Dissertations / Theses: 'South Europe'

1

Tzifakis, Nikolaos. "Securitization and desecuritization dynamics in South-Eastern Europe." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288951.

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2

Sen, Simonti. "Travels to Europe self and other in Bengali travel narratives, 1870-1910 /." New Delhi : Orient Longman, 2005. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/60534669.html.

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3

Price, Maria. "Trans-European networks : transport cohesion of the high-speed rail network in south-west Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568559.

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This thesis examines the development of the high-speed rail network as part of the European Union's Trans-European Networks and determines whether transport cohesion is achieved at European, national and regional levels. It applies an interdisciplinary approach of geography, economics, and policy using qualitative and quantitative analyses. It has selected South-West Europe to carry out a series of case studies reflecting each approach. It argues that the cohesion of the high-speed rail network is determined by its physical structure and its connectivity, accessibility and interoperability to other networks nationally, regionally and locally. Furthermore, its successful development is dependent on the financing strategy and the institutional relationships necessary to implement relevant policies and complete European infrastructure projects. In the geography approach the study uses graph theory equations supported by GIS mapping, a method used to evaluate the physical structure of the high-speed railways and their connection to the already existing conventional rail network. The economic approach consists of an accessibility measure using a gravity model which considers access to and from the high-speed rail network using public services, with variables such as population, travel and waiting times, fares and service frequencies. The models are applied to regional and local case studies. The studied regional areas are the Spanish provinces of Catalonia, known as Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. The local accessibility study compares the accessibility to two different high-speed stations, one located in the city lim its, and Moria Price, PhD Abstract, Oxford, UK

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Milcher, Susanne, and Manfred M. Fischer. "On labour market discrimination against Roma in South East Europe." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3960/1/SSRN%2Did1739103.pdf.

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This paper directs interest on country-specific labour market discrimination Roma may suffer in South East Europe. The study lies in the tradition of statistical Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis. We use microdata from UNDP's 2004 survey of Roma minorities, and apply a Bayesian approach, proposed by Keith and LeSage (2004), for the decomposition analysis of wage differentials. This approach is based on a robust Bayesian heteroscedastic linear regression model in conjunction with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation. The results obtained indicate the presence of labour market discrimination in Albania and Kosovo, but point to its absence in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Serbia. (authors' abstract)

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5

Becking, Bernhard J. "The stability pact for South-Eastern Europe-potential, problems, and perspectives." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA393674.

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6

Kecmanovic, Milica Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Studies of labour markets in countries in transition in South East Europe." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44608.

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This thesis explores several aspects of the labour market in Serbia and Croatia during the process of transition from socialism to a market economy. First, it examines how women??s position in the labour market has changed in Serbia. Using five annual Labour Force Surveys (2001-2005), I find that the gender wage gap is still very low in Serbia, and is even decreasing during this period. However, decompositions that apply the Oaxaca (1974) methodology reveal that the unexplained component of the gap is very large, and is increasing. Likewise, quantile decompositions suggest that while the raw gap is falling at each of the quantiles analysed, the unexplained component is increasing at most quantiles at the same time. Thus, the relatively small gap in earnings could be masking considerable discrimination in the labour market. Second, changes in men??s wage inequality in Serbia in the period from 2001 to 2005 are analysed using five annual Labour Force Surveys. Changes in the distribution of earnings are examined using the Lemieux (2002) decomposition methodology. I find that the change in wage inequality is mostly driven by changes in wage premiums, while the effect of changes in the composition of the labour force is very small. Isolating the effect of the emerging private sector reveals that changes in the private sector size and wage premium account for an average 25 percent of the changes in inequality during this period. Third, the effect that the recent war in Croatia (1991-1995) had on the educational and employment trajectories of the 1971 birth cohort of men is investigated. This birth cohort was most affected by the armed forces draft. I treat the occurrence of the war as a natural experiment and use data from the Croatian and Slovenian Labour Force Surveys. Applying the difference-in-difference framework and comparing this cohort to adjacent cohorts, women, and to respective cohorts in Slovenia, a neighbouring country that did not experience war, I find that the war has had a negative effect on educational outcomes and a small positive effect on the employment and earnings outcomes of this cohort of men.

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7

Gardner, A. R. "The impact of Neolithic agriculture on the environments of south-east Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599313.

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Recent palaeoecological research has demonstrated that the earliest discernible environmental impacts arising from Neolithic agriculture in south-east Europe occur several millenia after the earliest archaeological evidence for farming. Published archaeological records of domesticated animal and plant remains and Neolithic material culture suggest that the first agriculture in Europe occurred in the south-east of the continent from about 9 ka BP. In contrast, large-scale landscape clearance is not evident in palaeoecological records from south-east Europe until at least 6ka BP. A number of factors have been promoted to account for this discrepancy but the underlying source of temporal bias is suggested to have occurred through the selection of inappropriate palaeoecological methods. Basin size, proximity of palaeoecology sequences to archaeological sites and sampling resolution are identified as critical factors in the interpretation of Neolithic environmental impacts. This thesis presents multi-proxy palaeoecological data from six sedimentary sequences in Hungary, Slovenia and Greece using a modified approach designed to counter previous criticisms of unsuitable palaeoecological sampling strategies and to examine the nature of the impact of Neolithic farmers upon the south-east European landscape. Three pairs of palaeoecological sites were selected for analysis, each pair comprising an onsite sequence no more than 200m from the archaeological settlement, and an off-site sequence from approximately 10km distant. All sequences received a predominantly local pollen flux and were assessed in the field as extending back to the late-glacial. Two of these sequences were subsequently deemed unsuitable for further analysis. The remaining four sequences were subject to pollen, charcoal, geochemical, loss-on-ignition and radiocarbon analyses. Numerical routines (principal components analysis, dissimilarity coefficients, rarefaction analysis, rate of change and age-modelling) were applied to the resulting datasets. Results from these analyses show that the environmental response to Neolithic agriculture was subtle and was characterised by a shift in forest composition rather than any large-scale landscape clearance. Progressive cycles of gap creation in mature secondary forest initiated a gradual process of degradation of the forest canopy with the dominant slow-growth forest taxon being replaced by advantageous faster growing taxa. In addition, sedimentary analyses reveal that these forest compositional changes during the Neolithic did not cause any appreciable soil erosion or geomorphological instability. Rather, sediment geochemical stratigraphy during the Neolithic was dominated by site-specific processes related to authigenic productivity and deposition of organic material. Allogenic mineral influx occurred in late-glacial and in recent (post 1000 BP) sediments but not during the Neolithic, suggesting an underlying sedimentological trend of landscape stability rather than erosive influx. Results from this study imply that the selection of inappropriate palaeoecological methods for the interpretation of Neolithic impacts may contribute to some of the apparent 'invisibility' of agricultural activity in, but does not adequately explain the absence of a characteristic environmental response equivalent to that seen in northern European palaeoecological sequences for early agriculture. The magnitude of environmental impacts from Neolithic agriculture in south-east Europe appear to have been minimal, and this is principally related to the observation that contraction of woodland does not occur in south-east Europe during the Neolithic. The primary conclusion from this study is that the earliest farmers in south-east Europe were most likely to have adopted regenerative forest-use practices and naturally open spaces, rather than any large-scale clearance of forest.

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8

Bechev, Dimitar. "Constructing South East Europe : the politics of Balkan regional cooperation, 1995-2003." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b2c66c28-2d24-4e09-b184-5dd1155910ee.

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In the post-Cold War era, the Balkans came to exemplify the power of resurgent nationalisms freed from the straitjacket of bipolar stability. The break-up of the Yugoslav federation suggested that exclusivist ethno-national identities trumped the logic of political and economic integration. Yet, by the early 2000s, regional cooperation made significant inroads into South East Europe. This study addresses the puzzle of why the Balkan states have engaged in a number of multilateral schemes in fields such as military security, trade, infrastructure development, energy, despite the region's divisive historical legacies and political instability. The thesis explores the impact of three factors: regional interdependence denoting the socio-economic and political linkages which contribute to the convergence of Balkan states' material interests, external push referring to the policies for fostering regional cooperation adopted by key actors such as the EU, US, and NATO, and identity politics: the discourses on the borders, cultural make-up and history of a Balkan regional entity as well as the latter's relationship with constructs like Europe and the West. The thesis argues that external projection of power, rather than regional interdependence, accounted for the development and growth of Balkan regionalism. However, the push from outside was legitimised by Balkan collective identity built upon myths of belonging to and exclusion from 'civilised Europe'. Regionalism was not solely a reflection of the supply and demand for integrative frameworks, but amounted to a symbolic strategy for transforming the volatile Balkans into South East Europe by the adoption of the institutional norms and practices of international clubs such as the EU and NATO. The case of regional cooperation in South East Europe contributes to the debates about the politics of interest and the politics of identity in the field of International Relations, and raises questions about the nature of power in contemporary Europe and the international society.

