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1
Blondeau, F., and A. Baste. "SEA-DEFENCE WORKS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST BETWEEN THE LOIRE AND GIRONDE." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 5 (January 29, 2011): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v5.37.
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Between the Loire and the Gironde, the Atlantic Ocean runs along a succession of zones, the level of which is lower than that of the Spring tides. The main ones are:
In the North, the marsh of Vendee, between the Loire and the Bocage (woody district): 50,000 hectares.
In the Center, the marsh of Poitou, between the Bocage and Aunis; 80,000 hectares.
In the South, the marsh of Saintonge, between Aunis and Saintonge: 50,000 hectares.
Natural defences (sand-hills, shingle beaches) exist in some places. But more often than not, the protection is assured by artificial defences. Seaside resorts (Chetelaillon, Royan) are protected by other works. Ahead of the coast line lie large islands (Noirmoutier, Re, Oleron) which include lowlands even more threatened than those on the continent. Therefore,this coast offers a great number of interesting works for the specialized engineer.
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Rousseau, Jacques. "La forêt mixte du Québec dans la perspective historique." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 7, no. 13 (April 12, 2005): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/020422ar.
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The mixed forest of the St. Lawrence valley, which presents jour successive landscapes during its seasonal rhythm, bas been the dorsal spine of Eastern Canada s economy since the establishment of the French colony. The various people who have successively inhabited this forest have either used it as members of the bio-sociological unit or tried to modify its ecology, depending on their traditional culture. It was occupied soon after the glacier recession by the Red-ochre Man, who was followed by the Algonkian forest hunters. Later, the same territory was inhabited by Iroquoian tribes, who brought with them their agriculture which had evolved in the South, but was reoccupied by the Algonkian tribes just before the foundation of Québec. At this time it became a country of European settlers, who carried with them their Old World agriculture and tried to reconstruct in a new continent their Normandie or Poitou landscape. For a newly established agriculturist, the land hardly produced enough for a living. The exploitation of Canadian forests was unpopular amongst the LaRochelle merchants who preferred to trade in the Baltic regions. The first important economic resource was the fur trade. Later, when Napoleon Bonaparte set up a blockade in the Baltic sea, England had to look elsewhere to save and develop her navy and found in the forests of Eastern Canada the pine-trees she needed. Finally, the increase in the number of news-papers, which was largely a consequence of the French revolution, developed another type of forest industry, the production of spruce pulp.
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Dexter, Nick, and Paul Meek. "An analysis of bait-take and non-target impacts during a fox-control exercise." Wildlife Research 25, no. 2 (1998): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97020.
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The effectiveness of a fox-control exercise at the Beecroft Peninsula, New South Wales, was evaluated by examining the change in proportion of baits taken during free-feeding and after lethal baiting in four different habitats (heath, forest, coastal scrub, beach), and the change in number of radio-collared foxes alive during the course of the baiting exercise. The change in proportion of baits taken by non-target species was also examined over the course of the study. Bait take declined by 97% from the initiation of poison baiting to the final day of poison baiting eight days later with significantly more baits being taken in heath than in any other habitat. Four out of six radio-collared foxes died on the first day of poison baiting while the other two foxes died within ten days of the start of the poison-baiting session. Black rats, currawongs and ravens took a small number of baits throughout the baiting exercise.
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Nattrass, Nicoli, and Beatrice Conradie. "Predators, livestock losses and poison in the South African Karoo." Journal of Cleaner Production 194 (September 2018): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.169.
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Brown, Kerry P. "Impact of brodifacoum poisoning operations on South Island RobinsPetroica australis australisin a New ZealandNothofagusforest." Bird Conservation International 7, no. 4 (December 1997): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900001726.
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SummarySouth Island RobinsPetroica australis australiswere monitored through two different brodifacoum (Talon 20 P, 20 ppm) control operations targeting stoatsMustela ermineaand ship ratsRattus rattusin aNothofagusforest. Repeated observations of banded and radio-tagged territorial adult Robins were used to monitor survival from 6 to 8 weeks after poisoning. Where poison was deployed in bait feeders, 96.7% (29/30) of marked Robins definitely survived, whilst where poison was freely broadcast, only 52.2% (12/23) of marked Robins definitely survived. At the non-treatment site 85.7% (18/21) of marked Robins definitely survived. This study demonstrates that individual Robins are at risk from poisoning from exposed brodifacoum on the forest floor and therefore, probably from aerial application of brodifacoum. Further research is required to determine whether the benefit to Robin populations from successful predator control outweighs the loss of some Robins from poisoning. Conservation managers must take a wide view of the ecological community impacts when controlling introduced mammalian predators.
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McNeill, F. G. "'Condoms Cause Aids': Poison, Prevention and Denial in Venda, South Africa." African Affairs 108, no. 432 (April 24, 2009): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adp020.
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Moshobane, Moleseng Claude, Alessia Bertero, Carine Marks, Cindy Stephen, Natasha Palesa Mothapo, Lorraine Middleton, and Francesca Caloni. "Plants and mushrooms associated with animal poisoning incidents in South Africa." Veterinary Record Open 7, no. 1 (November 2020): e000402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreco-2020-000402.
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BackgroundThere is extensive literature on animal poisoning from plants and mushrooms worldwide; however, there is limited account of poisoning from South Africa.MethodsThis study sought to describe and provide an overview of animal poison exposures in South Africa. Poisoning episodes reported to the Poisons Information Helpline of the Western Cape, jointly run by the Poisons Information Centres at the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital and Tygerberg Hospital over a period of approximately 2.5 years, from June 2015 to November 2017, were analysed to identify exposure patterns, severity and clinical outcomes.ResultsAlien plant species accounted for most cases (n=10) of reported poison exposures. Among the 26 recorded animal poisoning episodes, the dog was the most commonly implicated species (n=24), whereas just two enquiries were related to other animals (one rabbit and one cow) . There were 20 plant cases and 6 mushroom cases (all dogs). There was only one fatal case involving cycad in a dog.ConclusionFeatures of animal poisoning in South Africa were similar to those in other countries. The reported cases of animals exposed to poisonous plants and mushrooms could represent only a fraction of the actual exposures. Since most reported cases involved taxa that could not be identified to species level, more attention should be paid in case reporting and in animal poisoning prevention, engaging the public to enable people to recognise potentially hazardous plants and reduce the risk of poisoning in animals.
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Peltzer, Karl, Varghese I. Cherian, and Lily Cherian. "Attitudes toward Suicide among South African Secondary School Pupils." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1998): 1259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1259.
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This study investigated attitudes towards suicide among 622 Standard 9 (U.S. Grade 11) secondary school pupils chosen at random from schools throughout the Northern Province in South Africa. The pupils were 254 (41%) boys and 368 (59%) girls in the age range of 17 to 24 years, with a mean age of 19.3 yr. A questionnaire was administered to obtain data on attitudes and other measures. There were 31 (17%) parasuicidal boys and 34 (13%) girls. Major intentions or reasons to commit suicide mentioned were “failing to solve problems” and “mental illness.” Most frequent possible suicide methods were firearms, pills, or poison. Significant associations were found with having a friend or relative who committed suicide, parasuicide (oneself), depression, stress events, ethnicity, and attitudes towards suicide.
