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1
Park, Sangki. "Vibro-Acoustic Numerical Simulation for Analyzing Floor Noise of a Multi-Unit Residential Structure." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (2019): 4289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204289.
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In South Korea, the construction of new multi-unit residential structures has been continuously increasing in order to accommodate multiple households in single structures. However, the presence of walls and floors shared with neighbors makes these structures exceptionally vulnerable to floor noise transmission when the noise of everyday life occurs. In particular, South Korea has many social problems associated with such floor noise, which require the utmost attention and immediate resolution. In this study, a 17-story structure was selected as a test structure. Field measurements were carried out. A numerical model for the 17-story structure was developed in order to perform a vibro-acoustic analysis. The validation of the numerical model comparing with the field measurement data results shows a good agreement. Finally, it is concluded that numerical analysis can be applied to resolve floor noise problems arising in multi-unit residential structures.
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Lim, Hyojin, Sungho Tae, and Seungjun Roh. "Analysis of the Primary Building Materials in Support of G-SEED Life Cycle Assessment in South Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (2018): 2820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082820.
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In recent years, much research has been conducted internationally to quantitatively evaluate the environmental impact of buildings in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address associated environmental problems. With this in mind, the Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) in South Korea was revised in 2016. However, the various possible evaluation methods make it difficult to conduct building life cycle assessment. Moreover, compared to research on residential buildings, life cycle assessment research on non-residential buildings is scarce. Therefore, this study analyzes primary building materials for life cycle assessment of current non-residential buildings to support Korean G-SEED requirements. Design documents for various non-residential buildings are obtained, and the types and numbers of materials used in production are determined. Next, the primary building materials contributing high cumulative weight based on the ISO14040 series of standards are analyzed. We then review the most commonly-used building materials while considering non-residential building types and structures. In addition, construction material reliability is evaluated using the environmental impact unit value. With our results, by suggesting the primary building materials in non-residential buildings, efficient life cycle assessment of non-residential buildings is possible in terms of time and cost.
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Cho, Minjung. "Residential satisfaction among low-income single-mother households: the case of residential welfare facilities in South Korea." Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research 14, no. 3 (2020): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arch-09-2019-0218.
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PurposeThis paper examines residential satisfaction in welfare housing facilities exclusively built for low-income single-mother households in South Korea. The main objective is to identify predictors from among various domains such as sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of residents, as well as objective and subjective characteristics of their residential environment.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-method field study evaluates data obtained via structured questionnaires administered to 233 low-income single mothers in 23 residential welfare facilities across South Korea, supplemented by facility observations and interviews with housing staff from 16 facilities.FindingsResidential satisfaction was found to be a multidimensional construct predicted by a number of variables, with psychological characteristics being dominant. Significant predictors were also identified among physical and sociospatial environmental characteristics, such as plan type, management and service and personal space.Practical implicationsThe results of this study highlight the significance of the human aspects of management and the sociospatial quality of housing unit spaces to provide a sense of protection and privacy for the residents, which emphasizes the importance of management, design and policy improvements to increase satisfaction in welfare facility residents.Originality/valueCurrently, data for special housing conditions of female-headed households in unstable housing affordability are relatively few and outdated. A critical examination of the physical and sociospatial quality of short-term subsidized public housing for low-income single-mother households in South Korea expands the current knowledge in this field to various sociodemographic and cultural contexts.
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Maturana, Beatriz, Anthony McInneny, and Marcelo Bravo. "Urban Transformations in the Culture of Santiago's Barrios." Open House International 44, no. 4 (2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2019-b0004.
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Within Santiago, Chile's capital city, Barrio is a fundamental urban concept: an identity of place that defines a social space more than the territorial boundary of a designated area. Nearly 30 years of sustained, economic growth have positioned Chile, and Santiago with 40% of the country's population, as a tourist, financial and investment centre for South America. After a general decline of the inner-city area during the time of dictatorship (1973-1990), three inner-city residential barrios are being re-defined by their social and urban heritage as part of the “coolest” city of South America. These residential barrios possess the social characteristics of an urban unit within the concept of an ethical city—autonomy, conviviality, connectivity and diversity—and, in form and use, the basis of urban cultural tourism, a living heritage of residential architecture, public space and urban culture. The spatial and economic transformation of these barrios shifts the existing dynamic between the residents' social capital and the barrios' symbolic capital to the question of whose rights and interest should prevail. Through a literature review, policy review and an analysis of morphology and land use of three barrios, this article draws lessons to assist a re-thinking of the development of this urban, social-spatial unit of Chilean cities.
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Dosumu, Oluwaseun S., and Clinton O. Aigbavboa. "An Investigation of the Factors Influencing Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of Residential Buildings in Gauteng, South Africa." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 50, no. 1 (2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.12789.
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The study aims to examine the factors affecting the IEQ of buildings with respect to type of building unit, gender, age, ethnicity and directions that the windows of occupants' building units are facing. The study was conducted in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (EMM) of South Africa. The descriptive (questionnaire) survey research design (quantitative method) was adopted in the study. The convenience sampling technique was used to collect data for the study. The method of data analysis includes percentages, mean scores, t-test statistic and one-way analysis of variance. The results of the study indicate that the factors investigated in the study were significantly optimum for the IEQ of buildings. However, inferential statistics show that the respondents differed on some factors of IEQ based on age, gender, ethnicity and building unit. Based on the findings, the study concludes that, the factors affecting IEQ of buildings vary according to age, gender and type of building units occupied. Hence, the factors need to be given dedicated consideration whenever design of buildings are to be done. Despite the existence of standards/assessment tools for determining the IEQ of proposed buildings, gender, age and type of units to be provided for occupants should be put into consideration when building projects are to be designed for IEQ.
