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Academic literature on the topic 'Southern Hemisphere biota'
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Journal articles on the topic "Southern Hemisphere biota"
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RAVEN, P. H. "Southern Hemisphere Biota." Science 191, no. 4226 (2003): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.191.4226.460.
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Vermeij, Geerat J. "Comparative biogeography: innovations and the rise to dominance of the North Pacific biota." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1891 (2018): 20182027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2027.
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The North Pacific is the largest cold-water source of lineages spreading to other modern marine temperate biotas. How this status was achieved remains unclear. One hypothesis is that functional innovations of large effect, defined as departures from the norm in temperate clades and which confer competitive or defensive benefits, increase resource availability, and raise performance standards in the biota as a whole, evolved earlier and more frequently in the North Pacific than elsewhere in the temperate zone. In support of this hypothesis, phylogenetic and fossil evidence reveals 47 temperate marine innovations beginning in the latest Eocene, of which half arose in the North Pacific. Of the 22 innovations of large effect, 13 (39%) evolved in the North Pacific, including basal growth in kelps and bottom-feeding herbivory and durophagy in mammals. Temperate innovations in the Southern Hemisphere and the North Atlantic appeared later and were less consequential. Most other innovations arose in refuges where the risks of predation and competition are low. Among temperate marine biotas, the North Pacific has the highest incidence of unique innovations and the earliest origins of major breakthroughs, five of which spread elsewhere.
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Griffin, Miguel. "Eocene bivalves from the Río Turbio Formation, southwestern Patagonia (Argentina)." Journal of Paleontology 65, no. 1 (1991): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000020254.
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The marine faunas from Patagonia, which are in need of a comprehensive revision, are particularly important in the understanding of the origin and evolution of the marine biota in the southern hemisphere during the final breakup of Gondwanaland during the Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary. The Eocene Río Turbio Formation in southern Patagonia (Argentina) contains a unique fauna of marine mollusks. This paper describes 35 species of bivalves from that unit. Nine of them are new: Nucula (Leionucula) guillermensis, Yoldia (Calorhadia) patagonica, Atrina rioturbiensis, Electroma patagonica, Venericardia (Venericor) carrerensis, Crassatella brandmayri, Solena (Eosolen) hunickeni, Pholadidea frenguellii, and Periploma (Aelga) primaverensis. In addition, 26 other species are also described, though their exact systematic relationships cannot at present be accurately established.
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Flakus, Adam, Harrie J. M. Sipman, Kerstin Bach, et al. "Contribution to the knowledge of the lichen biota of Bolivia. 5." Polish Botanical Journal 58, no. 2 (2013): 697–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pbj-2013-0073.
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Abstract This paper presents new records of 180 lichen species from Bolivia; 103 are new national records. Three species, Bryonora curvescens (Mudd) Poelt (also from Ecuador), Lepraria elobata Tønsberg and Pyrenula laetior Müll. Arg., are reported for the first time from the Southern Hemisphere, and five, Bathelium aff. sphaericum (C. W. Dodge) R. C. Harris, Lepraria jackii Tønsberg, Psiloparmelia arhizinosa Hale, Szczawinskia tsugae A. Funk and Trinathotrema lumbricoides (Sipman) Sipman & Aptroot, are new to South America. To complement the rather poorly recognized distribution of some species, five of the taxa reported here are also new to Ecuador. Notes on distribution and chemistry are provided for most species, and some, especially those belonging to taxonomically critical groups, are discussed in greater detail.
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HARA, URSZULA, and J. ALISTAIR CRAME. "A new aspidostomatid bryozoan from the Cape Melville Formation (Lower Miocene) of King George Island, West Antarctica." Antarctic Science 16, no. 3 (2004): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002159.
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Fragments of large, bilamellar aspidostomatid bryozoan colonies occur in Early Miocene glaciomarine sedimentary sequences of the Cape Melville Formation, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica. Investigation of the morphological characters of this aspidostomatid cheilostome shows that it represents a new species, which is described herein as Aspidostoma melvillensis sp. n. A combination of the colony-growth pattern, inferred co-occurring biota and associated sedimentary structures indicates a comparatively deep-water, outer shelf palaeoenvironmental setting. This Miocene occurrence of Aspidostoma melvillensis sp.n. emphasizes a biogeographical link with adjacent Southern Hemisphere regions during the early Neogene.
