Journal articles: 'Southern Hemisphere humpback whale'

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Naessig, Patricia J., and Janet M. Lanyon. "Levels and probable origin of predatory scarring on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in east Australian waters." Wildlife Research 31, no. 2 (2004): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03086.

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To investigate the incidence of non-lethal predation in Southern Hemisphere whales, more than 3400 fluke-identification photographs from resight histories of 1436 east Australian humpback whales were examined for evidence of predatory markings. Photographs were obtained from 1984 to 1996 at various locations along the east coast of Australia, from northern Queensland to southern New South Wales. Photographs were classified in terms of the level and type of scarring. The possible predator and whether the markings appeared fresh were also noted. In all, 17% of identified east Australian humpbacks possessed some form of predatory scarring, 57% of which was minor and 43% major. Almost all predatory scarring was consistent with that inflicted by killer whales. Only three whales demonstrated an increase in the level of predatory scarring after their first sightings. Two incidents of fresh scarring were recorded, and one fatal killer whale attack on a humpback whale calf was directly observed. The overall level of predatory scarring found in this study is comparable to those found in studies for Northern Hemisphere humpback whales. The low incidence of adult whales showing their first sign of predatory scarring after their initial sighting, and the small number possessing recent scarring, support the idea that east Australian humpback whales experience most predatory attacks early in life.

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Schall, Elena, Karolin Thomisch, Olaf Boebel, Gabriele Gerlach, Stefanie Spiesecke, and Ilse Van Opzeeland. "Large-scale spatial variabilities in the humpback whale acoustic presence in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 12 (2020): 201347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201347.

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Southern Hemisphere humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) inhabit a wide variety of ecosystems including both low- and high-latitude areas. Understanding the habitat selection of humpback whale populations is key for humpback whale stock management and general ecosystem management. In the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean ( ASSO ), the investigation of baleen whale distribution by sighting surveys is temporally restricted to the austral summer. The implementation of autonomous passive acoustic monitoring, in turn, allows the study of vocal baleen whales year-round. This study describes the results of analysing passive acoustic data spanning 12 recording positions throughout the ASSO applying a combination of automatic and manual analysis methods to register humpback whale acoustic activity. Humpback whales were present at nine recording positions with higher acoustic activities towards lower latitudes and the eastern and western edges of the ASSO . During all months, except December (the month with the fewest recordings), humpback whale acoustic activity was registered in the ASSO . The acoustic presence of humpback whales at various locations in the ASSO confirms previous observations that part of the population remains in high-latitude waters beyond austral summer, presumably to feed. The spatial and temporal extent of humpback whale presence in the ASSO suggests that this area may be used by multiple humpback whale breeding populations as a feeding ground.

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Zandberg, Lies, Robert F. Lachlan, Luca Lamoni, and Ellen C. Garland. "Global cultural evolutionary model of humpback whale song." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1836 (2021): 20200242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0242.

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Humpback whale song is an extraordinary example of vocal cultural behaviour. In northern populations, the complex songs show long-lasting traditions that slowly evolve, while in the South Pacific, periodic revolutions occur when songs are adopted from neighbouring populations and rapidly spread. In this species, vocal learning cannot be studied in the laboratory, learning is instead inferred from the songs' complexity and patterns of transmission. Here, we used individual-based cultural evolutionary simulations of the entire Southern and Northern Hemisphere humpback whale populations to formalize this process of inference. We modelled processes of song mutation and patterns of contact among populations and compared our model with patterns of song theme sharing measured in South Pacific populations. Low levels of mutation in combination with rare population interactions were sufficient to closely fit the pattern of diversity in the South Pacific, including the distinctive pattern of west-to-east revolutions. Interestingly, the same learning parameters that gave rise to revolutions in the Southern Hemisphere simulations gave rise to evolutionary patterns of cultural evolution in the Northern Hemisphere populations. Our study demonstrates how cultural evolutionary approaches can be used to make inferences about the learning processes underlying cultural transmission and how they might generate emergent population-level processes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vocal learning in animals and humans’.

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Anderson, Charles, Isha, Dipani Sutaria, and Asha De Vos. "note on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the central Indian Ocean." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 23, no. 1 (2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v23i1.341.

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In the central Indian Ocean, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are rare. Records from southern India, Sri Lanka, Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago (n=67) were compiled and show a bimodal pattern of seasonal occurrence. Those occurring during the northern winter (December to April) are known to belong to the Arabian Sea humpback whale population. There have been no humpback whales recorded in Maldives during the northern winter since 2001, suggesting a possible range contraction for the Arabian Sea humpback whale population. Humpback whales occurring during the southern winter (June to October) are assumed to belong to the southwest Indian Ocean population (IWC breeding stock C). In this case, numbers of opportunistic sightings are increasing and the population appears to be spreading northwards as it recovers from commercial whaling, with several recent southern winter records from as far north as 5°N in northern Maldives and southern Sri Lanka. For this southern hemisphere population, calves are first seen in August, with numbers of calves increasing in September and October. For both populations, interactions with regional fisheries, particularly pelagic gillnetting, may be a major cause of mortality.

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Miller, C., A. Batibasiga, S. Sharma-Gounder, and P. Solomona. "Very low numbers of endangered Oceania humpback whales seen in Fijian waters." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 33, no. 2 (2015): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp15006.

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Intensive commercial whaling caused significant declines in Southern Hemisphere humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) populations. In Fiji, land-based humpback whale surveys undertaken from 1956 to 1958 documented maximum weekly counts of more than 150 humpback whales in parts of the Bligh waters. These records provide an invaluable point of comparison to present-day observations as they occurred immediately prior to very large humpback whale catches in Antarctic waters to the south – and on potential migration routes – of humpback whales breeding in Fijian waters. We report here on a three-year (2010–2012) land-based survey also conducted in the Bligh waters during which a total of 33 individuals over 480 h were counted from Ovalau Island and 68 individuals over approximately 300 h were observed from Makogai Island. These findings suggest a large decrease in numbers of humpback whales seen in Fiji waters since commercial whaling operations.

