Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Southern Min dialects – Taiwan'

The aim of this study is to investigate the sociolinguistic hierarchy between Mandarin Chinese and Southern Min Chinese in Taiwan, or the linguistic hegemony of Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan. Of particular interest is the relationship between the language of the majority and the new Taiwanese identity forged presumably by democratization. Taiwan is an island that has been occupied by a variety of ethnic groups, causing it to be linguistically diverse. Japanese colonization of Taiwan was put to an end in the wake the two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Mandarin Chinese became the official language of Taiwan in 1945. Nevertheless, the primary Chinese language spoken by ethnic Chinese was not Mandarin Chinese but Southern Min Chinese, also known as Taiwanese. Consequently, oppression of Southern Min Chinese and its speakers became inevitable. Sociolinguistic norms seemingly began to spawn rapidly, turning Mandarin Chinese into the mainstream language associated with the educated, intellectual, and upper class, while stigmatizing Southern Min as low class, uneducated and vulgar. As with obliteration of the oppressions on the institutional level, the transformation of such norms does not seem to stop in social contexts. It instead carries on in a more subtle way. Moreover, under the rule of Kuomingtang (KMT), democratization came unprecedentedly into the history of Taiwan. A new Taiwanese identity thus is assumed to be associated with democratization and is fundamentally different from Taiwanese identities constructed in the past. However, such a superordinate identity is deeply problematic due to its Chinese centric nature that is likely to impose ideologies and values onto other ethnic groups in Taiwan causing social inequality. Therefore, identifying ideologies and values imposed onto the Taiwanese identity by the majority, Benshengren (本省人), is crucial in addressing social issues. Accordingly this research also goes on investigating what it means to be Taiwanese to the Taiwanese majority, Benshengren (本省人).

