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1
Nair, Chandran, and Satendra Nandan. "South East Asia/South pacific: Poems." Wasafiri 10, no. 21 (March 1995): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690059508589427.
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Macaya, Erasmo C., Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez, Roland R. Melzer, Roland Meyer, Günter Försterra, and Vreni Häussermann. "Rhodolith beds in the South-East Pacific." Marine Biodiversity 45, no. 2 (July 6, 2014): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12526-014-0254-z.
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Wu, Chien-Huei. "ASEAN at the Crossroads: Trap and Track between CPTPP and RCEP." Journal of International Economic Law 23, no. 1 (November 27, 2019): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz032.
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Abstract In the wake of the mega-free trade agreements, all of the 10 member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations are determined to participate in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and to maintain the centrality of the Association of South East Asian Nations whereas Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam have also opted for the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. In view of divergent positions of member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations, this paper asks two questions: empirically, what drives individual member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations toward the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership or Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership; normatively, do the different positions embraced by member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations weaken the coherence of external relations of the Association of South East Asian Nations and undermine its centrality in Asian regionalism. I argued that Singapore’s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership is mainly motivated by its wish to set the rules of free trade agreements in the Asian Pacific. Brunel aims to diversify its domestic economy and to undergo economic reform through international commitments. Vietnam and Malaysia joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership with a view to accessing American market, but Vietnam’s Trans-Pacific Partnership participation should also be understood in the context of its aggressive free trade agreements strategy. This paper argues that solidarity within member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations does not prevent economically advanced member countries from participating in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership for market access; nonetheless, the need of Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar should be taken into account through special and differential treatment in Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership negotiations.
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Coyle, RG, and GR McGlone. "Projecting scenarios for South-east Asia and the South-west Pacific." Futures 27, no. 1 (January 1995): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(94)00001-y.
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Claustre, H., A. Sciandra, and D. Vaulot. "Introduction to the special section bio-optical and biogeochemical conditions in the South East Pacific in late 2004: the BIOSOPE program." Biogeosciences 5, no. 3 (May 6, 2008): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-679-2008.
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Abstract. The objectives of the BIOSOPE (BIogeochemistry and Optics SOuth Pacific Experiment) project was to study, during the austral summer, the biological, biogeochemical and bio-optical properties of different trophic regimes in the South East Pacific: the eutrophic zone associated with the upwelling regime off the Chilean coast, the mesotrophic area associated with the plume of the Marquises Islands in the HNLC (High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll) waters of this subequatorial area, and the extremely oligotrophic area associated with the central part of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). At the end of 2004, a 55-day international cruise with 32 scientists on board took place between Tahiti and Chile, crossing the SPG along a North-West South-East transect. This paper describes in detail the objectives of the BIOSOPE project, the implementation plan of the cruise, the main hydrological entities encountered along the ~8000 km South East Pacific transect, and ends with a general overview of the 32 other papers published in this special issue.
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Claustre, H., A. Sciandra, and D. Vaulot. "Introduction to the special section Bio-optical and biogeochemical conditions in the South East Pacific in late 2004: the BIOSOPE program." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2008): 605–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-605-2008.
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Abstract. The objectives of the BIOSOPE (BIogeochemistry and Optics SOuth Pacific Experiment) project was to study, during the austral summer, the biological, biogeochemical and bio-optical properties of different trophic regimes in the South East Pacific: the eutrophic zone associated with the upwelling regime of the Chilean coast, he mesotrophic area associated with the plume of the Marquises Islands in the HNLC (High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll) waters of this subequatorial area, and the extremely oligotrophic area associated with the central part of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG). At the end of 2004, a 55-day international cruise with 32 scientists on board took place between Tahiti and Chile, crossing the SPG along a North-West South-East transect. This paper describes in detail the objective of the BIOSOPE project, the implementation plan of the cruise, the main hydrological entities encountered along the ~8000 km South East pacific transect and ends with a general overview of the papers published in this Biogeosciences special issue.
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Huyan, Lidou, Jianping Li, Sen Zhao, Cheng Sun, Di Dong, Ting Liu, and Yufei Zhao. "The Impact of Layer Perturbation Potential Energy on the East Asian Summer Monsoon." Journal of Climate 30, no. 17 (September 2017): 7087–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0729.1.
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This paper analyzes the relationship between the 1000–850-hPa layer perturbation potential energy (LPPE) as the difference in local potential energy between the actual state and the reference state and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) using reanalysis and observational datasets. The EASM is closely related to the first-order moment term of LPPE (LPPE1) from the preceding March to the boreal summer over three key regions: the eastern Indian Ocean, the subtropical central Pacific, and midlatitude East Asia. The LPPE1 pattern (−, +, +), with negative values over the eastern Indian Ocean, positive values over the subtropical central Pacific, and positive values over East Asia, corresponds to negative LPPE1 anomalies over the south of the EASM region but positive LPPE1 anomalies over the north of the EASM region, which lead to an anomalous downward branch over the southern region but an upward branch over the northern region. The anomalous vertical motion affects the local meridional circulation over East Asia that leads to a southwesterly wind anomaly over East Asia (south of 30°N) at 850 hPa and anomalous downward motion over 100°–120°E (along 25°–35°N), resulting in a stronger EASM, more kinetic energy over the EASM region, and less boreal summer rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (24°–36°N, 90°–125°E). These LPPE1 anomalies in the eastern Indian Ocean and subtropical central Pacific appear to be connected to changes in local sea surface temperature through the release of latent heat.
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KRŠINIĆ, FRANO. "Fauna of tintinnids (Tintinnida, Ciliata) during an Arctic-Antarctic cruise, with the S/V “Croatian Tern”." Zootaxa 4399, no. 3 (March 21, 2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4399.3.1.
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An investigation of large tintinnids was carried out during the Arctic-Antarctic cruise aboard the S/V “Croatian Tern” in the period from 1994 to 1997. Samples were collected at 33 stations by vertical tows with a Nansen net with a 53 µm mesh size in the Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic, Labrador Sea, Baffin Bay, the Beaufort, Chukchi and Bering Seas, East North Pacific, South Pacific, South East Pacific, Scotia Sea, and South West Atlantic. A total of 47 species of tintinnids were found, with the greatest diversity in the Tropical areas of the Pacific, Arctic and Subarctic. A very high total abundance was registered in the Bering Sea of 247,393 ind.m-3 and in the South-eastern Pacific of 66,211 ind.m-3. The dominant species in the northern areas was Ptychocylis obtusa and in the southern areas Eutintinnus rugosus.
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Stone, Beth. "Interlibrary loan traffic in the South West Pacific and South East Asia." Interlending & Document Supply 17, no. 2 (February 1989): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003456.