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Sciani, Juliana Mozer, Cláudia Blanes Angeli, Marta M. Antoniazzi, Carlos Jared, and Daniel Carvalho Pimenta. "Differences and Similarities among Parotoid Macrogland Secretions in South American Toads: A Preliminary Biochemical Delineation." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/937407.
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Amphibians are known by cutaneous glands, spread over the skin, containing toxins (proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, steroidal bufadienolides, and alkaloids) used as chemical defense against predators and microbial infection. Toads are characterized by the presence of parotoid macroglands. The common toads have lately been divided into two genera:Bufo(Europe, Asia, and Africa) andRhinella(South America). BasalRhaebogenus is exclusively of Central America and Amazon region. AlthoughRhinellaandRhaeboare related, species may share differences due to the diversity of environments that they live in. In this work, we have performed a biochemical characterization of the components of the poison of eightRhinellaspecies and oneRhaeboby means of RP-HPLC with either UV or MS detection and by SDS-PAGE, in order to verify whether phylogenetic and biological differences, such as habitat, diet, and defensive strategies, between them may also be reflected in poison composition. Although some components were common among the secretions, we were able to identify exclusive molecules to some species. The fact that closely related animals living in different habitats secrete different molecules into the skin is an indication that biological features, and not only evolution, seem to directly influence the skin secretion composition.
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Afi, Kristian E. Y. M., and Maglon F. Banamtuan. "KAJIAN SOSIO-HISTORIS TENTANG PANDANGAN DUNIA ATONI PAH METO DALAM RITUS POITAN LIANA." Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya 10, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v10i1.335.
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This article describes the world view of the people of South Central Timor Regency regarding Atoni Pah Meto in the Poitan Liana Rite. With qualitative descriptive methods, the paper formulated (1) Poitan Liana Rite means the kinship displayed in the role of Atoin Amaf in belief in Uis Neno, Uis Pah, and the ancestors through symbolic actions and speech; (2) Timorese view their life as an integral part of supernatural life, and the continuation of people’s lives in harmony between social order and cosmic order. Uis Neno, Uis Pah, and Ancestors are believed to be a supernatural power involved in human life. All forms of supernatural power interventions are in the context of the life of Atoni Pah Meto that proceeds to actualize themselves as “Responsible on earth”. (3) All human efforts are seen as a blessing from Uis Neno, Uis Pah, and the ancestors. Overall Poitan Liana’s ceremony contains meaning related to the understanding of self, nature, and society on one hand, as well as relations with supernatural powers on the other. In this vertical and horizontal dimension, Orang Boti directs himself to the vertical dimension to maintain his life in the horizontal dimension.
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Mcilroy, JC, and EJ Gifford. "Effects on non-target animal populations of a rabbit trail-baiting campaign with 1080 poison." Wildlife Research 18, no. 3 (1991): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910315.
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Populations of non-target birds and mammals on a semi-cleared grazing property near Braidwood, New South Wales, did not appear to be affected by a trail-baiting campaign against rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, using pellet bait and 1080 poison. Rabbit numbers were reduced by about 90% and those of the fox, Vulpes vulpes, another exotic pest, by about 75%. Populations of both pest species began recovering soon after the campaign, indicating the need for continued control measures.
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Paulsen, R., D. Swart, and E. Van der Bergh. "Surveillance of poison ingestion cases at Kimberley Complex Hospital, Northern Cape, South Africa." Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): A224—A225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.800.
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Paulsen, R., and D. Swart. "Surveillance of poison ingestion cases at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Durban, South Africa." Injury Prevention 16, Supplement 1 (September 1, 2010): A225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.802.
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TROPP, JACOB. "DOGS, POISON AND THE MEANING OF COLONIAL INTERVENTION IN THE TRANSKEI, SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of African History 43, no. 3 (November 2002): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853702008186.
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In the 1890s and 1900s in the Transkei, South Africa, colonial relations were severely strained as Cape colonial officials attempted to constrain African men's hunting activities by systematically poisoning and shooting their dogs. For colonial foresters, such efforts were part of a larger strategy to ‘protect’ flora and fauna by controlling African environmental activities and mobility more thoroughly. Yet on the ground in many areas, state-sponsored dog-killing was drawn into more complex understandings of, and popular frustrations with, transformations in local landscapes and livelihoods during this period. As rural men and women responded to the particular changes in their local political ecologies arising from colonial wildlife preservation policies, they also located conflicts over state forestry and its policies of exclusion within broader popular experiences of political, economic and ecological subordination. In several communities, rumors and stories proliferated, connecting the killing of dogs to other official attempts to poison and bewitch Africans, their animals and their landscapes. Such stories were ways for people to express deeper concerns over the spreading influence of colonial power in their daily practices and its toll on local communities’ health and welfare.
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Serieys, Laurel E. K., Jacqueline Bishop, Nicola Okes, Joleen Broadfield, Deborah Jean Winterton, Robert H. Poppenga, Storme Viljoen, Robert K. Wayne, and M. Justin O'Riain. "Widespread anticoagulant poison exposure in predators in a rapidly growing South African city." Science of The Total Environment 666 (May 2019): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.122.
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Kumari, Meena, Pattu Swarna Latha, and Kalyanasundaram . "Epidemiological and clinical profile of various plant poisons in a tertiary care center in South Tamilnadu, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 3517. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20193939.
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Background: Plant poisoning is a common scenario in a toxicology unit . Some of the plants contain active components used as medicines. However, some of the plant constituents are poisonous with wide variety of clinical manifestations. Authors aimed to study the pattern of various types of plant poisons and clinical presentations and complications of various plant poisons admitted in our toxicological unit.Methods: A total of 87 patients admitted with history of plant poison ingestion, in toxicological unit of Tirunelveli medical college were studied . It was a retrospective observational study and was done over a period of one year.Results: Out of 87 cases studied, 92%were due to consumption with suicidal intention. Plant poisoning ranks second only to pesticide poisoning . among the plant poisons encountered 66.6% were due to Oleander poison, followed by Datura (8%) and Glory lily(5.7%). Common parts of plant consumed by patients include seeds and plant oils . Vomiting and abdominal pain were the commonest presentations. Encephalopathy, dyselectrolytemia and arrhythmias were the notable complications in our study.Conclusions: Early admission and prompt first aid and monitoring at tertiary care center are key to the reduced mortality. The study throws light on various manifestations, toxic parts and complications of plant poisons.
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IUNG, FRANCIELI. "AGROTÓXICOS E A REVOLUÇÃO VERDE DA LINGUAGEM: PROPOSTAS COLONIAIS PELO PROJETO DE LEI DO VENENO E A SUBSTITUIÇÃO DO TERMO “AGROTÓXICO” NA LEI 7.802/1989." Pensamiento Republicano 13 (January 31, 2021): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/pen.repub.2020.n12.a71.
