Academic literature on the topic 'Southern Madagascar'

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Journal articles on the topic "Southern Madagascar"

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Wright, Henry T. "The archaeology of southern Madagascar." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47, no. 3 (September 2012): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2012.678777.

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Balistrieri, Carlo A. "Stapeliads of Southern Africa and Madagascar." Brittonia 59, no. 3 (2007): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0007-196x(2007)59[298:sosaam]2.0.co;2.

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Schmid, Rudolf, and Peter V. Bruyns. "Stapeliads of Southern Africa and Madagascar." Taxon 55, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25065668.

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Verbruggen, Heroen, and Joana F. Costa. "Molecular Survey ofCodiumSpecies Diversity in Southern Madagascar." Cryptogamie, Algologie 36, no. 2 (May 2015): 171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7872/crya.v36.iss2.2015.171.

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Dell'Angelo, Bruno, Giovanni Prelle, Maurizio Sosso, and Antonio Bonfitto. "Intertidal Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from Southern Madagascar." African Invertebrates 52, no. 1 (June 2011): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5733/afin.052.0103.

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Ackermand, D., B. F. Windley, and A. Razafiniparany. "The Precambrian mobile belt of southern Madagascar." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 43, no. 1 (1989): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.043.01.20.

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Makoni, Munyaradzi. "Southern Madagascar faces “shocking” lack of food." Lancet 397, no. 10291 (June 2021): 2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01296-4.

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CHAN, BENNY KWOK KAN, CHIH-HSIUNG HSU, and PEI-CHEN TSAI. "Morphology and distribution of the acorn barnacle Tetraclita reni nom. nov. (Crustacea: Cirripedia) in Madagascar and adjacent waters." Zootaxa 2019, no. 1 (February 23, 2009): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2019.1.4.

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In Madagascan waters, both Tetraclita rufotincta Pilsbry 1916 and T. africana Ren 1989 have been reported. Tetraclita rufotincta is more widely distributed than T. africana, extending to the western Indian Ocean and east Africa. Tetraclita africana is reported from Madagascar and no further distribution record has been made apart from its type locality. Both species have pink parietes and are similar in size, which could lead to identification confusion. In this study, we revealed that T. africana differed from T. rufotincta in having multicuspidate setae on cirrus III, a feature that can be observed with both light microscopy and SEM. Additionally, the tergum of T. africana has a rounded spur and a larger basi-scutal angle than that of T. rufotincta. However, since the name Tetraclita africana has been pre-occupied under the name Tesseropora (Tetraclita) wireni africana Nilsson-Cantell, 1932, we, therefore, propose herein a replacement name, Tetraclita reni nom. nov. Based on museum specimens examined, Tetraclita reni nom. nov. is present in northeastern and southern Madagascar and Mauritius but absent from Yemen, Kenya, South Africa, Aldabra and northwestern Madagascar, suggesting the distribution of T. reni nom. nov. could be confined to the south and northeast of Madagascar and adjacent waters.
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Palastanga, V., H. A. Dijkstra, and W. P. M. de Ruijter. "Inertially Induced Connections between Subgyres in the South Indian Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jpo3872.1.

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Abstract A barotropic shallow-water model and continuation techniques are used to investigate steady solutions in an idealized South Indian Ocean basin containing Madagascar. The aim is to study the role of inertia in a possible connection between two subgyres in the South Indian Ocean. By increasing inertial effects in the model, two different circulation regimes are found. In the weakly nonlinear regime, the subtropical gyre presents a recirculation cell in the southwestern basin, with two boundary currents flowing westward from the southern and northern tips of Madagascar toward Africa. In the highly nonlinear regime, the inertial recirculation of the subtropical gyre is found to the east of Madagascar, while the East Madagascar Current overshoots the island’s southern boundary and connects through a southwestward jet with the current off South Africa.
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EVENHUIS, NEAL L. "A remarkable new species of Empidideicus (Diptera: Mythicomyiidae) from Madagascar." Zootaxa 1474, no. 1 (May 14, 2007): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1474.1.2.

