Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Southern blot'

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-23T13:42:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Robson Jose do Nascimento.pdf: 504518 bytes, checksum: c6daea872bbe37b1f317f4658b6ff1ab (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T13:42:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Robson Jose do Nascimento.pdf: 504518 bytes, checksum: c6daea872bbe37b1f317f4658b6ff1ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21<br>Garlic is a monocotyledon belonging to the family Aliaceae, originating in Central Asia. In Brazil, it was introduced by the Portuguese, at the time of discovery, being widely used in cooking until the present day. Botanically, it is an agrarian herbaceous, with approximately 50 cm of height, propagated by bulbilho, which allows the maintenance of the agronomic characteristics. This method of propagation allows an efficient dissemination of pathogens, mainly viruses, which are one of the main groups of pathogens of this culture, which can cause a reduction of productive potential between 20 and 80%. Garlic is a natural host of viral species belonging to the genera Potyvirus, Carlavirus and Allexivirus. The latter was recently established as a member of the Flexiviridae family and groups Garlic mite-borne filamentous virus (GarMbFV), Garlic virus A (GarV-A), Garlic virus B (GarV-B), Garlic virus C Garlic virus D (GarV-D), Garlic virus E (GarV-E), Garlic virus X (GarV-X) and Shallot virus X (ShV-X). In Brazil, imported garlic has been used for planting, which constitutes a risk of introduction of exotic viral species in the country. Currently, the detection of allexivirus in bulbs can be performed by serological and / or molecular tests, and planting is necessary to obtain foliar tissue with high concentration of viral particles, which requires, on average, 30 days. Serological tests are efficient, however, because of the difficulty in producing high quality antisera, are currently less indicated than molecular methods. Aiming to reduce the time for analysis of detection of allexivirus in garlic, a methodological adjustment for nucleic acid extraction was sought directly from the leaf primordia of bulbilhos. Samples of garlic, from Rio Grande do Sul and imported from Argentina were analyzed using foliar primordia obtained by dissecting the bulbiles to extract total RNA using the Trizol reagent. Amplifications of the target genomic fragment were performed via RT-PCR. A band at the time corresponding to 500 bp was observed on agarose gel in the two samples studied. PCR products were transferred to membranes for Southern blot testing, for which a cold probe capable of detecting Allexivirus species was used, from which testing the presence of allexivirus was confirmed. Another allexivirus detection analysis was carried out on samples of garlic consumption imported from Argentina, China and Spain, following the same methodology, being verified a band corresponding to 500 bp in samples from Argentina and China. Southern Blot test, in which a specific cold probe was used to detect GarV-C, confirmed viral infection by the aforementioned species. According to the results obtained, it was found that the extraction of total RNA directly from leaf primordia, combined with the use of molecular techniques, presents itself as a fast and efficient method for detection of allexivirus. It was also verified that most of the analyzed samples are infected with allexivirus, evidencing a sanitary pattern that contraindicates the use of this type of material as seed, with the risk of introduction of exotic viral species.<br>O alho é uma monocotiledônea pertencente à família Aliaceae, originário da Ásia Central. No Brasil, foi introduzido pelos portugueses, na época do descobrimento, sendo amplamente utilizado na culinária até os dias atuais. Botanicamente, trata-se de uma herbácea agâmica, com aproximadamente 50 cm de altura, propagada via bulbilho, o que permite a manutenção das características agronômicas. Este método de propagação possibilita uma eficiente disseminação de patógenos, principalmente vírus, que são um dos principais grupos de patógenos desta cultura, podendo causar uma redução do potencial produtivo entre 20 e 80%. O alho é hospedeiro natural de espécies virais pertencentes aos gêneros Potyvirus, Carlavirus e Allexivirus. Este último foi recentemente estabelecido como membro da