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The hegemonic pattern of agricultural production reflected in the Social South meets globalized economic interests, which favor agribusiness due to a whole structure established since the Green Revolution in the 1960s. Today, Brazil is experiencing another spectrum of coloniality through Bill 6.299 / 2002, known as the Poison PL , which seeks to replace the term pesticide with one that masks the real risks. In this context, the present study aims at answering what are the socioenvironmental impacts by the term pesticide substitution for another less impacting proposed in the Poison PL. To this end, the triad methodology was used, approach, procedure and technique. As approach, the inductive method was chosen, due to have a concrete case to achieve a generalization. As procedure, the option was the bibliographic research about pesticides, hegemonic speech and Social North patterns, as well the documentary analysis on the Poison PL. The techniques were the summaries, records and analysis on the PL in question. It was finally concluded that the substitution of the term arnishes the true socioenvironmental conse- quences, making it believe and defend its intensive use as something good and necessary to fight against pests, which in fact is only biodiversity without economic value profitable to the Social North interests.
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IUNG, FRANCIELI. "AGROTÓXICOS E A REVOLUÇÃO VERDE DA LINGUAGEM: PROPOSTAS COLONIAIS PELO PROJETO DE LEI DO VENENO E A SUBSTITUIÇÃO DO TERMO “AGROTÓXICO” NA LEI 7.802/1989." Pensamiento Republicano 13 (January 31, 2021): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/pen.repub.2021.n13.a71.
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The hegemonic pattern of agricultural production reflected in the Social South meets globalized economic interests, which favor agribusiness due to a whole structure established since the Green Revolution in the 1960s. Today, Brazil is experiencing another spectrum of coloniality through Bill 6.299 / 2002, known as the Poison PL , which seeks to replace the term pesticide with one that masks the real risks. In this context, the present study aims at answering what are the socioenvironmental impacts by the term pesticide substitution for another less impacting proposed in the Poison PL. To this end, the triad methodology was used, approach, procedure and technique. As approach, the inductive method was chosen, due to have a concrete case to achieve a generalization. As procedure, the option was the bibliographic research about pesticides, hegemonic speech and Social North patterns, as well the documentary analysis on the Poison PL. The techniques were the summaries, records and analysis on the PL in question. It was finally concluded that the substitution of the termtarnishes the true socioenvironmental conse- quences, making it believe and defend its intensive use as something good and necessary to fight against pests, which in fact is only biodiversity without economic value profitable to the Social North interests.
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PFEIFFER, MORGAN B., JAN A. VENTER, and COLLEEN T. DOWNS. "Identifying anthropogenic threats to Cape Vultures Gyps coprotheres using community perceptions in communal farmland, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Bird Conservation International 25, no. 3 (August 22, 2014): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000148.
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SummaryDeclines in Old World vulture populations have been linked to anthropogenic pressures. To assess these threats, the social dimensions of vulture conservation must be explored. Prior research in Africa focused on commercial farmers’ perceptions of vultures and identified that small stock farmers used poison more than large stock farmers to deter livestock predators. However, the vulnerable Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres breeds throughout communal farmland in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Consequently, community interviews were conducted within the foraging range of the Msikaba Cape Vulture colony, separating regions according to the amount of transformed land. Residents in the least transformed land region perceived the smallest reductions in livestock ownership over the past ten years, while residents of the moderately transformed region perceived the greatest reductions in livestock ownership. Livestock carcasses were reported to be available for vultures at ‘informal vulture restaurants’. Arrangement of livestock carcasses was found to be independent of land use; however type of carcass consumed varied. None of the respondents stated they used poison to eliminate livestock predators. More respondents cited illegal poaching of vultures for traditional medicine as a threat, although the majority stated that vultures benefited the community.
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Murn, Campbell, and André Botha. "A clear and present danger: impacts of poisoning on a vulture population and the effect of poison response activities." Oryx 52, no. 3 (January 16, 2017): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001137.
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AbstractVultures in Africa are being poisoned deliberately by poachers to prevent the birds alerting authorities to the poachers’ illegal activities, or for harvesting and sale of body parts for use in witchcraft. Hundreds of vultures can be killed at a single poisoned elephant Loxodonta africana carcass, and although field staff trained in poison response activities can limit the damage, mortalities remain numerous. We used the population viability analysis programme VORTEX to simulate seven 100-year-long scenarios investigating various rates of poisoning mortalities and the remedial effects of poison response activities on a population of Critically Endangered white-backed vultures Gyps africanus breeding in Kruger National Park, South Africa. In six scenarios the population declined (λ < 1); in three scenarios the population remained extant over the 100-year simulations but declined by 60–90% from a starting size of 2,400 individuals. In two scenarios one poisoned elephant carcass left untreated and causing the greatest number of vulture deaths was modelled as a catastrophic event with a 50% probability of annual occurrence, which resulted in a 100% probability of population extinction, with a mean time to extinction of 55–62 years. Effective poison response activities were modelled as a 70% reduction of mortality at each poisoned elephant carcass and resulted in population persistence after 100 years but with a c. 90% reduction in size (final n = 205). We highlight that although poison response activities will not prevent poisoning from occurring, they form an essential part of wider conservation actions designed to prevent local extinctions of vultures or other vulnerable species.
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Hughes, Michael, and Valériane Bérengier. "Are there conservation implications for kangaroos feeding on sea birds?" Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 1 (2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17038.
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This research note documents an observation of a wild western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) feeding on a dead silver gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) at Lucky Bay in the Cape Le Grand National Park on the south coast of Western Australia. Published evidence suggests that this behaviour is not unique and could be widespread in Western Australia and further afield. We consider why the kangaroo may be feeding on the dead gull and possible implications for conservation programs relying on poison meat baits to control introduced species.
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Pennisi, Leonardo, Anna Lepore, Roberto Gagliano-Candela, Luigi Santacroce, and Ioannis Alexandros Charitos. "A Report on Mushrooms Poisonings in 2018 at the Apulian Regional Poison Center." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, E (February 1, 2020): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4208.
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BACKGROUND: The “Ospedali Riuniti’s Poison Center” (Foggia, Italy) provides a 24 h telephone consultation in clinical toxicology to the general public and health-care professionals, including drug information and assessment of the effects of commercial and industrial chemical substances, toxins but also plants and mushrooms. It participates in diagnosis and treatment of the exposure to toxins and toxicants, also throughout its ambulatory activity.
METHODS: To report data on the epidemiology of mushroom poisoning in people contacting our Poison Center we made computerized queries and descriptive analyses of the medical records database of the mushroom poisoning in the poison center of Foggia from January 2018 to December 2018.
