelopardalis giraffa as a conservation priority and to introduce sustainable practices among private owners to increase numbers and genetic variation within in-country subspecies.
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Adam, Heribert, and Kogila Moodley. "Forecasting scenarios for South Africa." Futures 25, no. 4 (May 1993): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(93)90003-c.
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de Villiers, M., V. Hattingh, and D. J. Kriticos. "Combining field phenological observations with distribution data to model the potential distribution of the fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 1 (August 21, 2012): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000454.
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AbstractDespite the potential for phenological and abundance data to improve the reliability of species niche models, they are seldom used. The aim of this study was to combine information on the distribution, relative abundance and seasonal phenology of Natal fruit fly, Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera: Tephritidae), in South Africa to model its potential global distribution. Bucket traps, baited with Biolure, were used to trap C. rosa in different climatic regions of South Africa over a two-year period. A CLIMEX niche model of the potential global distribution of C. rosa was fitted using the collected trapping data and other distribution records from South Africa. Independent distribution records for elsewhere in Africa were reserved for model validation. The CLIMEX model results conformed well to the South African trapping data, including information on relative abundance and seasonal phenology, as well as to the pattern of presence records of the species elsewhere in Africa. The model suggests that under recent historical conditions a large part of South America, Central America, Mexico and southern USA may be climatically suitable for establishment of C. rosa. In Europe, climatically suitable habitat is restricted to coastal regions of the Mediterranean, in Asia, mostly to the southern and south eastern countries, and in Australia mostly to the wetter south and east. The independent cross-validation provided by South African relative abundance and seasonal phenology data, central African distribution data and relevant species specific biological information provides greater confidence in the modelled potential distribution of C. rosa.
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Baigrie, T. Q. "Should medical students go to South Africa?" BMJ 295, no. 6604 (October 17, 1987): 998–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.295.6604.998-c.
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Biström, Olof. "Revision of the genus Clypeodytes Régimbart in Africa (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 19, no. 2 (1988): 199–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631289x00159.
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AbstractThe african species of Clypeodytes Régimbart, 1894 are taxonomically revised based on studies of the adults. Descriptions, diagnoses, a key to the males, distribution maps and brief notes on the biology are given. The systematics of the genus is discussed. The following new species are described: C. pseudolentus (Kenya), C. spangleri (Kenya), C. submarginatus (Central African Republic, Zaire), C. divoi (Ivory Coast), C. flexuosus (Mali, Nigeria, Central African Republic), C. densepunctatus (Angola, Namibia/South West Africa), C. viator (Uganda), C. weberi (Cameroon), C. roeri (Namibia/South West Africa), C. eboris (Ivory Coast), C. perlautus (Zaire, Uganda), and C. bicolor (Zaire). The following new synonymies are established: C. bedeli Regimbart, 1895 = C. latissimus Guignot, 1958; and C. meridionalis Régimbart, 1895 (the valid name) = C. seminulum Régimbart, 1895 and = C. voiensis Guignot, 1938. A lectotype has been designated for C. bedeli Régimbart, 1895, C. proditus var. procerus Omer-Cooper, 1959 and C. sordidipennis Régimbart, 1903.
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Roux, J., H. Myburg, B. D. Wingfield, and M. J. Wingfield. "Biological and Phylogenetic Analyses Suggest that Two Cryphonectria spp. Cause Cankers of Eucalyptus in Africa." Plant Disease 87, no. 11 (November 2003): 1329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.11.1329.
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Cryphonectria cubensis is an economically important pathogen of commercial Eucalyptus spp. Differences have been reported for disease symptoms associated with Cryphonectria canker in South Africa and other parts of the world, and recent DNA-based comparisons have confirmed that the fungus in South Africa is different from that in South America and Australasia. During a disease survey in the Republic of Congo, Cryphonectria canker was identified as an important disease on Eucalyptus grandis and E. urophylla. In this study, we compared Congolese and South African isolates of C. cubensis using DNA sequence data and pathogenicity under greenhouse conditions. The β-tubulin and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences show that C. cubensis in Congo is different from the fungus in South Africa and that Congolese isolates group most closely with South American isolates. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests showed that a South African isolate was more aggressive than two Congolese isolates. We conclude that two distinct Cryphonectria spp. occur in Africa and hypothesize that the fungus in the Congo probably was introduced into Africa from South America. Both fungi are important pathogens causing disease and death of economically important plantation trees. However, they apparently have different origins and must be treated separately in terms of disease management and quarantine considerations.
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Hayes, Polly M., Kevin W. Christison, David B. Vaughan, Nico J. Smit, and Geoffrey A. Boxshall. "Sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) from South Africa, with descriptions of two new species of Caligus." Systematic Parasitology 98, no. 4 (June 26, 2021): 369–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-021-09984-2.
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AbstractThirteen species of sea lice (family Caligidae) are reported from a range of elasmobranch and actinopterygian fishes caught off South Africa or obtained from public aquaria in South Africa. Two new species of Caligus Müller, 1785 are described: C. linearisn. sp. from Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus) and C. tumulusn. sp. from Chrysoblephus cristiceps (Valenciennes). A supplementary description is provided for both sexes of Caligus tetrodontis Barnard, 1948 taken from Amblyrhynchotes honckenii (Bloch) and previous records of this parasite from South African fishes are critically reviewed. It is concluded that Caligus material from Arothron hispidus Linnaeus was previously misidentified as C. tetrodontis and is in urgent need of re-examination. Morphological and molecular observations on Caligus furcisetifer Redkar, Rangnekar & Murti, 1949 indicate that this copepod is phenotypically and genetically identical to Lepeophtheirus natalensis Kensley & Grindley, 1973, and the latter becomes a junior subjective synonym of C. furcisetifer. We include new geographical distribution records for Caligus longipedis Bassett-Smith, 1898, C. rufimaculatus Wilson, 1905 and Lepeophtheirus spinifer Kirtisinghe, 1937, extending into South African waters, as well as both new distribution and host records for Alebion gracilis Wilson, 1905, Caligus dakari van Beneden, 1892 and Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943. The molecular analysis confirmed the monophyly of the genus Caligus. The South African species of Caligus did not cluster together, but the two included South African species of Lepeophtheirus were recovered as sister taxa.
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Smuts, H. E., and J. Kannemeyer. "Genotyping of hepatitis C virus in South Africa." Journal of clinical microbiology 33, no. 6 (1995): 1679–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.33.6.1679-1681.1995.