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9

Popa, Cătălin Nicolae. "Uncovering group identity in the Late Iron Age of South-East Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648861.

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10

Milcher, Susanne. "Decomposing Income Differentials Between Roma and Non-Roma in South East Europe." The Romanian Regional Science Association, 2011. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5142/1/V513.MILCHER.pdf.

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The paper decomposes average income differentials between Roma and non-Roma in South East Europe into the component that can be explained by group differences in income-related characteristics (characteristics effect), and the component which is due to differing returns to these characteristics (coefficients or discrimination effect). The decomposition analysis is based on Blinder (1973) and Oaxaca (1973) and uses three weighting matrices, reflecting the different assumptions about income structures that would prevail in the absence of discrimination. Heckman (1979) estimators control for selectivity bias. Using microdata from the 2004 UNDP household survey on Roma minorities, the paper finds that a large share of the average income differential between Roma and non-Roma is explained by human capital differences. Nevertheless, significant labour market discrimination is found in Kosovo for all weight specifications and in Bulgaria and Serbia for two weight specifications. (author's abstract)

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11

Haiss, Peter, and Elisabeth Kichler. "Leasing, credit and economic growth. Evidence for Central and South Eastern Europe." Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/420/1/document.pdf.

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We investigate the role of leasing in the lending boom in Central and South Eastern Europe (CEE and SEE). We contribute by (1) providing a full picture of the financing situation in Eastern Europe, where leasing plays a more important role than elsewhere; (2) by investigating the finance-growth-nexus for ten Eastern European countries with a panel data approach over 1999-2006; (3) by extending the production function approach (credit, stock, bond) and the law-and-financeview for leasing. We find that leasing and credit positively contributed to economic growth. However, leasing and credit are complements and not substitutes as suggested partly by previous research in other regions. We conclude that leasing cannot be used to circumvent proper regulation by policy makers or market participants, and that alternative forms of finance need to be included for a full picture of the finance-growth link.
Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

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12

Feixas, Vihé Montserrat. "Migration Movements between Pakistan and South Western Europe: Pakistani migratory networks in Catalonia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5529.

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Entre les moltes comunitats migratòries existents al món, aquesta tesi doctoral estudia fonamentalment la comunitat dels ciutadans i ciutadanes pakistanesos que viuen a Catalunya, i també sobre les xarxes que han establert per consolidar i expandir la seva presència.
Aquesta tesi a més a més, estudia la situació de les famílies i de les comunitats d'origen al Pakistan per entendre millor els processos que han conduit cap a aquest fenomen migratori, la situació actual de la població pakistanesa a Catalunya, l'impacte de la migració en les famílies dels migrants al Pakistan i les perspectives a curt i mitjà termini d'aquest moviment de població.
La comunitat pakistanesa a Catalunya presenta un cas d'estudi interessant, no pel fet migratori en sí mateix, sinó perquè aquest moviment migratori té lloc sense que existissin lligams culturals, històrics i lingüístics previs entre el Pakistan i Catalunya, i perquè l'expansió ha estat molt ràpida en aquests darrers anys.
Un segon objectiu d'aquesta tesi és donar veu als participants en el projecte d'investigació i, a través d'ells, a la comunitat pakistanesa a Catalunya i a les seves famílies i comunitats d'origen.
Durant la segona meitat del segle vint, es van desenvolupar vàries teories, models i sistemes per intentar explicar la migració internacional. La realitat social i econòmica de la població pakistanesa a Catalunya i de les seves famílies en el Pakistan però, no s'hi ajusta gaire. Ara bé, totes elles contenen elements que poden ajudar a la comprensió del fenomen migratori i per tant convé considerar-les com un conjunt d'instruments que ajuden a capturar (no és incorrecta però la trobo un pèl forçada: copsar? captar? comprendre? ) una realitat complexa i constantment canviant.
La investigació ha permès de concloure que l'emigració pakistanesa a Catalunya està fonamentada en el diferencial econòmic entre els dos països, un diferencial que compensa els costos de la migració. La gran majoria de la població pakistanesa a Catalunya hi tenien una "àncora" abans de venir. L' origen comú de molts d'ells indica l'existència de xarxes migratòries basades en la relació familiar i/o social.
L'objectiu principal dels migrants és poder oferir una vida millor a les famílies, un objectiu a mitjà i llarg termini, atès que l'objectiu inicial consisteix en recuperar la inversió que suposa per a cada família enviar un dels seus a Catalunya. Facilitar l'arribada de nous immigrants no sembla ser un objectiu, sinó que és un fet que succeeix sense que es busqui.
Catalunya no és pas la destinació preferida dels migrants. La seva arribada és més aviat el resultat d'una curosa anàlisi cost/benefici en el sentit que Catalunya constitueix una destinació "fàcil" i "bé de preu".
En resum, es pot dir que la migració pakistanesa a Catalunya continuarà augmentant en els propers anys amb l'arribada principalment d'homes, però també de dones i nens i nenes, sempre i quan les condicions econòmiques i polítiques continuïn més o menys igual. Aquest creixement farà que els enclavaments pakistanesos a la ciutat de Barcelona s'enforteixin. Alhora, sorgiran altres enclavaments a la mateixa ciutat i a la zona metropolitana, i possiblement també a Girona i Tarragona, i més tard a Lleida. Aquests enclavaments funcionaran com un pol d'atracció per a nous migrants pakistanesos.
És molt possible que, seguint el model de migració pakistanesa a altres països europeus, els migrants pakistanesos s'esforcin per integrar-se en el món econòmic, però només els individus amb un nivell educatiu alt estaran disposats a desenvolupar lligams culturals i socials amb els catalans. La majoria de la població pakistanesa preferirà viure al marge de la societat catalana.
Tot i que molts voldrien tornar al Pakistan, és probable que la majoria romangui a Catalunya definitivament i amb la seva presència contribueixi a l'expansió continuada del moviment migratori pakistanès a traves de l'enfortiment de les xarxes migratòries i dels enclavaments pakistanesos.
Among the many migrant communities in the world, this doctoral dissertation focuses on the Pakistani community in Catalonia and the networks they have established to consolidate and expand their presence there.
In addition, this thesis studies the situation of families and the communities of origin in Pakistan to try to understand the processes that have led to this migratory phenomenon, the present situation of the Pakistani population in Catalonia, the impact of migration on their families in Pakistan, and the short and medium term prospects for this migratory movement.
The Pakistani community in Catalonia presents an interesting case study not because of the migratory movement itself, rather because the movement takes place in the absence of cultural, historical or linguistic links between Pakistan and Catalonia, and because of its fast expansion. A second objective is to give voice to the participants in the research and through them, to the Pakistani community in Catalonia and their families and communities of origin.
During the second half of the 20th century, many theories, models and systems were developed to try to explain international migration. However these theories fail to explain the social and economic reality of the Pakistani population in Catalonia and their families in Pakistan. Nonetheless, they may help understand the migratory phenomenon, and therefore they may be used as a set of instruments that help capture a complex and constantly changing reality.
The research shows that Pakistanis migrate to Catalonia prompted by the economic differential between the two countries and the perceived low risks/costs attached to it. The great majority of Pakistanis in Catalonia had an anchor before proceeding, be it a friend, a relative or even an acquaintance, that was crucial in facilitating their arrival and initial introduction. The common geographical origin of most of them shows the existence of migratory networks based on family and social relations.
The overall objective is to provide more and better for their families. But this is a medium or long term objective. Initially most of them need to recoup their or their family's initial investment to send them abroad, and only afterwards they can start saving for their families. Facilitating the arrival of other migrants is not an objective per se, bur rather an unintended effect.
Catalonia is not the migrants' preferred destination. The research findings indicate that the choice was made on the basis of a cost benefit analysis, i.e. they selected the destination which was the least costly and which brought the greatest benefits in the short term.
In summary, in the coming years Pakistani migration to Catalonia will continue and will probably grow exponentially through the arrival of mostly men, but also women and children, as long as economic and political conditions remain the same, or experience only minor variations. This growth will lead to the strengthening of existing Pakistani enclaves in Barcelona city, and the emergence of new ones in Barcelona and in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, and to a lesser degree in Girona, Tarragona and eventually Lleida. These enclaves will function as a pull factor attracting many more Pakistanis to Catalonia.
Based on the research findings and the experience of Pakistani migratory movements to other European destinations, Pakistani immigrants are likely to remain separate from the local population. Their desire to integrate will focus on the economic sphere, and only a few, better educated individuals, will be ready to establish and develop cultural and social links with the Catalan society. There is likely to be a strong resistance to adopt any mores of the host society and particularly to merge with it.
Despite their longing for Pakistan and Pakistani society, the majority of them will remain in Catalonia and will settle here, thus sustaining the Pakistani migratory movement and contributing to its expansion through the strengthening of existing enclaves and the emergence of new ones.