RESULTS: A total of 69 mushroom poisonings cases were recorded in our poison center the period from January 2018 to December 2018. Our poison center serves all the Italian territory but most of the calls about mushrooms poisonings, in 2018, came from Apulia, Campania, and Basilicata, which are bordering regions of Italy. About 80.2 % of calls were made by the physicians (particularly, 73.9% by emergency room, 18.8% and 4.3% by hospital ward, and 1.4% both by a general practitioner and by the American Sign Language [“ASL”]) and 18.8% by the public. Cooked mushrooms were involved in all the cases (single and multiple species). The most frequent calls were made in the period between September 2018 and December 2018; in the other months, there were only sporadic cases. All were intentional exposures in adults (>18 years).
CONCLUSIONS: Mushroom exposures and poisonings are an important problem in those regions of Italy where many people adventuring in mushroom’s research without any license. This fact has contributed substantially to morbidity due to mushroom poisoning. Our database is a valuable national resource for the collection and monitoring of Italian mushroom poisoning cases in 2018 but limited to the people who called our poison center, which is one of the nine poisons centers in Italy. And since in most cases, the mushroom’s species remains unknown, it is important to quickly recognize symptoms and most frequent species involved on the Italian territory, in particular in South Italy.
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Marble, S. Christopher. "Native Weedy Pests of the Deep South." HortScience 53, no. 9 (September 2018): 1244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13112-18.
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By definition, an invasive plant is a non-native or alien species whose introduction causes or may cause economical or environmental harm. Due to well-documented and widespread devastating impacts of invasive plants, all exotic or introduced plant species often are erroneously referred to as invasive or considered detrimental, whereas native plants may be promoted as beneficial. Although invasive plants have been the subject of a great deal of research and discussion, less attention has been placed on native plant species that can become economically important weedy pests under certain scenarios, such as in landscape plantings or agricultural production systems. The objective of this manuscript is to synthesize current literature available on native weedy plants in Florida and other Southern United States (including Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas) and discuss how their biology paired with human activities, preferences, and available management practices cause these species to proliferate and be problematic. Focus is placed on nine important native weeds in residential and commercial landscape plantings, including spurges (Euphorbia spp.), woodsorrels (Oxalis spp.), saw palmetto [Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small], bracken fern [Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn], artillery weed (Pilea microphylla L.), Virginia creeper [Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch], trumpet creeper [Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Ex Bureau], eastern poison ivy [Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze], and pennyworts/dollarweed (Hydrocotyle spp.). Reasons these species become problematic, including fast growth and reproductive rates, lack of selective management options, and ability to thrive in the landscape environment, also are discussed.
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Qureshi, Zaina, Jill Michels, Zach Kiker, Charles Bennett, and William Richardson. "Hematologic Abnormalities Following Crotaline Snakebites In South Carolina." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 4753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4753.4753.
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Abstract Abstract 4753 Background: Pit viper envenomation causes local tissue edema, pain, and ecchymosis. In certain geographical areas of the United States thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia and coagulopathy are common hematological abnormalities, and ones that dictate both a reason for treatment with antivenom as well as an important monitor of therapeutic efficacy. Data on the frequency and severity of hematological abnormalities following envenomation by crotaline species in South Carolina has not been reported. We evaluated clinical and hematologic laboratory findings and treatment course following copperhead and rattlesnake bites in South Carolina. Method: We conducted a retrospective evaluation of all copperhead and rattlesnake bites reported to the Palmetto Poison Center from April 2005 through June 2010. Severity of the snakebite and development of hematologic toxicity associated with envenomation cases were documented before and after crotaline Fab antivenom (CroFab®) administration. Adverse events associated with antivenom therapy, recurrence phenomena, delayed onset of symptoms, and performance of fasciotomy were also recorded. Results: Overall, 194 crotaline snakebites were identified- 156 copperhead bites and 38 rattlesnake bites. Males accounted for 75% of copperhead bite patients (median age, 36 years; 51% with bites on upper extremities) and 82% of rattlesnake bite patients (median age, 42.5 years; 76% on upper extremities). All patients except one were treated at a healthcare facility with > 80% arriving within 6 hours following the bite. Over 60% of patients received crotaline Fab antivenom; no patients received the older Antivenin Crotalidae Polyvalent. Severity of the envenomation for copperheads and rattlesnakes was classified as dry (7.74%, 13.16%), mild (68.39%, 73.68%), moderate (22.58%, 10.53%), and severe (1.39%, 2.63%), respectively. Seventeen of 156 patients (10.89%) developed abnormal hematologic laboratory results following copperhead bites and two of 38 (5.26%) patients developed abnormal hematologic laboratory parameters with rattlesnake bites. Of these, the most common abnormality was coagulopathy (16/17 = 94.11%; 2/2 = 100%), followed by hypofibrinogenemia (5/17 = 29.41%; 0/0 = 0.00%) and thrombocytopenia (2/17 = 11.76%; 0/0 = 0.00%) for copperheads and rattlesnakes respectively. Recurrence phenomena was observed in 4 patients with copperhead bites and 2 patients with rattlesnake bites, while delayed onset of symptoms were seen in 12 patients and 5 patients, respectively. Among those experiencing recurrence, 75% of patients bitten by copperheads experienced local effects including pain and swelling and 25% experienced coagulopathy, while a 100% of the patients bitten by rattlesnakes experienced recurrent local effects. Among those experiencing a delayed onset of symptoms, 90% of the patients with copperhead bites experienced coagulopathy while 10% had local effects and 100% of the patients bitten by rattlesnakes experienced coagulopathy. Reaction to the antivenom developed in three patients. Three patients underwent a fasciotomy. Conclusions: Antivenom therapy is typically administered to halt the progression of local envenomation effects and improve abnormal hematologic parameters towards normal. In South Carolina, the primary indication for antivenom treatment is most commonly to treat local clinical findings. Our poison center experience suggests coagulopathy is the most common hematologic laboratory abnormality following crotaline envenomation in addition to a low rate of thrombocytopenia in our geographic location. Other geographic areas of the United States are recognized to have more frequent and severe hematologic complications following crotaline bites. Disclosures: Bennett: Pfizer: Consultancy.
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K., Thilakavathi, and Harikrishnan Elangovan. "Clinical profile and outcome of children with kerosene poisoning in a tertiary care centre: a study from South India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20181383.
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Background: Accidental poison ingestion is very common in children. Among this kerosene ingestion is the most common ingested poison by children. Knowledge about complications of kerosene poisoning is important to manage the children. The study is aimed to analyze the demographic and clinical profile along with the Outcome of children admitted with kerosene ingestion.Methods: This retrospective study was done in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Government Villupuram Medical College, Villupuram from January 2016 to December 2016. The case records of all children were entered in a pre-structured Proforma and analysed on SPSS 20.0. P value of <0.05 was considered significant.Results: A total of 116 children were included in the study. There was a male preponderance (61%) with the common age group being affected as 1 to 3 years (88%) and most of the cases were from rural places (94%) during April to June. Cough (62%) was the major symptom followed by breathlessness (51%) and fever (41%). Chest radiology shows right lower lobe infiltrates (45%) as common finding followed by left lower lobe infiltrates (32%) and bilateral lower lobe infiltrates (18%) as least.Conclusions: The awareness of Kerosene Poisoning could reduce the morbidity and mortality rate as prevention of ingestion is the cure. These substances are not stored properly. Parental education is the hall mark in prevention of all acute Poisoning with due importance of acute Kerosene Poisoning at home.