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Rogerson, Christian M., and Jayne M. Rogerson. "Climate therapy and the development of South Africa as a health resort, c.1850–1910." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 52, no. 52 (June 1, 2021): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0017.
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Abstract Historical research is undeveloped concerning tourism in sub-Saharan Africa. This research contributes to scholarship about the history of tourism for climate and health. In South Africa the beginnings of international tourism are associated with its emergence as a health resort and to climate therapy. Using archival sources an analysis is undertaken of the factors that influenced the emergence of South Africa as a health destination during the 19th century. Climate therapy was of particular interest for the treatment of consumption or tuberculosis. Arguably, the perceived therapeutic regenerative qualities of South Africa's climate became a driver for the development of a form of international tourism that pre-dated the country's emergence as a leisure tourism destination.
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Verbeeck, Jannick, Piet Maes, Philippe Lemey, Oliver G. Pybus, Elke Wollants, Ernie Song, Frederik Nevens, et al. "Investigating the Origin and Spread of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 5a." Journal of Virology 80, no. 9 (May 1, 2006): 4220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.9.4220-4226.2006.
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ABSTRACT Epidemiological and phylogenetic studies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have identified six major HCV genotypes and have attempted to characterize their origin and spread worldwide. Putative regions of endemic infection have been identified for all HCV genotypes except HCV genotype 5a. Although HCV genotype 5a was previously thought to be largely restricted to the northern part of South Africa, this study reports an unexpected cluster of the genotype in West Flanders Province in Belgium. To investigate the molecular epidemiology of this cluster and of HCV genotype 5a in general, a rigorous phylogenetic analysis of Belgian and South African HCV genotype 5a samples was performed. Remarkably, the Belgian and South African strains form two distinct clusters of similar diversity. We used a Bayesian coalescent method to estimate the rate of virus spread through time for HCV genotype 5a in both regions. Our results indicate that HCV genotype 5a strains have been spreading independently in Belgium and South Africa for more than 100 years, with a rate of spread characteristic of an epidemic genotype. These findings have major implications for tracing the origin of HCV genotype 5a. Here, we speculate about the possible origins of these clusters.
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Venter, Gert J., I. Wright, R. Del Rio, D. Majatladi, I. Hermanides, and M. A. Miranda-Chueca. "Culicoides imicola, vecteur du virus de sérotype 8 de la fièvre catarrhale ovine." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10037.
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Based on its abundance near livestock and wide geographical distribution, one of the most important Culicoides virus vector species of orbiviruses is the Afro-Asiatic species C. (Avaritia) imicola. It is considered a proven vector of bluetongue virus (BTV) and is one of the world’s most widely distributed Culicoides species. Strong correlations were found between the presence of C. imicola and outbreaks of BT and African horse sickness (AHS) in Africa and BT in Southern Europe. In 2006, BT serotype 8 (BTV- 8) was responsible for the first outbreaks ever of BT recorded in Northern Europe. Outbreaks first appeared in the Netherlands and Belgium, and subsequently spread to Germany, France, and Luxemburg. The virus apparently overwintered in Northern Europe and, during 2007-2008, spread across the whole of Europe. The outbreaks in Northern Europe happened in the absence of C. imicola. Members of the Culicoides (Culicoides) pulicaris and C. (A.) Obsoletus complexes have been implicated in BTV transmission. In the present study, the oral susceptibility of C. imicola and other South African livestock associated Culicoides species to various isolates of BTV-8 were determined by artificial feeding. During summer 2008, a Belgium and a recent (2004) South African field isolate of BTV-8 were fed to Culicoides collected at two localities in South Africa. Adult Culicoides midges were collected at the Agricultural Research Council; Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI) and at Clarens, in a cooler mountainous area of South Africa. At ARC-OVI the dominant species was C. imicola and at Clarens it was C. (A.) bolitinos. The South African field isolate was fed at concentrations of 5.8 and 7.8 log10TCID50/mL in the blood meal and the Belgium isolate at 6.8 log10 TCID50/mL. The following summer (2009) the same South African (6.8 log10 TCID50/mL) and Belgium (6.8 log10 TCID50/mL), a Dutch (4.8 log10 TCID50/ mL) and a Spanish (6.1 log10 TCID50/mL) isolates of BTV-8 were fed to Culicoides species collected at ARC-OVI. In the same season, the South African and Belgium isolates were also fed to midges collected at Clarens. Virus recovery, after an incubation period of 10 days at 23.5°C in C. imicola, was low for all isolates for both years. The South African isolate (5.8 log10 TCID50/ mL) and the Spanish isolate of BTV-8 could not be recovered from 420 and 492 midges tested after incubation. The recovery rate for the other isolates ranged from 2/403 (0.5%) (2008: SA isolate) to 1/683 (0.1%) (2009: SA isolate). These relatively low recovery rates make direct comparison between isolates problematic. Virus recovery from C. bolitinos fed on the South African isolate (7.8 log10 TCID50/mL) was significantly higher than any of the other isolates. During 2008 the Belgium isolate could be recovered from 4/229 (1.7%) C. bolitinos tested. Other Culicoides species from which BTV-8 could be isolated included C. (Meijerehelea) leucostictus, C. (A.) gulbenkiani and C. (unplaced) angolensis. Viral concentrations in infected C. imicola ranged from 0.7 to 2.4 and from 0.7 to 3.4 log10 TCID50/ mL in C. bolitinos. These results are in agreement with previous studies indicating a similarly low susceptibly in C. imicola for the reference strain of BTV-8. The relatively low oral susceptibility to near refractory status of C. imicola as determined for some of the isolates in this study will easily be compensated for by the high abundance of C. imicola in South Africa. Cumulative laboratory oral susceptibility results from South Africa indicate a consistently higher susceptibility in C. bolitinos for BTV as well as a multi-vector potential for BTV as well as AHSV. The unique biology of potential vector competent Culicoides species emphasizes the complex epidemiology of these diseases.
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Laher, Fatima, Linda-Gail Bekker, Nigel Garrett, Erica M. Lazarus, and Glenda E. Gray. "Review of preventative HIV vaccine clinical trials in South Africa." Archives of Virology 165, no. 11 (August 14, 2020): 2439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04777-2.