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13

Atay, Niyazi Gunes. "The Essence Of Eu Strategy In South East Europe? The Republic Of Macedonia." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605218/index.pdf.

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This thesis examines the South East European policy of the European Union, which promoted the prospect of a &lsquo
United Europe&rsquo
. After the end of the bipolar world system, the ultimate aim of the East European countries has been the integration into the European Union. The transition and integration process, that they initiated in accordance with this aim, made up the basis of their relations with the Union. Nevertheless, the South East European countries, which became a sub-region within East Europe, joined to the process much later, due to the wars and instability, caused by ethnic conflicts within the region. The initiatives, established by the European Union for the region, did not come with the desired outcomes. However, after the Kosovo War, the Union established a deeper framework, with the mechanisms of the Stability Pact and the Stabilization and Association Process. On the other hand, the September-11 events, which led to the gradual withdrawal of the United States from the region, handed the responsibility to the Union. As a result of this, the Union accelerated the Stabilization and Association Process, thus torpedoed the Stability Pact. Within this context, the Republic of Macedonia became a significant component of this accelerated process. Especially, with the Stabilization and Association Agreement, came into force in April 2004, and the Mission Concordia, which is the first-ever military operation the Union, the European Union aroused its interest to the country. Consequently, within the regional framework, the Republic of Macedonia made up the essence of the Union&rsquo
s strategy in the region.

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14

Rooke, M. J. "The British government's relations with the states of south-eastern Europe, 1934-1936." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484035.

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15

Maillet-Contoz, Pierre-Arthur. "The application of the single economic entity doctrine in South Africa and Europe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4658.

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Includes bibliographical references.
As will be discussed in the course of this paper, there are similarities between the South African and the European notions of the SEE. It seems that the European notion of 'undertakings' and the South-African one of 'firm' do not have the same role when these entities form part of a single economic entity; the South African notion of the single economic entity seems to be an exception to the application of the Act whereas the European one seems to enlarge the application of the regulation.

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16

Gkolitsis, Petros. "Interactions of monetary policies in South East Europe in a European Monetary Union context : a global-vector autoregressive model." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21736/.

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This thesis discusses the interactions of monetary policies in the South-eastern European Countries (SEEC) in a European Monetary Union (EMU) context, by modelling via a Global Vector Autoregressive Model (G-VAR) the interdependencies arising between the member states and the related financial institutions in the region. The EMU and its relation to monetary or economic policy interactions has been heavily and effectively researched by numerous researchers including, indicatively, the Nobel laureate Mundell (1961) who theoretically and empirically considered and examined the effects of monetary and fiscal policies coordination on real output, interest rates and exchange rates with the aim of increasing the benefits that could arise from an optimum currency area (OCA). A G-VAR model for South-Eastern Europe (SEE), however, has not been applied and foreign exchange reserves have not yet been considered within such a contextual framework. There is a gap to fill in on the theoretical and empirical relation of the aforementioned variables using econometrics and we will do so by using a multi-simultaneous equations system with weak exogeneity, i.e. a G-VAR. The incorporated variables are: the foreign exchange reserves, the real effective exchange rate (REER), the growth approximated by the industrial production index (IPI) and the monetary policy which is quantified through interest rates and specifically by the money and market rate. The variables that will be treated as weakly exogenous within the GVAR system are the Euribor and the EMU Real Effective Exchange Rate. The frequency of the data is monthly and covers the period from 2002 to 2016. The analysis is conducted with the use of secondary data which is acquired through publicly available published data and reports from Central Banks, the European Central Bank (ECB), Eurostat, OECD, BIS, IMF and the World Bank. The European Countries that are considered are Bulgaria, Croatia, FYROM, Greece, Romania and Slovenia. The European Monetary Union and its role are captured by the related interest rate, i.e. Euribor, and the Real Effective Exchange rates of EMU members as a whole. The main task of the project is to capture the transmission mechanism −from the monetary to real economy− by considering the role of foreign exchange reserves in the case of SEE countries. This adds to the understanding of the economic policy effect on nominal and real variables, suggests a better macroeconomic policy design and adds to the efficiency of the implementation of monetary policy that captures complexities that are related to an Optimum Currency Area (OCA). On top of the above the EMU REER helps us in understanding the existing and dynamically changing competitive related interlinkages that exist between the investigated variables.

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Mohsini, Adila, and Artina Salihu. "Women’s self-employment in Europe : What factors affects women’s self-employment in five regions in Europe?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76207.

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This study aims to analyse women’s self-employment in five regions of Europe, namely Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, North-West Europe and Western Europe in two years, 2002 and 2016. To assess the factors affecting women’s self-employment in Europe we base our analysis on push and pull theory and as far as the quantitative part is concerned we estimate a probit model. Our research questions are the following: What socio-economic factors influence women to enter self-employment in the five regions of Europe? How are these factors related to the push and pull theory? Is there a trend of convergence over time in the five European regions studied? The main findings are that being women decreases the probability to become self-employed in the five European regions, except in the Northern part of Europe. The result suggests that women more often than men are pushed into self-employment as they have to balance work with family. Being young (18-35) also decreases the probability of being self-employed compared to middle age individual (36-50) in the year 2002 and 2016. Individuals with low and medium-skill level have a lower probability of being self-employed in comparison to the individual with high skill. Regarding the research questions, this study found that variable age (18-36), age (51-65), married, children, medium education, high education, low skill and high skill are factors that influence women in their decision to become self-employed. Observing the change over time of self-employment, we found that the probability increases being selfemployed in Southern Europe whereas it decreases in Northern Europe.

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18

Senterzi, Zahide Tugba. "Visegrad Group Facing The Nord Stream And South Stream Gas Pipeline Projects." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614610/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyzes the Visegrad Group&rsquo
s stance toward the Russian-German Nord Stream and Russian-Italian South Stream gas pipeline projects, which aimed to circumvent the traditional energy routes situated in Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The level of the Visegrad Group&rsquo
s dependency on inherited Soviet gas pipeline routes is examined alongside the Visegrad Group&rsquo
s policy setting ability within the group itself and in the European Union. The thesis also traces the evolution of energy relations between Europe and Russia and Visegrad Group&rsquo
s adaptation to the new state of affairs after the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly with respect to energy issues. It is argued that despite all differences, Visegrad Group members are able to set a cooperation platform at times of crisis and develop common energy strategies. However, the thesis shows that the Visegrad Group&rsquo
s endeavor has encountered some setbacks at the national level and serious challenges at the European level, largely owing to the lack of a common European energy policy. The thesis concludes that the Visegrad Group&rsquo
s energy policy is both dependent on the stances of Russia and larger EU actors.

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19

TocÌ§i, Valentin Z. "Financial development in transition economies with special reference to south-east Europe and Kosova." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479462.

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20

Heeb, Julia Maria. "Copper shaft-hole axes and early metallurgy in south-eastern Europe : an integrated approach." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3636.

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Although the copper axes with central shaft-hole from south-eastern Europe have a long history of research, they have not been studied on a transnational basis since the 1960s. What has also been missing is an integrated or holistic approach, trying to use as many methods as possible and better understand the production, use and context of these enigmatic objects. This present research therefore approaches the axes from different angles. A database was compiled in order to find answers on questions such as the patterns of distribution, context, fragmentation and deformation of axes. For the distribution of axes in general as well as different attributes like fragmentation and typology, the content of the database was imported into GIS software and analysed. Aspects of production were considered through experimental archaeology, metallographic analysis and a re-discovered axe blank with missing shafthole. Especially the missing moulds make it difficult to fully understand the production sequence. The typology was re-evaluated and modified to ensure comparability across modern national boundaries. The context and background was developed through a thorough review of the literature and combined with theoretical considerations. The integration of all these approaches yielded some interesting results. The great variability in shape combined with the results of metallographic analyses clearly shows that a variety of production techniques were used, but it is as yet difficult to relate these to specific geographic areas or even cultural groups. In fact the typology as well as the practice of marking the axes indicate that traditional archaeological ‘cultures’ rarely correspond to the distribution of a type or to the practice of marking the axes. They show instead that there were different spheres of influence, some even more localised and others much larger (like the Carpathian Basin) than specific ceramic traditions. These different levels of belonging, as well as the increasing visibility of the individual in the archaeological record, show that it was a period of complex cultural patterns and interactions. The axes were a part of these networks of the daily life on many different levels from the strict utilitarian to the ritualised placement in burial contexts.

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Stratton, Susan. "Burial and identity in the Late Neolithic and Copper Age of south-east Europe." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/98634/.