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Helweg, David A., Nina Eriksen, Jakob Tougaard, and Lee A. Miller. "Cultural change in the songs of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from Tonga." Behaviour 142, no. 3 (2005): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539053778283.

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Some humpback whales migrate annually from Antarctic feeding grounds to the seas around the Tongan Islands to give birth and mate. The Tongan humpbacks are considered part of Southern Hemisphere Group V that splits during migration, some swimming to Eastern Australia and others to various Polynesian Islands. During this time long complex songs are produced. The song is thought to be a male breeding display and may serve either as an intra-sexual or an inter-sexual signal or both. It is in a constant state of change that occurs every season. Since these changes are directional they cannot be described by drift, and singers incorporate changes as they occur, thus song must be shared through cultural transmission. This investigation describes the cultural changes that occurred in 158 songs recorded from Tongan humpbacks through the 1990s. The rate of change differed within years, some themes were retained for as much as five years and others were lost after only two years. The farther apart the years the less similar are the songs, as in the humpback songs of the Northern Hemisphere. The largest number of changes seems to have occurred in the early 1990s where all themes seemed to have been lost and new ones originated. What initiates these changes remains speculative, but we assess some hypotheses in relation to humpback whale behaviour and cultural transmission in avian song.

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Jackson, Jennifer A., Debbie J. Steel, P. Beerli, et al. "Global diversity and oceanic divergence of humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1786 (2014): 20133222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3222.

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Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) annually undertake the longest migrations between seasonal feeding and breeding grounds of any mammal. Despite this dispersal potential, discontinuous seasonal distributions and migratory patterns suggest that humpbacks form discrete regional populations within each ocean. To better understand the worldwide population history of humpbacks, and the interplay of this species with the oceanic environment through geological time, we assembled mitochondrial DNA control region sequences representing approximately 2700 individuals (465 bp, 219 haplotypes) and eight nuclear intronic sequences representing approximately 70 individuals (3700 bp, 140 alleles) from the North Pacific, North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere. Bayesian divergence time reconstructions date the origin of humpback mtDNA lineages to the Pleistocene (880 ka, 95% posterior intervals 550–1320 ka) and estimate radiation of current Northern Hemisphere lineages between 50 and 200 ka, indicating colonization of the northern oceans prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Coalescent analyses reveal restricted gene flow between ocean basins, with long-term migration rates (individual migrants per generation) of less than 3.3 for mtDNA and less than 2 for nuclear genomic DNA. Genetic evidence suggests that humpbacks in the North Pacific, North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere are on independent evolutionary trajectories, supporting taxonomic revision of M. novaeangliae to three subspecies.

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Minton, G., S. Cerchio, T. Collins, et al. "A note on the comparison of humpback whale tail fluke catalogues from the Sultanate of Oman with Madagascar and the East African mainland." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 11, no. 1 (2023): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v11i1.631.

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The photo-identification catalogue of humpback whale tail flukes from Oman was compared with those from Antongil Bay, Madagascar and study sites in South Africa and Mozambique collectively termed the ‘East African Mainland’. No matches were found, supporting other lines of evidence that the humpback whales studied off the coast of Oman form part of a discrete Arabian Sea population, which adheres to a Northern Hemisphere breeding cycle, and has little or no ongoing exchange with the nearest neighbouring populations in the southern Indian Ocean. While the sample size from Oman is small, and low levels of ongoing exchange might not be detected in this type of catalogue comparison, the study nonetheless emphasises the need to pursue research and conservation efforts in the known and suspected range of the Endangered Arabian Sea humpback whale population.

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Chero, G., R. Pradel, S. Derville, C. Bonneville, O. Gimenez, and C. Garrigue. "Reproductive capacity of an endangered and recovering population of humpback whales in the Southern Hemisphere." Marine Ecology Progress Series 643 (June 11, 2020): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13329.

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Estimating demographic parameters is essential to assessing the recovery potential of severely depleted populations of marine mammal species such as the baleen whales, which were decimated by commercial whaling of the past century. The Oceania humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae population is classified as endangered by the IUCN because of low numbers and a slow recovery rate. Nevertheless, an anomalously strong increase has recently been detected in the New Caledonia breeding population. To determine the drivers of population growth, reproductive parameters were estimated for the first time for a humpback whale population of Oceania. Based on an extensive monitoring program (1995-2018), recapture histories were reconstructed for 607 females and incorporated in multi-event capture-recapture models. As the females’ ages were generally unknown (87%), 2 models with contrasting age scenarios were investigated. For females of unknown age, the mature scenario assumed maturity at the first encounter, while the immature scenario assumed immaturity within 7 yr after the first encounter, unless the female was encountered breeding. These models respectively resulted in a calving interval of 1.49 yr (95% CI: 1.21-2.08) or 2.83 yr (95% CI: 2.28-3.56) and a calving rate of 0.67 or 0.35. The relatively high calving rate modelled by the mature model is consistent with high pregnancy rates recently observed in the migratory corridors of the Kermadec Islands and on the feeding grounds of the Antarctic Peninsula. Therefore, our results suggest that the recovery of the New Caledonia humpback whale population from past exploitation may be partially driven by an increased reproductive capacity.

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Stevick, Peter T., Judith M. Allen, Marcia H. Engel, Fernando Felix, Ben Haase, and Mariana C. Neves. "Inter-oceanic movement of an adult female humpback whale between Pacific and Atlantic breeding grounds off South America." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 13, no. 2 (2023): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v13i2.545.