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A new species of Empidideicus, E. rhinoclypeatus, n. sp. from Madagascar is described and illustrated. It marks the first published description of a species of the genus from Madagascar. The new species is noteworthy in that it possesses a remarkable elongation of the clypeus. A key to species of Empidideicus from southern Africa, Sokotra, and Madagascar is presented.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Southern Madagascar"

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Wilson, Natalie. "Diet diversity and infectious illness in young children in rural southern Madagascar." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98520.

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The objective of the study was to determine whether diet diversity can predict the prevalence of infectious disease in children under 6-years in a rural African village. The study took place in Southern Madagascar. Dietary diversity, health and socio-economic interviews were administered to 77 mothers of children under 6 years old and who no longer breastfed. The diet diversity score was analysed along with socio-economic variables as predictors of the number of days a child had spent ill from an infectious disease in the past month. Meat and wild food variety, as well as education of the mother, childhood vaccinations and access to latrines and clean water were found to be important predictors of reduced disease risk in children. The study identifies conservation of natural resources and development of health and education facilities as priorities for the reduction of child mortality from infectious disease.
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O'Connor, Sheila Margaret. "The effect of human impact on vegetation and the consequences to primates in two riverine forests, Southern Madagascar." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329283.

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Braby, Laura. "Dynamics, interactions and ecosystem implications of mesoscale eddies formed in the southern region of Madagascar." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9213.

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Several species of marine organisms occurring off the southern African coast have been found to be identical to those occurring in the Madagascan coastal water although the reason for this is unknown. It has been proposed that eddies act as a vector of transport for planktonic larvae from the Madagascar island to the southern African east coast. In this study it is shown that eddies spawned off southern Madagascar entrain chlorophyll-a rich coastal waters into their periphery. This is indicative of the mechanism whereby organisms could become entrained in eddies. Approximately one eddy per year, usually cyclonic, interacts with the southern Madagascan coast, then from its origin crosses the southern Mozambique Channel and arrives at the African coast where it dissipates. By tracking eddies and combining their trajectories with drifter data and satellite remote sensing observations of ocean colour, it is shown that chlorophyll-a rich waters are entrained within the eddies, and these waters are mostly conserved during their passage across the channel. This study suggests that biota may be transported from Madagascar to Africa in eddies, providing further evidence that eddies are potentially a viable mechanism for the transport of organisms across the southern Mozambique Channel.
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Kelly, Ranald. "The distribution of fluids in amphibolite and granulite facies rocks from central Madagascar and southern West Greenland." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313701.

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Regnier, Denis A. P. "Why not marry them? : history, essentialism and the condition of slave descendants among the southern Betsileo (Madagascar)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/362/.

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The thesis investigates the condition of slave descendants among the southern Betsileo of Madagascar. Unlike previous research, which has focused on the dependency of those slave descendants who stayed as share-croppers on their former masters’ land and on the discrimination against slave descent migrants, the present study focuses on a group of slave descendants, the Berosaiña, who own their land and have acquired autonomy and wealth. Based on fieldwork in a rural area south of Ambalavao, the thesis presents an ethnographic study of the ambivalent relations between the Berosaiña and their neighbours of free descent. It shows that the Berosaiña’s knowledge of local history and of their ancestor’s role in the region’s settlement is one of their key stakes in local politics, while the free descendants’ refusal to marry them is the most serious obstacle to their integration. A close study of slave descendants’ genealogies and of local marriage practices suggests that, although a few ‘unilateral’ marriages occurred, no ‘bilateral’ marriage between commoner descendants and the Berosaiña ever took place. After suggesting an explanation for the avoidance of marriage with the Berosaiña, the thesis proceeds by showing that the category ‘slaves’ is essentialized by commoner descendants. The essentialist construal of ‘slaves’, it is argued, is likely to have become entrenched only in the aftermath of the abolition of slavery, because the circumstances in which it occurred prevented a large number of freed slaves to be ritually cleansed and because a number of established cultural practices made it difficult for freed slaves to marry free people. Finally, the thesis analyses the peculiar predicament of the Berosaiña in light of the strict marriage avoidance observed by commoner descendants and of commoner descendants’ highly essentialized views about ‘slaves’.
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Eppley, Timothy Michael Verfasser], and Jörg U. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ganzhorn. "Ecological Flexibility of the Southern Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur meridionalis) in Southeast Madagascar / Timothy Michael Eppley. Betreuer: Jörg U. Ganzhorn." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074642295/34.