família Flexiviridae e agrupa as espécies Garlic mite-borne filamentousvirus (GarMbFV), Garlic virus A (GarV-A), Garlic virus B (GarV-B), Garlic virus C (GarV-C), Garlic virus D (GarV-D), Garlic virus E (GarV-E), Garlic virus X (GarV-X) e Shallot virus X (ShV-X). No Brasil, o alho consumo importado tem sido empregado para o plantio, o que se constitui um risco de introdução de espécies virais exóticas no país. Atualmente, a detecção de allexivírus em bulbos pode ser realizada por testes sorológicos e/ou moleculares, sendo necessário plantio para obtenção de tecido foliar com alta concentração de partículas virais, o que requer, em média, 30 dias. Os testes sorológicos são eficientes, no entanto, em razão da dificuldade para produção de anti-soros de alta qualidade, atualmente são menos indicados que os métodos moleculares. Objetivando reduzir o tempo para análise de detecção de allexivírus em alho, buscou-se um ajustemetodológico para extração de ácido nucléico diretamente dos primórdios foliares de bulbilhos. Amostras de alho consumo, oriundos do Rio Grande do Sul e importado daArgentina foram analisadas, empregando-se primórdios foliares obtidos por dissecação dos bulbilhos para extração de RNA total com uso do reagente Trizol. As amplificações do fragmento genômico alvo foram realizadas via RT-PCR. Uma banda na altura correspondente a 500 pb foi observada, em gel de agarose, nas duas amostras estudadas. Os produtos de PCR foram transferidos para membranas para teste de Southern Blot, para o qual empregou-se uma sonda fria capaz de detectar espécies de Allexivirus, de cujo teste foi confirmado a presença de allexivírus. Outra análise de detecção de allexivírus foi realizada em amostras de alho consumo importado da Argentina, China e Espanha, seguindo a mesma metodologia, sendo verificada, uma banda na altura correspondente a 500 pb em amostras oriundas da Argentina e da China. Teste de Southern Blot, no qual empregou-se uma sonda fria específica para detectar GarV-C, confirmou infecção viral pela espécie citada. De acordo com os resultados obtidos constatou-se que a extração de RNA total diretamente de primórdios foliares, aliada ao uso de técnicas moleculares apresenta-se como um método rápido e eficiente para detecção de allexivírus. Constatou-se também, que a maior parte das amostras analisadas encontra-se infectada por allexivírus, evidenciando um padrão sanitário que contra-indica o uso deste tipo de material como semente, com o risco de introdução de espécies virais exóticas.

Mitochondria are membrane bound organelles important for energy production in respiring cells through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. They have their own multi-copied mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome separate from that in the nucleus that is needed for mitochondria to function properly and can exist in both wild type and mutant forms in the same cell. The integrity of the mtDNA is therefore of vital importance for the survival of the organism and as such understanding the mechanisms of mtDNA maintenance is relevant to human health and disease. This study employs a Southern blotting and non-radioactive probe method to examine various aspects of mtDNA maintenance. Restriction endonuclease mapping utilizing mtDNA-specific and nuclear DNA-specific digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probes was performed to show that the synthesized probes are indeed specific for their target sequences. The DIG-labeled probes were used to quantitate mtDNA content from different DNA isolation methods. Whole-cell DNA extraction was found to yield higher levels of mtDNA compared to a commercially available spin-column kit. Next, Southern blots were used to analyze mtDNA copy number as well as mtDNA depletion in the hepatocarcinoma-derived cell line HepaRG following exposure to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor 2’,3’-dideoxycytidine (ddC), a known mitochondrial toxicant. In comparison to proliferative HepaRG differentiated HepaRG contained about 2-fold more mtDNA. Relative to untreated control cells, proliferating HepaRG exposed to ddC had greater than a 96% reduction in mtDNA and had decreased cellular viability. Differentiated HepaRG cell viability was not affected after 13 days of ddC treatment; however, significant mtDNA depletion was observed. We estimate that differentiated HepaRG mtDNA depletion occurs quickly at about 20 molecules per hour.

Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellte Verfahren der nicht-radioaktiven Southern Blot Hybridisierung unter Verwendung einer Digoxigenin Markierung hat sich für die Darstellung von Rekombinationen im TEL-Genlokus genomischer DNA als sensitive Vergleichsmethode bewiesen. Es wurden insgesamt 122 Kinder mit dieser Methode auf das Vorliegen der Translokation t(12;21) untersucht. Bei einer nur relevante Faktoren berücksichtigenden Beschränkung des PatientInnenkollektivs auf protokollgerecht nach ALL-REZ BFM behandelte B-Vorläufer-Zell-ALL und Erstrezidive konnte eine Rekombination von TEL in 5 von 65 PatientInnen (7,7%) nachgewiesen werden. Lässt man die Einschlusskriterien der ALL-REZ BFM Studie unberücksichtigt, handelt es sich sogar um 7 von 71 (9,9%) PatientInnen. Damit bestätigen die hier vorliegenden Ergebnisse den Trend der aktuellen Diskussion über die Häufigkeit des Vorliegens des Fusionsgenes TEL-AML1 bei Erstrezidiven, die eine kumulative Inzidenz bei einem 10-jährigen Untersuchungszeitraum von 9 ± 5% angeben. Weiterhin konnte mit ereignisfreien Beobachtungszeiträumen nach dem 1. Rezidiv im Median von 8,6 Jahren ein Trend zu späten Rezidiven und somit eine mittelfristig günstige Prognose für die TEL-Rearrangement positiven Rezidivfälle konstatiert werden. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass TEL-AML1 positive PatientInnen eine Subgruppe darstellen, die lange erkrankungsfreie Intervalle mit zur Zeit üblichen Therapieprotokollen erreichen, nach Therapie der Ersterkrankung aber auch nach dem ersten Rezidiv. Auf Grund der sich aus dem retrospektiven PatientInnekollektiv ergebenen Selektion war es nicht möglich, statistisch signifikante Aussagen zur unabhängigen prognostischen Bedeutung für die langfristige Prognose von ALL im Kindesalter mit TEL-Rekombinationen zu treffen.<br>The presence of TEL/AML1 fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) defines a subgroup of patients with better than average outcome. Around 20% of the patient at point of initial ALL diagnosis are characterised by this fusion transcript from translocation t(12;21)(p12;q22). However, the prognostic significance of this aberration has recently been disputed by the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) study group due to its relatively high incidence found in relapsed patients (19.6% and 21.9%, in two cohorts). Here we wanted to get more data in a long term follow up retrospect investigation by analysing DNA from frozen conserved bone marrow samples of 65 children. In the study presented here only five out of 65 (7.7%) patients selected as childhood B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia only treated according to Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) ALL relapse trial protocols (ALL-REZ BFM 82-96) (excluding T-lineage and Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive leukaemia) carry this fusion. The detection was done due to a new developed non-radioactive Southern blotting with a Digoxigenin marked template. We could confirm the still good middle term prognosis in the relapsed TEL-AML1 positive subgroup. The TEL-AML1-positive and negative patients differed with respect to duration of last remission and age at initial diagnosis. At a median follow-up time of 8.6 years, children positive for TEL-AML1 had a higher probability of disease-free survival. Because of the small number of patients in this study it was not possible to get statistical significant facts about the independent prognostic impact for the long term prognosis of ALL in childhood with TEL rearrangement.

Resumo: A caracterização da estrutura genética de populações clonais de patógenos bacterianos tem sido feita, entre outros métodos, por "Southern blot" empregando-se como sondas seqüências de inserção ou genes avr. O presente trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores e sondas de DNA baseadas em genes de patogenicidade para estudo da diversidade genética de isolados de Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii e Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis. Observou-se a presença dos genes avrXacE1, avrXacE2 e lrp em todos isolados das subsp. citri e aurantifolii e a ausência do gene avrXacE2 no isolado da subsp. citrumelonis. Os perfis de restrição gerados por PCR-RFLP não revelaram polimorfismo nos genes amplificados e o uso de genes avr como sondas para "Southern blot" mostrou-se efetiva na diferenciação das espécies de Xanthomonas patogênicas a citros e na identificação de relativo polimorfismo entre isolados da mesma espécie. A diversidade haplotípica foi maior com o gene avrXacE1. Com exceção à sonda correspondente ao gene lrp, o número de haplótipos identificados (17) variou de acordo com a endonuclease utilizada em "Southern blot". Os isolados da subsp. citri apresentaram um maior número de cópias dos genes avr em comparação com isolados das subsp. aurantifolii e citrumelonis. O estado de São Paulo, que adota uma campanha de erradicação do cancro cítrico, apresentou a menor diversidade haplotípica, provavelmente em decorrência do curto período em que o patógeno interage com o hospedeiro.