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Xia, Nan, Liang Cheng, and Manchun Li. "Transnational Accessibility between Residential Areas Based on Multimodal Transport System." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 3 (2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030136.
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Due to the development of globalization, transnational activities are more frequent and evaluations of current accessibility are the basis for accessibility improvements. Accessibility evaluation indices generally contain two parts: travel time and travel probability. However, complex transnational processes involve the multimodal transport system, including air and land transport networks, which makes the calculation of these indices more difficult because large quantities of fundamental data, in addition to suitable models, are needed. In this study, residential areas were set as the basic evaluation unit for fine-scale and whole-process analysis. Then, multiple web-sourced platforms were introduced to acquire the travel time between each pair of residential areas. The temporal-range radiation model was applied to calculate transnational travel probability by considering spatial interactions of populations. Finally, the weighted-average travel time to South Asia and Southeast Asia (SA&SEA) countries was generated to represent the overall accessibility for each populated area in China. The results showed that China had better accessibility to SEA than SA, and countries with high accessibility were Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia. In China, southwest, south, and southeast regions showed larger accessibility to SA&SEA. Improvements of accessibility were also indicated by conjoint analysis of airport nodes. The proposed framework can help to delineate the spatial patterns of transnational accessibility and guide the enhancements of accessibility.
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Cho, Minjung. "Housing Workers’ Evaluations of Residential Environmental Quality in South Korean Welfare Housing for Low-Income, Single-Parent Families." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (2020): 5599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145599.
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This study evaluates the spatial conditions of the residential environment in welfare housing built for low-income, single-parent (LISP) families in South Korea to reveal the significant residential environmental (RE) design criteria concerning housing quality and family well-being. The primary data were analyzed by surveying 30 housing directors from 29 welfare residences, in conjunction with facility visits and interviews. The survey data were supplemented by interviewing 11 stakeholders, including government institute officials, project architects, and former residents who exited the program. A statistical analysis examined the RE quality in relation to building and resident features. Most respondents reported insufficient physical quality, specifically due to inappropriate units in size and number; poor indoor noise control; and substandard unit rooms, children’s rooms, and outdoor spaces. Furthermore, adequate rooms, family privacy, and a pleasant indoor environment (i.e., noise barrier, thermal comfort) were the most critical spatial design criteria. Particularly, the aforementioned housing environmental attributes were found to be different depending on a building’s construction year and type, householder type and age, and children’s age. Practical and methodological implications and future research directions are discussed to elevate the housing quality and sustainable well-being in welfare housing.
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Katumba, Samy, Inger Fabris-Rotelli, Alfred Stein, and Serena Coetzee. "A spatial analytical approach towards understanding racial residential segregation in Gauteng province (South Africa)." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-164-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The introduction of apartheid in 1948 resulted in racial residential segregation that has influenced the spatial distribution of the population in South Africa. Apartheid laws, which were mainly based on race, brought about the exclusion of the non-white population from urban areas and the mainstream economy of South Africa, as well as the benefits that come with it. In the early 1990’s, apartheid was abolished and the South African government set to bring about social and spatial justice, address inequalities and promote social cohesion. This also meant doing away with racial residential segregation that had been entrenched into the urban morphology of the country. Despite this, in the post-apartheid era, racial-residential segregation still exists (Parry and Van Eeden 2015).</p><p>Figure 1 shows the density (kernel) distribution of each of the four population groups in Gauteng in 2011: Indian/Asian (IA), white (W), black African (BA) and coloured (C). It is a reflection of the legacy of apartheid town planning which isolated non-whites to the peripheral areas of urban economic centers. Densely populated areas are coloured in red while less populated areas are coloured in green. As it can be seen in the map (Figure 1), the white population group densely occupies areas close to the business centers of the province in places such as Pretoria and northern parts of Johannesburg, while non-whites densely occupy peripheral areas in former townships designated to non-whites, such as Soweto (black African), Mabopane (black African) and Lenasia (Indian/Asians). This observed pattern is more pronounced for black Africans.</p><p>To study the pattern of racial residential segregation in South Africa, non-spatial indices of segregation are widely employed despite their shortcomings. Parry and Van Eeden (2015) are among the few authors who have acknowledged the importance of employing spatial indices of segregation, even though they did not explicitly use one due to the lack of ready to use GIS software. Massey and Denton (1988) define residential segregation as “the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment”, i.e. racial residential segregation manifests itself across space. Hence, in order to assess the extent to which the levels of racial residential segregation have subsided, adequate empirical studies that employ spatial segregation indices on socio-economic data are necessary. The purpose of this research is to study the pattern of racial residential segregation by employing a spatial index of segregation namely the ‘spatial information theory index (H)’ for Gauteng province, the economic hub and most populated province of South Africa.</p><p>Some of the shortcomings of existing non-spatial indices of segregation (and also of some of the spatial ones) include the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) which refers to how such indices are sensitive to the size of the areal units (i.e. administrative or political boundaries) of analysis that might be arbitrarily chosen or might not accurately reflect the actual racial composition of the local neighbourhoods. This introduces possibilities of obtaining inaccurate measures of racial residential segregation and also being unable to compare the results at various scales of analysis (Reardon et al. 2004; Weir-Smith 2016). One of the major challenges that impedes the use of spatial segregation indices is the lack of ready to use software that has implemented spatial segregation indices which have attempted to address the MAUP. To address such a challenge, Hong et al. 2014 implemented a series of spatial equivalences of existing segregation measures in R under the package ‘seg’ based on Reardon et al. (2004)’s formulation of spatial segregation indices. Reardon et al. (2004) emphasise the computation of spatial indices of segregation based on the racial composition of the population as reflected by their immediate local environment instead of relying on arbitrary or fixed administrative boundaries. The ‘spatial information theory index (H)’ as implemented by Reardon et al. (2004) is experimented in this study.</p><p>This study explores existing literature related to racial residential segregation in order to further complement and supplement existing theories on segregation in South Africa by adopting a spatial analytical approach. The authors take advantage of the R implementation of spatial measures of segregation (Hong et al. 2014), namely the spatial information theory index (H), to study the patterns of residential segregation in Gauteng province (South Africa).</p>
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Yoo, Hayoung, and Heeyeun Yoon. "The Effect of Green Characteristics in Reducing the Inventory of Unsold Housing in New Residential Developments—A Case of Gyeonggi Province, in South Korea." Land 10, no. 4 (2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040377.
