Journal articles: 'South Africa. Dept. of Trade and Industry'

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PETERSSON, LENNART. "EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION AND INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE IN SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Economics 73, no. 4 (December 2005): 785–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2005.00054.x.

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Isemonger, Alan G. "The estimation of intra-industry trade in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 17, no. 1 (March 2000): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350050003406.

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Petersson, Lennart. "Integration and intra-industry trade adjustment in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 19, no. 2 (June 2002): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768350220132468.

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Gebreselasie, T. G., and A. C. Jordaan. "Intra-Industry Trade in the Manufacturing Sector of South Africa." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 33, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10800379.2009.12106459.

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Damoense, Maylene, and André C. Jordaan. "Intra-industry trade: a methodology to test the automobile industry in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 21, 2013): 130–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v10i1.542.

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This paper provides a study of the theory and empirical evidence of intra-industry trade (IIT) and relates it specifically to South Africa’s automobile industry. The automobile industry in South Africa is a key sector within the national economy and has experienced increased trade and foreign investment in recent years, and thus represents an important case study of IIT. In view of this, the paper proposes a methodology that may be used in future to assess the pattern and determinants of IIT between South Africa and its main trading partners in the automobile industry.

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Rodigina, N., S. Moleva, V. Musikhin, and K. Gladkikh. "South Africa: economic development and trade with Russia." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2010-03.

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The article is devoted to the evaluation of the place of South Africa in the world economy and its role in modern world trade. The study analyzes quantitative indicators, changes in added value indicators by industry, and describes political events in the country that have led to significant economic transformations. In addition, the author analyzes the diplomatic relations between two countries and describes the activities of national enterprises in the foreign market.

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Damoense-Azevedo, Maylene Y., and André C. Jordaan. "Trade Patterns in the Automobile Industry: Some Evidence from South Africa." Journal of African Business 12, no. 2 (May 2011): 154–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2011.588903.

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Flatters, F., and N. Netshitomboni. "Trade and Poverty in South Africa: the Motor Industry Development Programme." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 31, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10800379.2007.12106432.

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Khumalo, Sibanisezwe Alwyn, and Asrat Tsegaye. "An Empirical Investigation of Trade Liberalization and Trade Patterns in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 5(J) (November 3, 2018): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i5(j).2503.

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The study made use of the gravity model to analyze the behavior of South Africaâ€™s trade patterns at industry level. Using SIC 2-digit level data for the period 1996-2013 based on two sub-samples, 1996-2004 and 2005-2013, the study found that trade liberalization was not universally influential on trade patterns. Some industries did not exhibit significant behavior changes as a result of tariff liberalization. The results show that Agriculture, mining ores, crude oil, machinery and transport are the only industries from the selected sample of nine that are significantly influenced by trade liberalization policy. Furthermore, empirical results indicate that trade liberalization hinders extensive margins and does not encourage intensive margins.

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Chasomeris, Mihalis G. "South Africa’s Maritime Policy and Transformation of the Shipping Industry." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 17, no. 3 (April 2006): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x06001700302.

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More than 95 per cent of South Africa’s trade volume is seaborne. Although South Africa is clearly an important sea-trading nation, it is not a significant shipowning or ship operating nation. Despite a decade of democracy, and the improved Ship Registration Act of 1998, the South African merchant marine has continued to decline. South Africa’s new Maritime Charter of December 2003 has the long-term vision “to develop South Africa to become one of the world’s top 35 maritime nations by the year 2014”. Currently, South Africa adopts a strongly market-driven shipping policy. In stark contrast the Charter calls for “a clear strategy/plan for the majority of South African cargo, going through South African ports to be carried on South African ships”. This article argues that although South Africa has a large volume of trade, it does not necessarily have a competitive advantage in the shipment of these goods. Thus policies to promote or protect the national shipping industry might not be in the broader economic interests of South Africa. JEL: R40

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Tayob, Shaheed. "Trading Halal: Halal Certification and Intra-Muslim Trade in South Africa." Sociology of Islam 8, no. 3-4 (December 10, 2020): 322–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-08030003.

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Abstract Halal certification introduces a new discursive and material basis for the regulation of Muslim consumption in a world of global trade and complex food technology. Through chemical tests and state of the art supply chain management the halal certification industry aims to replace the necessity of intra-Muslim trade for the practice of halal. This paper presents the approach of two competing halal certification organizations in South Africa in interaction with Muslim businesses. It argues that the aim of the halal certification industry to standardize, trace and trade in halal is limited by the communal practice of halal that emphasizes intra-Muslim trade and exchange. Halal certification is an incomplete recalibration of halal. Attention to Muslim business practices illuminates the limitation of audit cultures to the practice of halal, offering a view of the complexity of halal in practice.

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Foligno, Silvia. "Publishing in South Africa." LOGOS 26, no. 3 (November 14, 2015): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878-4712-11112081.

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South Africa is an emerging market for publishing; it has a number of small and medium-sized local publishers but is dominated by publishing groups and multinationals that import international trends. Along with textbooks, imported trade books are the heart of South African publishing. The major obstacles the industry faces are linked to the poor distribution network as well as the lack of access to financial resources for local publishers, and a readership characterized by the plurality of official languages and an educational gap left over from the social inequalities of the apartheid era. Digital publishing, although not yet thriving, appears to be a promising opportunity to deal with both production costs and distribution and may provide a pathway towards the democratization of reading. A number of commercial platforms and non-profit initiatives are already in place in South Africa to support the development of the publishing market.