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Fischer, Eva K., Alexandre B. Roland, Nora A. Moskowitz, Elicio E. Tapia, Kyle Summers, Luis A. Coloma, and Lauren A. O'Connell. "The neural basis of tadpole transport in poison frogs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1907 (July 17, 2019): 20191084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1084.
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Parental care has evolved repeatedly and independently across animals. While the ecological and evolutionary significance of parental behaviour is well recognized, underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We took advantage of behavioural diversity across closely related species of South American poison frogs (Family Dendrobatidae) to identify neural correlates of parental behaviour shared across sexes and species. We characterized differences in neural induction, gene expression in active neurons and activity of specific neuronal types in three species with distinct care patterns: male uniparental, female uniparental and biparental. We identified the medial pallium and preoptic area as core brain regions associated with parental care, independent of sex and species. The identification of neurons active during parental care confirms a role for neuropeptides associated with care in other vertebrates as well as identifying novel candidates. Our work is the first to explore neural and molecular mechanisms of parental care in amphibians and highlights the potential for mechanistic studies in closely related but behaviourally variable species to help build a more complete understanding of how shared principles and species-specific diversity govern parental care and other social behaviour.
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Mcilroy, JC, EJ Gifford, and RJ Cooper. "Effects on Nontarget Animal Populations of Wild Dog Trail-Baiting Campaigns With 1080 Poison." Wildlife Research 13, no. 3 (1986): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860447.
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Populations of birds and small mammals in a mountain forest area of New South Wales were not significantly affected by two trail-baiting campaigns involving 1080 poison that were carried out against wild dogs, Canis familiaris, during the winters of 1980 and 1981. Factors which probably minimized the effect on the non-target species were the sparse distribution of baits, the placement of the baits in habitats not favoured by small mammals, their initially rapid rate of removal by foxes, Vulpes vulpes, the dietary preferences of the non-target animals and the low risk they would face if they did consume a bait.
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Moseby, K. E., J. L. Read, B. Galbraith, N. Munro, J. Newport, and B. M. Hill. "The use of poison baits to control feral cats and red foxes in arid South Australia II. Bait type, placement, lures and non-target uptake." Wildlife Research 38, no. 4 (2011): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10236.
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Context Poison baits are often used to control both foxes and feral cats but success varies considerably. Aims This study investigated the influence of bait type, placement and lures on bait uptake by the feral cat, red fox and non-target species to improve baiting success and reduce non-target uptake. Methods Six short field trials were implemented during autumn and winter over a five-year period in northern South Australia. Key results Results suggest that poison baiting with Eradicat or dried kangaroo meat baits was inefficient for feral cats due to both low rates of bait detection and poor ingestion rates for baits that were encountered. Cats consumed more baits on dunes than swales and uptake was higher under bushes than in open areas. The use of auditory or olfactory lures adjacent to baits did not increase ingestion rates. Foxes consumed more baits encountered than cats and exhibited no preference between Eradicat and kangaroo meat baits. Bait uptake by native non-target species averaged between 14 and 57% of baits during the six trials, accounting for up to 90% of total bait uptake. Corvid species were primarily responsible for non-target uptake. Threatened mammal species investigated and nibbled baits but rarely consumed them; however, corvids and some common rodent species ingested enough poison to potentially receive a lethal dose. Conclusions It is likely that several factors contributed to poor bait uptake by cats including the presence of alternative prey, a preference for live prey, an aversion to scavenging or eating unfamiliar foods and a stronger reliance on visual rather than olfactory cues for locating food. Implications Further trials for control of feral cats should concentrate on increasing ingestion rates without the requirement for hunger through either involuntary ingestion via grooming or development of a highly palatable bait.
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Siddiqi, Yumna. "THE CESSPOOL OF EMPIRE: SHERLOCK HOLMES AND THE RETURN OF THE REPRESSED." Victorian Literature and Culture 34, no. 1 (March 2006): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150306051138.
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ASTRIKING NUMBER OF CHARACTERSin Arthur Conan Doyle's detective stories who return to England after a sojourn in the colonies have an outlandish aspect. One, a contorted and bilious ex-soldier, owns a pet Indian mongoose. Another has lost a leg to a crocodile in the Ganges and has a poison-toting Andaman Islander in tow. A third keeps a fiendish hound and passes his South American wife off as his sister. A fourth returns from South Africa with a “blanched” face and a furtive manner. Many of these returned colonials are portrayed as menacing, and their presence in England precipitates a crisis, either a crime or a mysterious tragedy. In actual fact, return from the colonies to the metropole was a routine phenomenon, and returned colonials were familiar figures on the metropolitan landscape. Why does Doyle depict the phenomenon of return from Empire as so problematic if it was in fact quite commonplace?
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Brooke, M. de L., R. J. Cuthbert, R. Mateo, and M. A. Taggart. "An experimental test of the toxicity of cereal pellets containing brodifacoum to the snails of Henderson Island, South Pacific." Wildlife Research 38, no. 1 (2011): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10132.
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Context Cereal pellets containing the anti-coagulant poison brodifacoum at 20 ppm are routinely used to rid islands of invasive rodents. The impact, if any, of the poison on invertebrates is not well understood. This is problematic because many of the islands targeted for treatment harbour endemic invertebrate species, including snails where available information about brodifacoum impact is equivocal. Aims Combining field tests and subsequent laboratory analysis, the present study investigated the effect of brodifacoum on the snails of Henderson Island, South Pacific. Methods In the field, we housed snails in plastic boxes for up to 10 days to compare the survival of those kept with and without access to brodifacoum cereal pellets. Subsequently, we analysed brodifacoum levels in those kept with access to poisoned pellets, according to whether they survived or died. Key results There were no detectable differences in the survival between the captive snails kept with and those kept without access to brodifacoum. Among those with access, there were no significant differences in brodifacoum concentrations between the minority that died and the majority that survived. In fact, brodifacoum was detected in only a few samples. Conclusions Brodifacoum appears not to pose a risk to the snails of Henderson Island. Implications Although it would be prudent to test the impact of brodifacoum on the resident snails before proceeding with a rodent eradication on other islands, we suspect the Henderson results can be extended to other sites.
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Dundas, Shannon J., Peter J. Adams, and Patricia A. Fleming. "First in, first served: uptake of 1080 poison fox baits in south-west Western Australia." Wildlife Research 41, no. 2 (2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13136.