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Bashford, Alison, Pratik Chakrabarti, and Jarrod Hore. "Towards a modern history of Gondwanaland." Journal of the British Academy 9s6 (2021): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/jba/009s6.005.
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Gondwanaland was a southern mega-continent that began to break up 180 million years ago. This article explores Gondwanaland�s modern history, its unexpected political and cultural purchase since the 1880s. Originating with geological and palaeontological research in the Gond region of Central India, �Gondwana� has become recognisable and useful, especially in settler colonial contexts. This prospectus sets out a program for a highly unusual �transnational� project, involving scholars of India, Australia, Antarctica, southern Africa and South America. Unpredictably across the five continents of former Gondwanaland, the term itself signals depth of time and place across the spectrum of Indigenous land politics, coal-based extractive politics, and, paradoxically, nationalist environmental politics. All kinds of once-living Gondwanaland biota deliver us fossil fuels today � the �gifts of Gondwana� some geologists call southern hemisphere coal, gas, petroleum � and so the modern history of Gondwanaland is also a substantive history of the Anthropocene.
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Osorio-Rosales, J., and B. Mendoza. "Climate interaction mechanism between solar activity and terrestrial biota." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S286 (2011): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921312005194.
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AbstractThe solar activity has been proposed as one of the main factors of Earth's climate variability, however biological processes have been also proposed. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is the main biogenic sulfur compound in the atmosphere. DMS is mainly produced by the marine biosphere and plays an important role in the atmospheric sulfur cycle. Currently it is accepted that terrestrial biota not only adapts to environmental conditions but influences them through regulations of the chemical composition of the atmosphere. In the present study we used different methods of analysis to investigate the relationship between the DMS, Low Clouds, Ultraviolet Radiation A (UVA) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the Southern Hemisphere. We found that the series analyzed have different periodicities which can be associated with climatic and solar phenomena such as El Niño, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and the changes in solar activity. Also, we found an anticorrelation between DMS and UVA, the relation between DMS and clouds is mainly non-linear and there is a correlation between DMS and SST. Then, our results suggest a positive feedback interaction among DMS, solar radiation and cloud at time-scales shorter than the solar cycle.
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Flakus, Adam, Magdalena Oset, Max Rykaczewski, Ulf Schiefelbein, and Martin Kukwa. "Contribution to the knowledge of the lichen biota of Bolivia. 8." Polish Botanical Journal 61, no. 1 (2016): 107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pbj-2016-0009.
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Abstract This paper presents new records of 135 lichen taxa in Bolivia. Two species, Myriotrema laeviusculum (Nyl.) Hale and Graphis tenoriensis Chaves & Lücking, are new for the Southern Hemisphere; two, Cladonia uncialis (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg. and Thelocarpon laureri (Flot.) Nyl., are new for South America; and 27 species are new for Bolivia: Acanthotrema brasilianum (Hale) Frisch, Bulbothrix laevigatula (Nyl.) Hale, B. leprieurii Aubel, Canoparmelia salacinifera (Hale) Hale, Catolechia wahlenbergii (Flot. ex Ach.) Körb., Chapsa alborosella (Nyl.) Frisch, Coccocarpia dissecta Swinscow & Krog, Graphis apertoinspersa Rivas Plata & Lücking, G. cinerea Fée, G. globosa (Fée) Spreng., G. haleana R. C. Harris, G. marginata Raddi, G. pilarensis Cáceres & Lücking, G. striatula (Ach.) Spreng., Hemithecium oryzaeforme (Fée) Staiger, Hypotrachyna protochlorina Sipman, Elix & T. H. Nash, H. sinuosella Elix, T. H. Nash & Sipman, H. tariensis Elix, Parmeliella isidiopannosa Jørg., Parmotrema conferendum Hale, P. enteroxanthum Hale, P. laciniellum (Ferraro & Elix) Blanco et al., P. pilosum (Stizenb.) Krog & Swinscow, P. recipiendum (Nyl.) Hale, P. ruptum (Lynge) Hale ex DePriest & Hale, Pyxine pungens Zahlbr. and Xanthoparmelia substenophylloides Hale. Notes on distribution are provided for the species. Bulbothrix goebelii (Zenker) Hale is excluded from the list of Bolivian lichens; the record is referred to B. laevigatula.