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We report the first documented movement of an individual humpback whale between the eastern South Pacific stock off Ecuador and the western South Atlantic stock off Brazil. This constitutes the first record of a humpback whale in both the Atlantic and Pacific breeding grounds off South America, and one of a small number of inter-oceanic movements documented to date. It is possible that, even at quite low levels, this movement of individuals between breeding grounds contributes to the current high level of mtDNA diversity in these once-depleted Southern Hemisphere populations. When first sighted, the whale was accompanied by a young calf, and is therefore identified as an adult female. This movement to a different and distant breeding ground is the first reported by a reproductively mature female, and shows that extreme long-distance travellers among humpback whales are not restricted to young males.

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Acevedo, R., L. Oviedo, N. Silva, and L. Bermudez-Villapol. "A note on the spatial and temporal distribution of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) off Venezuela, Southeastern Caribbean." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 10, no. 1 (2023): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v10i1.662.

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This paper presents information on the spatial and temporal distribution of humpback whales in Venezuelan waters. Using a relational database containing information from the museums of Venezuela, published and unpublished records were incorporated into a Geographical Information System (MapInfo Professional 7.0). A total of 53 records were gathered, of which sightings made up 72%, followed by acoustic sampling (9%) intentional capture (6%), stranding (6%) and unknown records (8%). Humpback whales were mainly sighted over the continental shelf of the northeastern region in shallow waters of 0-100m in depth. The date on which each record was made supports the seasonal occurrence of North Atlantic humpback whales off the Venezuelan coast. Opportunistic sightings and stranding records from the austral winter months do not give conclusive proof that Southern Hemisphere humpback whales are present during this time, but lead to the hypothesis that whales migrate from Brazil. Systematic research effort (especially photo-identification) is recommended in order to better understand humpback whale movements, distribution and identity.

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Findlay, Ken P., S. Mduduzi Seakamela, Michael A. Meÿer, et al. "Humpback whale “super-groups” – A novel low-latitude feeding behaviour of Southern Hemisphere humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Benguela Upwelling System." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (2017): e0172002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172002.

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Kent, Chandro Salgado, Curt Jenner, Micheline Jenner, Philippe Bouchet, and Eric Rexstad. "Southern Hemisphere Breeding Stock D humpback whale population estimates from North West Cape, Western Australia." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 12, no. 1 (2023): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v12i1.588.

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Estimates of the abundance of Breeding Stock D humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are key to the conservation and management of what is thought to be one of the largest populations of the species. Five years (2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 and 2008) of aerial surveys carried out over an eight-year period at North West Cape (Western Australia) using line transect methodology allowed trends in whale numbers to be investigated, and provided a base for comparison with estimates made approximately 400km south at Shark Bay (Western Australia). A total of 3,127 whale detections were made during 74 surveys of the 7,043km2 study area west of NWC. Pod abundance for each flight was computed using a HorvitzThompson like estimator and converted to an absolute measure of abundance after corrections were made for estimated mean cluster size, unsurveyed time, swimming speed and animal availability. Resulting estimates from the migration model of best fit with the most credible assumptions were 7,276 (CI = 4,993–10,167) for 2000, 12,280 (CI = 6,830–49,434) for 2001, 18,692 (CI = 12,980–24,477) for 2006, 20,044 (CI = 13,815–31,646) for 2007, and 26,100 (CI = 20,152–33,272) for 2008. Based on these data, the trend model with the greatest r2 was exponential with an annual increase rate of 13% (CI = 5.6%–18.1%). While this value is above the species’ estimated maximum plausible growth rate of 11.8%, it is reasonably close to previous reports of between 10–12%. The coefficient of variation, however, was too large for a reliable trend estimate. Perception bias was also not accounted for in these calculations. Based on a crude appraisal which yielded an estimated p(0) of 0.783 (from independent observer effort, CV = 0.973), the 2008 humpback population size may be as large as 33,300. In conclusion, the work here provides evidence of an increasing Breeding Stock D population, but further surveys are necessary to confirm whether the population is indeed increasing at its maximum rate.

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Rosenbaum, HC, F. Kershaw, M. Mendez, et al. "First circumglobal assessment of Southern Hemisphere humpback whale mitochondrial genetic variation and implications for management." Endangered Species Research 32 (June 27, 2017): 551–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00822.

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Eisenmann, Pascale, Brian Fry, Carly Holyoake, Douglas Coughran, Steve Nicol, and Susan Bengtson Nash. "Isotopic Evidence of a Wide Spectrum of Feeding Strategies in Southern Hemisphere Humpback Whale Baleen Records." PLOS ONE 11, no. 5 (2016): e0156698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156698.

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Franklin, Wally, Trish Franklin, Peter Harrison, and Lyndon Brooks. "Photo-identification of individual Southern Hemisphere humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) using all available natural marks:." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 21, no. 1 (2020): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v21i1.186.

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Misidentification errors in capture-mark recapture studies of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) related to poor quality of photographs as well as changes in natural marks can seriously affect population dynamics parameter estimates and derived estimates of population size when using sophisticated modelling techniques. In this study we used an innovative photo-identification matching system to investigate and examine the long-term stability and/or changes in natural marks on ventral-tail flukes, dorsal fin shapes and lateral body marks from a sample of 79 individual humpback whales, resighted in 2 to 11 years over timespans ranging from 2 to 21 years. A binary logistic mixed effects model, on a pair-matched sample of the 79 individual whales, found no significant differences in the proportions of ventral-tail fluke marks, dorsal fin shapes and lateral body marks, that displayed changes in primary and/or secondary characteristics over years (F=0.939, df=1/156, p =0.334). The results of this study substantiate the value and reliability of using primary and secondary natural marks on the ventral-tail flukes, in conjunction with dorsal fin shapes and secondary lateral body marks as double-tags. This provides a means of maximising observations of individual humpback whales over years, while minimising and managing misidentification errors in the photo-identification matching process, thus significantly improving modelling outcomes.