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Giese, Jörg. "Tectonic evolution of the East African Orogen in central southern Madagascar : implications for assembly, exhumation and dispersal of Gondwana /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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von, Heland Jacob. "Rowing social-ecological systems: morals, culture and resilience." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Systemekologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-62422.

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The shift from management and governance of ecosystems to relational complex adaptive social-ecological systems (SES) emphasizes a dynamic and integrated humans-in-nature perspective. Such a shift also needs to investigate how diversity and differences in cultures and morals relate to the existence of SES. The papers of this thesis relate these dimensions to SES resilience theory. Paper I analyzes cultural and landscape ecological aspects of trees and tree planting in Androy, Madagascar. Culturally, planting trees serves as a symbol of renewal, purification, agreement and boundary-making. Ecologically, planting trees contributes to the generation of ecosystem services in an otherwise fragmented landscape. Paper II tests the role of forest patches for generating pollination services to local beans that constitute an important protein staple in Androy. The results indicate a significant effect of insect pollination on bean yields and a strong spatial pattern of locating bean plots closer to forests than expected by chance, improving rural food security. Paper III addresses the adaptive capacity of the indigenous forest management in Androy with regard to religious and climatic drivers of change. Paper IV is concerned with cultural analysis of the robustness of provisioning ecosystem services in Androy and the interdependence of morality, cultural practices and generated ecosystem services. Paper V explores how social-ecological memory (SEM) can be seen both as a source of inertia and path dependence and a source of adaptive capacity for renewal and reorganization in the emerging theory about social-ecological systems. Paper VI analyses the film Avatar and discusses ethical–epistemic obligations of researchers as cross-scale knowledge brokers in emerging forms of global environmental politics. The thesis has interdependencies between the social and the ecological and shown that cultural and moral analyses bring important insights and challenges to resilience thinking.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Submitted. Paper 6: In press.

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Rakotondranary, S. Jacques Verfasser], and Jörg U. [Akademischer Betreuer] [Ganzhorn. "Ecological separation of two sympatric species of Microcebus spp. E. Geoffroy, 1812 in southern Madagascar / S. Jacques Rakotondranary. Betreuer: Jörg Ganzhorn." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/102045816X/34.