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AbstractNew HIV infections continue relentlessly in southern Africa, demonstrating the need for a vaccine to prevent HIV subtype C. In South Africa, the country with the highest number of new infections annually, HIV vaccine research has been ongoing since 2003 with collaborative public-private-philanthropic partnerships. So far, 21 clinical trials have been conducted in South Africa, investigating seven viral vectors, three DNA plasmids, four envelope proteins, five adjuvants and three monoclonal antibodies. Active vaccine candidates have spanned subtypes A, B, C, E and multi-subtype mosaic sequences. All were well tolerated. Four concepts were investigated for efficacy: rAd5-gag/pol/nef showed increased HIV acquisition in males, subtype C ALVAC/gp120/MF59 showed no preventative efficacy, and the trials for the VRC01 monoclonal antibody and Ad26.Mos4.HIV/subtype C gp140/ aluminum phosphate are ongoing. Future trials are planned with DNA/viral vector plus protein combinations in concert with pre-exposure prophylaxis, and sequential immunization studies with transmitted/founder HIV envelope to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Finally, passive immunization trials are underway to build on the experience with VRC01, including single and combination antibody trials with an antibody derived from a subtype-C-infected South African donor. Future consideration should be given to the evaluation of novel strategies, for example, inactivated-whole-virus vaccines.
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Puckree-Padua, Courtney A., Paul W. Gabrielson, and Gavin W. Maneveldt. "DNA sequencing reveals three new species of Chamberlainium (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from South Africa, all formerly passing under Spongites yendoi." Botanica Marina 64, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0074.
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Abstract Three new non-geniculate coralline algal species from South Africa are described that were passing under the misapplied name, Spongites yendoi. Based on plastid encoded DNA sequences from psbA and rbcL markers, these species belong in the subfamily Chamberlainoideae. The DNA sequences, supported by the morpho-anatomical character of tetrasporangial conceptacle roof development, placed all three species in the genus Chamberlainium and not Pneophyllum, the only other genus in Chamberlainoideae. In addition to the diagnostic DNA sequences, Chamberlainium capense sp. nov., C. glebosum sp. nov. and Chamberlainium occidentale sp. nov. may be distinguished by a combination of habit, habitat, geographic distribution, and several morpho-anatomical features. Biogeographically all three species are found in the Benguela Marine Province of South Africa, with C. occidentale being the most widespread. Chamberlainium glebosum also has a wide, but disjunct distribution and C. capense is another South African endemic non-geniculate coralline, whose range is restricted to a 43 km stretch of coastline. Thus far, DNA sequences from type specimens of non-geniculate corallines show that only those species whose type localities are from South Africa are correctly applied; all other non-geniculate coralline names are likely misapplied in South Africa.
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Nakitto, Saidat. "South Africa’s Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction." International Human Rights Law Review 3, no. 1 (June 4, 2014): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00301005.
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On 27 November 2013 the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa affirmed the decision of the High Court that South Africa’s Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 2002 (icc Act) empowered South African officials to initiate investigations into crimes against humanity committed in Zimbabwe in the absence of the perpetrators in South Africa. This decision was in response to the true interpretation of section 4(3)(c) of the icc Act providing for universal jurisdiction. This paper examines the judgment of this Court, arguing that though customary international law is silent on the requirement for presence of the perpetrators for initiation of investigation, the Court should have given proper examination of this section by taking into consideration of the previous presence of some of the perpetrators in South Africa after the alleged crimes were committed.
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King, A. "Points: The Royal College of Psychiatrists and South Africa." BMJ 296, no. 6618 (January 30, 1988): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.296.6618.361-c.
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Herman, Paul, and Marinda Koekemoer. "Two new species of Callilepis (Asteraceae) from southern Africa with corymbose inflorescences." Phytotaxa 183, no. 4 (October 24, 2014): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.183.4.4.
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Two new species of Callilepis (Asteraceae) are described: C. corymbosa and C. normae. They differ from other Callilepis species mainly by their corymbose inflorescences and white disc florets. They are endemic to the southern African region: C. corymbosa is known from Swaziland only and C. normae occurs in Mpumalanga, South Africa.
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Moosa, Fareed. "Citizenship by Naturalisation: Are Regulations 3(2)(b) and (c) to the South African Citizenship Act 88 of 1985 Invalid?" Stellenbosch Law Review 32, no. 1 (2021): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/slr/v32/i1a4.
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This article argues that regulation 3(2)(b), read with regulation 3(2)(c), issued pursuant to section 23(f) of the South African Citizenship Act 88 of 1995 (“1995 Act”), is invalid and ought to be set aside on judicial review. It is argued that they are inconsistent with sections 5(1)(c), (2), (5) and (9)(a) of the 1995 Act. This article shows that, whereas regulation 3(2)(b) requires a foreigner seeking citizenship to be physically present in South Africa and not be absent from the Republic for more than 90 days in each of the five years preceding the date of application for citizenship, no such physical presence requirement is contained in section 5(1)(c), or in section 5 of the 1995 Act in general, if read holistically. Section 5(1)(c) merely requires that an aspirant citizen be ordinarily resident in South Africa for five continuous years immediately preceding the lodgement of an application for citizenship. In the context of section 5(1)(c), the term “ordinarily resident” is interpreted as not requiring a physical presence in South Africa for any period of time during a calendar year. Rather, it merely requires that a foreigner must have sufficiently strong ties to South Africa to support a finding that his real home is there. Therefore, it is hypothesised that the Minister of Home Affairs acted ultra vires the 1995 Act when he issued regulations 3(2)(b) and (c).
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Steele, A. D., and V. L. A. James. "Seroepidemiology of Human Group C Rotavirus in South Africa." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 12 (1999): 4142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.12.4142-4144.1999.
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Sera from three separate healthy population cohorts were used to determine the incidence of group C rotavirus infections in 1,356 South Africans. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a recombinant group C rotavirus VP6 protein, the total percent positivity was found to be 34.4% (range, 33 to 38%), with almost half of the population infected after the age of 20 years.
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Ohno, T., M. Mizokami, C. J. Tibbs, K. Ohba, K. Suzuki, R. R. Wu, K. T. Nouri-Aria, and Roger Williams. "New genotype of hepatitis C virus in South Africa." Journal of Medical Virology 42, no. 4 (April 1994): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890420414.
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Sathar, Mahomed A., and Denis F. York. "Group 5: GBV-C/HGV isolates from South Africa." Journal of Medical Virology 65, no. 1 (2001): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.2010.