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Context In Western Australia, baits containing 1080 poison are widely used to control the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) for fauna conservation. Despite long-term (15–17 years) baiting programs, bait uptake by target and non-target species is largely unknown, but affects baiting efficacy. Aims We examined bait uptake of 1080-poisoned fox baits laid according to current practice at seven riparian sites in the northern jarrah forest (of south-west Western Australia). There, intensive baiting regimes have been implemented for the protection of quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations. Methods Over 9 months, 299 Probait® baits were monitored regularly to determine their persistence, and, at 142 of these, Reconyx HC500 remote cameras were used to identify the species taking baits. To compare bait uptake with species presence at these sites, we calculated an activity index for each species from the number of passes of animals in front of the cameras. Key results The species taking baits was identified for 100 of the baits monitored with cameras, and, because of multiple species taking baits, 130 bait take incidents were recorded in total. The fate of 40 of the baits was not discernible and two baits were not removed. In all, 99% of baits monitored by cameras were taken by non-target species and quokkas took 48% of them. The majority of baits (62% of the total 299 monitored) were taken before or on the first night of deployment, and 95% of baits had been taken within 7 days. With the exception of feral pigs, which took more baits than predicted from their activity index at these sites, baits were taken in proportion to the activity index of species. Foxes were present at four of the seven sites, but only one fox was observed taking a bait. Conclusions The high level of uptake of baits by non-target animals reflects their diversity and abundance at these sites, but also significantly reduces the availability of baits to control foxes. Implications Strategies to reduce non-target bait uptake and increase bait availability for foxes are required.
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Lhotka, John M., and James J. Zaczek. "Soil Scarification Effects on Oak Reproduction in Two Mixed-Oak Bottomland Stands of Southern Illinois." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.3.164.
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Abstract This study investigated whether soil scarification during the presence of oak mast could increase oak seedling establishment and decrease poison ivy cover in two mixed-oak bottomland stands that lacked adequate advanced oak reproduction. Study sites were located along the Saline River in southern Illinois and designated as Cherrybark Bottoms, with an overstory dominated by cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.), and Post Oak Flat, which contained an even mixture of post oak (Q. stellata Wang.) and cherrybark oak. Scarification was completed in November of 1999 using a small farm tractor with a pull-behind field disk to incorporate acorns into the soil. One growing season after scarification, Cherrybark Bottoms had significantly more oak seedlings in the scarified plots (7,243 ha-1) than in controls (453 ha-1). Likewise, Post Oak Flat had a significantly greater density of oak seedlings in scarified plots (8,715 ha-1) when compared to control plots (679 ha-1). In addition, scarification decreased poison ivy [Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze] cover in both stands. Results suggest that, in the presence of abundant acorns, scarification may increase the establishment of new oak seedlings in mixed-oak bottomland forests. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):164–171.
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L., J. F. "MOTHER FIGHTS TO RUIN THE TASTE OF POISON." Pediatrics 84, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): A42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.4.a42.
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On March 6, a mother in Oregon watched a public television report about British companies that were discouraging children from eating poisonous household products by lacing them with Bitrex, the world's bitterest flavoring agent. The woman, Lynn Tylczak, who has two small children and lives in Albany, 60 miles south of Portland, began a letter-writing campaign that is focusing attention on poison prevention. She may also be speeding Bitrex's journey to supermarket shelves in products like detergents, nail-polish removers, rodenticides and antifreeze. "Mrs. Tylczak has already achieved a certain victory by bringing national attention to this issue," said Linda Golodner, executive director of the National Consumers League in Washington. "She has shown that a single consumer can make a difference." Now she is encouraging manufacturers to add Bitrex to their products by sharing with them letters of support that are sent to her group, the Poison-Proff Project (4384 S.E. Ermine Street, Albany, Ore. 97321). `A Very Promising Area' Consumer and safety organizations in the United States are beginning to notice. On May 5, the National Safety Council, a 13,000-member public-service organization, called on manufacturers to use Bitrex in all appropriate household products. "Bitrex is the most bitter substance known to man," according to the Merck Index. In 1982, some British companies began using Bitrex in household products to deter inquisitive children, but the practice did not grow until two years ago, when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents endorsed its use.
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Mello, É. M., B. S. Salgado, G. D. Cassali, and M. P. Guimarães. "Gross and histologic features of gastritis due to Ophidascaris arndti in tropical rattlesnakes ( Crotalus durissus )." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 69, no. 2 (April 2017): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9010.
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ABSTRACT The tropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) is a snake of great importance for biomedical industry since its poison is used for the production of antiophidic serum and researches. Several conditions related to animal health, such as diseases and parasites, which can promote the reduction of poison production by these snakes should be investigated. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to characterize the gross and microscopic lesions related to the presence of Ophidascaris arndti in stomachs of tropical rattlesnakes. The gastrointestinal tract of thirty-five South American rattlesnakes captured in Southeastern region of Brazil were analyzed and nineteen animals showed infestation by the parasites, found in the small intestine and, especially, in the stomach of the hosts. Grossly, lesions were characterized by mucosal ulcers occasionally associated with hemorrhage. Microscopic alterations included histiocytic granulomas, fibrosis, necrosis, and hemorrhage. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of a parasitic granulomatous disease was made. The lesions may be related to the cause of death in captivity snakes, since the lesions can promote secondary infections by opportunistic bacteria. Moreover, the intense inflammatory response accompanied by fibrosis may be related to poor functioning of the gastric snakes, which it may exhibit frequent regurgitation of the food.
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Alvarez, Blanca Beatriz, Giovanni Delfino, Daniele Nosi, and Alessandro Terreni. "Ultrastructure of poison glands of South American frogs: A comparison betweenPhysalaemus albonotatus andLeptodactylus chaquensis (Anura: Leptodactylidae)." Journal of Morphology 263, no. 2 (2004): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10301.
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VINSON, ROBERT TRENT, and BENEDICT CARTON. "ALBERT LUTHULI'S PRIVATE STRUGGLE: HOW AN ICON OF PEACE CAME TO ACCEPT SABOTAGE IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of African History 59, no. 1 (March 2018): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853717000718.
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AbstractIn December 1961, Albert Luthuli, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), arrived in Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Journalists in Norway noted how apartheid crackdowns failed to poison the new laureate's ‘courteous’ commitment to nonviolence. The press never reported Luthuli's acceptance that saboteurs in an armed wing, Umkhonto weSizwe (MK or Spear of the Nation), would now fight for freedom. Analyzing recently available evidence, this article challenges a prevailing claim that Luthuli always promoted peace regardless of state authorities who nearly beat him to death and massacred protesting women, children, and men. We uncover his evolving views of justifiable violence, which guided secret ANC decisions to pursue ‘some kind of violence’ months before his Nobel celebration. These views not only expand knowledge of ‘struggle history’, but also alter understandings of Luthuli's aim to emancipate South Africa from a system of white supremacy that he likened to ‘slavery’.
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Moseby, K. E., and B. M. Hill. "The use of poison baits to control feral cats and red foxes in arid South Australia I. Aerial baiting trials." Wildlife Research 38, no. 4 (2011): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10235.