<br>Abstract: The genetic structure of clonal populations of bacterial pathogens has been characterized, among other methods, by Southern blot using insertion sequences or avr genes as probes. The present work aimed the development of DNA primers and probes based on pathogenicity genes to study the genetic diversity of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii, and Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis strains. The presence of avrXacE1, avrXacE2 and leucine rich protein (lrp) genes was observed in all citri and aurantifolii strains, as well as the absence of the avrXacE2 gene in citrumelonis isolate. The restriction profiles generated by PCR-RFLP did not show polymorphism in the amplified genes and the use of avr genes as Southern blot probes showed to be effective to differentiate Xanthomonas species pathogenic to citrus and to identify a relative polymorphism between strains belonging to the same species. The haplotype diversity was higher with the avrXacE1 gene. Excepting the probe corresponding to lrp gene, the number of haplotypes identified (17) varied according to the endonuclease used on Southern blot. The strains of the citri species presented a higher number of copies of the avr genes compared to aurantifolii and citrumelonis. The state of São Paulo, that adopts a campaign of eradication of the citrus canker, presented the smaller haplotype diversity, probably as result of the short period where the pathogen interacts with the host.<br>Orientadora: Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro<br>Coorientador: José Belasque Júnior<br>Banca: João Martins Pizauro Junior<br>Banca:Julio Cezar Franco de Oliveira<br>Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:56:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jaciani_fj_me_jabo.pdf: 302453 bytes, checksum: 1fb27cbd11729232d8b900ef7c2e8c3c (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>A caracterização da estrutura genética de populações clonais de patógenos bacterianos tem sido feita, entre outros métodos, por “Southern blot” empregando-se como sondas seqüências de inserção ou genes avr. O presente trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores e sondas de DNA baseadas em genes de patogenicidade para estudo da diversidade genética de isolados de Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii e Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis. Observou-se a presença dos genes avrXacE1, avrXacE2 e lrp em todos isolados das subsp. citri e aurantifolii e a ausência do gene avrXacE2 no isolado da subsp. citrumelonis. Os perfis de restrição gerados por PCR-RFLP não revelaram polimorfismo nos genes amplificados e o uso de genes avr como sondas para “Southern blot” mostrou-se efetiva na diferenciação das espécies de Xanthomonas patogênicas a citros e na identificação de relativo polimorfismo entre isolados da mesma espécie. A diversidade haplotípica foi maior com o gene avrXacE1. Com exceção à sonda correspondente ao gene lrp, o número de haplótipos identificados (17) variou de acordo com a endonuclease utilizada em “Southern blot”. Os isolados da subsp. citri apresentaram um maior número de cópias dos genes avr em comparação com isolados das subsp. aurantifolii e citrumelonis. O estado de São Paulo, que adota uma campanha de erradicação do cancro cítrico, apresentou a menor diversidade haplotípica, provavelmente em decorrência do curto período em que o patógeno interage com o hospedeiro.<br>The genetic structure of clonal populations of bacterial pathogens has been characterized, among other methods, by Southern blot using insertion sequences or avr genes as probes. The present work aimed the development of DNA primers and probes based on pathogenicity genes to study the genetic diversity of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii, and Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis strains. The presence of avrXacE1, avrXacE2 and leucine rich protein (lrp) genes was observed in all citri and aurantifolii strains, as well as the absence of the avrXacE2 gene in citrumelonis isolate. The restriction profiles generated by PCR-RFLP did not show polymorphism in the amplified genes and the use of avr genes as Southern blot probes showed to be effective to differentiate Xanthomonas species pathogenic to citrus and to identify a relative polymorphism between strains belonging to the same species. The haplotype diversity was higher with the avrXacE1 gene. Excepting the probe corresponding to lrp gene, the number of haplotypes identified (17) varied according to the endonuclease used on Southern blot. The strains of the citri species presented a higher number of copies of the avr genes compared to aurantifolii and citrumelonis. The state of São Paulo, that adopts a campaign of eradication of the citrus canker, presented the smaller haplotype diversity, probably as result of the short period where the pathogen interacts with the host.