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This study analyzes the effect of green characteristics on sales of unsold housing stock, using a multilevel growth model, in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea from 2012 to 2018. The green characteristics we estimated are external factors such as the proximity to urban parks and mountain trails located outside the housing complex and internal factors such as whether the area of communal open space within the complex exceeds a certain percentage. The results suggest that potential home-buyers are interested in green space inside rather than outside a housing complex in a suburban setting. Housing complexes with large enough communal open spaces had a 0.094 higher unsold unit ratio than complexes with small communal open spaces, but the surplus decreased more rapidly; the ratio declines by 0.028 per time unit. On the other hand, the results show no statistically significant effects of the distance to external green areas. This might be due to that public urban parks might not be an attraction to residents when forests and/or agricultural fields are in close proximity. The findings of this research will be utilized by construction companies and public institutions holding unsold units in improving their sales performance, not only in South Korea but also in other Asian regions showing a similar housing development pattern.
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Morano, Pierluigi, Francesco Tajani, Felicia Di Liddo, and Debora Anelli. "A Feasibility Analysis of The Refurbishment Investments in The Italian Residential Market." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (2020): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062503.
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In the present research the financial convenience of refurbishment investments concerning residential properties located in the Italian territory was analyzed. The study aimed at determining the unit profit range for a potential investor deriving from the refurbishment of residential properties and contextualizing the analysis to the Italian provincial capitals. With reference to the three macro-areas that for geographic and socio-economic differences define the Italian territory, namely the North, Center, South and Islands, three financial convenience maps were elaborated with the aim of providing a useful support in the investment choices of private and public operators. In particular, the financial convenience maps could guide the private operators in their investment decisions through a higher awareness of the achievable earnings and could help to identify the optimal allocation of financial resources due to the increase in the market value of the refurbished property. For the public administrations, instead, the study will be a useful reference for the calibration of the fiscal policy decisions regarding the incentives for building refurbishment at the different territorial scales and of the tax revenues related to the increase in the market value of the refurbished properties.
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Zhao, Jing Yuan, and Qi Bo Liu. "A Simulation Study on Energy Consumption of Cluster Distribution of Residential Buildings in Cold Zones." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 5822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.5822.
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The distribution of residential buildings is closely related to local climate conditions. This paper takes Xi’an region as its representative city to study the thermal conditions of various shapes of cluster distribution by utilizing energy consumption simulation. By sequentially changing the dimensions of each unit building in the cluster, it sets up models of mathematical examples which meet the requirements of different seasons. Based on the annual minimal energy consumption of buildings, the paper quantitatively expounds the influence of cluster distribution on buildings’ energy consumption. This study finally works out a recommendation for the cluster distribution in Xi’an region, i.e. the annual comprehensive energy consumption of buildings is at its minimum when buildings facing both south and north are “L”-shaped enclosures and when they have no westward extension and their length ratio between eastward extended exterior walls and southward level exterior walls is 0.5:1.
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Lee, Soo-Jin, You-Jeong Kim, Hye-Sun Jin, Sung-Im Kim, Soo-Yeon Ha, and Seung-Yeong Song. "Residential End-Use Energy Estimation Models in Korean Apartment Units through Multiple Regression Analysis." Energies 12, no. 12 (2019): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122327.
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The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical regression model for predicting end-use energy consumption in the residential sector. To this end, housing characteristics were collected through a field survey and in-depth interviews with residents of 71 households (15 apartment complexes) in Seoul, South Korea, and annual data on end-use energy consumption were collected from measurement systems installed within each apartment unit. Based on the data collected, correlativity between the field-survey data and end-use energy consumption was analyzed, and effective independent variables from the field-survey data were selected. Regression models were developed and validated for estimating six end uses of energy consumption: heating, cooling, domestic hot water (DHW), lighting, electric appliances, and cooking. Regression analysis for ventilation was not applied, and instead a calculation formula was derived, because the energy-consumption proportion was too low. The adj-R2 of the estimation model ranged from 0.406 to 0.703, and the maximum error between measured and estimated values was around ±30%, depending on the end use.
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Shin, Hee-Young, Svetla Gadzhanova, Elizabeth E. Roughead, Michael B. Ward, and Lisa G. Pont. "The use of antipsychotics among people treated with medications for dementia in residential aged care facilities." International Psychogeriatrics 28, no. 6 (2016): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215002434.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Antipsychotic agents have limited efficacy for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) and there are concerns about their safety. Despite this, they are frequently used for the management of BPSD. This study aimed to assess the use of antipsychotics among people on anti-dementia medicines in Australian residential aged care facilities.Methods:Data were obtained from an individual patient unit dose packaging database covering 40 residential aged care facilities in New South Wales, Australia. Residents supplied an anti-dementia medicine between July 2008 and June 2013 were included. Prevalence of concurrent antipsychotic use was established. Incident antipsychotic users between January 2009 and December 2011 were identified. We examined initial antipsychotic dose, maximum titrated doses, type and duration of antipsychotic use, and compared use with Australian guidelines.Results:There were 291 residents treated with anti-dementia medicines, 129 (44%) of whom received antipsychotics concomitantly with an anti-dementia medicine. Among the 59 incident antipsychotic users, risperidone (73%) was the most commonly used antipsychotic agent. Amongst the risperidone initiators, 43% of patients had initial doses greater than 0.5 mg/day and 6% of patients exceeded 2.0 mg/day for their maximum dose. 53% of concomitant users received daily treatment for greater than six months.Conclusions:Our study using records of individual patient unit dose supply, which represents the intended medication consumption schedule, shows high rates of concurrent use of antipsychotics and anti-dementia medicines and long durations of use. The use of antipsychotics in patients with dementia needs to be carefully monitored to improve patient outcomes.