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Azevedo, Maylene Y. Damoense, and André C. Jordaan. "Factors influencing bilateral intra-industry trade in the auto industry: the case of South Africa." International Journal of Economics and Business Research 4, no. 1/2 (2012): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijebr.2012.044245.

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Molepo, Nkoti Solly. "Impact of international trade on employment in orange industry of South Africa." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 60, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2021.01386.

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The purpose of the study is to analyse the long-run and short-run dynamic relations amongst total employment (lnEMPGt), export output (EXPOt) and import output (IMPOt) from 1990 to 2018, by applying a time-series analysis. The study adopts the secondary data for total employment from the Citrus Growers Association of South Africa, while both export and import output were sourced from the Global Trade Atlas. The multivariate cointegration approach is adopted in the study to identify any causal relationships amongst the concerned variables. The chosen optimum lag selection criterion was the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) due to its association dependence on the log-likelihood ratio. The third lag was selected for the entire analysis. The results from the cointegration test and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) suggest a positive long-run effect between total employment and export output, while import output is negatively associated with total employment. The adjustment term of lnEMPGt, EXPOt and IMPOt suggests that the previous year’s errors are corrected for the current year at a convergence speed of 0.002, 1.11 and 25.37 percentage points, respectively. The results of the Granger causality test show that there are bidirectional causality effects between export output and total employment in the long run, while there are no causality effects between import output and total employment. The overall conclusion is that export outputs positively impact employment, while import outputs impact it negatively in the South African orange industry.

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Van der Merwe, Johannes, Philippus Cloete, and Herman Van Schalkwyk. "The competitive status of the South African Wheat Industry." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 9, no. 3 (December 3, 2016): 651–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v9i3.63.

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This article investigates the competitiveness of the South African wheat industry and compares it to its major trade partners. Since 1997, the wheat-to-bread value chain has been characterised by concentration of ownership and regulation. This led to concerns that the local wheat market is losing international competitiveness. The competitive status of the wheat industry, and its sub-sectors, is determined through the estimation of the relative trade advantage (RTA). The results revealed declining competitiveness of local wheat producers. Compared to the major global wheat producers, such as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany and the USA, South Africa’s unprocessed wheat industry is uncompetitive. At the same time, South Africa has a competitive advantage in semi-processed wheat, especially wheat flour. The institutional environment enables the importation of raw wheat at lower prices and exports processed wheat flour competitively to the rest of Africa.

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Barnes, Justin, and Raphael Kaplinsky. "Globalisation and Trade Policy Reform: Whither the Automobile Components Sector in South Africa?" Competition & Change 4, no. 2 (June 2000): 211–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452940000400203.

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As in the case of many formerly inward oriented economies, South African industry is facing a new competitive environment as trade barriers fall. The initial result of this reform in trade policy has been a sharp increase in the trade deficit in the automobile and components sector. A survey of the major auto assemblers and a comparative review of the automobile sector in Brazil and India suggests that the prognosis for the future of the South African components industry is not good unless corrective action is taken. This will involve responses from a variety of stakeholders. A number of policy responses are discussed identifying both the relevant stakeholders and the policy instruments which might be utilised.

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Myers, Jonny E., Janine Aron, and Ian A. Macun. "Asbestos and Asbestos-Related Disease: The South African Case." International Journal of Health Services 17, no. 4 (October 1987): 651–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gaft-l33e-m250-anqf.

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The asbestos industry in South Africa has suffered a decline in production, employment, and sales over the last few years. This mirrors the state of the industry internationally. In South Africa this has more to do with the economic recession than with legislative restrictions on asbestos use. New information has become available on the extent of asbestos-related diseases in South Africa. In this article, we outline developments in labor organization in the asbestos industry, and discuss the marked lack of control of asbestos, the inadequate state compensation system, and the difficulties facing labor. After describing recent improvements won by trade unions, mainly in the transnational corporation sector, we discuss the implications for industry, labor, and control of the asbestos hazard.

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An, J., and A. Mikhaylov. "Russian energy projects in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i3a7809.

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From early 2019, South Africa and Russia have planned to increase their energy trade. Russia can become one of the world’s five largest energy exporters. This study examines of the cost of a kilowatt of electricity generated by coal power projects in South Africa and compares nuclear electricity with other types of green energy. This method must help to improve the management decision-making process in South Africa for energy exporta. Reasons for this persistence include the marketing strategies of Russian companies for seeking new markets in industrialised and postindustrial countries where, due to intensive competition, sales of Russian high-tech products are often unsuccessful. Renewable energy gives a chance to potentially reduce poverty in South Africa. The study concludes that imported crude oil is more suited to the needs of the refining industry of South Africa. The consumption for this type of energy in areas not concerning industry is insignificant and its increase is unlikely to be observed in the future. Highlights• Nuclear energy is popular energy source in South Africa now.• Provision of sustainable energy services helps to find the sources for economic growth. • Renewable energy technologies have opportunity for reduce nuclear production in South Africa.• Bio-energy can become the main source of energy in South Africa.

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Lamprecht, Norman, and Aletta Sophia Tolmay. "Performance Of South African Automotive Exports Under The African Growth And Opportunity Act From 2001 To 2015." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 16, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v16i2.9927.

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The South African automotive industry is faced with the challenge of how to expand through exports in a saturated global automotive market, characterized by overcapacity. The vision of the South African automotive industry is to double its vehicle production to one million units per annum by 2020. However, domestic market limitations impede the ability to achieve sufficient economies of scale. Trade arrangements contribute towards increasing market access. The impact of the AGOA on automotive trade between the United States of America and South Africa was analyzed. It was found that the AGOA resulted in a substantial increase in two-way trade. Further research is encouraged with regard to the potential of regional integration in Africa for automotive exports from South African and the USA.