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Hamilton, Fredericka B., Douglas J. Williams, and Nate B. Hardy. "Five new species of the armored scale genus Andaspis MacGillivray (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae) from New Caledonia." ZooKeys 693 (August 22, 2017): 17–31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.693.13074.
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New Caledonia is home to many endemic species of plants and animals. Here, we improve our grasp on that biota by describing five new species of armored scale insects in the genus Andaspis: Andaspis brevicornuta sp. n, A. conica sp. n., A. nothofagi sp. n., A. novaecaledoniae sp. n., and A. ornata sp. n. Each is known exclusively from collections on southern beeches (Nothofagus spp.) in New Caledonia. A key to the species of Andaspis of New Caledonia is provided.
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Bacon, Christine D., Francisco J. Velásquez-Puentes, Luis Felipe Hinojosa, et al. "Evolutionary persistence inGunneraand the contribution of southern plant groups to the tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot." PeerJ 6 (March 16, 2018): e4388. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4388.
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Several studies have demonstrated the contribution of northern immigrants to the flora of the tropical Andes—the world’s richest and most diverse biodiversity hotspot. However, much less is known about the biogeographic history and diversification of Andean groups with southern origins, although it has been suggested that northern and southern groups have contributed roughly equally to the high Andean (i.e., páramo) flora. Here we infer the evolutionary history of the southern hemisphere plant genusGunnera, a lineage with a rich fossil history and an important ecological role as an early colonising species characteristic of wet, montane environments. Our results show striking contrasts in species diversification, where some species may have persisted for some 90 million years, and whereas others date to less than 2 Ma since origination. The outstanding longevity of the group is likely linked to a high degree of niche conservatism across its highly disjunct range, wherebyGunneratracks damp and boggy soils in cool habitats. Colonisation of the northern Andes is related to Quaternary climate change, with subsequent rapid diversification appearing to be driven by their ability to take advantage of environmental opportunities. This study demonstrates the composite origin of a mega-diverse biota.
Books on the topic "Southern Hemisphere biota"
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Stephenson, Steven. Secretive Slime Moulds. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486314140.
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Neither plants, nor animals, nor fungi, the myxomycetes are a surprisingly diverse and fascinating group of organisms. They spend the majority of their life out of sight as single-celled amoeboid individuals in leaf litter, soil or decaying wood, foraging for bacteria and other simple life forms. However, when conditions are right, two individual cells come together to give rise to a much larger, creeping structure called a plasmodium, which produces the even more complex and often beautiful fruiting bodies. Indeed, the fruiting bodies of myxomycetes are often miniature works of art!
 Their small size (usually only a few millimetres tall) and fleeting fruiting phase mean that these organisms, although ubiquitous and sometimes abundant, are overlooked by most people. However, recent research by a few dedicated individuals has shown that Australia has a very diverse myxomycete biota with more than 330 species, the largest number known for any region of the Southern Hemisphere.
 This comprehensive monograph provides keys, descriptions and information on the known distribution for all of these species in addition to containing introductory material relating to their biology and ecology. Many species are illustrated, showing the diversity of their fruiting bodies, and greatly facilitating their identification.
 This book will give naturalists a new insight into an often overlooked group of organisms in addition to providing an incentive to search for the many species which have undoubtedly thus far escaped notice.
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Cranston, PS, ed. Chironomids: From Genes to Ecosystems. CSIRO Publishing, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104952.
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The Chironomidae popularly are called "non-biting midges" to distinguish them from their biting relatives. Although the impact of these flies excludes human-feeding and disease transmission, chironomids are still the subject of much study.