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Girardeau, Naomi Aass. "UN, AU and SADC approaches to unconstitutional changes of government : the case of Madagascar." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71634.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
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ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The resurgence of unconstitutional changes of government in Africa is regarded not only as a threat to democratisation processes but also to peace, security and stability on the continent. The United Nations (UN), the African Union (AU) and various regional economic communities (RECs) have all sought to address this challenge, in what may be described as a trilateral linkage between the international, regional and sub-regional organisations. The unconstitutional change of government in Madagascar in 2009 led to the involvement of the UN, AU and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Although these organisations all responded to the case of Madagascar, it cannot be assumed that they all share a common understanding of and approach to unconstitutional changes of government. This study builds upon a constructivist approach to norm development, with a particular focus upon the norm life cycle. The thesis seeks to assess if a normative approach to dealing with unconstitutional changes of government has developed within the UN, AU and SADC respectively, and if so, how? Furthermore, how have these organisations responded to such a case, with a specific focus on Madagascar? Building upon these findings, the thesis aims to assess if and how a norm condemning unconstitutional changes of government has emerged, spread and become internalised within the UN, AU and SADC. The study illustrates that the norm condemning unconstitutional changes of government is particularly salient within the AU. Furthermore, and unlike many other peace and security norms, the norm condemning unconstitutional changes of government seems to have emerged from the level of the AU and impacts upwards on the UN as well as downwards on SADC. These findings imply that the AU will have a prominent role in informing the approach and response to such cases on the African continent in the future. Furthermore, the normative frameworks of the UN and SADC may be developed largely as a result of and on the basis of the principles and policies of the AU.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die herlewing van ongrondwetlike regeringsverandering in Afrika word nie net as 'n bedreiging vir die demokratiseringsprosesse beskou nie, maar ook vir vrede, veiligheid en stabiliteit op die kontinent. Die Verenigde Nasies (VN), die Afrika-Unie (AU) en verskeie streeks-ekonomiese gemeenskappe (REC's) het gepoog om hierdie uitdaging, wat beskryf kan word as ‘n driehoekskakeling tussen die internasionale, streeks- en substreek-organisasies, aan te spreek. Die ongrondwetlike regeringsverandering in Madagaskar in 2009 het gelei tot die betrokkenheid van die VN, AU en die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings gemeenskap (SAOG). Alhoewel hierdie organisasies op die Madagaskar-saak gereageer het, kan daar nie aanvaar word dat hulle ‘n gemeenskaplike begrip van en benadering tot die ongrondwetlike verandering van regering deel nie. Hierdie studie bou op 'n konstruktivisme benadering tot die ontwikkeling van norme, met 'n spesifieke fokus op die lewensiklus van ‘n norm. Die tesis poog om te bepaal of 'n konstruktivisme benadering respektiewelik binne die VN, AU en SAOG ontwikkel het rakende ongrondwetlike regeringsverandering, en indien wel, hoe? Verder, hoe het hierdie organisasies gereageer op so 'n geval, met spesifieke fokus op Madagaskar? Met hierdie bevindinge in gedagte, sal die tesis bepaal of, en hoe, 'n norm wat ongrondwetlik regeringsveranderinge veroordeel, na vore gekom het en hoe dit versprei en binne die VN, AU en SAOG geïnternaliseer is. Hierdie studie illustreer dat die norm wat ongrondwetlik regeringsveranderinge veroordeel, besonder opvallend is binne die AU. In teenstelling met ander vredes- en sekuriteits norme, blyk dit dat die norm wat ongrondwetlik regeringsveranderinge veroordeel, sy oorsprong het op AU-vlak, met opwaartse trefkrag op die VN, sowel as afwaarts op SAOG. Hierdie bevindinge impliseer dat die AU in die toekoms 'n prominente rol in die benadering tot en reaksie op derglike gevalle op die Afrika-kontinent, sal hê. Verder kan die normatiewe raamwerke van die VN en SAOG moontlik hoofsaaklik ontwikkel as gevolg van die basis van beginsels en beleid wat deur die AU neergelê word.
Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).
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Books on the topic "Southern Madagascar"

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Madagascar. Minneapolis, MN: Carolrhoda Books, 2000.

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Madagascar. Minneapolis: Lerner, 2010.

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Oluonye, Mary N. Madagascar. Minneapolis, Minn: Carolrhoda Books, 2000.

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Bruyns, P. V. Stapeliads of southern Africa and Madagascar. Hatfield, South Africa: Umdaus Press, 2005.

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Pastoralists, warriors and colonists: The archaeology of southern Madagascar. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2010.

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Walker, Wendy Maria. Defending the environment, conserving social life: Global visions and local values in Southern Madagascar. Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertation Services, 2002.

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van, Ginkel Maarten, Tanner Douglas G, Canadian International Development Agency, and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center., eds. The Fifth Regional Wheat Workshop: For Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean : Antsirabe, Madagascar, October 5-10, 1987. México, D.F., México: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, 1988.

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Oluonye, Mary N. Madagascar. Lerner Publishing Group, 2010.

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The Southern African Birdfinder: Where to Find 1,400 Bird Species in Southern Africa and Madagascar (Sasol). Struik Publishers, 2007.

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Constructing History, Culture and Inequality: The Betsileo in the Extreme Southern Highlands of Madagascar (African Social Studies Series). Brill Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Southern Madagascar"

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Gilli, Eric. "Caves of the Southern Buttes." In The Ankarana Plateau in Madagascar, 115–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99879-4_8.

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Regnier, Denis. "An encounter with southern Betsileo ‘slaves’." In Slavery and Essentialism in Highland Madagascar, 1–15. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: London school of economics monographs on social anthropology: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003086697-1.