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Ishchukova, Natalia, and Luboš Smutka. "The Formation of Russian Agrarian Trade Structure: Inter-industry vs. Intra-industry Trade Activities." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 6 (2014): 1293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462061293.

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The paper is focused on specialization of Russia’s foreign trade in agrarian products and foodstuffs in terms of inter-industry and intra-industry trade. The main objective of this study is to analyse the extent of intra-industry trade in Russia’s foreign trade in agricultural products and to identify significant changes in trade patterns at the industry level over the transformation period (1996–2012).The results coming from individual conducted analyses provide a systematic decomposition of Russia’s foreign trade into three trade types: inter-industry, intra-industry in horizontally and vertically differentiated products. Inter-industry type of trade dominates in Russian foreign trade in agricultural and food products and accounts for about a third of total trade flows. The analysis revealed significant differences in the intensity of intra-industry trade, depending on geographic region. The lowest level of intra-industry trade is observed in relation to Africa and South America, the highest - in relation to CIS countries. There were also found some trends, including the expanding intra-industry trade in relation to the CIS countries, as well as a decrease in relation to Asian and EU countries.

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Green, Jennah, Catherine Jakins, Louise de Waal, and Neil D’Cruze. "Ending Commercial Lion Farming in South Africa: A Gap Analysis Approach." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061717.

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African lions (Panthera leo) are commercially farmed across South Africa for sport hunting, tourism, and the international bone trade, primarily in Southeast Asia. Despite its legal status, South Africa’s growing lion farming industry is a contentious issue. In 2020 a high-level panel was initiated to review the policies, legislation, and management regarding the breeding, hunting, trade, and handling of four wildlife species, including lions. In May 2021, it was announced that the government intends to amend existing permit conditions to prohibit lion breeding and tourism interactions with captive lions, as well as to stop issuing permits to new entrants into the industry, effectively ending lion farming. In order to follow this line of action, a comprehensive, well-managed plan will be necessary to execute a responsible exit from the industry as it currently stands. Using a “gap analysis” management tool, we aim to: (1) outline some of the key considerations regarding the current state of the lion farming industry in South Africa; and (2) propose specific action steps that could be taken within five key areas (regulation, animal welfare, health and safety, equitability, and conservation) to help inform a responsible transition away from this type of wildlife farming in the biodiversity economy. For our gap analysis, we conducted a semi-systematic literature search to compile key background information about the current state of the industry. This information was then used to identify corresponding desired management states, and steps that could facilitate a successful phase out of lion farming in South Africa. We hope our approach helps identify key considerations for a responsible transition and can help aid decisions during the management of this process.

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White, A. G., K. I. Theron, and J. Purbrick. "THE PEAR INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND SOUTH AFRICA: PRODUCTION, TRADE AND CULTIVARS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 596 (December 2002): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.596.9.

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Gay, S. H., and W. L. Nieuwoudt. "Influences of the free trade agreement between South Africa and the European Union on the South African fresh orange industry." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2000): 484–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v3i3.2626.

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This paper evaluates the effects of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between South Africa and the European Union (EU) on the South African orange industry. Oranges account for ten percent of South African agricultural exports. The aggregate trade simulation model used here is designed on the programme STELLA, and consists of regional production models, a local market model, an export model and an exchange rate model. Results indicate that the FTA is expected to have small positive effects on both South African producers and consumers. This is caused by increasing real free-on-board prices and decreasing real local prices of oranges. Total area under oranges will increase more with the FT A, which thus results in a larger orange production too.

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Musakwa, Mercy T., and Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "Foreign Direct Investment Dynamics in South Africa: Reforms, Trends and Challenges." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2019-0007.

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Abstract This paper gives an overview of foreign direct investment (FDI) in South Africa from 1980 to 2017. It highlights trends in FDI inflows, reforms that have been implemented to date, and challenges that need to be addressed in order to increase the FDI inflows into the country. Government reforms on FDI have been two pronged. Firstly, there are policies that are aimed at creating a strong competitive industry and a strong industrial base for investment. Among such policies are trade liberalisation policies, multilateral and regional integration policies, supportive industrial policies, and bilateral trade agreements. Secondly, there are policies that directly target the FDI investment. These policies include, amongst others, investment incentives, regulatory reforms, exchange control relaxation, and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) reforms. The findings from this study show that FDI inflows have increased significantly from 1990 although they still remain depressed.

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Boer, J. H. "Re-engineering the Consultative Process between Industry, Labour and Government Trade Authorities in South Africa." International Review of Administrative Sciences 61, no. 3 (September 1995): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002085239506100303.

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Ikegami, Koichi. "LAND REFORM AND THE MEANING OF THE FAIR TRADE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v1i1.722.