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Context Feral cats and foxes pose a significant threat to native wildlife in the Australian arid zone and their broadscale control is required for the protection of threatened species. Aims The aim of this research was to trial aerial poison baiting as a means of controlling feral cats and foxes in northern South Australia. Methods Eradicat baits or dried meat baits containing 1080 poison were distributed by air over areas of 650 to 1800 km2 in trials from 2002 to 2006. Different baiting density, frequency, bait type and area were trialled to determine the optimum baiting strategy. Baiting success was determined through mortality of radio-collared animals and differences in the track activity of cats and foxes in baited and unbaited areas. Key results Quarterly aerial baiting at a density of 10 baits per square km successfully controlled foxes over a 12-month period, while annual baiting led to reinvasion within four months. Despite the majority of radio-collared cats dying after baiting, a significant decline in cat activity was only recorded during one of the eight baiting events. This event coincided with extremely dry conditions and low rabbit abundance. Rabbit activity increased significantly in baited areas over the study period in comparison with control areas. Conclusions Despite trialling different baiting density, frequency and area over a five-year period, a successful long-term baiting strategy for feral cats could not be developed using Eradicat baits or dried meat baits. Implications Broadscale control of feral cats in the arid zone remains a significant challenge and may require a combination of control methods with flexible delivery times dependent on local conditions. However, it is doubtful that current methods, even used in combination, will enable cat numbers to be reduced to levels where successful reintroductions of many threatened wildlife species can occur.
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Malar, Ilango, V. Dorthy, and Ariarathinam Newtonraj. "Childhood poisoning causes and prevention; eight years of our rural hospital experience from South India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 4149. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213057.
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Poisoning is a significant public health problem, globally as well as in India.1 Poisoning among adults are mostly suicidal whereas among children are accidental in nature.2 In India, childhood poisoning is usually under reported as there is no proper surveillance system is available India and only hospital based data are available.2,3We report our experience from a remote rural hospital from South India after getting institute ethical committee clearance for dissemination of data (Ref no. RC 18/55). We extracted the data of under-five children poisoning cases from poisoning register maintained in the hospital for the period of past eight years from 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2019. Total of 21 childhood poisoning were reported among them 12 (57%) were male and 9 (43%) were female. Most common poisoning was due to kerosene (8(38%)) followed by laundry bleaching detergent locally known as ‘Ala’ 5 (23%), pesticide poison 2 (10%), eucalyptus oil poisoning 2 (10%) and others like ant killer poisoning tablets overdose were 4 (19%).In children, poisoning are accidental nature and the amount consumed may also be less as the child has tendency for aversion due to smell and taste whereas in suicidal (deliberate poisoning) the dose will be higher to cause permanent damage and death.2 But unlike other poisoning a peculiar finding on reported eucalyptus oil poisoning was, in both cases eucalyptus oil was given to the children to consume as a medicine to cure respiratory tract infection and both of them presented with seizure and unconsciousness. Eucalyptus oil is advice as a topical medicine in the indigenous system of medicine but not as a parenteral medicine.4 In a place like India where there are prevailing false cultural beliefs, there is a need to educate and guide the people on misuse of medicines without proper advice, especially among children. A higher dose of eucalyptus oil poisoning may even result in death.5,6 Another important observation was bleaching detergent poisoning which is not properly reported other major studies from India, but this poisoning is the second most commonest among under-five children.2,3 This poison is an oxidizer and a corrosive in nature and on accidental ingestion may result in minor to transient adverse event with no sequelae in majority of cases.7
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De Juan, Luis. "Roald Dahl’s look at the British Empire through his two short stories “Poison” and “Man from the South”." Journal of English Studies 15 (November 28, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.3266.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze two of Roald Dahl’s short stories, “Poison” and “Man from the South”, beyond the classical approach to Dahl’s fiction. If Dahl’s adult fiction is most often read in terms of its extraordinary plots, as well as its macabre nature and unexpected endings, my intention is to look into both stories in the light of postcolonial studies. Not only is this approach justified on account of the setting where the stories take place, India and Jamaica, once part of the British Empire; the pertinence of such a reading is underlined by the presence of a number of elements that are commonly found in colonial travel narratives and which therefore place Dahl’s stories in relation with a very different literary tradition, colonial literature.
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Kakar, Sara Iqbal, Humaira Riaz, and Nayab Ahmad Khan. "‘WAR AS REMEDY OR POISON’: READING THE BLIND MAN'S GARDEN AND THE KITE RUNNER WITH A CRITICAL LENS OF MBEMBE’S NECROPOLITICS." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 1577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93158.
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Purpose of the Study: This study emphasizes the contribution of fiction in highlighting the American exercise of power around the world predominantly Pakistan and Afghanistan. It investigates how America has become a dictating body deciding the life and death of human beings mainly in South Asian developing countries.
Methodology: Being Qualitative, this study uses Eaglestone’s (2000) close reading technique to analyze words and structure of the texts of Khalid Hosseini's The Kite Runner and Nadeem Aslam Khan’s The Blind Man’s Garden. It develops a descriptive thesis leading to construct arguments by drawing a theoretical framework from Mbembe’s necropolitics (2003). Mbembe took his inspiration from Foucault’s idea of bio-power. Modern narrative discourse on sovereignty and its relation to war is taken as the main subject of necropolitics. Mbembe’s idea of sovereignty as an exercise to get control of the mortality of the enemy helps to interpret the texts via the close reading method.
Main Findings: This study evaluated two novels to assert that necropolitics by taking its four basic concepts, power, war, politics, and death was the actual controlling power of a country. It analyzed fictional characters to argue how individuals endured hardships because of the necropolitical exercise of America and Russia in Afghanistan. Mbembe’s conception of necropolitics helps in understanding fiction.
Applications of this study: The present study has significant implications from both theoretical and interpretative perspectives. Necropolitics, originally a political notion is reworked in fiction, which asserts that using this concept, power relations, their roots, and exercise around the world can be explored in various fields. This study contributes to dismantling the latent necropolitics in the society represented in fiction. It elevates the social and political consciousness of the general public of South Asia, particularly Pakistan and Afghanistan. This study can be helpful in the field of psychology to popularize the notion of necropolitics in contemporary society.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Comparatively a new field, Necropolitics has been discussed in the fields of medical sciences and education. This study significantly highlights its existence in the field of literary studies. Fiction as a direct reflection of society helps in deconstructing the prevailing exercise of necropolitics in South Asian society. It is also helpful in raising the social and political consciousness of South Asian people.
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Rabemananjara, Falitiana, Parfait Bora, John E. Cadle, Franco Andreone, Emile Rajeriarison, Pierre Talata, Frank Glaw, Miguel Vences, and David R. Vieites. "New records, distribution and conservation of Mantella bernhardi, an Endangered frog species from south-eastern Madagascar." Oryx 39, no. 3 (May 6, 2005): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000736.