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Nakai, Yasuharu, Souichirou Kubota, Yuji Goto, Takeshi Ishibashi, William Davison, and Sei-ichi Kohno. "Chromosome elimination in three Baltic, south Pacific and north-east Pacific hagfish species." Chromosome Research 3, no. 5 (August 1995): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00713071.
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Hedman, Eva‐Lotta E. "In Search of Oppositions: South East Asia in Focus." Government and Opposition 32, no. 4 (October 1997): 578–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00447.x.
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ANY INVESTIGATION OF POLITICAL OPPOSITIONS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC must necessarily begin, if not end, with the obvious. First of all, there is the evident weakness of political oppositions in much of this part of the world today — whether we focus on the commonly capitalized ‘Opposition’ denoting ‘a political party opposing, and serving as a check on, the party in power’ (Webster's, italics added), or on the more variegated lower case ‘alternative oppositions’ often associated with so-called ‘non-governmental organizations’ of some sort or another. To a considerable extent, therefore, this question involves the compounded difficulty of not merely explaining the careers and conditions of manifest political groupings and their respective trajectories but also, significantly, of retrieving the historical traces, lived experiences and collective memories of oppositions displaced — whether by means of incorporation or of exclusion. Secondly, despite its remarkable recent rise in political, financial and academic discourse, ‘the Asia-Pacific’ remains a highly elusive — and eminently elastic — conception in terms of historical, economic and cultural content. Significantly, for the present discussion, no ‘wave’ of regime transitions comparable to those witnessed in other regions — Southern Europe, Latin America, Eastern Europe and Tropical Africa — can be discerned across the countries encompassed within ‘the Asia-Pacific’.
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Strassburg, M. W., B. D. Hamlington, R. R. Leben, P. Manurung, J. Lumban Gaol, B. Nababan, S. Vignudelli, and K. Y. Kim. "Sea level trends in South East Asian Seas (SEAS)." Climate of the Past Discussions 10, no. 5 (October 17, 2014): 4129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-10-4129-2014.
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Abstract. Southeast Asian Seas (SEAS) span the largest archipelago in the global ocean and provide a complex oceanic pathway connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The SEAS regional sea level trends are some of the highest observed in the modern satellite altimeter record that now spans almost two decades. Initial comparisons of global sea level reconstructions find that 17 year sea level trends over the past 60 years exhibit good agreement in areas and at times of strong signal to noise associated decadal variability forced by low frequency variations in Pacific trade winds. The SEAS region exhibits sea level trends that vary dramatically over the studied time period. This historical variation suggests that the strong regional sea level trends observed during the modern satellite altimeter record will abate as trade winds fluctuate on decadal and longer time scales. Furthermore, after removing the contribution of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) to sea level trends in the past twenty years, the rate of sea level rise is greatly reduced in the SEAS region. As a result of the influence of the PDO, the SEAS regional sea level trends during 2010s and 2020s are likely to be less than the global mean sea level (GMSL) trend if the observed oscillations in wind forcing and sea level persist. Nevertheless, long-term sea level trends in the SEAS will continue to be affected by GMSL rise occurring now and in the future.
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Laptikhovsky, V. V., and C. M. Nigmatullin. "Egg size and fecundity in females of the subfamilies Todaropsinae and Todarodinae (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79, no. 3 (June 1999): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531549800071x.
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Size of ripe eggs and potential fecundity are described in the squid of the subfamilies Todaropsinae and Todarodinae (Oegopsida: Ommastrephidae)—Todaropsis eblanae from West Africa, Todarodes angolensis from Namibia, Todarodes sagittatus from north-west Africa and the Mediterranean Sea, Todarodes sp. from the south-east Pacific, Nototodarus hawaiiensis from the south-east Pacific and West Indian Ocean and Martialia hyadesi from the south-west Atlantic. Females of both subfamilies are characterized by a wide range of ripe egg size (0.7–2.4 mm) and low and medium values of potential fecundity (20,000–2,500,000).
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Ma, Jing, Shang-Ping Xie, and Haiming Xu. "Intermember Variability of the Summer Northwest Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone in the Ensemble Forecast." Journal of Climate 30, no. 10 (May 2, 2017): 3927–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0638.1.
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Abstract The accurate prediction of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) remains a major challenge for the climate research community. The northwest Pacific (NWP) subtropical anticyclone (NWPSA) is the dominant feature of the EASM low-level circulation variability. This study identifies two coupled modes between intermember anomalies of the NWPSA and sea surface temperature (SST). The first mode features SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific. This tropical Pacific mode has little impact on East Asian climate. The second mode features a strong coupling between SST in the north Indian Ocean (NIO)–NWP and NWPSA, with large impacts on East Asia. This resembles the Indo–western Pacific Ocean capacitor (IPOC) mode of interannual variability. Major differences exist in temporal evolution of the intermember SST spread between the equatorial Pacific and NIO. In the equatorial Pacific, the intermember SST spread grows gradually with lead time, while the spread of SST and low-level zonal wind grow rapidly from May to June in the NIO. The rapid growth over the NIO is due to positive feedback arising from the coupling between intermember anomalies of SST and winds. In post–El Niño summer, the intermember spread in equatorial Pacific SST forecast represents the variations in the timing of the El Niño phase transition. The late decay of El Niño relates to SST cooling and an anomalous cyclonic circulation over the South China Sea (SCS) but with little impact on East Asian climate. Thus, a better representation of the IPOC mode of regional ocean–atmosphere interaction over the NIO–NWP holds the key to improving the reliability of seasonal forecast of East Asian climate.
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Zhang, Dapeng, Yanyan Huang, BoTao Zhou, and Huijun Wang. "Is There Interdecadal Variation in the South Asian High?" Journal of Climate 34, no. 20 (October 2021): 8089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-21-0059.1.
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AbstractThe decadal intensification of the South Asian high (SAH) after the late 1970s, which is determined based on the geopotential height (H), is suspicious due to the lifting effect upon H caused by global warming. The updated reanalysis datasets ERA5 and JRA-55 indicate that the anticyclone in the upper troposphere over the Tibetan Plateau is relatively weak during 1980–2018 compared to that during 1950–79. This decadal weakening of the SAH after 1979 can also be observed in the radiosonde observation data. Correspondingly, the SAH defined by eddy geopotential height (H′) reflects a consistent decadal weakening variation. The decadal weakening of SAH detected from H′ after the late 1970s matches with a decadal southward shift of the East Asian westerly jet, causing ascending motions over the Yangtze River valley and descending motions over North China. Moreover, the decadal weakening and westward shift of the SAH is accompanied with positive relative vorticity anomalies over the northwest Pacific in the upper troposphere, which implies a declining and eastward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and a weakened East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). Hence, the decadal weakening of the SAH after the late 1970s may contribute to the Yangtze River flooding/North China drought pattern through its connection with other circulation systems of EASM.
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Beaufort, L., M. Couapel, N. Buchet, H. Claustre, and C. Goyet. "Calcite production by coccolithophores in the south east Pacific Ocean." Biogeosciences 5, no. 4 (August 4, 2008): 1101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1101-2008.