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Rasmussen, Kristin, Daniel M. Palacios, John Calambokidis, et al. "Southern Hemisphere humpback whales wintering off Central America: insights from water temperature into the longest mammalian migration." Biology Letters 3, no. 3 (2007): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0067.

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We report on a wintering area off the Pacific coast of Central America for humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) migrating from feeding areas off Antarctica. We document seven individuals, including a mother/calf pair, that made this migration (approx. 8300 km), the longest movement undertaken by any mammal. Whales were observed as far north as 11° N off Costa Rica, in an area also used by a boreal population during the opposite winter season, resulting in unique spatial overlap between Northern and Southern Hemisphere populations. The occurrence of such a northerly wintering area is coincident with the development of an equatorial tongue of cold water in the eastern South Pacific, a pattern that is repeated in the eastern South Atlantic. A survey of location and water temperature at the wintering areas worldwide indicates that they are found in warm waters (21.1–28.3°C), irrespective of latitude. We contend that while availability of suitable reproductive habitat in the wintering areas is important at the fine scale, water temperature influences whale distribution at the basin scale. Calf development in warm water may lead to larger adult size and increased reproductive success, a strategy that supports the energy conservation hypothesis as a reason for migration.

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Félix, Fernando, Daniela Rodrigues Abras, Ted Cheeseman, et al. "A New Case of Interoceanic Movement of a Humpback Whale in the Southern Hemisphere: The El Niño Link." Aquatic Mammals 46, no. 6 (2020): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.46.6.2020.578.

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Clapham, Phillip J., and Alexandre N. Zerbini. "Are social aggregation and temporary immigration driving high rates of increase in some Southern Hemisphere humpback whale populations?" Marine Biology 162, no. 3 (2015): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015-2610-3.

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Franklin, Trish, Wally Franklin, Lyndon Brooks, and Peter Harrison. "Site-specific female-biased sex ratio of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) during a stopover early in the southern migration." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 6 (2018): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0086.

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Previous research on humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781)), in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, has reported site-specific male-biased sex ratios in breeding grounds and along migratory corridors. However, one recent Southern Hemisphere study reported a female-biased sex ratio in a feeding area within a coastal migratory corridor, indicating that females may preferentially occupy some habitats. We investigated the classes and relative seasonal timing of humpback whales using Hervey Bay (Queensland, Australia) as a stopover early in the southern migration. Modeling and analyzes were undertaken using data from resighting histories of 361 individually identified whales between 1992 and 2009. The data consisted of 2131 sightings categorized by either sex, age, reproductive status, or maturational status. A female-biased sex ratio of 2.94:1 indicates that Hervey Bay is a preferential stopover for females. The data revealed that the bay is important for mature females who co-occur with immature males and females during August. During September and October, mothers with calves accompanied by a few escorts dominate the Bay. Immature males and females socialize with mature females during August and September. The data support the hypothesis that habitat preferences and differential migration of females and males provide a plausible explanation for site-specific sex-bias in breeding grounds, migratory stopovers, and along migratory corridors.

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Waugh, CA, PD Nichols, MC Noad, and S. Bengtson Nash. "Lipid and fatty acid profiles of migrating Southern Hemisphere humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae." Marine Ecology Progress Series 471 (December 19, 2012): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps10059.

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Ivashenko, Y. V., P. J. Clapham, and R. L. Brownell Jr. "Soviet catches of whales in the North Pacific: revised totals." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 13, no. 1 (2023): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v13i1.556.

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The USSR conducted a global campaign of illegal whaling beginning in 1948. Catch records for Soviet pelagic operations in the Southern Hemisphere (and the northern Indian Ocean) have been largely corrected, but major gaps have remained for the North Pacific. Here, using newly discovered whaling industry reports, corrected figures for Soviet catches in this ocean are provided. During the period 1948–79, a minimum of 190,183 whales were killed by the USSR in the North Pacific (195,783 if one includes an estimate for sperm whales taken in years for which there are no true data); of these, only 169,638 were reported to the IWC, a difference of 20,568 whales (26,168 including the sperm whale estimate). Figures were falsified for 8 of 12 hunted species, with some catches over-reported to camouflage takes of illegal species. Revised catch totals (caught vs. reported) are as follows: blue whale – 1,621 vs. 858; fin whale – 14,167 vs. 15,445; humpback whale – 7,334 vs. 4,680; sperm whale – 153,686 vs. 132,505; sei whale – 7,698 vs. 11,363; North Pacific right whale – 681 vs. 11; bowhead whale – 145 vs. 0; gray whale – 172 vs. 24. Bryde’s, minke, killer and Baird’s beaked whale catches were reported correctly. Of all the hunted species, sperm and North Pacific right whales were the most heavily impacted. Major falsifications for sperm whales involved figures for both total catch and sex ratio.

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Rekdahl, Melinda L., Ellen C. Garland, Gabriella A. Carvajal, et al. "Culturally transmitted song exchange between humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) in the southeast Atlantic and southwest Indian Ocean basins." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 11 (2018): 172305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172305.

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In migratory marine species, investigating population connectivity and structure can be challenging given barriers to dispersal are less evident and multiple factors may influence individual movement patterns. Male humpback whales sing a song display that can provide insights into contemporary connectivity patterns, as there can be a cultural exchange of a single, population-wide shared song type with neighbouring populations in acoustic contact. Here, we investigated song exchange between populations located on the east and west coasts of Africa using 5 years of concurrent data (2001–2005). Songs were qualitatively and quantitatively transcribed by measuring acoustic features of all song units and then compared using both Dice’s similarity index and the Levenshtein distance similarity index (LSI) to quantitatively calculate song similarity. Song similarity varied among individuals and potentially between populations depending on the year (Dice: 36–100%, LSI: 21–100%), suggesting varying levels of population connectivity and/or interchange among years. The high degree of song sharing indicated in this study further supports genetic studies that demonstrate interchange between these two populations and reinforces the emerging picture of broad-scale connectivity in Southern Hemisphere populations. Further research incorporating additional populations and years would be invaluable for better understanding of fine-scale, song interchange patterns between Southern Hemisphere male humpback whales.