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We report on seven new localities for Mantella bernhardi, a Malagasy poison frog that was previously known only from a single site. This species has been considered threatened with extinction because of ongoing habitat destruction and collection for the pet trade (up to c. 3,000 specimens per year). The new localities considerably extend the known range of this species, which has now been documented from c. 21.00° to 24.15°S and 47.00° to 48.00°E, and over 60–629 m altitude. Two of the sites are within protected areas (Ranomafana National Park and Manombo Special Reserve). An overlap analysis of the potential distribution area of the species, based on the extent of remaining primary vegetation, indicates that the habitat of M. bernhardi in south-eastern Madagascar is fragmented and populations may be relatively small and isolated. We support the IUCN Red List category of Endangered for this species and highlight the need for detailed studies of its populations.
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Veale, Denise Joy H., Cherylynn Angela Wium, and Gert Jacobus Müller. "Toxicovigilance I: A survey of acute poisoning in South Africa based on Tygerberg Poison Information Centre data." South African Medical Journal 103, no. 5 (December 31, 2012): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.6647.
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Mariotto, Lucas Ribeiro, Melissa Bars-Closel, and Tiana Kohlsdorf. "Limb length and poison glands size as predictors of anti-predatory performance in South American true toads." Zoologischer Anzeiger 296 (January 2022): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2021.11.006.
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Bradley, John J. "‘Same time poison, same time good tucker’: The cycad palm in the south west gulf of Carpentaria." Journal of Australian Studies 29, no. 86 (January 2005): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443050509388038.
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Sadek, Ahmad, and Kazi Shafiqul Halim. "Case study of Dyadic death in Bangladesh: by Hanging, Strangulation and Poisoning." Bangladesh Medical Journal 46, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v46i3.42250.
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Here described two cases where mother is the main perpetrators of the event and the victims were their children in the age group of 1 year to 12 years. In 1st case 35 years lady killed her three daughters ages 12, 9, 1 by strangulation then hanged in south surma Sylhet city. In 2nd case A 32 years old married women killed her two sons (ages 5 & 8yrs ) by poisoning and later she died by hanging in Sylhet city . Autopsy examination revealed ligature mark over neck consistent with that of antemortem hanging and ligature marks round the child’s neck were strangulation case also poison found by chemical examination. So it’s time to take awareness within community and take prevention such like notorious incident.
Bangladesh Med J. 2017 Sep; 46 (3): 104-106
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Guerra, Corinna. "A terrifying poison or a cheap fertilizer? The life and death of Mount Vesuvius ash." Science in Context 34, no. 2 (June 2021): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889722000151.
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ArgumentDuring the eighteenth century, chemists in the Kingdom of Naples (the South of Italy) were very busy analyzing the chemical composition of ash from Mount Vesuvius. Undoubtedly, after a huge eruption this dusty phenomenon was the most important scientific object of debate. In fact, it was crucial to determine if there were dangerous elements in the ash so that the population could be warned about the potential hazards, such as polluted drinking water. This was not at all a simple issue, as on the other hand there were scholars who realized that ash could be beneficial as a fertilizer, even as clouds of ash had obscured the sun. As chemical inquiries became more precise and the toxic concentration of many elements became known, this double life of Vesuvian ash as a scientific object gradually died.
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Mcilroy, JC, RJ Cooper, EJ Gifford, BF Green, and KW Newgrain. "The Effect on Wild Dogs, Canis-F-Familiaris, of 1080-Poisoning Campaigns in Kosciusko-National-Park, Nsw." Wildlife Research 13, no. 4 (1986): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860535.
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Nine wild dogs, Canis f. familiaris, radio-tracked over periods of 28-61 days in Kosciusko National Park, N.S.W., occupied home ranges of 220-5420 ha (mean 2193 ha). These home ranges were similar in size to those observed for dingoes, C. f. dingo, in other areas of south-eastern Australia. The maximum distance that any of the nine dogs moved between successive daily locations was 11.2 km. On the basis of this information and that obtained by others, we suggest that the control of wild dogs on Crown Land in south-eastern Australia should be confined to those areas adjacent to private grazing land. Furthermore, a control zone 12-20 km wide should be adequate. Two successive trail-baiting campaigns with 1080 poison in March and April 1982 killed only two (22%) of the nine wild dogs carrying radio transmitters. Traps, in comparison, caught 15 out of 27 (56%) of the dogs known to be in the area. The main factors which reduced the success of the poisoning campaign were the rapid loss of toxicity of the baits after their distribution, the rapid rate at which they were removed by other animals, particularly foxes Vulpes vulpes and birds, and the dogs' apparent preference for natural prey.
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TWOMEY, EVAN, and JASON L. BROWN. "A partial revision of the Ameerega hahneli complex (Anura: Dendrobatidae) and a new cryptic species from the East-Andean versant of Central Peru." Zootaxa 1757, no. 1 (April 28, 2008): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1757.1.3.
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We describe a new species of poison frog from central Peru which has been referred to as Ameerega picta and A. hahneli for the past thirty years. To our knowledge the new species is endemic to Peru and occurs throughout the east-Andean versant between roughly 6 and 10 degrees south latitude. Recent phylogenies using molecular data show that the new species and A. hahneli are not closely related despite being similar in pattern, color, and morphology. Our data suggest that the new species is a sister taxon to A. rubriventris, which is readily distinguishable from the new species by its reddish venter. The new species can be distinguished furthermore from other Ameerega species by possessing white (rather than yellow or cream) dorsolateral stripes, and from the similar A. hahneli by differences in advertisement calls and larval morphology.
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Brink, Christiaan Willem, Robert Leslie Thomson, Arjun Amar, Marco Girardello, and Andrea Santangeli. "Prevalence and drivers of poison use by South African commercial farmers and perceptions of alternative livestock protection measures." Ambio 50, no. 6 (January 17, 2021): 1211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01461-2.
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Belcher, C. A. "Demographics of tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) populations in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 6 (2003): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02051.
Full textAbstract:
The tiger quoll is a large marsupial carnivore that occurs in forested habitat in south-eastern Australia. Three tiger quoll populations were trapped for up to six years and data on population parameters, including size, structure, sex ratio, adult : subadult ratio, weight, breeding characteristics, age and longevity were recorded for each population. Sex ratios (♂ : ♀) varied from 5 : 1 to 0 : 1. Population size and age structure reflected previous mortality events and social organisation traits, with all populations showing signs of instability due to disturbance events. Males did not reach full adult weight until three years of age and females until two years. Mean adult male weight was 2.81 kg ± 0.50 (s.d.) (range 2.0–4.2 kg) and mean adult female weight was 1.73 kg ± 0.22 (s.d.) (range 1.2–2.1 kg). Most females did not breed before two years of age and were recorded breeding up to four years of age. A proportion of females did not appear to breed in consecutive years. Matings were estimated to have occurred between late June and early August and births between mid-July and late August. Pouch litter size varied from 4 to 6 with a mean of 5.38 ± 0.65 (s.d.). The adult to juvenile ratio suggests that the mean number of young weaned per female is probably as low as one or two. Monitoring of four females found that the average number of young weaned was three with a range of 2–4. The maximum age recorded was five years. Population declines were found to correlate with 1080 poison baiting programmes, but not with selective logging.