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Abstract. BIOSOPE cruise covered an oceanographic transect through the centre of the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) from the Marquesas archipelago to the Peru-Chile upwelling (PCU). Water samples from 6 depths in the euphotic zone were collected at 20 stations. The concentrations of suspended calcite particles, coccolithophores cells and detached coccoliths were estimated together with size and weight using an automatic polarizing microscope, a digital camera, and a collection of softwares performing morphometry and pattern recognition. Some of these softwares are new and described here for the first time. The coccolithophores standing stocks were usually low and reached maxima west of the PCU. The coccoliths of Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa spp. and Crenalithus spp. (Order Isochrysidales) represented more than 30% of all the suspended calcite particles detected in the size range 0.1–46 μm (22% of PIC in term of calcite weight). These species grew preferentially in the Chlorophyll maximum zone. In the SPG their maximum cell concentrations were recorded between depth of 150 and 200 m, which is unusually deep for these taxa. The weight of coccoliths and coccospheres were correlated to their size. Large and heavy coccoliths and coccospheres were found in regions with relatively high fertility in the Marquises Island and in the PCU. Small and light coccoliths and coccospheres were found west of the PCU. This distribution is strongly related to ocean chemistry in particular to alkalinity and to carbonate ions concentration. The biotic (coccolithophores production) influence on calcification is mainly driven at the local scale (depth) whereas the abiotic (carbonate chemistry) plays its most important role at the regional (horizontal) level. Here 94% of the variability of coccolith and coccosphere weight can be explained by a change in 7 environmental variables.
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Le Gall, F., F. Rigaut-Jalabert, D. Marie, L. Garczarek, M. Viprey, A. Gobet, and D. Vaulot. "Picoplankton diversity in the South-East Pacific Ocean from cultures." Biogeosciences 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2008): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-203-2008.
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Abstract. In late 2004, the BIOSOPE cruise sailed between the equatorial influenced waters off the Marquesas Islands and the nutrient enriched waters of the Chilean upwelling. Along the way, it explored the Southeast Pacific gyre centred around Easter Island, which is probably the most oligotrophic oceanic region on earth. During this cruise, we undertook a vigorous effort to isolate novel photosynthetic picoplanktonic eukaryotes. Two strategies were attempted on board: enrichment of filtered samples with culture medium and sorting of specific populations by flow cytometry based on size and chlorophyll fluorescence. Over 1900 pre-cultures were started and then further purified by flow cytometry, serial dilution or pipette isolation to yield a total of 212 strains. These strains were characterized morphologically and for more than 50% of them, genetically, through partial sequencing of the 18 S rRNA gene. Among the characterized strains, the largest number belongs to stramenopiles (Heterokontophyta) with a record of 38 strains belonging to the species Pelagomonas calceolata (Pelagophyceae). Strains from the recently described genera Bolidomonas and Florenciella have been re-isolated for the first time since their description. Two other abundant groups are the Chlorophyta, especially Prasinophyceae, and the Haptophyta, especially the genera Phaeocystis and Emiliania. A limited number of heterotrophic flagellates have also been isolated, all of them belonging to groups containing known species. Finally, over a dozen of unicellular cyanobacterial Synechococcus strains have been obtained, some forming unusual short chains. Overall our strategy was quite successful since it allowed us to isolate a large number of picoplankton strains. Still it failed in two respects. First, apparently very few novel taxa have been obtained. One set of strains is related to Prasinoderma coloniale (Prasinococcales, Prasinophyceae) but their sequences are sufficiently different from the latter to probably belong to a new genus or species. The sequences of two other strains, unfortunately later lost, were phylogenetically affiliated to stramenopile environmental sequences, probably corresponding to a new algal class. Second, very few strains have been obtained from the very oligotrophic central gyre itself. In order to be successful, future work in similar waters should probably combine flow cytometry sorting with culture media and cultivation approaches specifically developed for oligotrophic water species.
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Le Gall, F., F. Rigaut-Jalabert, D. Marie, L. Garczarek, M. Viprey, A. Gobet, and D. Vaulot. "Picoplankton diversity in the South-East Pacific Ocean from cultures." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 7, 2007): 2699–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2699-2007.
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Abstract. In late 2004, the BIOSOPE cruise sailed between the equatorial influenced waters off Marquesas islands and the nutrient enriched waters of the Chilean upwelling. Along the way, it explored the Southeast Pacific gyre centred around Easter Island, which is probably the most oligotrophic oceanic region on earth. During this cruise, we undertook a vigorous effort to isolate novel photosynthetic picoplanktonic eukaryotes. Two strategies were attempted on board: enrichment of samples with culture medium and sorting of specific populations by flow cytometry based on chlorophyll fluorescence. Over 1900 pre-cultures were started and then further purified by flow cytometry, serial dilution or pipette isolation to yield a total of 212 strains. These strains were characterized morphologically and for more than 50% of them, genetically, through partial sequencing of the 18 S rRNA gene. Among the characterized strains, the largest number are stramenopiles (Heterokontophyta) with a record of 38 strains belonging to the species Pelagomonas calceolata (Pelagophyceae). Strains from the recently described genera Bolidomonas and Florenciella have been re-isolated for the first time since their description. Two other abundant groups are the Chlorophyta, especially Prasinophyceae, and the Haptophyta, especially the genera Phaeocystis and Emiliania. A limited number of heterotrophic flagellates have also been isolated, all of them closely related to known species. Finally over a dozen of unicellular cyanobacteria strains have been obtained, some forming unusual short chains. Overall our strategy was quite successful since it allowed us to isolate a large number of picoplankton strains but failed in two respects. First, apparently very few novel taxa have been obtained. One set of strains is related to Prasinoderma coloniale (Prasinococcales, Prasinophyceae) but their sequences are sufficiently different from the latter to probably belong to a new genus or species. The sequences of two other strains are phylogenetically affiliated to stramenopile environmental sequences, probably corresponding a new algal class. Second, very few strains have been obtained from the very oligotrophic central gyre itself. Future work should probably combine flow cytometry sorting with culture media and cultivation approaches specifically developed for oligotrophic water species.
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McHugh, Maurice J. "Impact of South Pacific circulation variability on east African rainfall." International Journal of Climatology 26, no. 4 (2006): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1257.
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Hill, Hal. "East Timor´s Future: Southeast Asian or South Pacific?$^{1}$." Southeast Asian Affairs 2001 2001, no. 1 (April 2001): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/seaa01f.
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Hong, Yuanyuan, Moriaki Yasuhara, Hokuto Iwatani, and Briony Mamo. "Baseline for ostracod-based northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific shallow-marine paleoenvironmental reconstructions: ecological modeling of species distributions." Biogeosciences 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-585-2019.