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BRUYNS, PETER V. "New species of Ceropegia (Apocynaceae) from Africa." Phytotaxa 375, no. 3 (November 13, 2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.375.3.3.
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Three new species of Ceropegia L, C. capensis Bruyns of sect. Ciliatilobae Bruyns from South Africa, C. emdenpienaarii Bruyns of sect. Carnosae Bruyns from South Africa and Zimbabwe and C. tundavalensis Bruyns of sect. Chamaesiphon H.Huber from Angola are described.
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Muteba Mwamba, John Weirstrass, and Sutene Mwambetania Mwambi. "Assessing Market Risk in BRICS and Oil Markets: An Application of Markov Switching and Vine Copula." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9020030.
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This paper investigates the dynamic tail dependence risk between BRICS economies and the world energy market, in the context of the COVID-19 financial crisis of 2020, in order to determine optimal investment decisions based on risk metrics. For this purpose, we employ a combination of novel statistical techniques, including Vector Autoregressive (VAR), Markov-switching GJR-GARCH, and vine copula methods. Using a data set consisting of daily stock and world crude oil prices, we find evidence of a structure break in the volatility process, consisting of high and low persistence volatility processes, with a high persistence in the probabilities of transition between lower and higher volatility regimes, as well as the presence of leverage effects. Furthermore, our results based on the C-vine copula confirm the existence of two types of tail dependence: symmetric tail dependence between South Africa and China, South Africa and Russia, and South Africa and India, and asymmetric lower tail dependence between South Africa and Brazil, and South Africa and crude oil. For the purpose of diversification in these markets, we formulate an asset allocation problem using raw returns, MS GARCH returns, and C-vine and R-vine copula-based returns, and optimize it using a Particle Swarm optimization algorithm with a rebalancing strategy. The results demonstrate an inverse relationship between the risk contribution and asset allocation of South Africa and the crude oil market, supporting the existence of a lower tail dependence between them. This suggests that, when South African stocks are in distress, investors tend to shift their holdings in the oil market. Similar results are found between Russia and crude oil, as well as Brazil and crude oil. In the symmetric tail, South African asset allocation is found to have a well-diversified relationship with that of China, Russia, and India, suggesting that these three markets might be good investment destinations when things are not good in South Africa, and vice versa.
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REDDING, SEAN. "WOMEN AS DIVINERS AND AS CHRISTIAN CONVERTS IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA, c. 1880–1963." Journal of African History 57, no. 3 (November 2016): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853716000086.
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AbstractThis article argues that rural South African women's importance as spiritual actors in the period from the late nineteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries stemmed from their ability to embrace hybrid spiritual identities that corresponded closely to the lived reality of African rural life, and that by embracing those identities, women expanded their roles as social healers. Professing a belief in Christianity did not prevent individuals from practicing as diviners, nor did it prevent Christians from consulting diviners to determine the causes of death or misfortune. Similarly, young women who converted to Christianity often maintained close ties to non-Christian families and bridged spiritual lives on the mission stations with life in their families. Over this time period, women became cultural mediators who borrowed, adopted, and combined spiritual beliefs to provide more complete answers to problems faced by rural African families in South Africa.
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MIRANDA, LUCÍLIA S., GEORGE M. BRANCH, ALLEN G. COLLINS, YAYOI M. HIRANO, ANTONIO C. MARQUES, and CHARLES L. GRIFFITHS. "Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) of South Africa, with the description of Calvadosia lewisi sp. nov." Zootaxa 4227, no. 3 (February 3, 2017): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4227.3.5.
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Stalked jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) are cryptic, benthic animals, known mainly from polar and temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere. We describe a new species, Calvadosia lewisi, from South Africa and review the staurozoan fauna of the region. Three other species are previously known from South Africa: Calvadosia capensis (Carlgren, 1938); Depastromorpha africana Carlgren, 1935; and Lipkea stephensoni Carlgren, 1933, but all of these are known from very few records and have been poorly illustrated and documented to date. We provide brief descriptions and photographic illustrations for each species and a list of local and global geographical records. Two (L. stephensoni and C. lewisi), but possibly three (D. africana), of the four known South African staurozoan species are endemic from South Africa. The new species, images, and extra distributional records presented here greatly improve knowledge of the staurozoan fauna in South Africa and, consequently, of the Southern Hemisphere.
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Seedat, Soraya, Anne Haskis, and Dan J. Stein. "Benefits of Consumer Psychoeducation: A Pilot Program in South Africa." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 38, no. 1 (March 2008): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pm.38.1.c.
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Cooper, Sara, and Don Foster. "Psychosocial Analysis of HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma in South Africa." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 29, no. 1 (April 2009): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/iq.29.1.c.
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Naicker, Previn, and Yasien Sayed. "Non-B HIV-1 subtypes in sub-Saharan Africa: impact of subtype on protease inhibitor efficacy." Biological Chemistry 395, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2014-0162.
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Abstract In 2012, 25 million people [71% of global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection] were estimated to be living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Of these, approximately 1.6 million were new infections and 1.2 million deaths occurred. South Africa alone accounted for 31% of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. This disturbing statistic indicates that South Africa remains the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, compounded by the fact that only 36% of HIV-positive patients in South Africa have access to antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. Drug resistance mutations have emerged, and current ARVs show reduced efficacy against non-B subtypes. In addition, several recent studies have shown an increased prevalence of non-B African HIV strains in the Americas and Europe. Therefore, the use of ARVs in a non-B HIV-1 subtype context requires further investigation. HIV-1 subtype C protease, found largely in sub-Saharan Africa, has been under-investigated when compared with the subtype B protease, which predominates in North America and Europe. This review, therefore, focuses on HIV-1 proteases from B and C subtypes.
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HADDAD, CHARLES R., CHI JIN, NORMAN I. PLATNICK, and RUAN BOOYSEN. "Capobula gen. nov., a new Afrotropical dark sac spider genus related to Orthobula Simon, 1897 (Araneae: Trachelidae)." Zootaxa 4942, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4942.1.2.