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In the Late Neolithic of south-east Europe, c. 5000 cal BC, a new form of burial practice appeared, as communities started to bury their dead in discrete extramural cemeteries. At the same time as this new formal burial practice, we see an increase in the number of grave goods placed with burials. There was a greater interest in the expression of identity through objects in the mortuary realm. This change was not simultaneous across the region of south-east Europe. It took two different trajectories, one in the Lower Danube and Black Sea coast region (the eastern region) and another in the Carpathian Basin (the western region). In the eastern region, cemeteries appear as discrete formal areas to bury the dead suddenly, c. 5000 cal BC, in stark contrast to the unknown burial practice that preceded it. In the western region, settlement burial in groups became the norm first, before fully extramural cemeteries appeared c. 4400 cal BC. This thesis analyses a number of these first cemeteries from both regions, looking at who was buried in them and what they were buried with. It is interested in what was being expressed about individual and social identity in the mortuary context. It uses correspondence analysis to look for patterns within the grave goods which may reveal specific social identities, such as age grades, gender or status. It concludes that the expression of difference through the body was an important part of the emergence of cemetery use. Furthermore, it provides new data about the timing of cemetery emergence by radiocarbon dating the Romanian cemetery site of Cernica.

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Grabundzija, Ana [Verfasser]. "Archaeological Evidence for Early Wool Exploitation in South East and Central Europe / Ana Grabundzija." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212854314/34.

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23

Schnieders, Jürgen. "Passive houses in South West Europe : a quantitative investigation of some passive and active space conditioning techniques for highly energy efficient dwellings in the South West European region /." Kaiserslautern : Techn. Univ, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018763226&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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24

Garcia, Sellés Albert. "Oological Record of Dinosaurs in South-Central Pyrenees (SW Europe): Parataxonomy, diversity and biostratigraphical implications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84108.

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Southern Pyrenees has provided an abundant fossil record of dinosaur eggs and eggshells. Historically, the oofamily Megaloolithidae has shown its predominance over any other group of fossil eggs in this region. In addition, this oofamily is world-wide distributed being represented by, at least, four oogenus and 20 oospeices. Considering that the eggshell is a high stable structure, this number of Megaloolithus‘s oospecies is too high for such a relatively short time-interval (Campanian to Maastrichtian; less than 7 My). The structural characters used to define these oospecies are critically revised. As a consequence, three structural groups have been identified, and only ten oospecies have been considered valid. Four of those oospecies have been recognized in Southern Pyrenees: M. aureliensis, M. sirugei, M. mamillare and M. baghensis. The oogenus Cairanoolithus, historically included in Megaloolithidae oofamily, is reevaluated. All evidences suggest that this type of fossil egg is, definitively, different from any other Megaloolithus. Consequently, a new oofamily is erected (Cairanoolithidae oofam. nov), which emphasizes the singularity of cairanoolithid eggs. Phylogenetical analysis also suggests that the eggs of Cairanoolithidae oofam. nov. could be laid by ornithischian dinosaurs. New oological material is described here, including the first spheroolithid oospecies (Spheroolithus oosp. nov.) from the Upper Cretaceous of Europe. Several oospecies of Prismatoolithus (Prismatoolithus oosp. nov, Prismatoolithus cf. levis, Prismatoolithus oosp. indet.) and few eggshells of ratite-morphotype (cf. Ageroolithus fontllonguensis) have been identified. In addition, the great number of specimens attributed to Pseudogeckoolithus oogenus allows re-describing and re-assigning this ootaxon to Mesozoic lizards. The space-temporal variation of the oological diversity in the Southern Pyrenees could be a consequence of environmental changes during the end-Cretaceous or even due to preferences in the nesting-site of each group of dinosaurs. Finally, biostratigraphical studies based on the successions of megaloolithid oospecies have been performed in Coll de Nargó and Àger-Tremp basins, and the European Megaloolithus succession has been updated. As a result, three oozonones have been described: M. aureliensis + Cairanoolithus oozone dates the Late Campanian, M. siruguei oozone the Early Maastrichtian and M. mamillare + M. baghensis oozone the Late Maastrichtian.

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Molodilo, Diana. "The impact of civilian control on contemporary defense planning systems challenges for South East Europe." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5769.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Defense planning has always been one of the most sensitive issues in promoting civilian control of the armed forces. Ensuring democratic control of defense policy is a challenging task, and Southeastern Europe's (SEE) experience to date has inevitably been mixed. At this phase of the reform process, some countries from the region do not possess the necessary civilian knowledge to replace the dominance of the armed forces in the defense planning process. This thesis provides a comparative analysis of efforts to establish civilian democratic control over defense planning in three SEE countries. Its purpose is to contribute to a better understanding of the importance and the role of civilians, especially elected leaders in defense planning, and search for models of defense planning systems that are most appropriate for countries with very limited defense capabilities. This thesis argues that the use of a defense planning system with the necessary civilian control may result in the establishment of a modern, effective military. Focus is mainly on the experience of three countries: Romania, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova. It looks at achievements and major challenges these countries still face to establish greater professional civil-military cooperation and effective civilian control over defense planning.

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Paula, Susana Maceiras de. "As reformas da proteção à velhice e desigualdade de género : os casos de Espanha, Grécia, Itália e Portugal no período 2001-2017." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17343.

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Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas
Esta dissertação tem como objetivos a análise das reformas das pensões contributivas realizadas na Espanha, Grécia, Itália e Portugal entre 2001-2017 e a discussão do seu potencial efeito na desigualdade de género na proteção à velhice. O estudo empírico compreende a análise das alterações legislativas com potencial impacto de género, como sejam o prazo de garantia, a idade legal de reforma, e os parâmetros que determinam a formação da pensão. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que as alterações realizadas tiveram um efeito negativo superior para as mulheres do que para os homens, sobretudo no curto prazo. Embora possam promover uma maior participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho, as reformas dos sistemas de pensões devem ser acompanhadas de medidas que promovam um mercado de trabalho igualitário e que incentivem à partilha das obrigações da vida familiar, para que esses efeitos negativos não se acentuem no longo prazo.
The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the pension reforms carried out between 2000 and 2007 in Spain, Greece, Italy and Portugal and to discuss their potential effect on gender inequality in the old age. The empirical study includes the analysis of legislative changes with potential gender impact, such as the qualifying period, the legal retirement age, and the parameters that determine the pension formation. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the changes made had a worse negative effect for women than for men, especially in the short term. While they can promote greater participation of women in the labor market, pension reforms must be accompanied by measures that promote an equal labor market and encourage the sharing of family life obligations, so that these negative effects are not accentuated to long term.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Salvador, Lopez Gerard. "Strategies for the South European energy sector for the next 40 years." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147362.

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This paper discusses the development of an energy systems model for the southern countries of Europe. More precisely, for three main actors of the South of the European Union: Spain, Italy and Portugal. The three of them are currently facing economic difficulties due to the world financial crisis. To satisfy their energy demand at the less cost-effective price and following the EU policies in terms of greenhouse emissions requires a deep analysis of the current situation and an accurate forecast for the upcoming years. There are several EU (EU 20/20/20, treaty of Lisbon and EU ETS) and UN (Kyoto Protocol) policies that are taken into account in the model to build the most realistic scenarios that can happen in the three countries in the following years. This paper is based on the electricity consumption coming from the residential, industrial and commercial sectors. The model is developed in the open source program OSINDA (OSeMOSYS with INterface and DAtabase). It considers different possible scenarios for the three countries from 2010 to 2050 and asses the paths to follow in terms of infrastructure investments for the upcoming years. The baseline scenario takes into account the current taxes in CO2 emissions, the current capital, fixed and variable costs and the prices of the imports of fossil fuels. Then, there are plausible futures that analyze different possible scenarios (with the normal uncertainty of the future). The source code and modelling data is publicly available under the intellectual protection of Creative Commons®.

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Haiss, Peter, and Elisabeth Schellander. "Knowledge Transfer by Austrian Banks to the Transition Economies of Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3878/1/haissknowledge.pdf.

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Since the opening of the Central, Eastern and South Eastern European (CESEE) banking market, foreign banks, have started to invest in the financial sector of emerging economies. Economic research highlights that foreign banks have brought advanced technology, improved management expertise, upgraded risk management techniques and generally more efficient and competitive banking practices into CESEE countries (Clarke, Cull, Peria and Sànchez, 2002; Eller, Haiss and Steiner, 2006). However, there is hardly evidence about how this large-scale knowledge transfer has been achieved and what knowledge has actually been transferred. This paper intends to fill this gap. Two in-depth case studies of bank acquisitions by Austrian banks in CESEE give insight into the methods and content of knowledge transfer within the post-acquisition integration. A questionnaire sent out to CESEE subsidiaries of Austrian banks additionally provides information on the topic. The results show that knowledge transfer mainly occurs in international teams and during international meetings, trainings and development programs and that it is supported by information and communication technologies. Results further show that the content, methods and magnitude of knowledge transfer efforts change along the stages of post-acquisition integration. (author's abstract)

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Tedeschi, Leonardo Ribeiro. "Lower Cretaceous climate records and the correlation between marine and lacustrine settings (Europe and South America)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:36b86747-f8f9-4767-b6e0-45301603b15e.