Two plaque-pure phage lambda clones designated as λhtX-l and λhtX-2 that hybridized to unfractionated bovine liver tRNA were isolated from a human X chromosome-specific library. The λDNAs were characterized by restriction mapping and Southern blot hybridization techniques. The human DNA segment in λhtX-l contains five or more presumptive tRNA genes and at least one Alu family member. The 19-kilobase human DNA insert in λhtX-2 contains two or more presumptive tRNA genes and at least three Alu family members. Another human genomic clone designated λhVKV7 hybridized to mammalian valine tRNA IAC. The clone was characterized by physical mapping and Southern blot hybridization techniques. The 18.5-kilobase human DNA fragment in λhVKV7 contains a cluster of three tRNA genes and at least nine Alu family members.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_jp_me_jabo.pdf: 625899 bytes, checksum: b1da1d374d5f4023e4648183bd7780c4 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>No cenário atual de mudanças climáticas, com o aumento da população mundial e crescente demanda por alimentos, as ferramentas biotecnológicas veem sendo utilizadas na obtenção de plantas mais tolerantes a estresse ambientais como a seca, que provoca perdas financeiras e de produção significativas aos produtores. Os fatores de transcrição, são genes potenciais na estratégia de reduzir os prejuízos decorrentes de períodos de déficit hídrico, pois atuam controlando a expressão de genes estresse-induzidos e têm sido estudados na planta modelo Arabidopsis thaliana e em culturas de interesse agronômico. O fator de transcrição AtAREB1ΔQT, consiste na forma constitutivamente ativa de AREB1, (ABA Responsive Element Binding – elemento de ligação de resposta ao ABA) que está envolvido, na via de sinalização ABA (ácido abcísico) dependente de resposta ao estresse hídrico em plantas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi introduzir em soja, via biobalística, a construção gênica pBI35SΩ:AtAREB1ΔQT e caracterizar molecularmente os eventos quanto ao número de cópias inseridas, e análise da expressão gênica do transgene. Para a caracterização molecular, foram utilizadas as metodologias de Southern blot e RT-qPCR. Um total de 12 linhagens independentes foram obtidas na geração T0, com uma eficiência de transformação de 0,59%. Somente três eventos (2651, 2639 e 2654) segregaram e passaram o gene para a geração T1. O número de cópias do transgene quantificado via qPCR, foi diferente, para cada linhagem geneticamente modificada (GM) analisada, variando de poucas cópias (1 a 2) a várias (17 cópias). Estes dados foram corroborados pelos resultados obtidos via Southern blot. O nível de expressão gênica relativa do transgene foi variável entre os eventos e a análise da segregação em plantas...<br>In the actual scenario of climatic changes, with world population increase and growing food demand, biotechnological tools are being used to develop plants more tolerant to environmental stresses such as drought, which causes to producers, significant financial losses and yield production. The transcription factors are potential genes to be strategically used to reduce damage due to water deficit conditions, because they acts controlling the expression of numerous stress-induced genes and has been studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in agronomic crops. The transcription factor, AtAREB1ΔQT, consists in the constitutively active form of AREB1, (ABA Responsive Element Binding) that is involved, ABA signaling pathway (abscisic acid) dependent response pathway to drought in plants. The objective of this study was to insert the construction pBI35SΩ: AtAREB1ΔQT in soybean, via biolistics, and molecularly characterization of the events on the number of inserted copies, and analyze the relative expression level of transgene. Twelve independent lines were identified in T0 generation, with a transformation efficiency of 0.59%. Only three events (2651, 2639 and 2654) segregated and transmitted the gene for T1 generation. The number of copies quantified using qPCR was different for each modified genetically (GM) line, ranging from a few copies (1 to 2 copies) to many copies (17 copies). These data were corroborated by Southern blot results. The relative expression level of transgene was variable between events and segregation analysis in T2 generation showed that he transgene did not follow the Mendelian laws. Aiming to obtain more information on the effect of the transgene in response to water stress... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Janete Apparecida Desidério<br>Coorientador: Renata Fuganti Pagliarini<br>Banca: Francismar Corrêa Marcelino<br>Banca: Sonia Marli Zingaretti<br>Resumo: No cenário atual de mudanças climáticas, com o aumento da população mundial e crescente demanda por alimentos, as ferramentas biotecnológicas veem sendo utilizadas na obtenção de plantas mais tolerantes a estresse ambientais como a seca, que provoca perdas financeiras e de produção significativas aos produtores. Os fatores de transcrição, são genes potenciais na estratégia de reduzir os prejuízos decorrentes de períodos de déficit hídrico, pois atuam controlando a expressão de genes estresse-induzidos e têm sido estudados na planta modelo Arabidopsis thaliana e em culturas de interesse agronômico. O fator de transcrição AtAREB1ΔQT, consiste na forma constitutivamente ativa de AREB1, (ABA Responsive Element Binding - elemento de ligação de resposta ao ABA) que está envolvido, na via de sinalização ABA (ácido abcísico) dependente de resposta ao estresse hídrico em plantas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi introduzir em soja, via biobalística, a construção gênica pBI35SΩ:AtAREB1ΔQT e caracterizar molecularmente os eventos quanto ao número de cópias inseridas, e análise da expressão gênica do transgene. Para a caracterização molecular, foram utilizadas as metodologias de Southern blot e RT-qPCR. Um total de 12 linhagens independentes foram obtidas na geração T0, com uma eficiência de transformação de 0,59%. Somente três eventos (2651, 2639 e 2654) segregaram e passaram o gene para a geração T1. O número de cópias do transgene quantificado via qPCR, foi diferente, para cada linhagem geneticamente modificada (GM) analisada, variando de poucas cópias (1 a 2) a várias (17 cópias). Estes dados foram corroborados pelos resultados obtidos via Southern blot. O nível de expressão gênica relativa do transgene foi variável entre os eventos e a análise da segregação em plantas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: In the actual scenario of climatic changes, with world population increase and growing food demand, biotechnological tools are being used to develop plants more tolerant to environmental stresses such as drought, which causes to producers, significant financial losses and yield production. The transcription factors are potential genes to be strategically used to reduce damage due to water deficit conditions, because they acts controlling the expression of numerous stress-induced genes and has been studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in agronomic crops. The transcription factor, AtAREB1ΔQT, consists in the constitutively active form of AREB1, (ABA Responsive Element Binding) that is involved, ABA signaling pathway (abscisic acid) dependent response pathway to drought in plants. The objective of this study was to insert the construction pBI35SΩ: AtAREB1ΔQT in soybean, via biolistics, and molecularly characterization of the events on the number of inserted copies, and analyze the relative expression level of transgene. Twelve independent lines were identified in T0 generation, with a transformation efficiency of 0.59%. Only three events (2651, 2639 and 2654) segregated and transmitted the gene for T1 generation. The number of copies quantified using qPCR was different for each modified genetically (GM) line, ranging from a few copies (1 to 2 copies) to many copies (17 copies). These data were corroborated by Southern blot results. The relative expression level of transgene was variable between events and segregation analysis in T2 generation showed that he transgene did not follow the Mendelian laws. Aiming to obtain more information on the effect of the transgene in response to water stress... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Viruses are entities which are made of a few genes and are reliant on obligate parasitism to propagate. Due to the obligate connection to their hosts, virus evolution is constrained to the type of host. Viruses however do transmit to evolutionary distinct hosts; in these cases, the phylogenetic relationship of the hosts usually are close. In some instances, RNA-viruses have made host jumps between evolutionary distant hosts, such as the host jump from invertebrates to vertebrates, and fungi to arthropod. Partitiviruses are double stranded RNA viruses which mainly infect fungi and plants. The defining characteristic of these double stranded RNA viruses are the double layered capsids which are formed by a single open reading frame (ORF). The capsid proteins form icosahedral virus particles which are in the magnitude of 30-40 nm. Metagenomic studies have discovered partitiviruses originating from an insect in the Odanata family, a finding which contradicts the fungal host specificity of partitiviruses. The finding of the Hubei.PLV 11 thus implies the existence of a partitiviruses containing structural elements in their capsids which could be involved in the infection of arthropods. Thus, this virus could be used as a model for a structural comparison with its fungi infecting relatives with hopes to identify common viral structural factors necessary for the infection of arthropods. For this purpose, the Hubei.PLV ORF was cloned and then transfected into insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells using a baculovirus expression system, “bac-to-bac” expression system. The FLAG-tagged capsid proteins were expressed by the Sf-9 cells to be approximately 60 kDa. After ultra-centrifugation in a sucrose gradient, some spontaneous assembly into the expected ~40 nm icosahedral virus-like particles were observed using low resolution scanning electron microscopy. The observed particles were also confirmed by a dynamic light scattering experiment (DLS) and a higher resolution cryo-EM microscope. Thus, the bac-to-bac expression system can be used to produce VLPs from this genus of viruses, and this metagenomically derived virus genome. However, for future success in defining a high-resolution model of this virus, it is recommended that the Sf-9 culture volume is sufficiently high for enough particle production which is necessary for a high-resolution map. The other virus, the Southern pygmy squid Flavilike virus (SpSFV) has been suggested to be the oldest relative of the land based flaviviruses. The SpSFV was found to be the most divergent of the flaviviruses, and to infect invertebrates. Solving for the structure of the SpSFV and comparing it to vertebrate infecting flaviviruses could therefore lead to the identification of factors necessary for the adaptation to vertebrates and thus the humoral immunity by flaviviruses. The soluble E-protein was expressed using the bac-to-bac expression system. The protein was indicated to be multiglycosylated and approximately 50 kDa which is in line with other strains in the genus. Affinity chromatography did not elute this protein, likely due to the His-tag not being spatially available. Cation exchange could elute some protein, but not much from the small ~30 mL culture. To conclude, VLP assembly was confirmed by the Hubei.PLV, thus, solving for the structure is a distinct possibility when a larger Sf-9 culture is used to produce the VLPs. For the SpSFV soluble E-protein, the protein is secreted into the supernatant of the Sf-9 cultures, making purification a possibility. For this, a large Sf-9 culture can be used to produce this protein and then purify it with a cat-ion exchange chromatography.

L’Angola est devenue indépendante du Portugal le 11 novembre 1975, au milieu des disputes internes qui ont conduit à l'éclatement de la guerre civile provoquée par le fait que le MPLA a déclaré unilatéralement l'indépendance à Luanda. Ce moment a été déterminée en grande partie par le soutien reçu de Cuba et le bloc de l'Est, plus précisément l'URSS, au cours des 14 années de lutte anticoloniale. Dans la période postindépendance, entre 1975 et 1991, même si des bases militaires soviétiques ne furent pas été installées en Angola, il faut signaler l’influence politique-idéologique et la présence militaire de l’Union Soviétique, qui s’exerça à un degré élevé en comparaison avec d’autres pays dans le contexte d’une bipolarité mondiale. Du point de vue idéologique, l’influence soviétique se manifesta dans des actions de l’Etat angolais en ce que cela touchait à la construction d’un sentiment et d’une identité nationale, ainsi que dans l’appartenance à une nation angolaise, objectivée dans le processus de constitution de l’Homme Nouveau, promu par le Parti-Etat. Du point de vue militaire, l’implication de Moscou dans la guerre en Angola nous a amené à conclure que dans ce territoire les Soviétiques donnèrent une plus grande importance à la consolidation de l’Etat en ce qui touchait la sécurité et le renforcement des appareils politiques, en fournissant matériel et le soutien consultatif pour les forces militaires de l’Angola, bien qu'il soit important de remarquer que les Soviétiques n'ont pas contrôlé la politique intérieure du pays<br>Angola became independent from Portugal on 11 November 1975, in the midst of internal disputes that led to the outbreak of civil war caused by the fact that the MPLA unilaterally declared independence in Luanda. This moment has been determined largely by the support received from Cuba and the Eastern bloc, specifically the USSR during the 14 years of anti-colonial struggle. In the post-independence period, between 1975 and 1991, although Soviet military bases were not been installed in Angola, it should be noted the political-ideological influence and military presence of the Soviet Union, which exercised a high degree compared with other countries in the context of global bipolarity. From an ideological point of view, Soviet influence was manifested in the actions of the Angolan government in that it affected the building and a sense of national identity, as well as membership in an Angolan nation, objectified in the process of formation of the New Man, promoted by the Party-state. From a military point of view, the involvement of Moscow in the war in Angola has led us to conclude that in this territory the Soviets gave greater importance to the consolidation of the state in which affected the safety and building equipment policies, providing material and advisory support to the military forces of Angola, although it is important to note that the Soviets did not control the internal politics of the country