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A new genus of the spider family Trachelidae L. Koch, 1872 from the Afrotropical Region is described. Capobula gen. nov. is represented by five species, known from South Africa and Lesotho only. Adults of both sexes of Orthobula infima Simon, 1896a, which is widely distributed in the Western Cape, South Africa, are described for the first time, and this species is transferred to Capobula gen. nov. as its type species. Four new species are described: C. capensis spec. nov. and C. neethlingi spec. nov. (South Africa: Western Cape), C. montana spec. nov. (Lesotho and South Africa: Eastern Cape, Free State and KwaZulu-Natal) and C. ukhahlamba spec. nov. (South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal). A phylogenetic analysis based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, including 14 genera of Trachelidae, one genus of Clubionidae Wagner, 1887 and three genera of Phrurolithidae Banks, 1892, supports the placement of Capobula gen. nov. in Trachelidae, with Orthobula Simon, 1897 as its likely closest relative.
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Cook, G., S. P. van Vuuren, J. H. J. Breytenbach, and B. Q. Manicom. "Citrus Viroid IV Detected in Citrus sinensis and C. reticulata in South Africa." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (May 2012): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-11-0951-pdn.
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Citrus Viroid IV or Bark cracking viroid (CVd-IV) has been reported from various countries, mostly in the Near East, but was unknown in southern Africa. It can cause severe bark cracking of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), but symptoms on the indicator, Arizona 861-S-1 Etrog (Citrus medica), are mild and transient, usually leaf epinasty (2–4). CVd-IV was detected for the first time in South Africa during the 2009 biennial indexing of mother trees maintained for the South African Citrus Improvement Scheme (CIS). Symptoms were observed on Etrog indicators budded with material from mother trees of DuRoi Valencia sweet orange (C. sinensis). Initially, leaf bend of a single leaf was noted on one plant, and later, petiole browning developed on all test plants. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR testing confirmed CVd-IV infection by amplification of a 286-bp PCR product representing the full-length CVd genome using the primers CVd-IV-F3 5′-GGTGGATACAACTCTTGGG-3′ (1) and CVd-IV-SL3 5′-GGGTAGTTTCTATCTCAG-3′ (N. Duran-Vila personal communication). Samples of 78 field and 30 nursery trees of DuRoi Valencia supplied over a 7-year period from the CIS were budded on Etrog and tested 3 months after inoculation. Ninety positive samples were obtained from trees up to 7 years old. These trees were on either Swingle citrumelo (P. trifoliata × C. paradisi) or rough lemon (C. jambhiri) rootstocks and no symptoms of bark-cracking or other abnormalities were noted on these trees. Following the initial interception, a comprehensive screening of the CIS gene source, consisting of 450 cultivars, was initiated and CVd-IV was detected in five other accessions: SB navel (C. sinensis) collected in 1984 in Kwa-Zulu Natal Province of South Africa, Gillemberg navel (C. sinensis) collected in 1986 in Limpopo Province, Tarocco midseason (C. sinensis) imported from Sicily in 1987, Fortuna mandarin (C. reticulata) imported from Spain in 1987, and Westin midseason (C. sinensis) imported from Brazil in 1994. None of these accessions are planted on a commercial scale and field observations are therefore not possible. PCR amplicons of all positive samples were bidirectionally sequenced and sequences submitted to GenBank. Sequence comparisons showed those obtained from DuRoi Valencia (JN903763), Tarocco (JN903764), and SB Navel (JN903765), and GenBank reference sequences AB054633 (Japan) and HM042747 (China) to be identical. Likewise, the South African sequences from Westin (JN903766) and Gillemberg (JN903767) were identical to reference sequences X14638 and NC_003539 (Israel) and GQ260216 (Iran). The Fortuna sequence (JN903762) differed by two base pairs from the latter group. On the basis of the entry dates of the accessions, it is probable that CVd-IV has been in South Africa since at least 1984, but was not detected during indexing because of the erratic symptom expression of CVd-IV on Etrog. Existing CVd-IV-contaminated field material will be monitored for possible disease expression, but thus far the trifoliate hybrid and rough lemon rootstocks do not show the same susceptibility as reported for P. trifoliata (4). The detection of CVd-IV in field and gene-source material emphasizes the importance of intensive and specific indexing to ensure distribution of pathogen-free citrus in South Africa. References: (1) L. Bernad and N. Duran-Vila. Mol. Cell. Probes 20:105, 2006. (2) N. Duran Vila et al. J. Gen. Virol. 69:3069, 1988. (3) H. Putcha et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:6640, 1991. (4) C. Vernière et al. Plant. Dis. 88:1189, 2004.
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Petit, E., and W. D. Gubler. "First Report of Cylindrocarpon liriodendri Causing Black Foot Disease of Grapevine in California." Plant Disease 91, no. 8 (August 2007): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-8-1060a.
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Black foot disease is a recently identified but worsening problem in vineyards worldwide (2). Roots of symptomatic grapevines show black, sunken, necrotic lesions (2). In cross section, the base of the trunk appears necrotic and xylem vessels are plugged with black inclusions and tyloses (2). Aboveground, leaves of infected vines appear to be scorched, and the entire vine becomes stunted and frequently dies (2). In California, we previously identified two Cylindrocarpon species as causal agents of this disease: C. macrodidymum and C. destructans (2). In earlier molecular phylogenetic studies, tremendous variation in C. destructans from diverse hosts was found, indicating that this species might encompass more than one species (2). On the basis of analysis of sequences of three independent DNA regions, we concluded that the group of C. destructans isolated from grapevines in France, South Africa, and California have nearly identical sequences and form a well-supported sister clade divergent from the clade containing C. destructans found in numerous hosts (2). Further studies compared DNA sequences of C. destructans causing black foot in France, Portugal, and South Africa with an ex-type strain of C. liriodendri isolated from tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) (1). Because these species had identical sequences, C. destructans causing black foot in France, Portugal, and South Africa was renamed C. liriodendri (1). The objective of the current study was to clarify the taxonomy of C. destructans causing black foot in California. We compared C. liriodendri isolate CBS112602 from South Africa (1) with three C. destructans isolates (USME116, USST148, and USSO150) from California (2). We analyzed four sequences on three genomic regions: the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA, partial sequences of the beta tubulin gene, and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA. We used sequences from the South African C. liriodendri isolate CBS112602 (AY997566, AY997586, AY997581, and AY997532) and sequences from Californian isolates of C. destructans (AY997568, AY997588, AY997534, AY997583, AY997569, AY997601, AY997547, AY997584, AY997570, AY997598, AY997544, and AY997585) previously deposited in GenBank (2). Sequences were aligned using Clustal X 1.8 (3). On the basis of visual inspection of each DNA region alignment, the South African C. liriodendri isolate was identical to Californian isolates of C. destructans. Thus, Californian isolates of C. destructans causing black foot (2) are renamed C. liriodendri. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. liriodendri causing black foot disease of grapevine in California. References: (1) F. Halleen et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:227, 2006. (2) E. Petit and W. D. Gubler. Plant Dis. 89:1051, 2005. (3) J. D. Thompson et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:4876, 1997.