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Lee, Jin-Kook, Jaeyoung Shin, and Yeunsook Lee. "Circulation analysis of design alternatives for elderly housing unit allocation using building information modelling-enabled indoor walkability index." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 3 (2018): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x18763892.
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In retrofit-purposed projects such as building renovations, the early decision-support mechanism to determine an optimistic circulation plan and spatial allocation is strongly required for architects, owners and residents. In this paper, we introduce such a case study based on the building information modelling-enabled approach that has been explored using an actual project at Yeongwol, South Korea for resolving diverse residential types, including elderly housing units. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an actual analysis of building remodelling design alternatives regarding indoor circulation and spatial allocation problems, especially considering elderly housing units. Another significant feature of this paper is a quantitative and explicit approach to the indoor walkability index using building information modelling. After acquiring indoor circulation data, such as metric distances between rooms, number of turns, spatial depth, vertical access, or any other BIM-enabled data, an appropriate and teleological weighting function was applied to determine the indoor walkability index. The usefulness of the approach was demonstrated in this paper, based on a Yeongwol project. building information modelling-enabled data provided prompt and reliable quantitative analysis results as soon as various design alternatives appear within the given timeframe to resolve circulation and spatial allocation problems for remodelling homes for the elderly.
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Khan, Anam-Nawaz, Naeem Iqbal, Atif Rizwan, Rashid Ahmad, and Do-Hyeun Kim. "An Ensemble Energy Consumption Forecasting Model Based on Spatial-Temporal Clustering Analysis in Residential Buildings." Energies 14, no. 11 (2021): 3020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113020.
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Due to the availability of smart metering infrastructure, high-resolution electric consumption data is readily available to study the dynamics of residential electric consumption at finely resolved spatial and temporal scales. Analyzing the electric consumption data enables the policymakers and building owners to understand consumer’s demand-consumption behaviors. Furthermore, analysis and accurate forecasting of electric consumption are substantial for consumer involvement in time-of-use tariffs, critical peak pricing, and consumer-specific demand response initiatives. Alongside its vast economic and sustainability implications, such as energy wastage and decarbonization of the energy sector, accurate consumption forecasting facilitates power system planning and stable grid operations. Energy consumption forecasting is an active research area; despite the abundance of devised models, electric consumption forecasting in residential buildings remains challenging due to high occupant energy use behavior variability. Hence the search for an appropriate model for accurate electric consumption forecasting is ever continuing. To this aim, this paper presents a spatial and temporal ensemble forecasting model for short-term electric consumption forecasting. The proposed work involves exploring electric consumption profiles at the apartment level through cluster analysis based on the k-means algorithm. The ensemble forecasting model consists of two deep learning models; Long Short-Term Memory Unit (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). First, the apartment-level historical electric consumption data is clustered. Later the clusters are aggregated based on consumption profiles of consumers. At the building and floor level, the ensemble models are trained using aggregated electric consumption data. The proposed ensemble model forecasts the electric consumption at three spatial scales apartment, building, and floor level for hourly, daily, and weekly forecasting horizon. Furthermore, the impact of spatial-temporal granularity and cluster analysis on the prediction accuracy is analyzed. The dataset used in this study comprises high-resolution electric consumption data acquired through smart meters recorded on an hourly basis over the period of one year. The consumption data belongs to four multifamily residential buildings situated in an urban area of South Korea. To prove the effectiveness of our proposed forecasting model, we compared our model with widely known machine learning models and deep learning variants. The results achieved by our proposed ensemble scheme verify that model has learned the sequential behavior of electric consumption by producing superior performance with the lowest MAPE of 4.182 and 4.54 at building and floor level prediction, respectively. The experimental findings suggest that the model has efficiently captured the dynamic electric consumption characteristics to exploit ensemble model diversities and achieved lower forecasting error. The proposed ensemble forecasting scheme is well suited for predictive modeling and short-term load forecasting.
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Anenberg, S. C., K. Talgo, S. Arunachalam, P. Dolwick, C. Jang, and J. J. West. "Impacts of global, regional, and sectoral black carbon emission reductions on surface air quality and human mortality." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 4 (2011): 10653–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-10653-2011.
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Abstract. As a component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC) is associated with premature human mortality. BC also affects climate by absorbing solar radiation and reducing planetary albedo. Several studies have examined the climate impacts of BC emissions, but the associated health impacts have been studied less extensively. Here, we examine the surface PM2.5 and premature mortality impacts of halving anthropogenic BC emissions globally, from eight world regions, and from three major economic sectors. We use a global chemical transport model, MOZART-4, to simulate PM2.5 concentrations and a health impact function to calculate premature cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths. We estimate that halving global anthropogenic BC emissions reduces outdoor population-weighted average PM2.5 by 542 ng m−3 (1.8%) and avoids 157 000 (95% confidence interval, 120 000–194 000) annual premature deaths globally, with the vast majority occurring within the source region. While most of these avoided deaths can be achieved by halving East Asian emissions (54%), followed by South Asian emissions (31%), South Asian emissions have 50% greater mortality impacts per unit BC emitted than East Asian emissions. Globally, the contribution of residential, industrial, and transportation BC emissions to PM2.5-related mortality is 1.3, 1.2, and 0.6 times each sector's contribution to anthropogenic BC emissions, owing to the degree of co-location with population. Impacts of residential BC emissions are underestimated since indoor PM2.5 exposure is excluded. We estimate ~8 times more avoided deaths when BC and organic carbon (OC) emissions are halved together, suggesting that these results greatly underestimate the full air pollution-related mortality benefits of BC mitigation strategies which generally decrease both BC and OC. Confidence in our results would be strengthened by reducing uncertainties in emissions, model parameterization of aerosol processes, grid resolution, and PM2.5 concentration-mortality relationships globally.