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Baker, C. S., L. Florez-Gonzalez, B. Abernethy, et al. "MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION AND MATERNAL GENE FLOW AMONG HUMPBACK WHALES OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE." Marine Mammal Science 14, no. 4 (1998): 721–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00758.x.

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Druskat, Alison, Ruma Ghosh, Juliana Castrillon, and Susan M. Bengtson Nash. "Sex ratios of migrating southern hemisphere humpback whales: A new sentinel parameter of ecosystem health." Marine Environmental Research 151 (October 2019): 104749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104749.

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Dorneles, Paulo R., José Lailson-Brito, Eduardo R. Secchi, et al. "Levels and profiles of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in Southern Hemisphere humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae." Environmental Research 138 (April 2015): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.007.

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Felix, Fernando, Susana Caballero, and Carlos Olavarria. "Genetic diversity and population structure of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from Ecuador based on mitochondrial DNA analyses." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 12, no. 1 (2023): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v12i1.593.

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Information on the genetic characterisation of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) wintering off Ecuador (Breeding Stock G) is presented. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted and sequenced from 230 skin samples collected between 2002 and 2008 to establish the genetic diversity of this population. From 182 usable samples, 41 different haplotypes were found, eight of which were new and unique. Haplotype diversity (h ± SD) was estimated to be 0.922 ± 0.012 and the nucleotide diversity (π ± SD) 0.019 ± 0.009. A comparison with other areas within the Southeast Pacific (Colombia and Magellan Strait) and the Antarctic Peninsula suggested panmixia within Breeding Stock G, even though significant differentiation was found with Magellan Strait (p < 0.0001 in both FST and ΦST). An additional analysis with the exact test of population differentiation showed significant differences in haplotype frequencies between breeding areas in Ecuador and southern Colombia (p < 0.01), suggesting some level of stratification at breeding grounds as supported by photo-identification studies. The Ecuadorian dataset included haplotypes reported in all three Southern Hemisphere ocean basins indicating recent gene flow within the Southern Hemisphere. The population showed a male-biased sex ratio in adult animals of 2.16:1. Further research and a larger number of samples from breeding areas in the north (Panama and Costa Rica) are required to appropriately assess the extent of structure in this population.

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Medrano-González, Luis, Anelio Aguayo-Lobo, Jorge Urbán-Ramírez, and Charles Scott Baker. "Diversity and distribution of mitochondrial DNA lineages among humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, in the Mexican Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 9 (1995): 1735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-205.

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We investigated the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, wintering off the Mexican Pacific coast and the Revillagigedo Islands. We amplified and sequenced a variable fragment of the mtDNA control region from skin samples of 65 whales and compared these with published sequences from whales in other regional habitats. Among the Mexican humpback whales, we distinguished eight haplotypes differing by 0.31–3.75% along a consensus sequence length of 320 base pairs. A diagnostic restriction site outside the consensus sequence identified a ninth common haplotype. A phylogenetic reconstruction of the control region sequences revealed two main groupings: an AE group, which is common throughout the North Pacific, and a CF group, which is closely related to haplotypes from the southern hemisphere. We found a significant degree of geographic subdivision in the wintering grounds of the eastern North Pacific. Within Mexico, whales off the Revillagigedo Islands are weakly but significantly differentiated from those of the Mexican Pacific coast. Our data also suggest that mtDNA haplotypes are clinally distributed along the American Pacific coast and we hypothesize that the present distribution of these lineages among humpback whales in the eastern North Pacific is probably associated with weather changes after the last glaciation.

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Rizzo, L. Y., and D. Schulte. "A review of humpback whales' migration patterns worldwide and their consequences to gene flow." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 5 (2009): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000332.

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Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) have a worldwide distribution in the oceans and are known for their very long migratory potential. Their migration routes consist of productive feeding areas located in high-latitudes and to low-latitude areas used as breeding and calving grounds. Genetic studies in humpback whale populations consist mainly of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. In general, these studies provide similar results to estimates of gene flow, but some discrepancies may be caused by gender-biased migration to breeding grounds and further dispersion by males. There is little evidence of trans-equatorial and inter-oceanic migrations, but those movements have been confirmed by both analysis of photo-ID of naturally marked individuals and also genetic analysis. The combination of migratory and genetic analyses suggest an overlapping of breeding grounds in low-latitude areas, where the gene flow among those oceanic populations is more likely to happen, despite the opposite seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres. These results have important implications in the conservation perspective, especially for the determination of protected areas and for development of international agreements.

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POMILLA, CRISTINA, and HOWARD C. ROSENBAUM. "Estimates of relatedness in groups of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on two wintering grounds of the Southern Hemisphere." Molecular Ecology 15, no. 9 (2006): 2541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02943.x.

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Waugh, Courtney A., Peter D. Nichols, Martin Schlabach, Michael Noad, and Susan Bengtson Nash. "Vertical distribution of lipids, fatty acids and organochlorine contaminants in the blubber of southern hemisphere humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)." Marine Environmental Research 94 (March 2014): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.11.004.

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Bengtson Nash, Susan M., Courtney A. Waugh, and Martin Schlabach. "Metabolic Concentration of Lipid Soluble Organochlorine Burdens in the Blubber of Southern Hemisphere Humpback Whales Through Migration and Fasting." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 16 (2013): 9404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401441n.