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Abstract. Fossil ostracods have been widely used for Quaternary paleoenvironmental reconstructions, especially in marginal marine environments (e.g., for water depth, temperature, salinity, oxygen levels, pollution). But our knowledge of indicator species autoecology, the base of paleoenvironmental reconstructions, remains limited and commonly lacks robust statistical support and comprehensive comparison with environmental data. We analyzed marginal marine ostracod taxa at 52 sites in Hong Kong for which comprehensive environmental data are available. We applied linear regression models to reveal relationships between species distribution and environmental factors for 18 common taxa (mainly species, a few genera) in our Hong Kong dataset and identified indicator species of environmental parameters. For example, Sinocytheridea impressa, a widely distributed euryhaline species throughout the East and South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific, indicates eutrophication and bottom-water hypoxia. Neomonoceratina delicata, a widely known species from nearshore and estuarine environments in the East and South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific, indicates heavy metal pollution and increased turbidity. The 18 taxa used for this study are widely distributed geographically and divided into the following groups: widespread (throughout the northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific regions), temperate (South China Sea to Russia (Sea of Japan coast) and Japan), subtropical (Indo-Pacific to the East China Sea), tropical (Indo-Pacific and South China Sea), and globally distributed. With statistical support from ecological modeling and comprehensive environmental data, these results provide a robust baseline for ostracod-based Quaternary–Anthropocene paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the tropical–extratropical northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific. Highlights. We provide a robust baseline for ostracod-based (microscopic Arthropods) paleoenvironmental reconstructions from Quaternary and Anthropocene marginal marine sediments. The studied species have wide distributions over the tropics and extratropics of the northwestern Pacific and Indo-Pacific. Ecological modeling has established ostracod species as reliable indicators for paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
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Algheriani, Nuri Mohamed Saad. "BUSINESS STANDARDIZATION IN THE WORLD – STATE OF THE ART." International Journal "Advanced Quality" 44, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25137/ijaq.n1.v44.y2016.p47-52.
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The purpose of this paper is to conduct an analysis of number of companies with certified standardized management systems (SMS) obtained for standards 9001, 14001, 16949, 13485, 22000, 27000, and ISO50001 across the continents: Central and South America, North America, East Asia and Pacific, Central and South Asia, Europe, and Africa. In 2014 the number of certificates for all SMS amounts1580679 of which 657280 certificates were issued in Europe, 63430 in Central and South America, 74127 in North America, 708091 in East Asia and Pacific, 63002 in central and South Asia, and 14749 in Africa. Since the number of inhabitants and gross domestic product are important growth predicto rs together with number of certificates they are combined for further analysis. The European continent is the leader according to the number of certificates per number of inhabitants , whereas East Asia and Pacific is ranked first in the parameter gross domestic product per number of certificates . Regression analysis is used to calculate the predicted number of certificates including all SMS and it gives forecast for the next decade (2024th year).
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Itoh, Tomoyuki, and Shiro Sawadaishi. "Spawning area and season of butterfly kingfish (Gasterochisma melampus), a large scombrid adapted to cooler temperate southern water." Marine and Freshwater Research 69, no. 1 (2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17077.
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In the present study we investigated spawning of the butterfly kingfish (Gasterochisma melampus), a Scombridae species distributed in circumpolar temperate waters of the Southern Hemisphere in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Using data from 25564 individuals collected by longline operations from 1987 to 1996, analysis of the gonadosomatic index, maturity based on oocyte size and the presence of hydrated eggs revealed that the spawning area was between longitude 85 and 130°W and latitude 28 and 41°S in the south-east Pacific Ocean, and that the spawning season was from mid-April to mid-July. Length–frequency data suggested that larger fish arrived and spawned earlier, whereas smaller fish did so later. The species has distinctive reproductive characteristics compared with other Scombridae: it produces large hydrated eggs 1.6mm in diameter, sea surface temperatures in the spawning area were as low as 14–18°C and more than 80% of fish were female. The south-east Pacific Ocean may be the only (and is at least the major) spawning area of the species. Butterfly kingfish is a single stock that migrates to the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans to feed and returns to the south-east Pacific Ocean to spawn.
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Teitelbaum, Hector, Hervé Le Treut, Mohamed Moustaoui, Gustavo C. Cabrera, and Guillermo Ibañez. "Deep Convection East of the Andes Cordillera: A Test Case Analysis of Airmass Origin." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 2201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007mwr2088.1.
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Abstract Warm and moist air masses, required to generate deep convection east of the Andes Cordillera, are generally the result of humidity transport by the so-called low-level jet (LLJ). In this paper, it is shown from detailed test cases that the eastern part of the continent and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean may constitute another source of moist, warm air, which could be of potential importance even in the presence of a southerly LLJ. The position of the anticyclones crossing South America from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean appears to be a key factor affecting the origin of moisture over the continent. In particular, the LLJ may weaken and even change its direction when the eastern side of the South Pacific anticyclone crosses the mountains; this wind reversal is generally associated with deep convection suppression. Thus, as a South Pacific anticyclone crosses the continent more to the east and its western side reaches the east coast of South America, deep convection can reappear east of the Andes, over the Mendoza region, although the LLJ is frequently suppressed. This is associated with a transport of warm and moist air from Uruguay, southeast Brazil, or even directly from the Atlantic Ocean.
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Sun, Jianqi, Jing Ming, Mengqi Zhang, and Shui Yu. "Circulation Features Associated with the Record-Breaking Rainfall over South China in June 2017." Journal of Climate 31, no. 18 (September 2018): 7209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0903.1.
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In June 2017, south China suffered from intense rainfall that broke the record spanning the previous 70 years. In this study, the large-scale circulations associated with the south China June rainfall are analyzed. The results show that the anomalous Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern is a direct influence on south China June rainfall or East Asian early summer rainfall. In addition, the Australian high was the strongest in June 2017 during the past 70 years, which can increase the equatorward flow to northern Australia and activate convection over the Maritime Continent. Enhanced convection over the Maritime Continent can further enhance local meridional circulation along East Asia, engendering downward motion over the tropical western North Pacific and enhancing the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and upward motion over south China, which increases the rainfall therein. In addition, a strong wave train pattern associated with North Atlantic air–sea interaction was observed in June 2017 at Northern Hemispheric mid- to high latitudes; it originated from the North Atlantic and propagated eastward to East Asia, resulting in an anomalous anticyclone over the Mongolian–Baikal Lake region. This anomalous anticyclone produced strong northerly winds over East Asia that encountered the southerly associated with the WPSH over south China, thereby favoring intense rainfall over the region. Case studies of June 2017 and climate research based on data during 1979–2017 and 1948–2017 indicate that the extremities of the atmospheric circulation over south Europe and Australian high and their coupling with the PJ pattern could be responsible for the record-breaking south China rainfall in June 2017.
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Segal, Gerald. "Security in south-east Asia and the south-west Pacific: challenge of the 1990s." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622273.