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Bures, Renata, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, Gita Ramjee, Mark Deers, Susan A. Fiscus, Salim Abdool-Karim, and David C. Montefiori. "Regional Clustering of Shared Neutralization Determinants on Primary Isolates of Clade C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from South Africa." Journal of Virology 76, no. 5 (March 1, 2002): 2233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.5.2233-2244.2002.
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ABSTRACT Clade C is one of the most prevalent genetic subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the world today and one of the least studied with respect to neutralizing antibodies. Most information on HIV-1 serology as it relates to neutralization is derived from clade B. Clade C primary isolates of HIV-1 from South Africa and Malawi were shown here to resemble clade B isolates in their resistance to inhibition by soluble CD4 and their sensitivity to neutralization by human monoclonal antibody immunoglobulin G1b12 and, to a lesser extent, 2F5. Unlike clade B isolates, however, all 16 clade C isolates examined resisted neutralization by 2G12. Infection with clade C HIV-1 in a cohort of female sex workers in South Africa generated antibodies that neutralized the autologous clade C isolate and T-cell-line-adapted (TCLA) strains of clade B. Neutralization of clade B TCLA strains was much more sensitive to the presence of autologous gp120 V3 loop peptides compared to the neutralization of clade C isolates in most cases. Thus, the native structure of gp120 on primary isolates of clade C will likely pose a challenge for neutralizing antibody induction by candidate HIV-1 vaccines much the same as it has for clade B. The autologous neutralizing antibody response following primary infection with clade C HIV-1 in South Africa matured slowly, requiring at least 4 to 5 months to become detectable. Once detectable, extensive cross-neutralization of heterologous clade C isolates from South Africa was observed, suggesting an unusual degree of shared neutralization determinants at a regional level. This high frequency of cross-neutralization differed significantly from the ability of South African clade C serum samples to neutralize clade B isolates but did not differ significantly from results of other combinations of clade B and C reagents tested in checkerboard assays. Notably, two clade C serum samples obtained after less than 2 years of infection neutralized a broad spectrum of clade B and C isolates. Other individual serum samples showed a significant clade preference in their neutralizing activity. Our results suggest that clades B and C are each comprised of multiple neutralization serotypes, some of which are more clade specific than others. The clustering of shared neutralization determinants on clade C primary HIV-1 isolates from South Africa suggests that neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccines will have less epitope diversity to overcome at a regional level.
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Herbst, Derrick, and Brian Barnard. "Innovation Management in South Africa: An Inquiry." Journal of Management and Sustainability 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v6n3p34.
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<p class="Standard">The study assesses innovation management in South African organizations, through semi-structured interviews. Some of the key attributes of innovation considered, include a) value proposition, b) organizational context, c) innovation process and management. Based on the interviews, some of the greatest challenges the organizations face are a) risk mitigation and management, b) innovation project evaluation and appraisal, as well as c) innovation process standardization and improvement. The conclusion is that innovation and innovation management still contain residual ambiguity. Still, there is always room at the top—organizations can still actively build their innovation competencies, from a range of dimensions, ranging from culture to process. No reason can be found why innovation can not be turned on itself—innovating innovation as organizational activity and competency.</p>
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Biström, Olof, and Anders N. Nilsson. "Taxonomic revision of the Ethiopian genus Canthyporus (Coleoptera Dytiscidae)." Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 85, no. 1 (June 30, 2006): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/memoriesei.2006.209.
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The genus <em>Canthyporus</em> Zimmermann, 1919, is revised. A total of 35 species are recognized, all of them distributed within the Ethiopian Region, and with a centre of diversity in the South African Western Cape province. Descriptions of all species are given together with illustrations of habitus and male and female genitalia. A key to species (males), distribution maps, and ecological information are provided. Four new species are described from South Africa: <em>Canthyporus aenigmaticus</em> n.sp., <em>C</em>. <em>nimius</em> n.sp., <em>C. turneri</em> n.sp., and <em>C. wewalkai</em> n.sp. The species <em>C. congener</em> Omer-Cooper, 1956, is regarded as valid and not as a junior synonym of<em> C. canthydroides</em> (Régimbart, 1895). Lectotypes are designated for the following ten names:<em> C. alvei</em> Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. consuetus </em>Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. latus</em> Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. lowryi </em>Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. nebulosus</em> Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. similator</em> Zimmermann, 1923, <em>C. simulator</em> Guignot, 1959, <em>C. testaceus</em> Zimmermann, 1923, <em>Hydroporus collaris</em> Boheman, 1848, and <em>Hydroporus hottentottus</em> Gemminger & Harold, 1868. A parsimony analysis based on 32 morphological characters found 28 shortest trees. Monophyly of the genus <em>Canthyporus</em> is supported mainly by the presence of an anterior ligula on the ventral side of the elytron. Four species groups are recognized within the genus: (1) <em>canthydroides</em> group, including ten species in Namibia and South Africa; (2) <em>exilis</em> group, including four species in Lesotho and South Africa; (3) <em>hottentottus</em> group, including 18 species from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe; and (4) <em>lateralis</em> group, including three species from South Africa.
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MÁRQUEZ-CORRO, JOSÉ IGNACIO, ENRIQUE MAGUILLA, TAMARA VILLAVERDE, SANTIAGO MARTÍN-BRAVO, and MODESTO LUCEÑO. "Two new species in Carex sect. Schoenoxiphium (Cyperaceae) from southern Africa." Phytotaxa 303, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.303.1.2.
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Carex sect. Schoenoxiphium (18 spp.) is a monophyletic group that has its centre of diversity in eastern south Africa. We describe two new species from the Republic of South Africa and Lesotho on the basis of morphological characters. Both new species (C. badilloi and C. parvirufa) are closely related to C. ludwigii, C. kukkoneniana and C. pseudorufa.
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LANSDOWN, RICHARD V., RENE GLEN, and GUSTAVO HASSEMER. "Notes on the genus Callitriche (Plantaginaceae) in South Africa." Phytotaxa 317, no. 3 (August 18, 2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.317.3.6.