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De Weerdt, Joëlle, Eric Angel Ramos, and Ted Cheeseman. "Northernmost records of Southern Hemisphere humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) migrating from the Antarctic Peninsula to the Pacific coast of Nicaragua." Marine Mammal Science 36, no. 3 (2020): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mms.12677.

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Waugh, Courtney A., Wilhelmina M. Huston, Michael J. Noad, and Susan Bengtson Nash. "Cytochrome P450 isozyme protein verified in the skin of southern hemisphere humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae): Implications for biochemical biomarker assessment." Marine Pollution Bulletin 62, no. 4 (2011): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.007.

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Barendse, Jaco, Peter B. Best, Inês Carvalho, and Cristina Pomilla. "Mother Knows Best: Occurrence and Associations of Resighted Humpback Whales Suggest Maternally Derived Fidelity to a Southern Hemisphere Coastal Feeding Ground." PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (2013): e81238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081238.

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Acevedo, Alejandro, and Mari A. Smultea. "FIRST RECORDS OF HUMPBACK WHALES INCLUDING CALVES AT GOLFO DULCE AND ISLA DEL COCO, COSTA RICA, SUGGESTING GEOGRAPHICAL OVERLAP OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE POPULATIONS." Marine Mammal Science 11, no. 4 (1995): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00677.x.

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Fournet, Michelle E. H., Lauren Jacobsen, Christine M. Gabriele, David K. Mellinger, and Holger Klinck. "More of the same: allopatric humpback whale populations share acoustic repertoire." PeerJ 6 (July 30, 2018): e5365. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5365.

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Background Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are a widespread, vocal baleen whale best known for producing song, a complex, repetitive, geographically distinct acoustic signal sung by males, predominantly in a breeding context. Humpback whales worldwide also produce non-song vocalizations (“calls”) throughout their migratory range, some of which are stable across generations. Methods We looked for evidence that temporally stable call types are shared by two allopatric humpback whale populations while on their northern hemisphere foraging grounds in order to test the hypothesis that some calls, in strong contrast to song, are innate within the humpback whale acoustic repertoire. Results Despite being geographically and genetically distinct populations, humpback whales in Southeast Alaska (North Pacific Ocean) share at least five call types with conspecifics in Massachusetts Bay (North Atlantic Ocean). Discussion This study is the first to identify call types shared by allopatric populations, and provides evidence that some call types may be innate.

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Stone, Gregory S., and William M. Hamner. "Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae and southern right whales Eubalaena australis in Gerlache Strait, Antarctica." Polar Record 24, no. 148 (1988): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400022300.

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AbstractDuring surveys conducted 2–20 April 1986 in Gerlache Strait, Antarctic Peninsula, 103 humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae and eight right whales Eubalaena australis were sighted. The right whale sightings extend the southern limit of known distribution for the species. Humpback and right whale densities were respectively 0.22 (sd 0.23) and 0.01 (sd 0.06) whales per survey mile. Highest densities for both species were recorded inside bays, rather than in the relatively open water of Gerlache Strait. Both species were feeding on Antarctic krill Euphausia superba. Twenty-three humpback and four right whales were identified individually using photographs of natural features. Also included are sighting records of 18 southern bottlenose whales Hyperoodon planifrons.

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Ingman, Kaytlin, Ellen Hines, Piero L. F. Mazzini, R. Cotton Rockwood, Nadav Nur, and Jaime Jahncke. "Modeling changes in baleen whale seasonal abundance, timing of migration, and environmental variables to explain the sudden rise in entanglements in California." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0248557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248557.

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We document changes in the number of sightings and timing of humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), and gray (Eschrichtius robustus) whale migratory phases in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands, California. We hypothesized that changes in the timing of migration off central California were driven by local oceanography, regional upwelling, and basin-scale climate conditions. Using 24 years of daily whale counts collected from Southeast Farallon Island, we developed negative binomial regression models to evaluate trends in local whale sightings over time. We then used linear models to assess trends in the timing of migration, and to identify potential environmental drivers. These drivers included local, regional and basin-scale patterns; the latter included the El Niño Southern Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, which influence, wind-driven upwelling, and overall productivity in the California Current System. We then created a forecast model to predict the timing of migration. Humpback whale sightings significantly increased over the study period, but blue and gray whale counts did not, though there was variability across the time series. Date of breeding migration (departure) for all species showed little to no change, whereas date of migration towards feeding areas (arrival) occurred earlier for humpback and blue whales. Timing was significantly influenced by a mix of local oceanography, regional, and basin-scale climate variables. Earlier arrival time without concomitant earlier departure time results in longer periods when blue and humpback whales are at risk of entanglement in the Gulf of the Farallones. We maintain that these changes have increased whale exposure to pot and trap fishery gear off the central California coast during the spring, elevating the risk of entanglements. Humpback entanglement rates were significantly associated with increased counts and early arrival in central California. Actions to decrease the temporal overlap between whales and pot/trap fishing gear, particularly when whales arrive earlier in warm water years, would likely decrease the risk of entanglements.

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Leslie, MS, CM Perkins-Taylor, JW Durban, et al. "Body size data collected non-invasively from drone images indicate a morphologically distinct Chilean blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) taxon." Endangered Species Research 43 (November 5, 2020): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01066.