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Major changes in watermass chemistry during the opening of the central segment of the South Atlantic, and oceanic anoxic events (OAEs 1a to 1d), represent dramatic events that affected the oceanâatmosphere system during the Early Cretaceous. This thesis addresses the chemostratigraphic correlation of Tethyan and South Atlantic sections based on carbon-, sulphur- and strontium-isotopes (δ¹³C, δ³⁴S and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) integrated with other methods to explore the causal links between these phenomena. Firstly, the sedimentation of massive evaporite deposits is discussed and its relationship with the Early Aptian OAE 1a explored. The proposed coincidence in timing between massive evaporite deposition and OAE 1a enhances the understanding of carbon and sulphur cycles in the Early Cretaceous. Secondly, the top of sub-evaporite carbonates in the southern Brazilian basins is identified as having been deposited in a continental environment, and further evidence for its deposition during part of the OAE 1a interval is presented. Thirdly, it is suggested that the formation of the Ontong Java Plateau, already linked to the genesis of OAE 1a, promoted a eustatic sealevel rise responsible for rapid seawater entrance into the southern Brazilian basins during the Early Aptian. Fourthly, the first record of OAE 1a from northeastern Brazil (Sergipe- Alagoas Basin) has been recognized, allowing stratigraphic correlation with southern Brazilian basins. Stratigraphic correlation between the southern Brazilian basins is extended to the Falkland Plateau, where the decrease in the content of organic matter upwards in the stratigraphy of DSDP Site 511 through the BarremianâOAE 1b interval can be related to the evolution of South Atlantic basinal geometry. Finally, in the context of a Tethyan reference section, the record of the Barremian-Aptian boundary and the OAE 1a interval has been characterized in the Tethyan Poggio le Guaine scientific core from MarcheâUmbria, Italy.

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Kossev, Kiril Danailov. "Finance and economic development in historical perspective : South East Europe in the interwar period, 1919-1941." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b29cf66a-9823-4aac-b2ab-10b629dd36b6.

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The positive contribution of finance to the process of economic development has been debated ever since Joseph Schumpeter famously argued in 1911 that services provided by finance are essential for technological innovation and growth. A substantial theoretical literature has produced increasingly sophisticated economic models endogenising the role of finance into the growth process, while empirical studies have put forward data to detect the link between the two. Yet a large part of the empirical surveys operate with macroeconomic or cross-section data and have little to say about the channels through which finance affects growth. This is where this dissertation comes in. It provides firm-level data from Bulgaria and Yugoslavia from the period 1919-1941 to tackle a number of questions related to finance, banking, and economic performance of the European economic periphery. The analysis is broadly divided into three parts – capital flows and the effects of international investment on domestic firms, banks and the real sector during the Great Depression, and the political economy of government intervention during the Depression and post-Depression period. The first substantive chapter (chapter 2) contributes to the literature on growth and capital flows by testing the hypothesis that foreign direct investment brings about productivity improvements to host economies via the channels of technology, liquidity and know-how transfer, as opposed to market access or increased competition. Chapter 3 revisits the prominent debate over the origins of the banking crises during the Great Depression and the effects these had on the real sectors. Evidence is provided in support of the debt deflation theory of banking crises, but the broad effects of the Depression on banks’ and firms’ balance is also explored. The higher the involvement of banks with industry both directly (via interlocking directorates or equity ownership), and indirectly, via the lending channel, the greater the negative effects of the crisis on banks’ balance sheets. The evidence points to negative feedbacks from bank distress to firms’ output losses in the form of a credit crunch. Chapter 4 uses a political economy framework to analyse the state interventions in the Balkan economies during and after the Depression. The data suggests that direct and indirect bailouts of banking and industry defined the role of the state. Government cronies from the financial and economic elite, as well as the agricultural sector ended up as winners from the process, while semi-skilled and unskilled labour paid the tax bill. These quantitative findings are in agreement with the broad conclusions of transaction cost economics where finance can play an important sorting role. They also support the empirical literature that rejects the contributions of portfolio investment but argues that direct foreign investment is a source of technological progress. The conclusions of the thesis, however, call for caution as market failure in the financial sector was abundant and political economy frictions could cause lasting damage to development.

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Locatelli, Tommaso. "Developing and testing a model of wind damage risk for forest plantations in South-West Europe." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20386.

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Wind is the main abiotic cause of disturbance to forests in large parts of the world, particularly at temperate and boreal latitudes. In the past few decades the consequences of large wind-induced losses have been experienced at various levels, from small forest owners to large-scale, whole-society level. This is particularly relevant for areas, such as Europe, where forests are intensively managed, and the assets exposed to wind hazard are substantial. To better manage forests and commercial tree plantations to reduce the risk of wind damage, process-based, semi-mechanistic mathematical models such as ForestGALES are used. This model has been parameterised and evaluated for numerous conifer species, which constitute the major plantation types in temperate and boreal biomes. However, the geographical extent and economic importance of fast-growing broadleaved species, such as those of the Eucalyptus genus, and the lack of detailed historical data on wind damage to these species, require that tools for the estimation of the risk of wind damage to these species are developed and evaluated. This is particularly relevant in light of the projected increases of surface temperature due to climate change, and of the frequency and severity of extreme windstorms, that are expected as a consequence of climate change. Fieldwork was conducted in a semi-natural Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) forest in the Asturias region in Northern Spain to acquire data for the parameterisation of ForestGALES for E. globulus, using a tree-pulling experiment. The behaviour of the parameterisation was investigated for different stocking densities to evaluate whether the effects of tree height, stocking density, and presence of a fresh upwind gap are consistent with the literature. This parameterisation was then used to compare the vulnerability to wind damage between E. globulus and Pinus pinaster (Ait.), the predominant plantation species in the Aquitaine region of SW France where extensive damage was experienced from storms Martin (1999) and Klaus (2009). The effects of rooting depth (2x), growth rate (2x), presence/absence of a recently created windward gap, and of the predominant wind climate in Aquitaine were investigated in this comparison. In order to aid forest managers with optimal resource allocation for practical applications of ForestGALES, and to provide forest modellers with invaluable insights for the development of robust wind damage risk models, ForestGALES was subjected to a sensitivity analysis. A generalisation of the variance-based method of Sobol’ for the case of correlated variables was used to investigate the sensitivity of the outputs of ForestGALES (the critical wind speeds for stem breakage and uprooting, and the associated probabilities of damage) to variation in its input variables. Almost all the E. globulus trees pulled in Asturias failed by overturning rather than breakage, which allowed for good confidence in the calculations of the overturning moments required for the empirical component of ForestGALES. Resistance to overturning was not significantly influenced by the presence of a tap-root. Modelling the shape of the tree crowns with an ellipsoid provided a good approximation of the geometry of the canopy, but required additional fieldwork as crown width in the four cardinal directions had to be estimated visually prior to the tests. The scarcity of detailed published data on wind damage to E. globulus made evaluating the parameterisation particularly challenging. This impediment was obviated by investigating the behaviour of the parameterisation with regards to the well-known effects of tree height, stocking density, and presence of a fresh upwind gap. The simulations showed that the parameterisation behaved as expected, with vulnerability of E. globulus stands increasing with tree height, stocking density, and the presence of a gap. High initial planting densities, an early thinning, and a final harvesting before the trees have reached a height of 20 – 25m are recommended to reduce the risk of wind damage to E. globulus. The comparison with P. pinaster showed that E. globulus trees are particularly susceptible to the presence of a recently created windward gap. Therefore, harvesting at neighbouring sites should be minimised, and preferentially performed when the neighbouring stands are still at a young age to take advantage of the fast growth rates of E. globulus. These practices would ensure that in case of wind damage any losses are recovered in a short time. These procedures can reduce the cumulative risk through the rotation, while maintaining competitive yields. The ForestGALES simulations have also highlighted that the silvicultural practices currently in place in Aquitaine expose P. pinaster trees to high levels of cumulative risk (> 20%). The sensitivity analysis of ForestGALES has highlighted the strengths of the model and the areas that require substantial improvement. The results of the analysis show that ForestGALES is able to simulate very effectively the dynamics of wind damage to forest stands, as the model architecture reflects the significant influences of tree height, stocking density, dbh, and size of an upwind gap, on the calculations of the critical wind speeds of damage. Similarly, in ForestGALES the wind climate of a site is the main driver of variation of the probabilities of damage, as it is for real forests affected by extreme storms. Conversely, when the windiness of a site is moderate, ForestGALES accounts for the larger role of tree and stand variables. The sensitivity analysis has shown that ForestGALES is particularly efficient at simulating not only the effect of the size of windward gaps on the vulnerability of a stand, but also at differentiating between recently formed stand edges and edges that have been in place since the establishment of a stand. Therefore, for practical applications of the model, tree height, dbh, stocking density, the size and nature of an upwind gap, and the local wind climate, are the variables that need to be known with a high accuracy in order to maximally reduce the uncertainty of the model predictions. The section of the model that requires further attention and research is the one dedicated to the calculation of the trees’ resistance to overturning. The sensitivity analysis has shown that rooting depth and soil type, the model input variables on which the empirical component of ForestGALES that describes the resistance to overturning is based, contribute only marginally to the variation in the outputs. This finding unequivocally identifies that efforts for future research should be aimed at studying the mechanics of root-soil interactions with regards to tree stability. The results of the sensitivity analysis have also shown that the variance-based method used in this research project is equally sensitive to the accurate description of the probability distribution functions of the scrutinised variables, as it is to their correlation structure.