 
 This book presents current research on topics such as the use of chironomid larvae in pollution monitoring; austral chironomid patterns; biology and control; chironomid communities and auto-ecology; morphology and systematics of chironomids. The value of chironomids and other aquatic biota in the monitoring of waterway health is emphasised with reviews from both the northern and southern hemispheres.
Book chapters on the topic "Southern Hemisphere biota"
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Wood, W. F., K. V. Marsh, R. W. Buddemeier, and C. Smith. "Marine Biota as Detection Agents for Low-Level Radionuclide Contamination in Antarctica and the Southern Hemisphere Oceans." In Antarctic Ecosystems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84074-6_42.
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Munsterman, Dirk K., Timme H. Donders, Alexander J. P. Houben, Johan H. ten Veen, and Frank P. Wesselingh. "Paleogene – Neogene." In Geology of the Netherlands. Amsterdam University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463728362_ch09.
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Abstract During the late Danian-Selandian Laramide phase, open-marine carbonate deposition of the Late Cretaceous and earliest Paleocene was replaced by clastic sediment infill of the Southern North Sea Basin. The Laramide phase, associated with domal uplift and subsidence of Mesozoic grabens, led to a break in sedimentation and reworking of Upper Cretaceous carbonates into marls. Consequently, Paleogene marine deposits are condensed in most areas. Late Paleocene to earliest Eocene uplift of basin margins caused major sand influxes into marginal marine environments with restricted circulation. In the North Sea area, global Paleogene warming culminated in near-tropical conditions and associated biota. Under maximum temperature conditions and differential subsidence, deltaic and submarine-fan sand deposition continued into the early Eocene. Cenozoic sediment input changed from the northwest during the Eocene, through northeastern sources in the Oligocene and Miocene, to dominantly southeastern and southern sources during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The Paleocene- Eocene transition was interrupted by major volcanism, resulting in widespread ash layer deposition from volcanoes on the Greenland-Scotland ridge. From the middle Eocene onwards, regional subsidence interrupted by uplift phases led to transgression/regression patterns at the basins margins. In the North Sea Basin, a major discontinuity formed due to the Pyrenean inversion phase that occurred just before Antarctic ice cap growth and global cooling at the onset of the Oligocene. From late Eocene to Mid Miocene, the basin experienced warmer and cooler phases, developing a rich, mostly endemic North Sea marine biota. In the early Oligocene, much of the Southern North Sea Basin drowned, and outer-neritic marine clays of the Rupel Formation (Boom Member) were deposited. During the late Oligocene through Pliocene, shallow marine sedimentation was balanced by subsidence resulting in monotonous sequences of marine clays and silts. During the Miocene Climate Optimum, peat formation was widespread at the southern margin of the North Sea Basin, followed by large-scale fluvial-deltaic deposition with local peatbogs as the climate cooled in the Late Miocene. The Upper Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene deposits are dominated by marine silty and sandy clays with ice-rafted debris, marking the first strong Northern Hemisphere glaciations, grading into shallow marine and fluvial sands towards the margins. These are overlain by predominantly sandy Pleistocene fluvial deposits. This chapter is structured around the varying tectonic and climatic factors that determined the structures of the North Sea Basin and its heterogeneous Paleogene-Neogene basin fill.
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Veblen, Thomas T. "Temperate Forests of the Southern Andean Region." In The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0021.