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Tengö, Maria, and Jacob von Heland. "Trees and Tree-Planting in Southern Madagascar: Sacredness and Remembrance." In Greening in the Red Zone, 333–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9947-1_24.

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Phiri, Mphatso Jones Boti. "The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and Conflict Response in Madagascar." In Routledge Handbook of Conflict Response and Leadership in Africa, 143–56. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429318603-13.

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Deleglise, Dimpho. "Trends in SADC Mediation and Long-Term Conflict Transformation." In The State of Peacebuilding in Africa, 215–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_13.

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Abstract While mediation efforts cannot lead to holistic societal transformations overnight, this chapter argues that the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has singularly failed to lay the groundwork for such transformations in its region. In reviewing the cases of SADC mediation and involvement in Lesotho, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe, the chapter probes why the organization has been unable to fulfill its long-term agenda for sustainable peace. To improve its prospects, SADC should seek to support long-term solutions which hinge both on the demilitarization of politics and investment in effective institutions of participation and development. The chapter uses as its departure point the systemic conflict transformation (SCT) framework to explain how SADC might achieve what is referred to in academic literature as “positive peace.”
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Wright, R. P., and R. A. Askin. "The Permian-Triassic Boundary in the Southern Morondava Basin of Madagascar as Defined by Plant Microfossils." In Gondwana Six: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Paleontology, 157–66. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm041p0157.

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Mulholland, D. A. "Chemical Similarities Between the Ptaeroxylaceae of Southern Africa and Madagascar and the Cneoraceae of the Mediterranean Region." In Natural Products in the New Millennium: Prospects and Industrial Application, 165–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9876-7_17.

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Andriamparany, Rivolala, Jacob Lundberg, Markku Pyykönen, Sebastian Wurz, and Thomas Elmqvist. "The Effect of Introduced Opuntia (Cactaceae) Species on Landscape Connectivity and Ecosystem Service Provision in Southern Madagascar." In Science for Sustainable Societies, 145–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5358-5_6.

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Rankin, Lyndsay, and Anne C. Axel. "Biodiversity Assessment in Tropical Biomes using Ecoacoustics: Linking Soundscape to Forest Structure in a Human-dominated Tropical Dry Forest in Southern Madagascar." In Ecoacoustics, 129–45. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119230724.ch8.

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Antal, Carrie, and Romain Ndrianjafy. "Madagascar: From Political Divisionism to Unified Development." In Education in Southern Africa, 81–102. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472544476.ch-003.

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Conference papers on the topic "Southern Madagascar"

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Razafindrakoto, B., C. Raharimananirina, L. Pastor, H. Rakotondramano, and T. Randriamiarantsoa. "Gravity Modeling of the Southern Madagascar Plateau." In Third EAGE Eastern Africa Petroleum Geoscience Forum. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201702436.

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Gomez*, Debra K. "Petroleum Potential Onshore Southern Madagascar Morandava Basin." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2211502.

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RAJAOBELISON, J., V. RAMAROSON, E. MAMIFARANANAHARY, B. TH VERHAGEN, and A. WEINBERG. "IMPACTS AND LIMITS OF THE USE OF ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE ORIGIN OF GROUNDWATER SALINITY IN THE SOUTHERN CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT OF MADAGASCAR." In Proceedings of the First Madagascar International Conference on High-Energy Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776983_0005.

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RAKOTONDRABE, Miora Harivony, Anoop V. MOHANDAS, and Eddy Harilala RASOLOMANANA. "Analysis of Geochemical Data of Mica for the Development of Mineral Resources: Case of Southern Madagascar, Beraketa." In 2020 IEEE India Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (InGARSS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ingarss48198.2020.9358964.

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Duyverman, Henk J., and Emma Msaky. "Shale Oil and Gas in East Africa (Esp.Tanzania) with New Ideas on Reserves and Possible Synergies with Renewables." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2603293-ms.