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Vethamani, Malachi Edwin. "South East Asia/South pacific: Malaysian, Singaporean & Fijian writers of the Indian Diaspora." Wasafiri 10, no. 21 (March 1995): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690059508589426.
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Wu, Yi-Kai, An-Yi Huang, Chia-Kai Wu, Chi-Cherng Hong, and Chi-Chun Chang. "Effect of Warm SST in the Subtropical Eastern North Pacific on Triggering the Abrupt Change of the Mei-Yu Rainfall over South China in the Early 1990s." Journal of Climate 33, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 657–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0292.1.
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AbstractIn the early 1990s, the mei-yu rainfall over South China in early boreal summer exhibited an abrupt change and northward extension. This change altered the pattern of East Asian summer rainfall from a dipole-like to a monopole-like pattern; that is, the out-of-phase relationship between the rainfall in the south and that in the north of the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley changed to an in-phase relationship. The physical processes potentially responsible for triggering this abrupt change were analyzed in this study. Our observations revealed that the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), sea surface temperature (SST) in the subtropical eastern North Pacific (SENP), and the mei-yu rainfall in South China exhibited an abrupt increase in the early 1990s, suggesting that these factors are correlated. From the observations and results of numerical experiments, we proposed that the abrupt SST warming in the SENP in the early 1990s generated an east–west overturning circulation anomaly in the Pacific Ocean and that the anomalous downward motion in the western North Pacific consequently triggered the abrupt increase and westward extension of the WNPSH in the early 1990s. The enhanced and westward extension of WNPSH created a low-level southeasterly anomaly that transported considerable humid and warm air into East Asia and sequentially triggered the abrupt increase of mei-yu rainfall in the South China in the early 1990s.
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Shaughnessy, Peter D., and Margaret Christian. "Seals (Pinnipedia) at Norfolk Island, south-west Pacific." Australian Mammalogy 38, no. 2 (2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15035.
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Five seals were observed at Norfolk Island (29°S, 168°E) between 2000 and 2013. Two have been identified as Arctocephalus forsteri on the basis of photographs, a juvenile or weaned pup that weighed 9.5 kg and a subadult male. The nearest known aggregation of these fur seals is at Three Kings Islands (34°S, 172°E), 700 km to the south-east. Because New Zealand fur seals are increasing in abundance in New Zealand and Australia, sightings of vagrant fur seals at Norfolk Island are likely to increase.
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Zhu, Anbao, Haiming Xu, Jiechun Deng, Jing Ma, and Shuhui Li. "El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect on interannual variability in spring aerosols over East Asia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 5919–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5919-2021.
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Abstract. Effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the interannual variability in spring aerosols over East Asia are investigated using the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis aerosol data. Results show that the ENSO has a crucial effect on the spring aerosols over mainland South East Asia, southern China, and the ocean south of Japan. The above-normal (below-normal) aerosols are found over these regions during the ensuing spring of El Niño (La Niña). In contrast to the local aerosol diffusion in winter, the ENSO affects East Asian aerosols in the following spring mainly via the modulation of upstream aerosol generation and transport processes. The underlying physical mechanism is that during the ensuing spring of El Niño (La Niña), the dry (wet) air and reduced (enhanced) precipitation are beneficial for the increase (reduction) in biomass burning activities over northern mainland South East Asia, resulting in more (fewer) carbonaceous aerosol emissions. On the other hand, the anomalous anticyclone (cyclone) over the north-western Pacific (WNP) associated with El Niño (La Niña) enhances (weakens) the low-level south-westerly wind from northern mainland South East Asia to southern Japan, which transports more (less) carbonaceous aerosol downstream. Anomalous precipitation plays a role in reducing aerosols over the source region, but its washout effect over the downstream region is limited. The ENSO's impact on the ensuing spring aerosols is mainly attributed to the eastern Pacific ENSO rather than the central Pacific ENSO.
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Abbas, Sohail, Mian Sabir Hussain, Safdar Ali Sherazi, Mareena Khurshid, and Saadia Sultan Wahla. "Connection between the South and East Asian Monsoons: Comparing Summer Monsoon Rainfall of Pakistan and South Korea." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 2 (September 24, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss2.2020.438.
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This study investigates the tele-connection of the southeast Asian monsoon systems by comparing the summer monsoon (June to September) rainfall variability between Pakistan and south Korea. The daily data sets (19812014) of rainfall of Pakistan and south Korea are utilized to explore the possible link. The data products of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) were also used for the understanding of the large-scale atmospheric environments. The patterns of summer monsoon rainfall on a daily basis between Pakistan and south Korea followed to each other throughout the year. Sub-seasonal differences of the summer monsoon revealed that July is the wettest month in both countries. The large-scale atmospheric environment of higher geopotential height revealed that the Tibetan high and the western north Pacific subtropical high are showing positive anomalies during positive phases over south Asia and east Asia, respectively. The anomalies of zonal wind are negative during positive phase and adverse in the negative phase between 20-40oN. The reduced westerly is interpreted as the seasonal variation and moving of jet streams from the east Asian route. The Tibetan high, northwestern Pacific subtropical high and the east Asian jet stream have reliable and sufficient linkage between the Pakistan and south Korea summer monsoon system.
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Zhang, Junbin, Zeping Cai, and Liangmin Huang. "Population genetic structure of crimson snapper Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia, revealed by analysis of the mitochondrial control region." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.01.004.
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Abstract The population genetic structure of the crimson snapper Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia was examined with a 427-bp hypervariable portion of the mtDNA control region. A total of 262 samples were collected and 75 haplotypes were obtained. Neutrality tests (Tajima's and Fu's) suggested that Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia had experienced a bottleneck followed by population expansion since the late Pleistocene. Despite the low phylogeographic structures in mtDNA haplotypes, a hierarchical examination of populations in 11 localities from four geographical regions using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated significant genetic differentiation among regions (ΦCT = 0.08564, p < 0.01). Limited gene flow between the eastern region (including a locality in the western Pacific Ocean and two localities in the East Sea) and three geographic regions of the South China Sea largely contributed to the genetic subdivision. However, comparisons among three geographic regions of the South China Sea showed little to no genetic difference. Populations of Lutjanus erythropterus in East Asia are inferred to be divided into two major groups: an eastern group, including populations of the western Pacific Ocean and the East Sea, and a South China Sea group, consisting of populations from northern Malaysia to South China. The results suggest that fishery management should reflect the genetic differentiation and diversity in East Asia.
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Ortiz, Edgardo. "S10-3 CARDIAC CHILDREN IN ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION: SOUTH-EAST ASIA." International Journal of Cardiology 122 (December 2007): S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5273(08)70335-8.
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Ingram, Gordon Brent, Lim Teck Ghee, and Mark J. Valencia. "Conflict Over Natural Resources in South-East Asia and the Pacific." Pacific Affairs 65, no. 4 (1992): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760349.