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Xhaferaj, Ferdinand. "Building up a strategy for de-Balkanizing the Balkans : stability and prosperity in South Eastern Europe." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Dec%5FXhaferaj.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs and M.A. in International Security and Civil Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Robert Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-87). Also available online.

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Tezcan, Seden. "European Union's Relations with South Eastern Europe: A Case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina&the Implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Process." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2710.

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Since the beginning of the 1990s important changes took place, such as the collapse of Communism and the dissolution of Yugoslavia. Consequently, the European Union (EU) has faced a new agenda in SouthEastern Europe. The EU policies towards this region were not very well coordinated in the first half of the 1990s. From the second half of the 1990s onwards, the EU has become more focused in its policies towards South Eastern Europe. Since 1999, the Stabilisation and Association Process is the new institutional framework of the EU towards this region. The main purpose of the Stabilisation and Association Process is to promote peace, prosperity and stability in this region.

This study aims to explore the EU relations with South Eastern Europe with a single case study of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Process. The main research questions are: What are the main aims and dynamics of the EU’s relations with South Eastern Europe? What are the main problems concerning the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Process in the case of Bosnia? How do the norms, values and culture of Bosnia affect the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Process?

The focus of this study is on democratization as an open- ended process. Thus, it is relevant to apply democratization theories, with a focus on the Transition Approach as a theoretical framework. Democratization theories aim to explain how authoritarian regimes change into liberal democratic ones. The transition approach makes a clear distinction between democratic transition and democratic consolidation phases, and identifies the necessary conditions for the success of each phase. New Institutionalism is another theoretical orientation that will be applied to this study. New Institutionalism is used in this study to discuss the concepts of institutional change and democratic governance, and to further study both the formal and informal institutions in Bosnia and how they limit the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Process.

This study comes up with the conclusion that South Eastern Europe remains one of the priority regions for the EU. The dynamics of EU-South Eastern Europe relations is based on a number of different factors, such as political and economic considerations, concerns about peace, prosperity, and stability at the doorstep of the EU. The implementation of EU policies in this region is related to the debate on the future of the EU as well. The conclusions about Bosnia and Herzegovina point out that the country has moved forward a considerable amount after the 1992-95 Bosnian War. Democracy is beginning to emerge in the country. However, the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Process is constrained by the complex formal institutional structure as laid out in the Dayton Peace Agreement. Moreover, the informal institutions in Bosnia limit the implementation. For instance, the path-dependent authoritarian legacy of former Yugoslavia, exclusive ethnic nationalism, and distrust among the major ethnic groups in Bosnia are obstacles in front of the effective implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Process. The level of international community involvement in the country is still very intensive. Bosnia has not become a self-sustainable democratic state yet. Strengthening the civil society in Bosnia and Herzegovina and promoting an inclusive civic identity that will lead to the enhancement of democratic values in the country can be recommended as solutions for the current problems of the country.

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Koktsidis, P. I. "Geo-strategic conflict, violent radicalization and crisis management in South Eastern Europe : The Case of Fyr Macedonia." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517237.

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Piazza, Veronica. "Response of early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) benthic marine faunas from South-Western Europe to temperature-related stressors." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22950.

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Globaler Temperaturanstieg, Ozeanversauerung und Sauerstoffmangel (temperaturbedingte Stressoren), spielen eine wichtige Rolle während Klimawandel. Die kombinierten Auswirkungen wirken sich negativ auf marine Lebensgemeinschaften und Ökosystemen aus und verschärfen die Effekte anderer Stressoren. Es gibt für den aktuellen und vergangenen Erwärmungsphasen Belege für veränderte Artenverteilung, Lebensraumverlust, Artensterben und verminderte physiologische Leistungen von Organismen. Die spezifischen Mechanismen werden diskutiert. Umweltveränderungen in der Erdvergangenheit bieten die Gelegenheit, die Dynamik von Ökosystemkrisen vor, zu untersuchen. Diese Arbeit integriert verschiedenen Disziplinen um unser Verständnis der Rolle temperaturbedingter Stressoren für marine benthische Ökosysteme zu verbessern. Das Toarcian Event (Unterjura) wurde aufgrund seiner geologischen, geochemischen und paläontologischen Überlieferung ausgewählt. Hochaufgelöste quantitative taxonomische, paläoökologische und geochemische Daten von benthischen Makroinvertebraten wurden analysiert. Ziel ist es, die Mechanismen ökologischer Veränderungen unter Temperaturstress zu bewerten, mit Schwerpunkt auf Körpergrößenmuster sowie Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung und Struktur von Lebensgemeinschaften, und die Rolle von Umweltstressoren als Ursachen der biotischen Krise abzuschätzen. Der Temperaturanstieg führte zu dem Verlust an biologischer Vielfalt und zu der Verringerung der Körpergröße der Organismen vor und während der biotischen Krise. Die Struktur der Gemeinschaften wurde in Bezug auf die taxonomische und ökologische Zusammensetzung neu organisiert. Die Reaktion auf Umweltstress war innerhalb und zwischen den taxonomischen Gruppen unterschiedlich, wobei Brachiopoden stark betroffen waren. Diese Ergebnisse verbessern unser Verständnis der biotischen Reaktionen auf temperaturbedingte Stressoren und können zur Vorhersage Veränderungen Ökosysteme bei den aktuellen Erwärmungstrends beitragen.
Global warming, oceanic acidification and deoxygenation (temperature-related stressors) play an important role during climate change. The combined impact of these stressors is known to negatively affect marine biota and ecosystems, often exacerbating the impact of other stressors. Under the current and past climate change, there is record of altered species distribution, habitat loss, extinctions and decreased physiological performance of organisms. Despite the increasing evidence, the specific mechanisms through which climate change influences ecological patterns are debated. Past environmental perturbations represent an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of ecosystem and biotic crises across Earth history. This work integrates different disciplines to increase our understanding on the role played by temperature-related stressors on marine benthic biota and ecosystems. The Toarcian Event (Early Jurassic) was chosen for its well-preserved geological, geochemical and palaeontological record. High-resolution quantitative faunal and geochemical data from benthic marine macroinvertebrates were investigated. The aims are to identify and evaluate the mechanisms of faunal and ecological shifts under a temperature-related stressor scenario, with focus on body size patterns and ecosystem change and recovery, and to estimate the role of environmental stressors as proximate causes of the biotic crisis. Temperature increase led to biodiversity loss and reduced body size of organisms during and possibly before the event. Moreover, the structure of marine communities was reorganized in terms of taxonomic and ecological composition. The response to environmental stress was variable within and between taxonomical groups, with brachiopods severely affected. These findings increase our understanding of biotic responses and ecosystem and biodiversity shifts under temperature stress, hopefully contributing to the prediction of ecosystem changes under the current warming scenario.

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Linton, Yvonne-Marie. "Characterisation of the South African Culicoides imicola (Kieffer, 1913) species complex, and its phylogenetic status in Europe." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU112148.

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C. imicola has been described as a species complex in South Africa on the basis of taxonomy, with at least seven species world-wide. Phylogenetic validity of five taxa within the Imicola group, namely C. imicola s.s., C. loxodontis, C. bolitinos and two currently unconfirmed species - Culicoides Sp. 30 (tuttifruitti) and Culicoides Sp. 107 (kwagga), were established using mtDNA COI sequence data, which confirmed their identity, not only as separate genetic entities, but also in exact correlation with the sibling species based on morphological and ecological parameters. In addition, the separate species status was reinforced for C. kwagga and C. tuttifrutti, which showed BCL of 100 with respect to C. imicola, using sequence data from the ITS-2 nuclear rRNA gene spacer region, and the mtDMA 16S gene respectively. Phylogeographical studies were undertaken using all three genomic regions, and revealed that C. imicola is present in Europe as C. imicola in sensu stricto, which acts as the vector for AHSV and BTV in this region. Intra-specific variation was highest in the COI amplicon, and extremely low in both ITS-2 and 16S regions. Phylogenetic resolution of internal clades was poorly supported for each gene region, and haplotype sharing suggests that the C. imicola populations across this wide geographical range are highly heterogeneous, with a high degree of haplotype mixing. Ecological field studies were carried out in farmyards in Spain and Portugal. When population composition of C. imicola was determined alongside host preference, it was found that although C. imicola are present in farms around cows, domestic fowl and pigs, they are present in higher numbers, comprise a higher total % of Culicoides caught and are present in a more stable population around horses. These results have serious implications for the spread of AHSV in these regions of Iberia where equestrian stud farms, producing quality polo and racing horses, play a significant part in the economy of the area.