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Fair Trade is drastically expanding to mainstream in the 2000s. Even in the Republic of South Africa (South Africa) has the Fair Trade Movement appeared in agricultural and food sectors. Management companies and white farms are not marginalized people, who are major target of Fair Trade movement in general. This paper intended to answer the questions why management companies and white farms are involved in Fair Trade movement. The paper argued that major players of Fair Trade in South Africa is a large commercial farm owned by white South Africans who are very sensitive to political pressure. Fair Trade movement in South Africa. South Africa is facing a difficult problem on how to reduce the poor-rich distinction in agriculture. From this context, land reform should be urgently and strongly promoted. Land reform gave impacts by way of two courses. One is the necessity of economic sustainability by introducing a concept of ‘fairness’ as appealing new added value, followed by initiating Fair Trade farms and Strategic Partnership Approach. The other is the politico-psychological pressure to secure good reputation of ‘fairness’, which was caused by social pressure of land reform and domestic policies seeking for reduction of disparities between rural-urban and agriculture-industry relationships. Although the land reform is urgent for economic sustainability, but the land reform farm failed to continue their business due to the lack of know-how and knowledge concerning farm activities and lack of good market access and the market structure to block native Africans to sell in a free way. In this point, Fair Trade is one of possible solutions.

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MAZENDA, Adrino. "Development of BRICS Bilateral Trade Relations: A South African Perspective." Nile Journal of Business and Economics 2, no. 2 (May 5, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20321/nilejbe.v2i2.49.

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This study examines the structure, value, intensity and complementarity of South Africa’s trade with its Brazil–Russia-India-China (BRIC) partners. It highlights the increasing dynamism of intra- BRICS trade, which started on accession to the World Trade Organisation in 2010. Key determinants to this dynamism include the rapid growth of Chinese and Indian economies accompanied by a steep rise in demand for South Africa’s primary commodities. The rising intensity with China is demand-oriented, while the intensity with India is supply-oriented, mostly in semi-finished and finished commodities.South Africa’s addition to BRIC coincided with three key developments; its trade balance with most BRIC economies narrowed; the quality of its exports to the BRIC improved; and the value of its exports to BRIC exceeded the value of exports to the European Union and Central Asia. The latter development is attributable to trade diversion from the European Union and Central Asia to the BRIC.Inclusive growth is probable if South Africa could leverage trade with the BRIC. More, so while employment is at peak in labour- intensive primary industry, intra-industry trade with the BRIC would resuscitate the manufacturing and services sectors so that the complementary effects of trade would be feasible.

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Bogale, Mekonnen, Muluken Ayalew, and Wubishet Mengesha. "The Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism Industry of Sub-Saharan African Countries in the World Market." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure 10(1), no. 10(1) (February 28, 2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajthl.19770720-91.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate competitiveness of Travel and Tourism industry of Sub-Saharan African countries in the world market. The study used Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) and Relative Trade Advantage (RTA) indexes as a measure of competitiveness based on secondary data from ITC trade database covering between 2000 and 2019. The findings of the study revealed that SSA countries like Mauritius, South Africa, Seychelles and Namibia have competitive T&T industry consistently in the years between 2000 and 2019. However, SSA countries such as Botswana, Tanzania, Senegal, Kenya and Rwanda have competitiveness vary by years. Moreover, South Africa has highest comparative advantage followed by Tanzania and Mauritius. The study provided valuable information to industry leaders, policy makers, business owners and international organizations such as UN and UNESCO to design appropriate strategies and systems aiming to sustain and improve travel and tourism industry competitiveness in SSA countries. It is the first study in applying NRCA and RTA indexes to investigate the competitiveness of T&T Industry in SSA countries. Keywords: Competitiveness; export; import; performance; tourism; travel

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McCaig, Brian, and Margaret S. McMillan. "Trade Liberalisation and Labour Market Adjustment in Botswana." Journal of African Economies 29, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 236–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jafeco/ejz027.

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Abstract We study the effects of domestic trade liberalisation on labour markets in Botswana. South Africa is the dominant member of the Southern Africa Customs Union. As such, when South Africa liberalised trade in the 1990s, this induced large and plausibly exogenous tariff reductions for the other customs union members, including Botswana. Using labour force surveys from Botswana spanning a decade, we find that trade liberalisation did not affect the relative size of industries in terms of employment. However, trade liberalisation had effects within industries. We find an increase in the prevalence of working in an informal firm and self-employment, but mixed evidence of effects on unemployment. Hours worked decreased in response to trade liberalisation, partially driven by the movement of workers to informal firms. Despite large increases in aggregate income, trade liberalisation is associated with a reduction in monthly income, but the results are imprecise. Our results also suggest that a positive export demand shock, the 2000 African Growth and Opportunities Act, is associated with a reduction in employment in informal firms in the clothing industry.

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Holland, Martin. "South Africa, SADC, and the European Union: Matching Bilateral with Regional Policies." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 2 (June 1995): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021066.

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These comments by South Africa's Minister for Trade and Industry, Trevor Manuel, were made in November 1994 in a speech to the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP)—European Union (EU) ministerial meeting in Brussels. Words, of course, can be interpreted in various ways. Contrary to the seeming clarity of Manuel's request, the underlying sub-texts illustrated both the past prevarication of the South African Government and the continuing uncertainty on the part of the EU as to the appropriate shape of a new long-term relationship.

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AL-MAWALI, NASSER. "COUNTRY-SPECIFIC DETERMINANTS OF VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE OF SOUTH AFRICA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION." South African Journal of Economics 73, no. 3 (September 2005): 406–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2005.00027.x.

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Van Eck, Stefan. "Temporary Employment Services (Labour Brokers) in South Africa and Namibia." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 13, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2010/v13i2a2642.

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South Africa currently allows labour broking although this area of commerce is problematic. The trade union movement, government and organised business are presently debating the future regulation of this industry. Namibia has experimented with, and failed, to place a legislative ban on labour broking. The Supreme Court of Appeal of Namibia considered International Labour Organisation conventions and provisions of their Constitution before concluding that labour broking should be regulated but not prohibited. In this article it is argued that South African policy makers can gain valuable insights from the Namibian experience. It is submitted that it would be appropriate for Parliament to take cognisance of international and foreign principles and to accept amendments that would provide for stricter regulation for labour broking, rather than placing an outright ban on this economic activity.