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Millar, R. H. "Ascidians collected during the South-east Pacific Biological Oceanographic Program (SEPBOP)." Journal of Natural History 22, no. 1 (February 1988): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770171.
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Wu, Bingyi, Renhe Zhang, Yihui Ding, and Rosanne D’Arrigo. "Distinct Modes of the East Asian Summer Monsoon*." Journal of Climate 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2008): 1122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1592.1.
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Abstract Resolution of a complex Hermitian matrix derived from monthly mean 850-hPa wind fields during the summer season (June–August) from 1968 to 2004 revealed four different modes of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) variability. The leading EASM mode, accounting for 19.6% of the variance, is characterized by two different modes (M11 and M12) or their combination. Both portray a closed cyclonic or anticyclonic circulation anomaly over the western North Pacific (WNP), South China Sea (SCS), and southeastern China; corresponding anomalous geopotential height fields show a wave train structure from the WNP across Japan, the Okhotsk Sea, and Alaska to North America. Thus, the leading EASM mode characterizes the teleconnection pattern of the WNP-EASM. The correlation between M11 (M12) and the dynamic index for the WNP-EASM is 0.85 (0.51). M11 has leading spectral peaks at 15 and 3 yr, whereas M12 displays a predominant peak at 2 yr. It is found that M11 has interdecadal variations, with the transition years being circa 1973 and 1989, respectively. M11 is closely related to air–sea interactions in the SCS and the northwestern Pacific, and its association with the convective heat source over the northwestern Pacific is secondary. In contrast, M12 is closely related to the tropical convective heat source rather than tropical western Pacific sea surface temperature (SST). The second EASM mode, accounting for 12.8% of the variance, is identified and characterized by two distinct and alternating modes or their linear combination (M21 and M22). One mode (M21) closely relates to the dual blocking high pattern detected in anomalous sea level pressure (SLP) and 500-hPa geopotential heights over the Ural Mountains and the Okhotsk Sea. The other (M22) corresponds to a dipole blocking anomaly in anomalous SLP and geopotential heights, with opposing anomalous centers in the south of Japan and the Korean peninsula, and the area between Lake Baikal and the Okhotsk Sea. M22 shows significant correlations with summer mean rainfall in southern and southeastern China. Thus, a single index of EASM is inappropriate for investigating and predicting the EASM.
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Chen, Junming, Ping Zhao, Song Yang, Ge Liu, and Xiuji Zhou. "Simulation and Dynamical Prediction of the Summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation and Associated Climate Anomalies by the NCEP CFSv2." Journal of Climate 26, no. 11 (May 31, 2013): 3644–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00368.1.
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Abstract The Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) is a dominant teleconnection pattern linking the climate anomalies over Asia, the North Pacific, and other regions including North America. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) successfully simulates many summer-mean features of the upper-tropospheric temperature, the South Asian high, the westerly and easterly jet streams, and the regional monsoons over Asia and Africa. It also well simulates the interannual variability of the APO and associated anomalies in atmospheric circulation, precipitation, surface air temperature (SAT), and sea surface temperature (SST). Associated with a positive APO are a strengthened South Asian high; a weakened extratropical upper-tropospheric westerly jet stream over North America; strengthened subtropical anticyclones over the Northern Hemisphere oceans; and strengthened monsoons over North Africa, India, and East Asia. Meanwhile, increased precipitation is found over tropical North Africa, South Asia, northern China, and tropical South America; decreased precipitation is seen over subtropical North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, southern China, Japan, and extratropical North America. Low SAT occurs in North Africa, India, and tropical South America and high SAT appears in extratropical Eurasia and North America. SST increases in the extratropical Pacific and the North Atlantic but decreases in the tropical Pacific. The summer APO and many of the associated climate anomalies can be predicted by the NCEP CFSv2 by up to 5 months in advance. However, the CFSv2 skill of predicting the SAT in the East Asian monsoon region is low.
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LinHo, L. H., Xianglei Huang, and Ngar-Cheung Lau. "Winter-to-Spring Transition in East Asia: A Planetary-Scale Perspective of the South China Spring Rain Onset." Journal of Climate 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2008): 3081–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1611.1.
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Abstract Analysis of observations from 1979 to 2002 shows that the seasonal transition from winter to spring in East Asia is marked with a distinctive event—the onset of the south China spring rain (SCSR). In late February, the reduced thermal contrast between ocean and land leads to weakening of the Asian winter monsoon as well as the Siberian high and the Aleutian low. Meanwhile, convection over Australia and the western Pacific Maritime Continent is suppressed on the passage of the dry phase of a Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). In conjunction with the seasonal march of monsoon circulation in the Indonesian–Australian sector, this MJO passage weakens the local thermally direct cell in the East Asia–Australia sector. This development is further accompanied by a series of adjustments in both the tropics and midlatitudes. These changes include attenuation of the planetary stationary wave, considerable weakening of the westerly jet stream over much of the central Pacific adjacent to Japan, and reduction of baroclinicity near the East Asian trough. The influence of concurrent local processes in midlatitudes on the SCSR onset is also important. The weakened jet stream is associated with confinement of frontal activities to the coastal regions of East Asia as well as with rapid expansion of the subtropical Pacific high from the eastern Pacific to the western Pacific. A parallel analysis using output from an experiment with a GFDL-coupled GCM shows that the above sequence of circulation changes is well simulated in that model.
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Price, Penny. "“Love Thy Neighbour”; Forging Links with Countries in the South Pacific Region." Australasian Journal of Special Education 19, no. 2 (January 1995): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1030011200023435.
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I am honoured by your invitation to present a Keynote Address at the 19th National Conference of the Australian Association of Special Education, and particularly pleased to have the opportunity to return to Darwin. I last visited here in 1990, to attend the UNESCO South East Asia and South Pacific Sub-Regional Conference “Education for All”. In 1991 I left Australia to undertake an AIDAB (now known as AusAID), project in the South Pacific region. So I have had the opportunity to view at first hand the progress that has been made towards the UNESCO goal of “Education for AH”, in a number of Pacific countries, during the past four years.
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Van Wambeke, F., I. Obernosterer, T. Moutin, S. Duhamel, O. Ulloa, and H. Claustre. "Heterotrophic bacterial production in the South East Pacific: longitudinal trends and coupling with primary production." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 4 (August 15, 2007): 2761–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-2761-2007.