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Muhameti, Denisa <1992&gt. "The making and the dismantling of Albanian minorities in South East Europe. A historical and juridical analysis." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16500.

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Questa tesi affronta la questione dei diritti delle minoranze. La ricerca si concentra sui diritti delle minoranze nell'Europa sudorientale e più precisamente sulle minoranze albanesi nei Balcani. A partire dalla caduta degli imperi, le questioni relative alle minoranze sono state una preoccupazione primaria per i governi in Europa. Ci sono volute due guerre mondiali, la Guerra Fredda e la disintegrazione della Jugoslavia per rivalutare la loro importanza in termini di sicurezza non solo nei Balcani, ma anche a livello europeo e internazionale. Il primo capitolo fornisce una panoramica storica delle minoranze albanesi nei Balcani dalla nascita dello stato-nazione fino alla guerra in Kosovo, che si è conclusa con l'intervento della NATO nel 1999. In particolare, cerca di dimostrare come sono state create e successivamente smantellate. Il secondo capitolo ricostruisce i passi che sono stati fatti per ottenere la protezione legale delle minoranze nel diritto internazionale. Infine, la violenza inter-etnica nel sud-est Europa ha scioccato la comunità internazionale alla fine della Guerra Fredda. Da allora è stata prestata maggiore attenzione alla protezione e alla promozione delle minoranze nazionali, etniche, religiose e linguistiche. Il primo riferimento internazionale diretto alle minoranze è stato fatto dall'Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite con l'adozione nel 1992 di una Dichiarazione non vincolante sui diritti delle persone appartenenti a minoranze nazionali o etniche, religiose e linguistiche. Tuttavia, il primo trattato sui diritti umani che affronta i diritti delle minoranze - la Convenzione quadro europea per la protezione delle minoranze nazionali - è stata adottata nel 1994 a livello regionale nell'ambito del sistema del Consiglio d'Europa. Dopo la guerra in Kosovo, le Nazioni Unite, l'Organizzazione per la sicurezza e la cooperazione in Europa (OSCE) e l'Unione Europea (UE) sono state attivamente impegnate nei Balcani. Le questioni relative alle minoranze hanno occupato un posto primario durante l'allargamento dell'UE verso est. La ricerca mostra che i diritti delle minoranze sono protetti e promossi a livello sia internazionale sia regionale, tuttavia la loro protezione e promozione devono essere implementate a livello costituzionale nazionale. Le minoranze albanesi continuano a subire discriminazioni negli Stati in cui vivono, tuttavia, nonostante gli ostacoli che si potrebbero incontrate, il processo di adesione all'UE ha portato importanti sviluppi positivi nell'andamento dei diritti delle minoranze nell'Europa sudorientale. In effetti, le condizioni dell'UE per avanzare verso la piena adesione hanno un potenziale di vasta portata per trasformare il sistema economico e politico degli Stati dei Balcani occidentali, nonché per rafforzare la democrazia, lo stato di diritto e il rispetto dei diritti umani.

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Rafael, João Miguel Chaves. "Estratégia energética da Russia:ocaso do gás natural nas relações com a Europa." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4547.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Estratégia
Esta investigação demonstra como a riqueza de gás natural actua como factor de afirmação geopolítica e de potencial estratégico fundamental para a reemergência da Rússia enquanto potência no sistema internacional. Neste trabalho é estudada a enorme dependência da Europa em relação ao gás russo, já que esse facto é preponderante para a reconquista do estatuto de grande potência por parte da Rússia. É na Europa que se centram as estratégias da Rússia com os seus projectos de novos gasodutos como Nord Stream e o South Stream, o que não dispensará os russos de seguir também um jogo estratégico no Cáucaso e na Ásia Central de modo a garantir o sucesso das suas ambições dentro da Europa. Será abordado o projecto Nabucco como vanguarda da estratégia da União Europeia no combate à sua dependência em relação à Rússia, apresentando várias debilidades quanto à sua viabilidade, mas que a ter sucesso, compromete o futuro da Rússia no mercado do gás. A Rússia, por outro lado, tem pela frente grandes ameaças ao seu poder energético no longo prazo como a queda da produção, que poderá ameaçar a Europa também, e a baixa competitividade do gás russo que por enquanto é salva por um mercado onde a concorrência dificilmente consegue entrar.
This research shows how the wealth of natural gas play a role on geopolitical assertion and fundamental strategic potential for the re-rising of Russia as an influential nation in the international system. This dissertation studies the huge European dependence on the Russian gas, as this fact is crucial for the Russians to re-conquer their great power status. It is in Europe that Russia’s strategies are focused with its projects of new gas pipelines like the Nord Stream and South Stream. This, however, does not exempt Russians from pursuing a strategic game in the Caucasus and Central Asia, in order to ensure the success of their ambitions within Europe. We will cover the Nabucco project as the European Union’s head strategy, in its struggle against the dependence from Russia, while showing several weaknesses regarding its viability. However, should it succeed, it will undermine Russia’s future in the gas market. Nevertheless, Russia faces great threats to its energetic power in the long run, i.e. the fall of production which might also threaten Europe, as well as the low competitiveness level of the Russian gas that for the moment is saved by a market where the competition hardly penetrates.

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Ghazaryan, Narine. "How effective is the European Neighbourhood Policy as a mechanism for transposing the European Union's democratic values in the South Caucasus?" Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12997/.

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The central focus of the research conducted is the European Neighbourhood Policy aimed at developing the relations of the European Union with its neighbours in the East and South. The European Neighbourhood Policy has an extensive nature: it covers a wide-stretching geopolitical area including sixteen countries. The policy is also extensive in terms of its all-encompassing substance: it envisages cooperation between the parties on issues ranging from trade to border control. The research question contextualises the policy in geographical and substantive terms. The region of the South Caucasus was chosen to limit the research question to certain geographical framework. This is motivated by the complexities inherent in this geographical area. The nominal region of South Caucasus comprises Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The peculiarities of these states derive from complexities inherent within these states, complexities between the states, as well as between various geopolitical actors whose interests come across here. In substantive terms the research question is limited to the framework of promoting the European Union's democratic values. The main questions addressed in this relation are: what the Union's democratic values are and whether the policy in question offers sufficient mechanisms for their transposition to the South Caucasian countries. For this purposes the instruments and methodologies of the policy have been analysed. The democratic values of the Union have also been considered. Within this narrative, a comparative analysis of the process of the ENP implementation in three states has been undertaken to evaluate its effectiveness in promoting the democratic values of the European Union. The research is finalised with a summary of findings.

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Solomon, Adrian. "A quintuple helix framework for the implementation of resilient and green road freight transportation in South East Europe." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14328/.