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sichei, moses muse, chris harmse, and frans kanfer. "DETERMINANTS OF SOUTH AFRICA-US INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE IN SERVICES: A WILD BOOTSTRAP DYNAMIC PANEL DATA ANALYSIS." South African Journal of Economics 75, no. 3 (September 2007): 521–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2007.00136.x.

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Chapman, Laura A., and Piran C. L. White. "The future of private rhino ownership in South Africa." Wildlife Research 47, no. 6 (2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20013.

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Sustained poaching over the past decade has led to significant loss of black (Diceros bicornis) and southern white (Ceratotherium simum simum) rhinoceroses across South Africa. Whereas much research has focussed on the heavily targeted state-owned populations, there is little understanding of the trends and challenges faced by rhino populations held in the private sector. Private rhino ownership has increased substantially across South Africa over the past three decades, with over 42% of the entire rhino population now in private ownership. Although total rhino numbers on private properties are still increasing, the number of properties owning rhinos is declining. This suggests a move away from traditional extensive properties to large, single-species breeding facilities, which are less valuable from a conservation perspective. The economic impact associated with increased poaching of rhinos over the past decade is the major challenge to private rhino ownership and may encourage disinvestment in rhinos. Some private rhino owners advocate for trade in rhino horn to generate the funds necessary for continued protection of their animals. However, other options to reduce disinvestment, such as local community-engagement projects, are likely to be more favourably received by the wider conservation industry.

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Wright, Oliver Thomas, Georgina Cundill, and Duan Biggs. "Stakeholder perceptions of legal trade in rhinoceros horn and implications for private reserve management in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Oryx 52, no. 1 (December 12, 2016): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000764.

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AbstractThe proposed legalization of international trade in rhinoceros horn is a hotly debated topic. South Africa is home to a large proportion of Africa's blackDiceros bicornisand white rhinocerosesCeratotherium simumpopulations. Private owners are custodians of c. 25% of the country's rhinoceroses, and the introduction of legal trade in horn harvested from live rhinoceroses may therefore have significant implications for the private conservation industry. This study explores perceptions of legal trade in rhinoceros horn, and its potential implications for reserve management, among rhinoceros owners and conservation practitioners from private game reserves in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from 17 private game reserves (c. 37% of the total number of reserves with rhinoceroses). Whereas rhinoceros owners were mostly in favour of trade, opinion among non-owners was more nuanced. Owners expressed more interest in trading in live rhinoceroses, and stockpiled horn from natural mortalities, than in sustainably harvesting rhinoceros horn for trade. Informants therefore predicted that they would not change their practices significantly if the trade were legalized. However, most informants had little confidence that CITES would lift the trade ban. The perspectives of private reserve owners and managers should be taken into account in South African and international policy discussions relating to the legal trade in rhinoceros horn.

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Henshaw, Peter J. "Britain, South Africa and the sterling area: gold production, capital investment and agricultural markets 1931–1961." Historical Journal 39, no. 1 (March 1996): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00020732.

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ABSTRACTSouth Africa was part of the sterling area (an international currency and payments system centred on Britain) from 1933 until the area itself collapsed in the early 1970s. This was despite the fact that throughout this period, and especially after 1948, Afrikaner nationalists were actively undermining other elements of the British connection. The South African government was compelled to enter and remain in the area above all because of its dependence on Britain both as a customer for South African agricultural goods (the production and export of which were disproportionately significant in South African politics) and as a source of capital funds and goods (particularly for the highly capital-intensive gold-mining industry which dominated the South African economy as a whole). The British government promoted South Africa's membership of the area not just for reasons of economics (the flow of South African gold to London facilitated the maintenance of sterling as an international currency; trade with South Africa could generate substantial net earnings of convertible currency which helped to sustain British trade on a largely multilateral basis) but also for reasons of strategy, geopolitics and prestige.

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Waetjen, Thembisa. "The Politics of Narcotic Medicines in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa." Social History of Medicine 32, no. 3 (February 26, 2018): 586–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hky004.

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Summary Controls over trade and consumption of narcotic medicines emerged as both a concern and emblem of progressive governance around the turn of the twentieth century. This article traces political struggles over drugs regulation in the case of colonial South Africa. It focuses on two parallel streams of law-making by the British occupation regime in the Transvaal, following the Anglo-Boer war. Controversies over the availability of traditional ‘Dutch medicines’ to Boer farmers and prohibitions of certain patent medicines to African consumers were elements of, and contradictions within, the process of building a modern pharmaceutical economy. An influx to the region of new curatives coincided with the growth of vernacular newspapers as well as temperance campaigns. Working to nurture white national cohesion and support a mining industry premised on unskilled black labour, the South African state created race-based drugs controls. These developments proved significant to regulatory statecraft later in the century.

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Gordon, Steven, and Brij Maharaj. "Representing foreign workers in the private security industry: a South African perspective on trade union engagement." Journal of Modern African Studies 52, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x13000773.