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Although most of the continent of South America is characterized by tropical vegetation, south of the tropic of Capricorn there is a full range of temperate-latitude vegetation types including Mediterranean-type sclerophyll shrublands, grasslands, steppe, xeric woodlands, deciduous forests, and temperate rain forests. Southward along the west coast of South America the vast Atacama desert gives way to the Mediterranean-type shrublands and woodlands of central Chile, and then to increasingly wet forests all the way to Tierra del Fuego at 55°S. To the east of the Andes, these forests are bordered by the vast Patagonian steppe of bunch grasses and short shrubs. The focus of this chapter is on the region of temperate forests occurring along the western side of the southernmost part of South America, south of 33°S. The forests of the southern Andean region, including the coastal mountains as well as the Andes, are presently surrounded by physiognomically and taxonomically distinct vegetation types and have long been isolated from other forest regions. Although small in comparison with the extent of temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere, this region is one of the largest areas of temperate forest in the Southern Hemisphere and is rich in endemic species. For readers familiar with temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere, it is difficult to place the temper temperate forests of southern South America into a comparable ecological framework owing both to important differences in the histories of the biotas and to contrasts between the broad climatic patterns of the two hemispheres. There is no forest biome in the Southern Hemisphere that is comparable to the boreal forests of the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The boreal forests of the latter are dominated by evergreen conifers of needle-leaved trees, mostly in the Pinaceae family, and occur in an extremely continental climate. In contrast, at high latitudes in southern South America, forests are dominated mostly by broadleaved trees such as the southern beech genus (Nothofagus). Evergreen conifers with needle or scaleleaves (from families other than the Pinaceae) are a relatively minor component of these forests.
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Elias, Scott. "Millennial and Century Climate Changes in the Colorado Alpine." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0033.
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Ecosystems are the products of regional biotic history, shaped by environmental changes that have occurred over thousands of years. Accordingly, ecological changes take place at many timescales, but perhaps none is more significant than the truly long-term scale of centuries and millennia, for it is at these timescales that ecosystems form, break apart, and reform in new configurations. This is certainly true in the alpine regions, where glaciations have dominated the landscape for perhaps 90% of the last 2.5 million years (Elias 1996a). In the alpine tundra zone, the periods between ice ages have been relatively brief (10,000–15,000 years), whereas glaciations have been long (90,000–100,000 years). Glacial ice has been the dominant force in shaping alpine landscapes. Glacial climate has been the filter through which the alpine biota has had to pass repeatedly in the Pleistocene. This chapter discusses climatic events during the last 25,000 years (figure 18.1). At the beginning of this interval, temperatures cooled throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere, culminating in the last glacial maximum (LGM), about 20,000–18,000 yr b.p. (radiocarbon years before present). The Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets advanced southward, covering most of Canada and the northern tier of the United States. Glaciers also crept down from mountaintops to fill high valleys in the Rocky Mountains. In the Southern Rockies, the alpine tundra zone crept downslope into what is now the subalpine, beyond the reach of the relatively small montane glaciers. By about 14,000 yr b.p., the glacier margins began to recede, leading eventually to the postglacial environments of the Holocene. It is now becoming apparent that the climate changes that drove these events were surprisingly rapid and intense. This chapter examines the evidence for these climatic changes and the biotic response to them in the alpine zone of Colorado. To reconstruct the environmental changes of this period, we must rely on proxy data, that is, the fossil record of plants and animals, combined with geologic evidence, such as the age and location of glacial moraines in mountain valleys. As of this writing, the principal biological proxy data that have been studied in the Rocky Mountains are fossil pollen and insects.
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Xinyi, He. "Silurian." In The Palaeobiogeography of China. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198546719.003.0005.
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Abstract The Early-Middle Llandoverian was similar to the end of the Late Ordovician in the general features of palaeogeography and biotas. In the southern hemisphere, Gondwana was still integral, except for a number of small separate plates along its margins, and it was situated mostly in the middle and high latitudes south to 30°S. Present-day northern Africa and southern South America were situated in the polar circle. The late Late Ordovician is noted for widespread glaciation, especially in Gondwana. Under the influence of the immense glaciation, global sea-level underwent a sharp drop of up to more than 100 m during the late Ashgill of Late Ordovician (Rong Jiayu et al. 1984). The environmental changes were so dramatic as to cause the decline or extinction of many marine groups. The most obvious example by which to illustrate this phenomenon is the almost complete extinction of the widespread Dalmanitina-Hirnantia fauna during the late Ashgill. Furthermore, up to the 90 per cent of the Late Ordovician trilobite genera disappeared during late Ashgillian. Nautiloids also showed a sharp decline.