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Tangwe, Stephen loh, and Michael Simon. "Quantification of the viability of residential air source heat pump water heaters as potential replacement for geysers in South Africa." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 17, no. 2 (2019): 456–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-05-2017-0042.
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Purpose This paper aims to compute demand, consumption and other avoidance saving by replacing existing geysers with split and integrated type air source heat pump (ASHP) water heaters, to prove the potential of both ASHP water heaters in both winter and summer by virtue of their coefficient of performance (COP) during the vapour compression refrigeration cycles and to demonstrate that despite the viability of both split and integrated ASHP system, the latter exhibits a better performance in terms of its COP and achievable savings and load factor. Design/methodology/approach This research emphasised the use of the data acquisition system housing various temperature sensors, power metres, flow metre, ambient temperature and relative humidity sensor to determine electrical energy consumption and useful thermal energy gained by the hot water in a geyser and storage tanks of residential ASHP water heaters. The load factors, average power and electrical energy consumptions for the 150 L high-pressure geyser, a 150 L split and integrated type ASHP water heaters were evaluated based on the controlled volume (150, 50 and 100 L) of daily hot water drawn off. Findings The results depicted that the average electrical energy consumed and load factors of the summer months for the geyser, split and integrated type ASHP water heaters were 312.3, 111.7 and 121.1 kWh and 17.9, 10.2 and 16.7 per cent, respectively. Finally, the simple payback period for both the split and integrated type ASHP water heaters were determined to be 3.9 and 5.2 years, respectively. By the application of the Eskom’s projected tariff hikes over the years, the payback periods for the split and integrated ASHP water heaters could be reduced to 3.3 and 4.1 years, respectively. Research limitations/implications The experiments were conducted in a controlled outdoor research facility as it was going to be of great challenge in conducting both experiments simultaneously in a specific home. The category of the different types of ASHP water heaters was limited to one due to the cost implication. The experiment was also conducted at a single location, which is not a full representation of all the ambient conditions of the different regions of South Africa. Practical implications The experiments were done with a specific controlled volume of hot water drawn off from each of the three hot water heating devices. The experiments was structuring controlled to a specific volume of hot water drawn off and at specific period of the day and hence to not cater for random drawers and intermittent drawn off. Social implications The findings help to assure homeowners that irrespective of the type of ASHP water heaters installed in their residence, they can be guarantee of year-round performance and a favourable payback period provided their hot water consumption is over 200 L per day. Also, although the split type ASHP water heater performed better than the integrated system the cost of installation and maintenance will be higher in a split type in comparison to the integrated type. Finally, by successful implementation of either of the ASHP water heaters the home owner can substantially save of his hot water bill. Originality/value The experimental design and methodology is the first of its kind to be conducted in South Africa. The results and interpretation were obtained from original data collected from the set of experiments conducted. Also, the authors are able to show that the introduction of back up element in an ASHP unit to run simultaneously with the vapour compression refrigeration cycles of the ASHP can reduce the COP of the overall system.
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Badcock, B. A., and M. A. Browett. "Adelaide's Heart Transplant, 1970–88: 3. The Deployment of Capital in the Renovation and Redevelopment Submarkets." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 8 (1992): 1167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a241167.
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In this, the last of three papers devoted to urban restructuring and its impact upon the built environment of an Australian city, the spatial focus narrows from the metropolitan region to an inner zone of Adelaide. This is the part of Adelaide that has gained most from the processes of residential reinvestment and gentrification over the last two decades. The interest in the circulation of capital that has been maintained throughout the previous papers is explored more fully by measuring and evaluating investment activity in the renovation and redevelopment submarkets. The evidence presented on the organizational structure, levels of investment, and returns to investment within the two submarkets makes for a better-informed characterization of ‘property capital’. It also serves to make the accompanying role of public finance in the revitalization process much clearer. In this paper, the interpretation of capital formation in the renovation and redevelopment submarkets suggests that all three tiers of government in Australia have been thoroughly implicated in the residential transformation of Inner Adelaide during the last two decades. Changes to the Commonwealth States Housing Agreement in 1973 released public funds for rehabilitating terrace housing in the City and inner suburbs, and the Hawke Government restructured taxation policy and the financial markets affecting investment in the home unit and town house submarket in the 1980s. Meanwhile the Dunstan administration in South Australia axed the freeway and high-rise-housing plans of the previous state government, and pressured City Hall to abandon its grandiose plans for commercializing the City's ‘square mile’. The residential development policies conceived in the mid-1970s as part of the replacement City of Adelaide Plan were emulated by other local government bodies in the nearby suburbs. Somewhat uncharacteristically, the state's public-housing agency gave a lead to project developers in the private sector by demonstrating what could be achieved in the submarket of inner-city-home units and town houses.
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Ali, Sajjad Shakir, and Hassan Kareem Abdullah. "Effect of Using External Packaging Materials for New Building Walls on Heating Load." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 6, no. 1 (2018): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol6.iss1.89.