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ABSTRACTIn recent years South African cities have become home to a large number of undocumented migrant workers. If trade unions do not organise undocumented migrant workers, it opens up such workers to exploitation and maltreatment by employers, thereby creating a split labour market that undermines the entire labour movement. This article focuses on the responses of the national trade union movement in the private security sector to the presence of undocumented workers at the grassroots level. Using a case study approach, we find that the pressures of labour market informalisation in the industry prompt unions to seek to maintain and advance their position from their traditional support base of citizen workers rather than attempt to include new groups. The failure to engage is reinforced by anti-immigrant attitudes which link foreigners with problems in the industry such as low wages and portrays such workers as co-conspirators rather than comrades. While justice and solidarity have always been the foundation of trade unionism in South Africa, the movement is in danger of failing this test if the current situation in terms of the exclusion of undocumented foreign workers persists.

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Moller, Jana. "Comparing electronic short books from the USA and the UK to South Africa." Electronic Library 32, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-01-2013-0014.

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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the electronic short books phenomenon from the USA and the UK which has spilled over to South Africa. By looking at the benefits these short books have for readers and authors, and the possible reasons for their success, the aim is to determine whether or not these books can be as successful a venture in South Africa as it has been elsewhere. Design/methodology/approach – Information about electronic short books, or e-singles, is gathered from various sources, including press releases and sales results. Information is gathered to determine the receptiveness to electronic short books of the South African trade book reading market, the way South African publishers are presenting e-singles to the market and what the future for e-singles may be. Findings – The findings of this paper make it clear that e-singles have found a gap in the market, providing various benefits to authors and readers, which may have contributed to their success. In South Africa, the success of e-singles faces unique obstacles, like a weaker reading culture and a poor awareness of e-books. Publishers need to make a bigger effort to become visible in the eyes of their readers and need to think about better distribution strategies. Research limitations/implications – With comparisons, accuracy is dependent on information provided by organizations (on their Web sites). Originality/value – This paper offers information about a new publishing trend – only a few months in South Africa. It offers a look into the state of the trade book industry in South Africa, how e-singles may function in it and what publishers of e-singles may do to ensure more success. It predicts the future of e-singles in South Africa based on its unique situation, pointing out what obstacles there may be to their uptake.

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Sucheran, Reshma, and Lucinda Arulappan. "Eco-Labels in the Tourism Sector in South Africa: Benefits and Barriers." African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, no. 9(6) (December 15, 2020): 979–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-63.

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The considerable increase in tourism activities over the years equates to notable economic and social benefits. Patent as one of the most emergent sectors of the global economy, the degree and prospect of tourism growth, however, raises concerns on its negative environmental and social impacts. Conserving these environments is of utmost importance as damage to environmental quality can eventually destroy the tourism industry. The launch of eco-labels to environmentally vulnerable tourism organizations and destinations is presently being implemented in many countries in an effort to protect the natural and socio-cultural resources of a destination. A number of eco-labels exist within the tourism industry in South Africa. These eco-labels are anticipated to have a profound effect on the contribution towards sustainable tourism within the country as these are considered to be highly compatible with sustainable tourism initiatives. This study provides an overview of eco-labels in South Africa and examines the benefits and barriers associated with eco-label certification. A quantitative research approach was used, and the data was collected utilizing an online questionnaire. A census sampling approach was used to target 104 tourism businesses in South Africa that have eco-label certification. The key eco-labels targeted in the study were the Blue Flag, Fair Trade in Tourism, Heritage Environmental Management Company, and GreenLine - certified by Heritage. The study revealed that tourism businesses in South Africa do experience several benefits through eco-label certification. However, businesses also encounter many barriers with eco-label certification in terms of high costs associated with being certified, the lack of general public awareness regarding eco-labels and the absence of government support. Consequently, cost reduction, promotion of public awareness as well as government support are the main areas of improvement suggested by tourism establishments with regards to eco-labels.

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Pillay, Suren, and Pieter W. Buys. "Climate Change: A Comparison Of Market-Based Instruments From A South African Perspective." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2013): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i4.7744.

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This article aims to consider the relevancy of (i) cap-and-trade schemes and (ii) carbon tax schemes in a developing economy context. Even though both schemes have a common goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, they operate very differently, each with their own set of advantages and disadvantages. Sustainable developments comprise various elements categorised in three primary dimensions environmental, economic and social. The objective of reducing greenhouse gases via the implementation of carbon tax or cap-and-trade schemes primarily addresses the environmental dimension of sustainable development. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, the impact of both schemes on the economically sustainable development, including industry competitiveness and growth, still has to be determined. In South Africa, the National Treasury made a decision to implement carbon tax as opposed to cap-and-trade schemes. In this article, the reasoning behind their decision in favour of carbon tax in the South African context is critically considered, firstly by evaluating the key characteristics between cap-and-trade and carbon tax schemes and secondly by considering the effectiveness hereof in the global context. It was found primary reason behind the favourable consideration of carbon tax was the fact the implementation thereof would be simpler using the existing taxation systems, whereas cap-and-trade would require the implementation of sophisticated mechanisms that may not provide the optimum benefit in a developing economy context.

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Krieg, Mark, and Shawn Cunningham. "Opportunities for the South African Foundry Industry in the Global Automotive Supply Chain." Advanced Materials Research 1019 (October 2014): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1019.26.

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Two rapid assessments of foundries in the automotive supply chain were conducted in 2012 and 2013 on behalf of the National Foundry Technology Network (NFTN), an initiative of the Department of Trade and Industry (dti). The investigation was not an academic or econometric study; but to identify areas where assistance was required by the foundries, and opportunities for growth. There are both Tier 1 and Tier 2 foundries that are qualified to, and do, supply the automotive sector. Castings, components and sub-assemblies are produced in South Africa for the majority of passenger vehicle manufactures. There has been an increase in volumes supplied by smaller, often Tier 2 & 3 foundries, however, drive train castings are largely imported. Furthermore, there was little evidence of supply contracts for the next model ranges. Local castings were said to be 10% to 30% more expensive than imported parts. Typically, sourcing discussions are made outside of the country, and price and security of supply are main considerations. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM’s) have committed to local sourcing, but it was clear that a significant intervention was required to change the downward trend. This would be outside the scope of both the Aluminium Federation of South Africa (AFSA) and the NFTN. It was recommended that a Competitive Improvement Initiative (CII) be launched by the NFTN. This was subsequently approved by the NFTN/dti.