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Historically there has been confusion over the status and identification of Callitriche species in South Africa. Review of herbarium specimens and fieldwork have enabled confirmation of the presence of C. deflexa as a naturalised species in this country and confirmed that C. compressa and specimens named as C. bolusii are conspecific. Field surveys showed that C. compressa still occurs in the areas from which most historic collections were made with no evidence of a decline, it is widespread but local in Kwa-Zulu Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces and extends into eastern Western Cape Province. However because it is known from only five widely scattered sites, it is classed as Vulnerable under the IUCN Red List. We also typify here the names C. compressa and C. deflexa.
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Álvarez-Mosquera, Pedro, and Alejandro Marín-Gutiérrez. "Implicit Language Attitudes Toward Historically White Accents in the South African Context." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 37, no. 2 (August 11, 2017): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x17718349.
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This study explores the use of Implicit Association Test as an effective research tool to investigate language attitudes in South Africa. We aim to show how Standard South African English and Afrikaans-accented English are cognitively managed by young L1 South African indigenous language speakers. Results corroborate (a) participants’ statistically significant negative attitudes toward Afrikaans-accented English speakers, (b) the indexical nature of accents in triggering language attitudes, and (c) a main effect of modality when processing visual versus audio inputs.
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COCK, MATTHEW J. W. "Observations on the biology of Afro–tropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 1. Introduction and Coeliadinae." Zootaxa 2547, no. 1 (July 23, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2547.1.1.
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Partial life histories for eight Afro–tropical Coeliadinae are described and illustrated: Pyrrhochalcia iphis (Drury) (Côte d’Ivoire), Pyrrhiades lucagus (Cramer) (Ghana), P. anchises anchises (Gerstaecker) (Kenya), Coeliades chalybe chalybe (Westwood) (Côte d’Ivoire), C. forestan forestan (Stoll) (Kenya), C. pisistratus (Fabricius) (Kenya), C. sejuncta (Mabille & Vuillot) (Kenya), C. kenya Evans stat. rev. (Kenya). Descriptions of a further six species or subspecies are provided from the literature: P. anchises jucunda (Butler) (Oman), P. aeschylus (Plötz) (Republic of Guinea), P. pansa (Hewitson) (Réunion), C. bixana Evans (Democratic Republic of the Congo), C. libeon (Druce) (Democratic Republic of the Congo), C. keithloa (Wallengren) (South Africa), C. lorenzo Evans stat. rev. (South Africa). Unpublished photographs provided by T.C.E. Congdon illustrate early stages of C. sp. probably fervida (Butler) and C. rama Evans (Madagascar). Notes based on museum material are presented for C. ramanatek (Boisduval). Generalisations are made for the subfamily in Africa and the implications for generic groupings in the subfamily are considered. All except C. libeon are known4 · Zootaxa 2547 © 2010 Magnolia Pressto feed on at least one species of Malpighiaceae, while C. libeon feeds on at species of at least two other families of Malpigiales. A new type of leaf shelter, the four–cut shelter, is introduced, characteristic of African Coeliadinae.
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VAN WYK, ABRAHAM E., RICHARD G. C. BOON, and ELIZABETH RETIEF. "A new species of Casearia (Samydoideae, Salicaceae) from South Africa." Phytotaxa 383, no. 3 (December 18, 2018): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.383.3.4.
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Casearia austroafricana, a new species from South Africa, is described, illustrated, mapped, and compared with the two other currently accepted southern African members of the genus, namely C. gladiiformis and C. battiscombei. The new species belongs to Casearia sect. Casearia, and is confined to the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape. Known for over 100 years by botanists, material of this species has initially been assigned to C. junodii, but from about the 1960s to C. gladiiformis, for which the former is considered a synonym. Casearia austroafricana is readily distinguished by being a tall (up to ca. 30 m) subcanopy or canopy tree associated with temperate or subtropical forest, and in having twigs of young growth usually markedly zigzag, leaves of mature growth with blade relatively thin, principal lateral veins usually 8–10 pairs, margin distinctly serrate-crenate, flowers with the ovary glabrous, and capsules with relatively few seeds (3 or 4). A conservation assessment of “Least Concern” is recommended for this species based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Ecological associates are mentioned, including epiphytic ferns, orchids, birds attracted by the arillate seeds, and Lepidoptera (moths) for which it serves as host-plant.
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Gresse, P. G. "Transpression and transection in the late Pan-African Vanrhynsdorp foreland thrust-fold belt, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 21, no. 1 (July 1995): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00089-c.
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Ducatez, M. F., C. M. Olinger, A. A. Owoade, Z. Tarnagda, M. C. Tahita, A. Sow, S. De Landtsheer, et al. "Molecular and antigenic evolution and geographical spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in western Africa." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82939-0.
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In Africa, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in northern Nigeria and later also in other regions of the country. Since then, seven other African countries have reported H5N1 infections. This study reports a comparison of full-length genomic sequences of H5N1 isolates from seven chicken farms in Nigeria and chicken and hooded vultures in Burkina Faso with earlier H5N1 outbreaks worldwide. In addition, the antigenicity of Nigerian H5N1 isolates was compared with earlier strains. All African strains clustered within three sublineages denominated A (south-west Nigeria, Niger), B (south-west Nigeria, Egypt, Djibouti) and C (northern Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Côte d'Ivoire), with distinct nucleotide and amino acid signatures and distinct geographical distributions within Africa. Probable non-African ancestors within the west Asian/Russian/European lineage distinct from the south-east Asian lineages were identified for each sublineage. All reported human cases in Africa were caused by sublineage B. Substitution rates were calculated on the basis of sequences from 11 strains from a single farm in south-west Nigeria. As H5N1 emerged essentially at the same time in the north and south-west of Nigeria, the substitution rates confirmed that the virus probably did not spread from the north to the south, given the observed sequence diversity, but that it entered the country via three independent introductions. The strains from Burkina Faso seemed to originate from northern Nigeria. At least two of the sublineages also circulated in Europe in 2006 as seen in Germany, further suggesting that the sublineages had already emerged outside of Africa and seemed to have followed the east African/west Asian and Black Sea/Mediterranean flyways of migratory birds.