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Experimental and theoretical investigation of three types of external packaging materials (Gypsum board, Alucobond, Ceramic) for the residential building were carried out in the present work, to reduce heating load in winter. Experiments were carried out at the university of Wasit (Al-Kut city, late 32.5N), winter season by building small room from sandwich panel. The room's dimensions were 2m width, 2m length and 2.4m height. The south wall was made two slots. The slot dimensions are 0.3m width and 1m height. Two types of walls were built in the two slots. The first wall was built from common bricks. The second wall was built from bricks covered with packaging material. The radiant time series (RTS) method was used for calculating the experimental heat losses through the walls. The ESP-R program from Energy Systems Research Unit (ESRU) - University of Strathclyde used to calculate the theoretical results[1]. It is the intensity of the radiation and temperature on the walls. The results of the experimental work show that the maximum values of percentage energy saving as follows: External packaging materials; 16.77 Gypsum board,2.73 Alucobond and 2.3 Ceramic.
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Anenberg, S. C., K. Talgo, S. Arunachalam, P. Dolwick, C. Jang, and J. J. West. "Impacts of global, regional, and sectoral black carbon emission reductions on surface air quality and human mortality." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 14 (2011): 7253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7253-2011.
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Abstract. As a component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon (BC) is associated with premature human mortality. BC also affects climate by absorbing solar radiation and reducing planetary albedo. Several studies have examined the climate impacts of BC emissions, but the associated health impacts have been studied less extensively. Here, we examine the surface PM2.5 and premature mortality impacts of halving anthropogenic BC emissions globally and individually from eight world regions and three major economic sectors. We use a global chemical transport model, MOZART-4, to simulate PM2.5 concentrations and a health impact function to calculate premature cardiopulmonary and lung cancer deaths. We estimate that halving global anthropogenic BC emissions reduces outdoor population-weighted average PM2.5 by 542 ng m−3 (1.8 %) and avoids 157 000 (95 % confidence interval, 120 000–194 000) annual premature deaths globally, with the vast majority occurring within the source region. Most of these avoided deaths can be achieved by halving emissions in East Asia (China; 54 %), followed by South Asia (India; 31 %), however South Asian emissions have 50 % greater mortality impacts per unit BC emitted than East Asian emissions. Globally, halving residential, industrial, and transportation emissions contributes 47 %, 35 %, and 15 % to the avoided deaths from halving all anthropogenic BC emissions. These contributions are 1.2, 1.2, and 0.6 times each sector's portion of global BC emissions, owing to the degree of co-location with population globally. We find that reducing BC emissions increases regional SO4 concentrations by up to 28 % of the magnitude of the regional BC concentration reductions, due to reduced absorption of radiation that drives photochemistry. Impacts of residential BC emissions are likely underestimated since indoor PM2.5 exposure is excluded. We estimate ∼8 times more avoided deaths when BC and organic carbon (OC) emissions are halved together, suggesting that these results greatly underestimate the full air pollution-related mortality benefits of BC mitigation strategies which generally decrease both BC and OC. The choice of concentration-response factor and health effect thresholds affects estimated global avoided deaths by as much as 56 % but does not strongly affect the regional distribution. Confidence in our results would be strengthened by reducing uncertainties in emissions, model parameterization of aerosol processes, grid resolution, and PM2.5 concentration-mortality relationships globally.
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Slaný, Vlastimil, Adam Lučanský, Petr Koudelka, Jan Mareček, Eva Krčálová, and Radek Martínek. "An Integrated IoT Architecture for Smart Metering Using Next Generation Sensor for Water Management Based on LoRaWAN Technology: A Pilot Study." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174712.
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This pilot study focuses on the design, implementation, optimization and verification of a novel solution of smart measuring of water consumption and crisis detection leading to a smart water management platform. The system implemented consists of a modular IoT platform based on a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) design using the M2.COM standard, a LoraWAN modem and a LoraWAN gateway based on the Raspberry Pi platform. The prototype is modular, low-cost, low-power, low-complex and it fully reflects the requirements of strategic technological concepts of Smart City and Industry 4.0, i.e., data integration, interoperability, (I)IoT, etc. The study was produced in cooperation with M.I.S Protivanov and VODARENSKA AKCIOVA SPOLECNOST, a.s. (industry partners distributing drinking water in the Olomouc and South-Moravian regions) to depict the current situation in the Czech Republic, characterized by extreme weather fluctuations and increasingly frequent periods of drought. These drinking water distributors are also constantly placing new demands on these smart solutions. These requirements include, above all, reliability of data transmission, modularity and, last but not least, low cost. However, smart water management (water consumption, distribution, system identification, equipment maintenance, etc.) is becoming an important topic worldwide. The functionality of the system was first verified in laboratory conditions and, then, in real operation. The study also includes checking signal propagation in the municipal area of the village of Zdarna, where the radius of the proposed measuring system was tested. A laboratory test with simulation of water leakage is also part of this work. Subsequently, the system was tested in a residential unit by means of water leakage detection using the MNF method (minimum night flow); the detection success rate was 95%.
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Kim, Ho-Jeong, and Jin-Soo Kim. "Design Methodology for Street-Oriented Block Housing Considering Daylight and Natural Ventilation." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (2018): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093154.