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(АА) Rust, Braam. "The preparation of the labor relations landscape of South Africa (1994-2008): an environmental perspective for sustainable development." Environmental Economics 8, no. 1 (April 12, 2017): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(1).2017.10.

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This paper undertakes a review of the literature that examines the highlights and changes in specific external environmental factors (Ecology, Economy, Politics, Legislation and legal structures, and Society), between1994 and 2008 in South Africa, with the aim to ascertain how these factors affect the day-to-day labour relations in the workplace and add to sustainable development. These factors form the landscape for labour relations. Changes to them have consequences on the quality of labour relations, that is, inter alia, the frequency, and intensity of conflicts, disputes, demands and industrial actions. It is also evident that with its power and through the political system, the South African trade union was enhanced to shape the labour relations landscape. Labour laws were particularly designed to be worker friendly and to ensure that trade unions could use a fair collective bargaining system to spread the wealth of the mining industry, agriculture and other industries more evenly. Also, because of the alliance that exists between Labour and the ruling party (ANC), the economy was influenced so that economic policies could to a certain extent guide and steer economic growth, unemployment, inflation, interest rates and exchange rates. Trade unions were instruments in ensuring that formal changes in laws and policies did, in fact, reach and positively impact families and households within the social environment. Lastly, trade unions were the most effective instrument for heralding change within South Africa in the environmental fields of ecology, economy, politics, legislation and legal structures, as well as within society. Furthermore, these fields have interchangeably affected the labour relations landscape thereby indelibly shaping it between 1994 and 2008.

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Kaplan, David, and Raphael Kaplinsky. "Trade and Industrial Policy on an Uneven Playing Field: The Case of the Deciduous Fruit Canning Industry in South Africa." World Development 27, no. 10 (October 1999): 1787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00085-6.

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Spar, Debora L. "Markets: Continuity and Change in the International Diamond Market." Journal of Economic Perspectives 20, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.3.195.

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The international diamond cartel, which presides over the production side of the industry, may be the most successful and longest-lasting cartel in the world. The dominant company in the industry, DeBeers, has been around since 1880 and has been controlled by a single South African family, the Oppenheimers, since 1925. Eight countries produce the bulk of the world's gem diamonds, and most of the producing entities within these countries conform to a set of rules. This conformity is the product of over a century of careful planning and negotiation, in which DeBeers has undertaken largely successful efforts to control the diamond trade and maximize its long-term prospects. The past decade has seen the end of apartheid in South Africa, the fall of communism in Russia, the opening of major mines in Canada, and the emergence of a worldwide movement against so-called “blood” or “conflict” diamonds. While, these developments have pummeled the diamond industry and forced its central players—most notably DeBeers—to change the nature of their trade, these changes have not affected the core dynamic of the global diamond market. It remains an industry dominated by a single firm and an industry in which, perhaps uniquely, all of the major players understand the extent to which their long-term livelihood depends on the fate and actions of the others.

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Nattrass, Nicoli. "Meeting the Challenge of Unemployment?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 652, no. 1 (January 30, 2014): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213511189.

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South Africa has one of the highest rates of unemployment in the world. Job creation is a national priority, yet labor-intensive options are derided by the trade union movement as an unacceptable throwback to the “cheap labor” policies of apartheid, and effectively ruled out by the government in its recent National Development Plan (NDP). Instead, minimum-wage setting in South Africa continues to contribute to job destruction (as evidenced most recently in the clothing industry). Policy-makers hope that support for high-productivity firms and rapid economic growth will make up for job losses and solve the unemployment problem. Unfortunately, South Africa’s economic performance has been comparatively disappointing and constrained by negative investor sentiment, especially with regard to the labor market. The NDP has called for a social accord between labor and capital. But the prospects are not promising, and unemployment is likely to remain a significant feature of the South African economic landscape.

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Poole, Colin M., and Chris R. Shepherd. "Shades of grey: the legal trade in CITES-listed birds in Singapore, notably the globally threatened African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus." Oryx 51, no. 3 (April 13, 2016): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000234.

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AbstractThere are few published studies quantifying the volume of wildlife being traded through Singapore. We report on Singapore's involvement in the trade of avifauna listed on CITES based on government-reported data to CITES, with particular emphasis on Singapore's role in the trade of the globally threatened African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus. During 2005–2014 Singapore reported commercial import permits for 225,561 birds, from 35 countries, listed on CITES Appendices I and II, and the export of 136,912 similarly listed birds to 37 countries, highlighting the country's role as a major international transshipment hub for the global aviculture industry. Major exporters to Singapore included the Solomon Islands, the Netherlands, Taiwan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and South Africa. Major importers from Singapore included Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates and Japan. Singapore imported significant quantities of CITES-listed birds from African countries, including the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea and South Africa, a number of which have a history of abuse of CITES export permits, discrepancies in reported trade data, or an acknowledged lack of wildlife law enforcement capacity. Significant discrepancies were detected between import and export figures of CITES-listed avifauna reported by Singapore and its trading partners. Based on these findings we present three recommendations to improve the regulation and monitoring of the trade in CITES-listed bird species in Singapore.