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Abstract. Spatial variations of heterotrophic bacterial production and phytoplankton primary production were investigated across South East Pacific Ocean (–141° W, –8° S to –72° W, –35° S) in November–December 2004. Bacterial production (³H leucine incorporation) integrated over the euphotic zone encompassed a wide range of values, from 43 mg C m−2 d−1 in the hyper-oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre to 392 mg C m−2 d−1 in the upwelling off Chile. Within the gyre (120° W, 22° S) records of low phytoplankton biomass (7 mg TChla m−2) were obtained and in situ 14C based particulate primary production rates were as low as 153 mg C m−2 d−1, thus equal to the value considered as a limit for primary production under strong oligotrophic conditions. In the South Pacific gyre average rates of ³H leucine incorporation rates, and leucine incorporation rates per cell (5–21 pmol L−1 h−1 and 15–56×10−21 mol cell−1 h−1, respectively), were in the same range as those reported for other oligotrophic sub tropical and temperate waters. Rates of dark community respiration, determined at selected stations across the transect varied in a narrow range (42–97 mmol O2 m−2 d−1), except for one station in the upwelling off Chile (245 mmol O2 m−2 d−1). Bacterial growth efficiencies varied between 5 and 38% and bacterial carbon demand largely exceeded 14C particulate primary production across the South Pacific Ocean. Net community production also revealed negative values in the South Pacific Gyre (–13±20 to –37±40 mmol O2 m−2 d−1). Such imbalances being impossible in this area far from any external input, we discuss the techniques involved for determining the coupling between primary production and bacterial heterotrophic production.
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Wang, B., LinHo, Yongsheng Zhang, and M.-M. Lu. "Definition of South China Sea Monsoon Onset and Commencement of the East Asia Summer Monsoon*." Journal of Climate 17, no. 4 (February 15, 2004): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2932.1.
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Abstract The climatological mean summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea (SCS) is a remarkably abrupt event. However, defining onset dates for individual years is noticeably controversial. The controversies and complications arise primarily from a number of factors: the intermittent southward intrusion of cold fronts into the northern SCS, the bogus onset in late April before the establishment of tropical monsoons over Indochina, and active intraseasonal oscillation. In this paper, a simple yet effective index, USCS, the 850-hPa zonal winds averaged over the central SCS (5°–15°N and 110°–120°E), is proposed for objectively defining the SCS monsoon onset. This onset index depicts not only the sudden establishment of the tropical southwesterly monsoon over the SCS but also the outbreak of the rainy season in the central-northern SCS. In this paper the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is defined as the broadscale summer monsoon over East Asia and the western North Pacific region (0°–40°N, 100°–140°E). It is shown that the seasonal transition of EASM can be objectively determined by the principal component of the dominant empirical orthogonal mode of the 850-hPa zonal winds, UEOF1. It is found that the local index USCS represents UEOF1 extremely well; thus, it can be used to determine both the SCS onset and the commencement of the broadscale EASM. The result suggests that the SCS summer monsoon onset indeed signifies the beginning of the summer monsoon over East Asia and the adjacent western Pacific Ocean. Evidence is also provided to show the linkage between the two salient phases of EASM: the local onset of the SCS monsoon and the local onset of the mei-yu (the rainy season in the Yangtze River and Huai River basin and southern Japan).
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Lee, Seung-Eon, and Kyong-Hwan Seo. "The Development of a Statistical Forecast Model for Changma." Weather and Forecasting 28, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 1304–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-13-00003.1.
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Abstract Forecasting year-to-year variations in East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) precipitation is one of the most challenging tasks in climate prediction because the predictors are not sufficiently well known and the forecast skill of the numerical models is poor. In this paper, a statistical forecast model for changma (the Korean portion of the EASM system) precipitation is proposed that was constructed with three physically based predictors. A forward-stepwise regression was used to select the predictors that included sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the tropical Pacific Ocean. Seasonal predictions with this model showed high forecasting capabilities that had a Gerrity skill score of ~0.82. The dynamical processes associated with the predictors were examined prior to their use in the prediction scheme. All predictors tended to induce an anticyclonic anomaly to the east or southeast of Japan, which was responsible for transporting a large amount of moisture to the southern Korean Peninsula. The predictor in the North Pacific formed an SST front to the east of Japan during the summertime, which maintained a lower-tropospheric baroclinicity. The North Atlantic SST anomaly induced downstream wave propagation in the upper troposphere, developing anticyclonic activity east of Japan. Forcing from the tropical Pacific SST anomaly triggered a cyclonic anomaly over the South China Sea, which was maintained by atmosphere–ocean interactions and induced an anticyclonic anomaly via northward Rossby wave propagation. Overall, the model used for forecasting changma precipitation performed well (R = 0.85) and correctly predicted information for 16 out of 19 yr of observational data.
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Seledets, V. P., and N. S. Probatova. "ECOLOGICAL NICHE OF COMMELINA COMMUNIS (COMMELINACEAE) IN THE PRIMORYE TERRITORY (THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST)." V.L. Komarov Memorial Lectures 68 (November 2, 2020): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/kl.68.6.
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On the example of Commelina communis L. (Commelinaceae), the typical weed in the south of the Russian Far East, it has been demonstrated that the invasive activity of species significantly increases in conditions of the Pacific monsoon climate. The range of the most important ecological factors (humidity, richness and salinity of soil, the soil texture as well as soil moisture variability) in the Pacific coast is wider than in continental areas. It is quite possible that in the south of Primorye Territory we have the northern part of the Commelina communis natural area of distribution.
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Gong, Xue. "Non-traditional security cooperation between China and south-east Asia: implications for Indo-Pacific geopolitics." International Affairs 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz225.
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Abstract The ‘free and open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP) strategy, actively promoted by the United States with support from its allies and partners, is a significant geopolitical response to China's growing power and expanding influence in Asia and beyond. Beijing has adopted various new strategies to cope with the challenges related to FOIP. One of these strategies is to secure a robust relationship with south-east Asia in order to make these regional states either neutral to or less supportive of the Indo-Pacific vision. In addition to economic statecraft and soft power, Beijing believes that it can also tap into the domain of non-traditional security (NTS) to strengthen relations with this region to position itself better in the intensifying regional geopolitical competition. The article addresses the following question: what is the impact of China's NTS cooperation with south-east Asia on Beijing's geopolitical rivalry with other major powers in the Indo-Pacific region? The article argues that China's NTS cooperation with south-east Asian countries may help China maintain its geopolitical standing in the region, but it is unlikely to lead to any dramatic increase of China's strategic influence in the region. This essentially means that Beijing may be able to prevent ASEAN or most ASEAN member states from lending substantive and strong support to the Indo-Pacific construct, but it will not be able to stop ASEAN states from supporting some elements of the FOIP.
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Zilberman, N. V., D. H. Roemmich, and S. T. Gille. "The East Pacific Rise current: Topographic enhancement of the interior flow in the South Pacific Ocean." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 1 (January 7, 2017): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069039.
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Finke, Kathrin, Bernat Jiménez-Esteve, Andréa S. Taschetto, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Karl Bumke, and Daniela I. V. Domeisen. "Revisiting remote drivers of the 2014 drought in South-Eastern Brazil." Climate Dynamics 55, no. 11-12 (September 3, 2020): 3197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05442-9.