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The unpredictable nature of extreme weather-induced disruptions is posing tremendous pressure on nowadays supply chains. Longer transports, increased fuel consumption, hazardous wastes, unsatisfied clients, social unrest and risks, damage to the environment, infrastructure and assets are only few of the pressuring outcomes. This situation becomes even more critical when it comes to freight transportation which is much closer to societies and to the environment. In order to counteract this, the concept of supply chain resilience is being adopted towards identifying solutions for the supply chains to recover after such a disruption took place. However, institutions tend to leverage (more) cost minimization as the key indicator of resilience efficiency against environmental and social indicators – and this is highly visible especially in the lower income region of South East Europe (SEE). This leverage is slowly becoming obsolete, as the global literature, policy and practice are consistently demanding for the need of resilient and green supply chain management (RGSCM) and implicitly of resilient and green freight transportation (RGFT). This is why, institutions can no longer emphasize economic benefits against societal and environmental value when dealing with resilience and thus, the proper implementation of RGFT/RGSCM strategies becomes critical. RGSCM and RGFT implementation have often been studied through various theoretical frameworks such as the ecological modernisation theory (EMT) for understanding how eco-innovations emerge, diffusion of innovation theory (DIT) for investigating how eco-innovations diffuse, complex and adaptive systems theory (CAST) for examining how resilience and self-adaptation is being achieved and finally, institutional and stakeholders theory (INT and ST) for reasoning how institutions adopt eco-innovations triggered by stakeholder groups (co-evolution). However, the key literature gap that this research aims to fill resides in the lack of existence of a converged framework for all the five theories with focus on understanding how institutional level RGFT/RGSCM practices can be implemented and leveraged at the stakeholder (mesosystem) level in order to ensure a wider scale impact. Such theoretical convergence gap becomes tangent with the recently developed quintuple helix model where eco-innovations, institutions, society and the environment are being seen as the key connected pillars of eco-modernisation in nowadays society. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to propose a quintuple helix framework for the implementation of RGFT/RGSCM during weather induced disruptions in SEE by underpinning how institutional interactions and RGFT/RGSCM eco-innovation implementation can scale-up to stakeholder level. In order to support this convergence and the theoretical framework assumptions, a three-stage mixed-method approach has been adopted at the South East European level (Stage one – qualitative interviews, N=6; Stage two – qualitative and quantitative semi-structured exploratory & confirmatory survey, N=311; Stage three – focus groups only on Greece in order to enable higher specialization of the findings, N=3 and modelling and simulation, N=3). Overall, the key outcome that has been revealed is that quintuple helix co-creation, goal and key performance indicators (KPI) alignment of all stakeholders and capacity to transform (eco-modernize) of institutions are the key enablers of fast eco-innovation (RGFT/RGSCM) diffusion and implementation. The additional (key) research outcomes are: firstly, disruptive eco-innovators are limited and most of the other institutions are primarily adapting/transforming; secondly, there is high willingness to leverage eco-innovations at the stakeholder level; thirdly, the RGFT/RGSCM eco-innovations will be based on the smart specialization areas of the country/region; fourthly, by having the inner desire to excel, institutions will continue to eco-innovate (mostly through steady transformation) – ensuring thus the sustainable change at the stakeholder level (by putting pressure on the late adopters). Lastly, a concerning element in this area resides in the existence of very isolated stakeholder groups which may not co-evolve. This research brings academic contribution by exploring each of the five theories and by proposing their convergence built upon the quintuple helix model. Additionally, this research provides advancements in the utilisation of mixed-methods research in RGFT/RGSCM. Similarly, this research provides practical benefits to institutions in terms of offering guidance and solutions for RGFT/RGSCM implementation. Policy-wise, this research enables better policy formulation especially in terms of triggering quintuple helix co-creation towards enhanced societal and environmental outcomes (impacting thus on society as well). Finally, the core limitations of this thesis which should be addressed in future studies consist of the high level approach in terms of converging the five theories as well as in the manner in which the triangulation is being performed (the three stages are not performed integrally and then triangulated – being rather integrated as means of one stage informing another).

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41

Gashi, Petrit S. "Export behaviour and the small and medium enterprise sector in South Eastern Europe, with special reference to Kosova." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440906.

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42

Pereira, Dalla Costa Joao Marcelo [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Hasenclever. "Transgovernmental Networks and Regional Integration in Europe and South America / Joao Marcelo Pereira Dalla Costa ; Betreuer: Andreas Hasenclever." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1162970960/34.

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43

Clark, Maxwell Maitland. "Insect herbivore communities colonising the flower-heads of Berkheya in South Africa and Carduoideae in Europe and California." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8416.

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Bibliography: leaves 231-233.
One of the main purposes of this study was to determine whether general conclusions can be made about the association of insect herbivores with Berkheya and thistles and whether there are any 'rules' that have influenced the evolution of these associations. It is shown repeatedly that there are significant and interesting correlations between characteristics of the plants and their herbivore communities, but these are not universal.

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Sommer, Marie Franziska [Verfasser], and Cornelia [Akademischer Betreuer] Silaghi. "Occurrence and genetic determination of Giardia in dogs from South Eastern Europe / Marie Franziska Sommer. Betreuer: Cornelia Silaghi." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077987021/34.

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45

Bergerbrant, Sophie. "Bronze Age Identities : Costume, Conflict and Contact in Northern Europe 1600-1300 BC." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6772.

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This dissertation deals with male and female social identities during the Middle Bronze Age (1600-1300 BC) in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany. South Scandinavian Bronze Age research has traditionally focused on the male sphere, while women have seldom been seriously considered or analysed in terms of their roles, power or influences on society. This study addresses the imbalance through discussing the evidence for gender relations, social structures and identity. The topic will be approached using case studies from different areas of northern Europe and from a variety of angles (e.g. costume and appearance, age, violence, long distance contacts), always drawing on the rich material from burials. How people presented themselves varied not only between different areas, but also over time. Groups that treated material culture in a fairly similar way during Period IB (c. 1600-1500 BC) start treating it in different ways during Period II (c. 1500-1300 BC). In southern Scandinavia during Period II the material culture is fairly similar on the whole, but the different geographical groups use the artefacts in different ways. The level of violence seems to have fluctuated in the area during the Middle Bronze Age, with some areas showing more signs of violence at certain times. On the other hand the view on ageing seems to have been fairly similar over a large part of central and northern Europe, and from age 14 one seems to have been regarded as an adult. The dissertation also shows that long distance contacts were important and wide-ranging, and people seem to have moved across large areas of Europe, even if the visible exogamous marriage pattern seems to have decreased in distance from Period IB to Period II. In conclusion, although there seems to have been a general European pattern concerning e.g. the view on age, the archaeological record reveals many local variations in how this was expressed, e.g. on the body.

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Lukasik, Sebastian Hubert. "A war within a war, the influence of Balkan irredentism on British strategy in south-eastern Europe, 1914-1918." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ61456.pdf.

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Orfanidis, Leonidas. "An investigation of national readiness for health record systems in south eastern Europe, using macro-level metrics and simulation." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445117.

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EngstroÌˆm, Jenny. "Democratisation and the prevention of violent conduct in south eastern Europe : the cases of Bulgaria and Republic of Macedonia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416582.

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Engstrom, Jenny Marika. "Democratisation and the prevention of violent conflict in south eastern Europe : the cases of Bulgaria and Republic of Macedonia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1800/.

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This thesis critically examines the common notion that the process of democratisation in multiethnic societies is directly linked with the emergence of ethnic nationalism and violent inter-communal conflict. Whereas generally assuming a positive relationship between democracy and the absence of violent conflict on the national as well as international level, academic studies maintain that this positive correlation does not apply to the actual process of democratisation, which, it is thought, may heighten interethnic tension and increase the risk of armed conflict in divided societies. Exposing the flaws in this argument, this thesis offers an alternative account of the relationship between democratisation and interethnic relations, suggesting that the former can in fact help to prevent violent conflict in societies divided along ethnic lines. Drawing on literature from democratisation theory and peace and conflict studies, and applying it to two case studies, Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia, this thesis shows that the development of democracy - albeit flawed - helped to moderate inter-communal tension between the ethnic Bulgarian majority and the Turkish minority in Bulgaria, and the ethnic Macedonian and Albanian communities in Macedonia. Comparing the experiences of Bulgaria and Macedonia in the 1990s, this thesis further suggests that the existence of unresolved issues over the gratification of certain fundamental human needs such as identity, security and recognition, amongst ethnic communities in heterogeneous societies must be resolved outside of the liberal democratic process, since needs are non-negotiable and as such cannot be bargained over through the democratic process. Furthermore, without some measure of national/political unity that is inclusive of ethnic communities, peaceful democratisation will be seriously undermined. Additionally, an aspect that has not been adequately accounted for in studies on democratisation in ethnically plural societies is the way in which the external security environment influences the domestic process of democratisation.

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Feehily, Ronan. "The development of commercial mediation in South Africa in view of the experience in Europe, North America and Australia." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4606.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 288-340).
Mediation is not a novel process in South Africa. It was used as the primary method of dispute resolution in some traditional pre-indusrial societies. Corporate South Africa is beset by conflict and urgently requires processes such as mediation which dignify and empower participants to tackle commercial conflict at source. Statutes, case law, books, journals and numerous other publications were reviewed in order to assess the relevant issues in the development of commercial mediation and investigate how this process could become a viable alternative to arbitration and the court system in South Africa. Empirical research gleaned from interviews conducted in Cape Town and Johannesubrg reflects the experience of those who currently act as commercial mediators. The ultimate aim of this process is to reach agreement. In light of this extensive jurisprudence that has developed in this area in othe jurisdictions, careful drafting of agreements can go a long away in avoiding enforcement complications. The conversion of a settlement agreement into a judgment or award has proved useful on the small number of occasions when compliance with a settlement appears that it may be an issue. A delicate balance is required between supporting mediation, on the one hand, and not freezing litigation or upholding illegiality, on the other. Absolute rules or uniform statutes, while appearing to offer straightforward rules for an informal process, can in practice prove overreaching or inappropriate. A possible middle path could protect mediation confiddentiality and also allow evidence about the mediation to be admitted in limited curcumstances to be specified by the court on a case-by-case basis.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'South Europe'

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