L’Angola est devenue indépendante du Portugal le 11 novembre 1975, au milieu des disputes internes qui ont conduit à l'éclatement de la guerre civile provoquée par le fait que le MPLA a déclaré unilatéralement l'indépendance à Luanda. Ce moment a été déterminée en grande partie par le soutien reçu de Cuba et le bloc de l'Est, plus précisément l'URSS, au cours des 14 années de lutte anticoloniale. Dans la période postindépendance, entre 1975 et 1991, même si des bases militaires soviétiques ne furent pas été installées en Angola, il faut signaler l’influence politique-idéologique et la présence militaire de l’Union Soviétique, qui s’exerça à un degré élevé en comparaison avec d’autres pays dans le contexte d’une bipolarité mondiale. Du point de vue idéologique, l’influence soviétique se manifesta dans des actions de l’Etat angolais en ce que cela touchait à la construction d’un sentiment et d’une identité nationale, ainsi que dans l’appartenance à une nation angolaise, objectivée dans le processus de constitution de l’Homme Nouveau, promu par le Parti-Etat. Du point de vue militaire, l’implication de Moscou dans la guerre en Angola nous a amené à conclure que dans ce territoire les Soviétiques donnèrent une plus grande importance à la consolidation de l’Etat en ce qui touchait la sécurité et le renforcement des appareils politiques, en fournissant matériel et le soutien consultatif pour les forces militaires de l’Angola, bien qu'il soit important de remarquer que les Soviétiques n'ont pas contrôlé la politique intérieure du pays<br>Angola became independent from Portugal on 11 November 1975, in the midst of internal disputes that led to the outbreak of civil war caused by the fact that the MPLA unilaterally declared independence in Luanda. This moment has been determined largely by the support received from Cuba and the Eastern bloc, specifically the USSR during the 14 years of anti-colonial struggle. In the post-independence period, between 1975 and 1991, although Soviet military bases were not been installed in Angola, it should be noted the political-ideological influence and military presence of the Soviet Union, which exercised a high degree compared with other countries in the context of global bipolarity. From an ideological point of view, Soviet influence was manifested in the actions of the Angolan government in that it affected the building and a sense of national identity, as well as membership in an Angolan nation, objectified in the process of formation of the New Man, promoted by the Party-state. From a military point of view, the involvement of Moscow in the war in Angola has led us to conclude that in this territory the Soviets gave greater importance to the consolidation of the state in which affected the safety and building equipment policies, providing material and advisory support to the military forces of Angola, although it is important to note that the Soviets did not control the internal politics of the country

D.Comm.<br>The objective of this dissertation is to examine the Southern African Development Community (SADC) as the logical outflow of market forces compelling regions or groups of states to increase the dynamics of their economies by removing all barriers and obstacles to the free flow of goods and services between them in accordance with what has been happening elsewhere in the world. The concept of regional economic integration has come strongly forward since the early fifties in many areas of the world. Regional economic integration can be described as a process by which countries work together for the mutual benefit of all. The exchange of information and ideas may lead to better institutional liaison and capacities, more coordinated policy formulation and more rapid economic growth. Regional economic integration can take many forms. Regional economic blocs may be classified into five categories, namely: preferential trading arrangements, in which regional partners enjoy more favourable trading conditions, including lower tariffs, than other countries; free trade areas, entailing the abolition of tariffs and other barriers to trade in goods and services between participating countries; customs unions, which entail establishing free trade areas, common external tariffs and the formation of commercial policies towards third countries; common markets or economic communities, which permit the free movement not only of goods and services but also of capital and labour between participating countries; and economic unions, entailing full coordination of regulatory, fiscal, monetary and exchange rate policies within the confines of a common market. Economic integration may ultimately, as in the European Union, culminate in a monetary union, providing for a common currency.