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Abstract South-Eastern Brazil experienced a devastating drought associated with significant agricultural losses in austral summer 2014. The drought was linked to the development of a quasi-stationary anticyclone in the South Atlantic in early 2014 that affected local precipitation patterns over South-East Brazil. Previous studies have suggested that the unusual blocking was triggered by tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and, more recently, by convection over the Indian Ocean related to the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Further investigation of the proposed teleconnections appears crucial for anticipating future economic impacts. In this study, we use numerical experiments with an idealized atmospheric general circulation model forced with the observed 2013/2014 SST anomalies in different ocean basins to understand the dominant mechanism that initiated the 2014 South Atlantic anticyclonic anomaly. We show that a forcing with global 2013/2014 SST anomalies enhances the chance for the occurrence of positive geopotential height anomalies in the South Atlantic. However, further sensitivity experiments with SST forcings in separate ocean basins suggest that neither the Indian Ocean nor tropical Pacific SST anomalies alone have contributed significantly to the anomalous atmospheric circulation that led to the 2014 South-East Brazil drought. The model study rather points to an important role of remote forcing from the South Pacific, local South Atlantic SSTs, and internal atmospheric variability in driving the persistent blocking over the South Atlantic.
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Chang, Y. L., and L. Y. Oey. "The Philippines–Taiwan Oscillation: Monsoonlike Interannual Oscillation of the Subtropical–Tropical Western North Pacific Wind System and Its Impact on the Ocean." Journal of Climate 25, no. 5 (March 2012): 1597–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00158.1.
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Tide gauge and satellite data reveal an interannual oscillation of the ocean’s thermoclines east of the Philippines and Taiwan, forced by a corresponding oscillation in the wind stress curl. This so-called Philippines–Taiwan Oscillation (PTO) is shown to control the interannual variability of the circulation of the subtropical and tropical western North Pacific. The PTO shares some characteristics of known Pacific indices, for example, Niño-3.4. However, unlike PTO, these other indices explain only portions of the western North Pacific circulation. The reason is because of the nonlinear nature of the forcing in which mesoscale (ocean) eddies play a crucial role. In years of positive PTO, the thermocline east of the Philippines rises while east of Taiwan it deepens. This results in a northward shift of the North Equatorial Current (NEC), increased vertical shear of the Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC)/NEC system, increased eddy activity dominated by warm eddies in the STCC, increased Kuroshio transport off the northeastern coast of Taiwan into the East China Sea, increased westward inflow through Luzon Strait into the South China Sea, and cyclonic circulation and low sea surface height anomalies in the South China Sea. The reverse applies in years of negative PTO.
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Fedorovskii, A. "Russia and East Asia Challenges." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 3 (2016): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-58-71.
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The article deals with the prospects for Russia’s “pivot to the East” taking into account main chances as well as risks in the context of growing challenges in East Asia. The author stresses that national and regional misbalances in East Asia are the results of the dynamic development of East Asian countries during the last 15 years. “Middle class trap” is at the agenda as the main common problem in China and ASEAN member countries. The analysis focuses also on such issues as broad scaled corruption and state-controlled legal system, quality of political, social institutions and social lifts, role of nationalism and culture. Regional misbalances in infrastructure and R&D as well as the crisis of regional institutions are characterized as new challenges to integration trends in East Asia and Asia-Pacific area in general. According to the author’s view, there are three different types of policies to meet the domestic challenges and to overcome “middle class trap”: Japanese, South Korean and Chinese. Prime Minister Ikeda’s “income-doubling plan” accompanied by public activity is described as an effective reform-oriented policy. South Korea’s transition from dictatorship to democratic society and more flexible economy is another type of positive reform policy. According to China’s modern domestic strategy, a lot of attention is paid to administrative measures against corruption, modification of social policy, reforms of banks, etc. At the same time, public activities and legal system, in spite of some improvements, are still under rigid administrative control. Meanwhile, the role of law will be crucial factor of successful development of East Asian countries at the stage of “middle class economy”. To a large scale, the prospects for regional integration depend on growing creative role of China (for example, investments into regional infrastructure and establishment of special bank, initiations of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area). At the same time, China will continue cooperation and dialogue with other countries, first of all with the USA. ASEAN members increase their activity to improve sub-regional cooperation and relations with United States and Japan in order to couterbalance China’s influence in East Asia. Finally, the author describes Russia’s policy towards East Asia and the Pacific, including brief history, main trends and key priorities at the current stage. “Free Vladivostok port” and some other initiatives to realize more flexible economic strategy towards East Asia and Pacific will give opportunity for Russia to promote its integration into the Pacific Area. Transition of Russia’s export structure from resources and energy to innovation goods and services is at the agenda.
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Shatilina, T. A., G. Sh Tsitsiashvili, and T. V. Radchenkova. "Application of interval approach to pattern recognition for identification of preceeding baric structures that determine extreme thermal modes in the South-Kuril area in summer." Izvestiya TINRO 201, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 470–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2021-201-470-483.
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Patterns of atmosphere baric fields preceeded to development of extreme thermal modes in the South-Kuril area in summer are identified using the interval approach to their recogni tion. The best recognition rates are noted for the field of AT 500 hPa over the region of East Asia in February, March, May, and June. Extreme cold summer conditions in the South-Kuril area in summer were preceeded by development of AT 500 hPa trough and baric depression at the sea surface over East Asia in these winter and spring months. Warm summer conditions in the South-Kuril area were preceeded by opposite patterns, as AT 500 hPa ridge over the North-West Pacific and high pressure over the Okhotsk Sea, with positive anomalies of H500 height over the North-West Pacific and Kuril Islands.
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Samaai, Toufiek, Mark J. Gibbons, and Michelle Kelly. "A revision of the genus Strongylodesma Lévi (Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of four new species." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 8 (June 5, 2009): 1689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000101.
Full textAbstract:
The sponge genus Strongylodesma is reviewed and redefined, and now accommodates eight closely related species. The type species of Strongylodesma Lévi is redescribed and an additional two new species are described from the Indo-Pacific: S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov. and S. tongaensis sp. nov. Several specimens previously identified as species of Batzella (Poecilosclerida: Chondropsidae) have been re-assigned to Strongylodesma, as the new species S. purpureus sp. nov. and S. nigra sp. nov. With the description here of new species from the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Atlantic, the biogeographical distribution of Strongylodesma now appears to be generally tropical with a subtropical South African component, whereas previously it was only known from South Africa. Although species of Strongylodesma have not previously been recorded from the intermediate locations (Western Indian Ocean, South-east Asia, central west Pacific, and New Zealand), re-evaluation here will facilitate more readily the recognition of taxa in these intermediate regions, if they exist, in the future. The species are not widespread, except perhaps along the south-east coast of South Africa, and where they occur they are not abundant. Species occur over a wide depth range, from the intertidal in Tsitsikamma, South Africa, to 140 m in the Caribbean.