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The blue whale Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) was the target of intense commercial whaling in the 20th century, and current populations remain drastically below pre-whaling abundances. Reducing uncertainty in subspecific taxonomy would enable targeted conservation strategies for the recovery of unique intraspecific diversity. Currently, there are 2 named blue whale subspecies in the temperate to polar Southern Hemisphere: the Antarctic blue whale B. m. intermedia and the pygmy blue whale B. m. brevicauda. These subspecies have distinct morphologies, genetics, and acoustics. In 2019, the Society for Marine Mammalogy’s Committee on Taxonomy agreed that evidence supports a third (and presently unnamed) subspecies of Southern Hemisphere blue whale subspecies, the Chilean blue whale. Whaling data indicate that the Chilean blue whale is intermediate in body length between pygmy and Antarctic blue whales. We collected body size data from blue whales in the Gulfo Corcovado, Chile, during the austral summers of 2015 and 2017 using aerial photogrammetry from a remotely controlled drone to test the hypothesis that the Chilean blue whale is morphologically distinct from other Southern Hemisphere blue whale subspecies. We found the Chilean whale to be morphologically intermediate in both overall body length and relative tail length, thereby joining other diverse data in supporting the Chilean blue whale as a unique subspecific taxon. Additional photogrammetry studies of Antarctic, pygmy, and Chilean blue whales will help examine unique morphological variation within this species of conservation concern. To our knowledge, this is the first non-invasive small drone study to test a hypothesis for systematic biology.

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Ryan, Conor, Pádraig Whooley, Simon D. Berrow, et al. "A longitudinal study of humpback whales in Irish waters." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 4 (2015): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414002033.

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Knowledge on the ecology of humpback whales in the eastern North Atlantic is lacking by comparison with most other ocean basins. Humpback whales were historically over-exploited in the region and are still found in low relative abundances. This, coupled with their large range makes them difficult to study. With the aim of informing more effective conservation measures in Ireland, the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group began recording sightings and images suitable for photo-identification of humpback whales from Irish waters in 1999. Validated records submitted by members of the public and data from dedicated surveys were analysed to form a longitudinal study of individually recognizable humpback whales. The distribution, relative abundance and seasonality of humpback whale sighting records are presented, revealing discrete important areas for humpback whales in Irish coastal waters. An annual easterly movement of humpback whales along the southern coast of Ireland is documented, mirroring that of their preferred prey: herring and sprat. Photo-identification images were compared with others collected throughout the North Atlantic (N = 8016), resulting in matches of two individuals between Ireland and Iceland, Norway and the Netherlands but no matches to known breeding grounds (Cape Verde and West Indies). This study demonstrates that combining public records with dedicated survey data is an effective approach to studying low-density, threatened migratory species over temporal and spatial scales that are relevant to conservation and management.

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Luksenburg, Jolanda A. "The cetaceans of Aruba, southern Caribbean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 6 (2013): 1161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000337.

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Aruba is one of the most densely populated islands in the Caribbean. However, very little is known about its cetaceans. In 2010 and 2011, a total of 19721 km (1686 h) boat-based surveys over nearshore transects resulted in 117 positively-identified sightings comprising eight species. New records are also added for one of three previously-documented species. Five additional species were documented from strandings or reports by others. This brings the total number of cetacean species identified in Aruban waters to 16, of which nine are authenticated here for the first time. Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis (N = 59) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (N = 33) were the most frequently observed species, with sightings of both year-round, followed by spinner dolphin (S. longirostris) and false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). Additional species recorded are pantropical spotted dolphin (S. attenuata), striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba), common dolphin (Delphinus capensis), rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), killer whale (Orcinus orca), Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), Bryde's/Eden's whale (Balaenoptera brydei/edeni), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and an unidentified beaked whale (Mesoplodon sp.). All cetaceans were sighted within 22 km of the coast in relatively shallow waters. Sighting rate was low (0.69 cetacean sightings per 100 km). Sightings of calves and neonates indicate that Aruba may be a nursing or breeding area for some species. The presence of several species of cetaceans in Aruba's coastal waters year-round indicates that status and threat assessments are needed to protect them.

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Reisinger, Ryan R., Ari S. Friedlaender, Alexandre N. Zerbini, et al. "Combining Regional Habitat Selection Models for Large-Scale Prediction: Circumpolar Habitat Selection of Southern Ocean Humpback Whales." Remote Sensing 13, no. 11 (2021): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13112074.

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Machine learning algorithms are often used to model and predict animal habitat selection—the relationships between animal occurrences and habitat characteristics. For broadly distributed species, habitat selection often varies among populations and regions; thus, it would seem preferable to fit region- or population-specific models of habitat selection for more accurate inference and prediction, rather than fitting large-scale models using pooled data. However, where the aim is to make range-wide predictions, including areas for which there are no existing data or models of habitat selection, how can regional models best be combined? We propose that ensemble approaches commonly used to combine different algorithms for a single region can be reframed, treating regional habitat selection models as the candidate models. By doing so, we can incorporate regional variation when fitting predictive models of animal habitat selection across large ranges. We test this approach using satellite telemetry data from 168 humpback whales across five geographic regions in the Southern Ocean. Using random forests, we fitted a large-scale model relating humpback whale locations, versus background locations, to 10 environmental covariates, and made a circumpolar prediction of humpback whale habitat selection. We also fitted five regional models, the predictions of which we used as input features for four ensemble approaches: an unweighted ensemble, an ensemble weighted by environmental similarity in each cell, stacked generalization, and a hybrid approach wherein the environmental covariates and regional predictions were used as input features in a new model. We tested the predictive performance of these approaches on an independent validation dataset of humpback whale sightings and whaling catches. These multiregional ensemble approaches resulted in models with higher predictive performance than the circumpolar naive model. These approaches can be used to incorporate regional variation in animal habitat selection when fitting range-wide predictive models using machine learning algorithms. This can yield more accurate predictions across regions or populations of animals that may show variation in habitat selection.

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Riekkola, Leena, Virginia Andrews-Goff, Ari Friedlaender, Rochelle Constantine, and Alexandre N. Zerbini. "Environmental drivers of humpback whale foraging behavior in the remote Southern Ocean." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 517 (August 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2019.05.008.