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Short Abstract Shale oil and gas in East Africa, with new ideas on reserves and possible synergies with renewables Shale oil and gas production have lately revolutionized the oil and gas industry as a real "game-changer", especially in the US. This has prompted many companies and governments to search for these unconventionals with successes in the UK, Poland and Argentina. These unconventionals do often occur onshore in places, where there is no conventional hydrocarbon production, thus enabling the local government or companies to have a new energy source, which is especially valid in Onshore East Africa. New drilling technologies, which combine shale and geothermal drilling/production, are now being developed. Now it is possible to drill/produce both unconventionals and geothermal from a single well.Gas and oil could be produced from the central pipe, and hot water from the outer tubing, thereby reducing development cost for both methods. In Tanzania a study was performed to look at unconventional oil and gas resources in sedimentary basins. A lot of data on Karoo geology, maturity, TOC's and volumetrics will be presented. In general, one needs a thick sedimentary basin with a lot of shales, good maturity and TOC values, and a fairly unfaulted basin to prevent seismicity when fracking. In East Africa and Southern Africa at large only the Karoo sediments of Permian/Triassic age are a suitable candidate for large shale oil/gas reserves. The possible large Karoo shale gas development in South Africa is a good example. A large heavy oilfield at surface in Madagascar proves an oil source in the Karoo. In S.Kenya and also on Pemba oil shows are known, with a unknown Pre-Jurassic source. Preliminary resource calculations in Tanzania indicate possible resources in place of 50-200 Tcf of gas for the Selous basin, comparable in size with the South-African Karoo Basin. The depth of the source rocks make gas the most likely hydrocarbon phase. One has to note that calculating unconventional resources is much more complicated than with conventional resources, since the adsorbed gas (or oil) needs to be calculated from core or log analyses. An onshore well could also text the synergies with geothermal drilling. Recently, TPDC in Tanzania has started a new evaluation, based on new mapping, rock analyses and maturity studies, into the shale oil and gas potential. Altogether, shale gas (or oil) could be an interesting incentive for onshore Tanzania and East Africa at large.
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Milsom, John, Phil Roach, Chris Toland, Don Riaroh, Chris Budden, and Naoildine Houmadi. "Comoros – New Evidence and Arguments for Continental Crust." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2572434-ms.

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ABSTRACT As part of an ongoing exploration effort, approximately 4000 line-km of seismic data have recently been acquired and interpreted within the Comoros Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Magnetic and gravity values were recorded along the seismic lines and have been integrated with pre-existing regional data. The combined data sets provide new constraints on the nature of the crust beneath the West Somali Basin (WSB), which was created when Africa broke away from Gondwanaland and began to move north. Despite the absence of clear sea-floor spreading magnetic anomalies or gravity anomalies defining a fracture zone pattern, the crust beneath the WSB has been generally assumed to be oceanic, based largely on regional reconstructions. However, inappropriate use of regional magnetic data has led to conclusions being drawn that are not supported by evidence. The identification of the exact location of the continent-ocean boundary (COB) is less simple than would at first sight appear and, in particular, recent studies have cast doubt on a direct correlation between the COB and the Davie Fracture Zone (DFZ). The new high-quality reflection seismic data have imaged fault patterns east of the DFZ more consistent with extended continental crust, and the accompanying gravity and magnetic surveys have shown that the crust in this area is considerably thicker than normal oceanic and that linear magnetic anomalies typical of sea-floor spreading are absent. Rifting in the basin was probably initiated in Karoo times but the generation of new oceanic crust may have been delayed until about 154 Ma, when there was a switch in extension direction from NW-SE to N-S. From then until about 120 Ma relative movement between Africa and Madagascar was accommodated by extension in the West Somali and Mozambique basins and transform motion along the DFZ that linked them. A new understanding of the WSB can be achieved by taking note of newly-emerging concepts and new data from adjacent areas. The better-studied Mozambique Basin, where comprehensive recent surveys have revealed an unexpectedly complex spreading history, may provide important analogues for some stages in WSB evolution. At the same time the importance of wide continent-ocean transition zones marked by the presence of hyper-extended continental crust has become widely recognised. We make use of these new insights in explaining the anomalous results from the southern WSB and in assessing the prospectivity of the Comoros EEZ.
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Reports on the topic "Southern Madagascar"

1

African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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