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This study presents a design methodology for street-oriented block housing, as a model for gradual small-scale block-unit development, that can secure two hours of continuous access to daylight on the winter solstice at azimuth angles of 0° and 60° in Seoul, South Korea, and, in addition, developed a methodology for wind path planning for existing types of developed housing. The results of this study have confirmed the feasibility of a housing design that can secure two hours of continuous access to daylight along with no less than 200 percent of development density, achieved through the elimination of self-shadows by using distances between residential buildings and shadow characteristics according to azimuth angles. In addition, the study identified an air flow stagnation section by assessing the air flow of the exterior space of street-oriented block housing in consideration of day-lit environments, and examined a planning model that can enhance natural ventilation potential by activating the air flow of the exterior space. Wind path planning was conducted for 24 alternatives that were produced based on the developed design methodology, and the wind velocity ratio of street-oriented block housing ranged from 0.34 to 0.59. In terms of disadvantages of street-oriented block housing in securing wind paths, this study confirmed that air flow could be strengthened by adjusting the form of the lower-part opening, which is open in the direction of incoming wind, designing a staggered mass layout in high-rise masses, and combining building floor heights. The above findings of this study suggest that a performance-based approach is necessary for the improvement of environmental performance in street-oriented block housing, in consideration of azimuth angles and the prevailing wind direction from the initial phase of planning.
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Tangwe, Stephen Loh, Michael Simon, and Edson L. Meyer. "Design of a heat pump water heater performance monitoring system." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 14, no. 4 (2016): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-08-2014-0055.
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Purpose This paper aims to show that by using air source heat pump (ASHP) water heater in the residential sector, the energy consumption from sanitary hot water production can be reduced by more than 50 per cent. Hence, this study quantitatively and qualitatively confirms that domestic ASHP water heater is a renewable and energy efficient device for sanitary hot water production. Design/methodology/approach Design and building of a data acquisition system comprises a data logger, power meters, flow meters, temperature sensors, ambient and relative humidity sensor and an electronic input pulse adapter to monitor the ASHP water heater performance. All the sensors are accommodated by the U30-NRC data logger. The temperature sensors are installed on the inlet pipe containing a flow meter and the outlet pipe of the ASHP unit, the vicinity of both evaporator and expel cold air. An additional temperature sensor and a flow meter that cater for hot water drawn off measurements are incorporated into the data acquisition system (DAS). Findings The result from a specific monitoring split type ASHP water heater gives an average daily coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.36 and the total electrical energy of 4.15 kWh, and volume of hot water drawn off was 273 L. These results were influenced by ambient temperature and relative humidity. Research limitations/implications The cost involved in purchasing the entire sensors and data logger limits the number and categories of ASHP water heaters whose performance were going to be monitored. Pressure sensors were excluded in the data acquisition system. Practical implications The data acquisition system can easily be designed and the logger can also be easily programed. Hence, no high technical or computer skills are needed to install the DAS and to be able to read out the results. Social implications Hence, the data acquisition system can be installed on the entire domestic Eskom roll out air source heat pump water heaters to effectively determine the coefficient of performance and demand reductions. Originality/value This DAS is the first of its kind to be built in South Africa to be used to determine the performance of an ASHP water heater with high accuracy and precision. DAS is also robust.
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Jung, Yeondae, Yongwan Chun, and Kamyoung Kim. "Modeling Crime Density with Population Dynamics in Space and Time: An Application of Assault in Gangnam, South Korea." Crime & Delinquency, August 6, 2020, 001112872094803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128720948037.
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The current study explores populational and environmental factors associated with violent crime. Specifically, it compares ambient and residential populations with regard to their association with assault density at a fine spatial and temporal unit in a city with socio-economic control variables. The results show that the ambient population are consistently associated with the level of assaults throughout the four time periods in a day, while residential population does not contribute much to explaining its variation. In addition, we also find that the percentage of single-member households and the distance to the nearest subway station are constantly associated with assault density, while the proportion of non-residential use and the land price are partially associated.
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Kumalawati, Rosalina. "Mapping of Dissaster-Prone Area for Residential Area Development: Evaluation in Barabai City, Hulu Sungai Tengah District, South Kalimantan." Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management 4, no. 1 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwem.v4i1.56.
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Flood disaster has some influences towards residential area. The effect of flood towards residential area needs to be investigated to determine the correct allocation of residential development space for the people who live in a flood-prone area. This research aims to develop a map of flood-prone areas for the sake of residential development evaluation in Baraba district, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency, South Borneo.The purposive sampling technique was used to select the research area. The unit analysis is some districts and included in the flood-prone areas. To determine the sample based on flood-prone level, the stratified sampling was used.The result of the research shows that most of the investigated areas prone to flood. A secure location for resident should utilize the land in accordance with the criteria of safe and appropriate settlement layout. The low-prone and safe areas can be used for the space allocation of residential areas development in order to be safer from flooding.
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Cho, Seong-Hoon, Moonwon Soh, Kihyun Park, and Hyun Jae Kim. "Impact of the rise of solo living and an ageing population on residential energy consumption in South Korea." Energy & Environment, March 21, 2021, 0958305X2110023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x211002322.
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Demographic changes have a profound impact on residential energy consumption. The number of single-person households is rapidly increasing around the world and the percentages of elderly individuals in the populations of almost all countries are expanding. The objective of our research was to analyze how single-person households and elderly households impact residential energy intensity, defined as annual residential energy consumption per capita per unit of finished area of the household’s house, and how those impacts interact with each other using South Korea as a case study. Our findings suggest that the rise of solo living and an ageing population have overlapping effects on energy consumption and threaten future improvements in residential energy intensity. Specifically, an increase of single-person households results in a decline in energy intensity regardless of whether the household is elderly or non-elderly and the effect of an increase in elderly households on energy intensity depends on whether the household is single- or multiple-person. Given the similar average size of finished area for single-person households, the difference in per unit energy consumption between elderly versus non-elderly households likely comes from behavioral differences such as a greater use of energy-intensive appliances by non-elderly households than elderly households. However, for multiple-person households, the effect of such behavioral differences seems to be dominated by the effect of a house’s shared amenities. The common space and energy-consuming amenities of a house are shared by more individuals in non-elderly households, leading to more intensive energy consumption by non-elderly multiple-person households than by elderly multiple-person households.