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Losey, Robert J., and Dongya Y. Yang. "Opportunistic Whale Hunting on the Southern Northwest Coast: Ancient DNA, Artifact, and Ethnographic Evidence." American Antiquity 72, no. 4 (2007): 657–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25470439.

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Two modes of whale use have been documented on the Northwest Coast of North America, namely systematic whale hunting and whale scavenging. Ethnographically, systematic hunting was practiced only by Native groups of southwestern Vancouver Island and the northern Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. This hunting was undertaken with technology specifically designed for the task. Other groups on the Northwest Coast reportedly did not hunt whales but did utilize beached animals. Here we present archaeological evidence of whaling from the northern Oregon coast site of Par-Tee in the form of a bone point lodged in a whale phalange. This hunting likely occurred 1,300 to 1,600 years ago. Ancient DNA extracted from the phalange proves it to be a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). DNA recovered from the bone point indicates that it is made from elk (Cervus elaphus) bone, and the point's DNA sequence is identical to that from unmodified elk bone from Par-Tee, suggesting the whale was locally hunted. We present ethnohistoric data from the southern Northwest Coast describing opportunistic whale hunting with a variety of technologies. We argue that many groups along the west coast of North America likely occasionally hunted whales in the past and that this hunting occurred using nonspecialized technologies.

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Weinrich, Mason, and Claudio Corbelli. "Does whale watching in Southern New England impact humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) calf production or calf survival?" Biological Conservation 142, no. 12 (2009): 2931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.018.

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Garland, Ellen C., Jason Gedamke, Melinda L. Rekdahl, Michael J. Noad, Claire Garrigue, and Nick Gales. "Humpback Whale Song on the Southern Ocean Feeding Grounds: Implications for Cultural Transmission." PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): e79422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079422.

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Kettemer, Lisa Elena, Audun H. Rikardsen, Martin Biuw, Fredrik Broms, Evert Mul, and Marie-Anne Blanchet. "Round-trip migration and energy budget of a breeding female humpback whale in the Northeast Atlantic." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (2022): e0268355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268355.

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In the northern hemisphere, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) typically migrate between summer/autumn feeding grounds at high latitudes, and specific winter/spring breeding grounds at low latitudes. Northeast Atlantic (NEA) humpback whales for instance forage in the Barents Sea and breed either in the West Indies, or the Cape Verde Islands, undertaking the longest recorded mammalian migration (~ 9 000 km). However, in the past decade hundreds of individuals have been observed foraging on herring during the winter in fjord systems along the northern Norwegian coast, with unknown consequences to their migration phenology, breeding behavior and energy budgets. Here we present the first complete migration track (321 days, January 8th, 2019—December 6th, 2019) of a humpback whale, a pregnant female that was equipped with a satellite tag in northern Norway. We show that whales can use foraging grounds in the NEA (Barents Sea, coastal Norway, and Iceland) sequentially within the same migration cycle, foraging in the Barents Sea in summer/fall and in coastal Norway and Iceland in winter. The migration speed was fast (1.6 ms-1), likely to account for the long migration distance (18 300 km) and long foraging season, but varied throughout the migration, presumably in response to the calf’s needs after its birth. The energetic cost of this migration was higher than for individuals belonging to other populations. Our results indicate that large whales can modulate their migration speed to balance foraging opportunities with migration phenology, even for the longest migrations and under the added constraint of reproduction.

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Gibbs, Martin. "Whale catches from 19th century shore stations in Western Australia." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 12, no. 1 (2023): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v12i1.599.

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This paper presents historical data from 19th century shore whaling stations along the Western Australian coast, complementing data already presented in an earlier 1985 analysis. In particular, catch records of the Castle Rock whaling station, Geographe Bay, Western Australia, for the period 1846–53 together with other contemporary records indicate that humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) comprised the majority of the colonial shore whalers’ catch. It is suggested that this could have been a result of a significant presence of American whale ships in the region in the early 1840s, which had presumably already reduced southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) numbers by the time these detailed colonial records were kept.

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García-Cegarra, Ana M. "Evidence of Type A-Like Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Predating on Marine Mammals Along the Atacama Desert Coast, Chile." Aquatic Mammals 48, no. 5 (2022): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.48.5.2022.436.

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Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are marine apex predators distributed across the world’s oceans. In the last 40 years, researchers have increasingly differentiated killer whales into ecotypes based on genetics, morphology, behaviour, acoustic repertoire, habitat, and trophic ecology. While killer whale ecotypes in the Northern Hemisphere are well studied, the recognition of distinct killer whale forms in the Southern Hemisphere is mainly limited to Antarctic waters. Although present in less studied regions, such as along the Atacama Desert coast in the Southeast Pacific Ocean, limited information is available regarding their biology or trophic ecology. Herein, multiple lines of evidence are presented for killer whale predation on marine mammals in northern Chile. Using information from systematic boat-based surveys, whale-watching tour surveys, and reports from fishermen/citizen scientists, 19 killer whale sightings are reported along the coast of northern Chile (from the Arica and Parinacota region in the north to the Atacama region in the south). Killer whales were photo-identified as corresponding to the Southern Hemisphere Type A-like ecotype according to their dorsal fin shape and white eye patch. One killer whale pod, which included two males, one female, one juvenile, and one calf, was resighted six times from 2016 to 2021 in northern Chile and was observed hunting South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens), dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), and long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus cf. capensis). Killer whales were observed taking advantage of large aggregations of sea lions associated with the offshore purse-seine fishery. Adult killer whales used the hulls of fishing vessels to prevent sea lions from escaping. Photo-identification analysis of a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) catalogue from Mejillones Peninsula showed that 2.6% of all identified whales had apparent rake marks from killer whale teeth on their dorsal fins. These data show that Type A-like killer whales in northern Chile prey on several species of marine mammals.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Southern Hemisphere humpback whale'

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