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KLASS, ANNA L., ALEXANDER V. KONDAKOV, ILYA V. VIKHREV, YULIA V. BESPALAYA, ZAU LUNN, NYEIN CHAN, MIKHAIL Y. GOFAROV, and IVAN N. BOLOTOV. "Is the South African leech Barbronia gwalagwalensis Westergren & Siddall, 2004 (Hirudinida: Erpobdelliformes: Salifidae) a Paleotropical species?" Zootaxa 4974, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4974.3.7.
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The freshwater leech family Salifidae Johansson has a Paleotropical range, with a hotspot of species richness in the Oriental Region, and a few species endemic to Africa, Madagascar, and Reunion. Barbronia gwalagwalensis Westergren & Siddall, 2004 was thought to be a characteristic example of the latter group being a lineage endemic to South Africa. However, we found that this species also occurs in Asia (Myanmar and Korea). Our time-calibrated phylogeny based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene reveals that the split between the African and Asian populations of this species occurred in the mid-Pleistocene, approximately 1.3 Ma ago (95% HPD 0.7-2.1 Ma). The statistical biogeographic modeling indicates that a B. gwalagwalensis population in South Africa most likely originated due a long-distance dispersal event with a subsequent vicariance (probability = 88.9%). A Late Quaternary range extension towards South Africa is known to occur in some other freshwater taxa (e.g. the freshwater mussel Unio caffer Krauss species group), which agrees with our hypothesis on the ancient origin of the South African B. gwalagwalensis population. Conversely, we can assume that the African population of this species was recently introduced from Asia. If so, the high levels of genetic divergence between African and Asian populations could be a part of a more general phylogeographic pattern historically originated within the Asian subcontinent due to the isolation by orographic or marine barriers. These two alternative hypotheses need further research efforts, i.e. sampling and sequencing of other Barbronia taxa, the ranges of which are situated between South Africa and Southeast Asia, as well as of topotypes of B. weberi (Blanchard, 1897) from Indonesia. Finally, our results highlight that the salifid genus Barbronia Johansson originated in the Oriental Region and that these leeches share both recently and historically high potential for long-distance dispersal events.
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Milne, Annari, and Mike Mhlolo. "Lessons for South Africa from Singapore’s gifted education – A comparative study." South African Journal of Education 41, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15700/saje.v41n1a1839.
Full textAbstract:
Since 1999 South African learners have participated in various international studies but sadly the learners have continued to perform dismally, which brings to question the quality of their education. Meanwhile, Singaporean students have been among the top achievers in all these competitions. Many comparative studies have been done between different nations and Singapore, but in few, if any, of these studies the focus has been on comparisons regarding gifted education. Singaporean policies and practices on gifted education generally prioritise a commitment to engaging learners from all ability levels with appropriately challenging curricula and instruction. In this article we report on a comparative study between the Singaporean and South African education systems. Three frames, (a) political context (b) curriculum structure and (c) loose coupling shaped the analysis. Results show that both countries had similar challenges at the point of independence from colonial rule and yet, they responded differently to those challenges. Singapore implemented inclusive education driven by excellence while South Africa’s inclusive education is driven by equity without excellence. South Africa has a one-size-fits-all curriculum, whereas Singapore has alternatives that create multiple pathways for learners to reach their full potential. Although gifted education is being proposed in current South African pronouncements, there is no evidence of coherence in terms of its implementation. Meanwhile, Singapore has a coherent system that ensures their policies move from theory into practice. All these are lessons that South Africa can learn.
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Nakabonge, G., J. Roux, M. Gryzenhout, and M. J. Wingfield. "Distribution of Chrysoporthe Canker Pathogens on Eucalyptus and Syzygium spp. in Eastern and Southern Africa." Plant Disease 90, no. 6 (June 2006): 734–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0734.
Full textAbstract:
Chrysoporthe cubensis and C. austroafricana, collectively known as Cryphonectria cubensis in the past, are important canker pathogens of Eucalyptus spp. worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that Chrysoporthe austroafricana occurs only in South Africa, whereas C. cubensis occurs in Australia, Cameroon, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Southeast Asia, and South, Central, and North America. In South Africa, C. austroafricana is a pathogen on nonnative Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) and Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) spp., both residing in the order Myrtales. Recently, the fungus also has been found on native Syzygium cordatum trees in the country, leading to the hypothesis that it is native to Africa. In contrast, C. cubensis is thought to have been introduced into Africa and is known only on non-native Eucalyptus spp. and S. aromaticum (clove) in four countries. The aim of this study was to consider the distribution of Chrysoporthe spp. on non-native Eucalyptus spp. as well as on native Myrtales in southern and eastern Africa. Isolates were collected from as many trees as possible and characterized based on their morphology and DNA sequence data for two gene regions. Results show, for the first time, that C. cubensis occurs in Kenya, Malawi, and Mozambique on nonnative Eucalyptus spp. C. austroafricana was found for the first time in Mozambique, Malawi, and Zambia on non-native Eucalyptus spp. and native S. cordatum. The known distribution range of C. austroafricana within South Africa also was extended during these surveys.
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Sidley, Pat. "Sharp rise in deaths in South Africa is largely due to AIDS." BMJ 330, no. 7489 (February 24, 2005): 438.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7489.438-c.
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van Heerden, S. W., L. M. Geletka, O. Preisig, D. L. Nuss, B. D. Wingfield, and M. J. Wingfield. "Characterization of South African Cryphonectria cubensis Isolates Infected with a C. parasitica Hypovirus." Phytopathology® 91, no. 7 (July 2001): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.7.628.
Full textAbstract:
Cryphonectria cubensis is the causal agent of a serious canker disease of Eucalyptus spp. in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. In this study, a South African C. cubensis isolate was transfected by electroporation with a synthetic RNA transcript corresponding to the full-length coding strand of the C. parasitica hypovirus (CHV1-EP713). Hypovirus infection resulted in pronounced morphological changes that included a striking increase in bright yellow-orange pigment production, a reduction in mycelial growth rate, and reduced sporulation. Greenhouse studies revealed that the virus-containing strain was significantly less virulent than the original virulent C. cubensis isolate. Although the hypovirus was not transmitted through conidia produced by infected C. cubensis, the virus was readily transmitted via hyphal anastomosis to C. cubensis isolates representing a broad range of vegetative compatibility groups. These results suggest that vegetative incompatibility may not pose a strong barrier against virus transmission in South African isolates of C. cubensis and that hypovirus-mediated biological control could provide opportunities to reduce the impact of Cryphonectria canker in South Africa.