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Maphosa, Michael, and Patrick Mabuza. "The Trade-Offs Between Pro-Poor and Cost-Reflective Tariffs in South Africa: A Regulatory Perspective." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 8, no. 6(J) (January 24, 2017): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v8i6(j).1494.

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Abstract: This paper presents arguments for and against cost reflectivity and pro-poor tariff policy in South African electricity supply from a regulatory perspective. This debate has been ongoing for decades in developing countries; however, there is still no clear direction on how countries should approach these two important competing policy positions. There are those that argue that achieving cost-reflective tariffs will attract private sector investment into the electricity supply industry (ESI) that will lead to much needed competition and reduced electricity tariffs. However, there are also those who argue that cost-reflective tariffs will make it difficult to achieve government social objectives of universal access through pro-poor tariffs, as cost-reflective tariffs will be unaffordable to the majority of the population. The fundamental question is what should come first, between cost-reflective tariffs and pro-poor tariffs in a developing country context, specifically in South Africa. This paper therefore attempts to examine the real trade-offs between pro-poor tariff policies and cost-reflective tariffs. The study attempts to answer one critical question: How can the electricity sector attract local and foreign investors, without necessarily affecting government social objectives such as universal access to electricity? The study finds that electricity consumers, and in particular poor households, have historically benefited from relatively cheap electricity and that tariffs have not been cost reflective. In other words, there is a mismatch between tariffs and the underlying costs of supplying electricity in South Africa. It also finds competing expectations between poor consumers and utilities. Consumers expect to receive electricity at an affordable price, while utilities argue that a good, reliable electricity supplyâ€™s tariffs must be matched with costs. Lastly, the study finds that it is difficult to achieve cost reflective tariffs in the short run, in an environment characterised by a high number of consumers dependent on government social grants and cross-subsidies. The study therefore recommends a gradual movement towards cost-reflective tariffs, together with the introduction of competition and energy efficiency and demand side management (EEDSM), in order to minimise the impact on the poor.Keywords: Tariffs, pro-poor, cost reflectivity, electricity, consumers

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Mitrofanova, Irina B., and Vladimir L. Liozner. "The socio-economic situation in South Africa in the early 2000-ies." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-2-223-234.

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The article describes political changes, unstable economic development and the difficult social situation in the country after the fall of the apartheid regime. South Africa’s raw materials orientation in the international division of labor and the weak development of manufacturing industries due to the narrow domestic market and lack of investment are shown. The factors that reduce economic growth rates have been identified: low investment activity in the country, declining volumes of foreign investment, a backward structure of industrial production in which extractive industries dominate, rising unemployment, low levels of education, and health care. The characteristic of the catastrophic stratification of South African society, the position of the white minority is given. The place of the country in the international division of labor is shown. Considered the main sectors of the economy of South Africa, among them: industry, agriculture, financial sector and transport network. After the abolition of the apartheid regime, South Africa retained in its foreign trade an emphasis on the export of mineral raw materials, coal and metallurgy products. Today, South Africa faces a number of serious socio-economic problems, generated both by the legacy of apartheid and by the influence of modern factors, both internal and external, that directly affect the country's economy and mutually aggravate each other. Second, a low level of education is a major socio-economic problem in South Africa. It takes a countdown from the days of apartheid, when the broad masses of a non-full population were either completely illiterate or received an education of poor quality. Thirdly, a serious problem is the glaring level of social stratification and poverty, which has been preserved since the days of apartheid.

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Vinti, Clive. "The Scope of the Powers of the Minister of Finance in Terms of Section 48(1)(b) of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964: An Appraisal of Recent Developments in Case Law." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 21 (September 14, 2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21i0a4268.

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This paper evaluates the scope of the powers of the Minister of Finance upon a request from the Minister of Trade and Industry to amend Schedule 1 to the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 (hereafter, CEA) in respect of imported goods as provided by section 48(1)(b) of the CEA. This assessment entails a case analysis of the High Court decisions in South Africa Sugar Association v the Minister of Trade and Industry 2017 4 All SA 555 (GP) and Pioneer Foods (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Finance 2017 ZAWCHC 110 (29 September 2017). These two cases offer for the first time, clarification on the nature of the power conferred on the Minister of Finance by section 48(1)(b) of the CEA. The High Court in these two cases rejected the argument that the role of the Minister of Finance in respect of the power conferred upon him/her by section 48(1)(b) is that of a "registrar" who merely 'rubberstamps' the decision of the Minister of Trade and Industry. Consequently, the High Court in both matters held that a veto power is conferred on the Minister of Finance which permits him/her to either accept or decline the request of the Minister of Trade and Industry to amend Schedule 1 of the CEA.To the contrary, this paper argues that if the Minister of Finance declines the request of the Minister of Trade and Industry, s/he is not 'giving effect' to the request of the Minister of Trade and Industry as required by section 48(1)(b) of the CEA and is thus acting ultra vires because s/he is assuming powers which never conferred on him/her by the legislature. This paper also argues that the High Court in both matters, misconstrued the relationship between section 48(1)(b) and the "public interest" provisions in section 48 and thus unjustifiably stripped the Minister of Trade and Industry of his/her power to implement an amendment to Schedule 1. In the final analysis, this paper explores the impact of the Customs Duty Act 30 of 2014 on the Minister of Finance's powers in this regard.

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Journal articles on the topic 'South Africa. Dept. of Trade and Industry'

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