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Boguszewska, Kamila Lucyna. "Krajobraz Le Corbusiera. Losy „superbudynków” na przykładzie realizacji w Marsylii, Berlinie i Katowicach / Le Corbusier’s Landscape. The Fates of “Superstructures” as Exemplified by Their Implementation in Marseilles, Berlin and Katowice." Annales UMCS, Artes 12, no. 2 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/umcsart-2015-0005.
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AbstractThe project of a residential building (unit) of a proper size (unité de grandeur conforme) was designed in Le Corbusier’s atelier in Paris from the late 1940s on. Prepared by Jerzy Sołtan and Gerard Hanning, it was a theoretical model and was meant to be an answer to the shortage of housing after World War Two; it would also solve the functional program in an innovative way and at the same time would be based on the principles of the contemporary architecture created by Le Corbusier. For Le Corbusier, a very important part of the project was the spatial solution of the utilitarian roof. Essential elements here were: the landscape of the south of France, its scenic connections, spatial relationships and the silhouette of the City of Marseilles: these were called basic joys (joies essentielles), which should belong to everybody. The paper shows the histories of three buildings embodying the idea of the total housing unit: the prototype - the Marseilles Unit, its late copy - the Berlin Unit, and the Polish realization designed and built in Katowice by Mieczysław Król.
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Xie, Donglai, Ang Peng, Ziliang Wang, and Yajun Zhang. "Hydrogen Production for Fuel Cells by a Methane Reformer Integrated with Steam Generation." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 10, no. 1 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1542-6580.2980.
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The fuel cell based heat and power co-generation is considered to be well qualified for a distributed energy system for residential and small commercial applications. A kW-scale system is under development in the New Energy Group in South China University of Technology. Natural gas is selected as fuel for hydrogen production. The system mainly consists of a fuel processing unit, a power generation unit and an auxiliary unit. The fuel processing unit includes a reformer (integrated with steam generation), two high and low temperature shift reactors, and a preferential oxidation reactor. The reformer integrated with steam generation is designed to produce hydrogen-rich syngas from natural gas and water. It can be operated under steam methane reforming or oxidative steam reforming modes. 800 grams of commercial nickel catalyst supported on gamma alumina are loaded in the reformer. The reactor performances under typical steam reforming and oxidative reforming modes are tested. Influences of reaction temperature, steam-to-carbon ratio and methane space velocity on reactor performance under steam reforming mode are experimentally investigated. Influences of oxygen-to-carbon ratio, steam-to-carbon ratio and methane space velocity on reactor performance under oxidative reforming mode are also studied. The reformer will be integrated with the other parts of the system to build a complete system.
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Cole, Megan J., Richard M. Bailey, James D. S. JCullis, and Mark G. New. "Water for sustainable development in the Berg Water Management Area, South Africa." South African Journal of Science 114, no. 3/4 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2018/20170134.
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Water is fundamental to human well-being and economic growth. Measuring how water contributes to sustainable development is an important aspect of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, ‘Water and sanitation for all’. This importance is especially significant for water-scarce developing countries such as South Africa. Appropriate indicators can support decision-making and highlight key issues on inequality, unemployment and sustainability. In this paper, additional indicators for SDG 6.4 on water-use efficiency are proposed that focus on how individuals and households benefit, both directly and indirectly, from the allocations and use of water resources. The Berg Water Management Area (WMA) in the southwest corner of South Africa is used as a case study to illustrate the results. Residential per capita water use and municipal water losses were determined for all towns in the area. Figures for jobs and income per unit of water use were calculated for the heavily water-dependent industries, namely, agriculture, agriprocessing, freshwater aquaculture, mining and steel processing. This approach to measuring the socio-economic benefits of water use are relevant for other countries seeking to measure the role that water plays in achieving inclusive sustainable development, and could be included in the final SDG 6 indicator suite.
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Gibberd, Alison, Jessica Tyler, David Preen, et al. "Outcomes of Indigenous Twin and Singleton Pregnancies: Complications, Medical Care, Birth Experience and Infant Health." International Journal of Population Data Science 5, no. 5 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v5i5.1592.
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IntroductionMultifetal pregnancies and births tend to be more complicated and have poorer outcomes than singleton pregnancies. Singleton pregnancies and perinatal outcomes are worse, on average, for Indigenous people than non-Indigenous people, but little is known about Indigenous multifetal pregnancies.
 Objectives and ApproachWe comprehensively describe and compare Indigenous twin and singleton pregnancies and births in Western Australia (WA) and New South Wales (NSW) and compare to NSW non-Indigenous pregnancies and births. Birth records and infant and maternal hospital records were linked for births during 2000-2013 (WA) and 2002-2008 (NSW). Time travelled for the birth was based on the distance from the hospital to the centroid of the mother’s geographical residential area.
 ResultsIn the Indigenous populations, mothers of twins had poorer health than mothers of singletons (e.g. in WA, 19% of mothers of twins had hypertension/pre-eclampsia/eclampsia vs 9% of mothers of singletons). They were more likely to have antenatal care during the first trimester (e.g. 69% vs 64% in NSW), though less likely than non-Indigenous mothers of both twins (80%) and singletons (75%).The majority of Indigenous twins were born in a hospital with a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (e.g. 66% vs 26% in WA) and many mothers of twins travelled further for the birth (e.g. 8% of mothers of Indigenous twins in NSW travelled 3 hours or more vs 4% of mothers of singletons). In both jurisdictions, outcomes were worse for twins than singletons (e.g. 67% of twins in WA were preterm vs 13% of singletons and 30% of twins were admitted to a NICU vs 6% of singletons).
 Conclusion / ImplicationsMothers of Indigenous twins faced significant challenges during the pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period in hospital and, in addition to accessible specialist medical care, these mothers may need practical and psychosocial support throughout their journey.