本研究旨在探索台灣自一九九零年代末推行之母語復興運動及其影響。作為使用者為數最多的本土語言，閩南語一度沒落；隨著母語復興措施當中、鄉土語言教學政策的廣泛開展，閩南語自「方言」一逕躍升為台灣文化的象徵，更被從政者甚至政府利用作對外宣傳之用。<br>作者通過語言人類學田野考察方法，試圖以閩南語作為案例，釐清及解讀以下幾點：（一）台灣民眾當今的語言選擇及使用狀況；（二）他們的語言態度，與其文化認同之對應關係；（三）語言在台灣族群認同政治所扮演的角色；（四）語言政治在各社會文化層面所引起之角力；（五）方言（或語言，如原住民語言）群之競爭，如何掀起語言及文化傳統之再造和復興，以圖合理化其族群作為台灣文化象徵的地位。<br>研究結果顯示，雖然巴赫汀 (Bakhtin) 的「眾聲喧嘩」(heteroglossia) 理論在實務層面與台灣的多語、多元文化相呼應，但當地政府所提倡之文化多元論、以及各持份者之間的隱性競爭，若以布迪厄 (Bourdieu) 的文化複製理論和傅柯(Foucault) 的權力知識理論解讀，當更適切。總的來說，台灣的母語復興運動，乃一項與昔日保守政權的抗衡行為賦權，控制兼具的政治行動，更是多元政治文化的象徵。<br>This thesis looks into the government-led language revitalization campaign in Taiwan with special reference to the case of Hokkien, one of the "bensheng" (local) vernacular with Han Chinese roots, in terms of language rights, ethnogenesis, and cultural legitimacy. Tracing the rise and development of concepts such as cultural heritage, ethnic identity and democracy in the region, the focus is placed on the recent changes in Taiwan's language ideology and the intricate emergence of Hokkien as one of the "national" languages and symbols apart from the official language, i.e. Mandarin Chinese.<br>Against the backdrop where contesting discourses on language and culture discourses co-exist and crossbreed with each other, there are a number of closely-related issues that this thesis examines in particular: (1) the ways in which language choices are made and perceived in various contexts; (2) implications of such language choices as related to one's cultural identities; (3) the role of language politics in self and group identification and ethnic classification in Taiwan; (4) the power dynamics in various socio-cultural spheres; and (5) the resulting competition of multiple speech groups in Taiwan for authenticity, legitimacy and superiority in the political arena by means of reconstruction and reinvention of ethnic languages and traditions.<br>The findings reveal that despite the practical relevance of Bakhtin's theory of heteroglossia to Taiwan's current ethnogenesis against the backdrop of multilingualism and multiculturalism, the political connections between the cultural plurality promoted by the government and the covert competition amongst various stakeholders are better understood in terms of Bourdieu’s theory of cultural reproduction and Foucault's framework of power-knowledge. Language revitalization in Taiwan is thus an act of both empowerment and control, and a symbol of the mutual toleration and the cultural ambiguity that means to be used for contrasting with the old hegemonies' conservatism by the current ruling power.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Tam, Chung Wing Loretta.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 278-286).<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstract also in Chinese; indludes Chinese.<br>Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Past Research on Language, Ethnicity, and Identity --- p.2<br>Language Survival, Maintenance, and Revitalization --- p.7<br>Taiwan and Its Language Situation in Context --- p.28<br>Methodology --- p.34<br>Fieldsite Specifications --- p.43<br>Structure of the Thesis --- p.49<br>Chapter Chapter 2: --- "Taiwanese" as an Identity: A Historical Overview --- p.54<br>The Dutch Colonization and the Japanese Occupation --- p.56<br>The KMT Rule and the Mandarin Campaign --- p.65<br>Toward a Democratic and Multilingual Taiwan --- p.73<br>Chapter Chapter 3: --- Discourses of Language Endangerment in Taiwan --- p.79<br>Language Shift in Taiwan: Origins, Patterns, and Implications --- p.80<br>Discousrses of Endangerment in Taiwan --- p.99<br>Discussion --- p.125<br>Chapter Chapter 4: --- Counteracting Language Shift: Native Language Education Policy in Action --- p.131<br>One Policy, Multiple Interpretations --- p.133<br>Curriculum and Daily Usage --- p.140<br>Brand New Language Market for Local Languages: The Official Language Market --- p.150<br>Chapter Chapter 5: --- The Standardization Debates --- p.156<br>Standardization and Language Revitalization --- p.158<br>Language or Dialect? Concerns over Legitimacy and Status --- p.166<br>Questioning "National Language" --- p.175<br>Chapter Chapter 6: --- Patterns of Language Choice and Attitudes in Everyday Life --- p.188<br>Patterns of Language Choice in Northern Taiwan --- p.194<br>Patterns of Language Choice in Southern Taiwan --- p.166<br>On the Predominance of Code-Switching --- p.201<br>On the Current Differentiation of "High" and "Low" Languages --- p.210<br>Chapter Chapter 7: --- The Politics of Visibility --- p.213<br>Language and the Mass Media: An Overview --- p.217<br>Language Use in the Mass Media and the "Taiwanese" Identity --- p.231<br>Chapter Chapter 8: --- Conclusion --- p.242<br>On the Language Markets --- p.243<br>Ethnic Politics and Linguistic Nationalism --- p.255<br>Field Linguistics and Beyond --- p.265<br>Chapter Appendices --- p.270<br>List of Terms and Abbreviations --- p.270<br>List of Informants --- p.272<br>Interview Guide --- p.275<br>Bibliography --- p.278

碩士<br>國立花蓮師範學院<br>語文科教學碩士班<br>93<br>A comparative study on proverbs of the twelve zodiac animals in Hakka and Southern Min dialects in Taiwan Abstract Content analysis, comparative method, and field study are adopted in the research. Starting from published documents on Hakka and Southern Min proverbs, the researcher analyzed those of the “twelve zodiac animals”, compared their implications, rhymes, and visualizations, and, moreover, the culture similarities and dissimilarities of the two races in Taiwan. Collected corpora and conclusions in the research can be the reference resources for the selection and edition of dialect education materials, and be used in Hakka and Min dialects teaching. Expect to be able to achieve the purpose to extend, promote the local, colloquial expressions speech culture. The full text amounts to five chapters: Chapter one “introduction”, Chapter two “literature review”, Chapter three “proverbs of the twelve zodiac animals in Hakka and Southern Min dialects”, Chapter four “comparison of proverbs of the twelve zodiac animals in Hakka and Southern Min dialects”, Chapter five “conclusion”. The conclusions are as follows: First, there are fewer relevant books of Hakka proverbs than those of Southern Min proverbs, and the amount of collected Hakka proverbs is also less than that of Southern Min proverbs. Second, Hakka and Southern Min proverbs of the twelve zodiac animals have a lot in common, that is, most meanings of proverbs of Hakka and Southern Min proverbs are the same, only the choices of words and terms are different. Third, people are used to scolding people by borrowing things and analogizing weakness, imperfection of human nature with the animals. So the twelve zodiac animals’ proverbs are always the negative appraisal rather than positive impression, namely, the negative visualizations are the majority. Fourth, on the whole, most proverbs are rhymed, and many of them are antithetic, too. Some are both rhymed and antithetic. Fifth, both in Hakka and Southern Min proverbs, the proverbs about “dogs” are in the majority, and then, in the next place, are “chickens”, “cattle”, “pigs” and so on. Through field study, the grand old men believe that “dogs” are mankind's faithful friends, and in daily life, people live with chickens, cattle, and pigs. So proverbs about them are more common. Sixth, by analyzing proverbs of the twelve zodiac animals in Hakka and Southern Min dialects in three respects , including sex education , filial piety kindred ethics, and industrious thriftiness, we can find out the culture differences between Hakka and Southern Min. Key words: Hakka proverbs, Southern Min proverbs, twelve zodiac animals, animals’ proverb

碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>英語研究所<br>92<br>Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate Mandarin/ Southern Min code-mixing in newspaper advertisements in Taiwan in terms of product domains, functions, linguistic patterns, and linguistic creativity. In addition, this study compares its own findings with those of Hsu’s research (2000a,b,2002a,b) concerning the Mandarin/ English mixing. The data of the study were drawn from a total of 792 written code-mixed advertisements collected from newspapers. The results of the study indicate that the use of Southern Min is not restricted to the traditional domains and the boundary between Mandarin and Southern Min has become blurred. Regarding the linguistic patterns, the NP category outnumbered any other category. This finding is consistent with the previous researchers’ observations on code-mixing, and implies that in CM, NP is most easily borrowed and assimilated into the structure of the matrix language no matter which language serves as the matrix language. During the process of mixing, copywriters usually insert Southern Min in the advertisements based on its direct translated meaning in Mandarin regardless of its original syntax or grammar. With regard to the functions the mixed Southern Min elements are used to fulfill, similar to the English mixing, Southern Min-mixing in the advertisements is largely for attention getting and trendy fashion. Compared to the English mixing in the advertisements, it is found that first, the cultural constraints work to a greater extent with English than with Southern Min. Second, the scope of Southern Min seems to be wider than that of English in terms of product domains. In conclusion, the findings drawn from this study may reflect the social ethos and language use of contemporary Taiwan society. Moreover, the advertising strategies uncovered in this analysis provide evidence that code-mixed advertising deserves special attention as a distinct genre because of its linguistic creativity as well as its potential socio-psychological effects.

碩士<br>國立新竹教育大學<br>臺灣語言與語文教育研究所<br>100<br>This thesis is based on synchronic view to investigates the lexicalization and grammaticalization of ”當時(tang-shih) in Taiwanese Southern Min and Chinese” , used by corpus linguistics and definitions from dictionaries. ”當時(tang-shih)” in Taiwanese Chinese performs lexical differences, including temperal nouns, verbs, and adverbs. Those phenomena conform to the principle of de- categorialization. Also, ”當時(tang-shih)” has semantic differences in different category,i.e. “in the past” and“at that moment“ in time expression nouns, “being at this moment”and“located in the proper period” in verbs, and “immediately” in the time expression adverbs. In synchronic research, we find the phenomenon of ”當時(tang-shih)” in Taiwanese Chinese is followed by the approach of lexicalization, proposed by Yang(2002) and Cao(2001). 1.「tang」+「shih」→「V+N」→「P+N」→「D+N」→「tang-shih」：「in the past、 at that moment」，time expression nouns。 2.「tang」+「shih」→「V+N」→「A(adjective)+N」→「tang-shih」：「immediately」， 「P+N」 in the time expression adverb。 當時(tang-sî；tong-sî) in Taiwanese Southern Min has two lexical differences, including time expression nouns and interrogative pronouns, and also has semantic differences, “in the past,” “at that moment, “ “逢時,”and“when.” In comparison with “at that moment“in time expression noun and “when” in interrogative pronouns, Taiwanese Southern Min, 當時 (tang-sî；tong-sî), in degree of grammaticalization in is weaker than Taiwanese Chinese because the meaning of “at that moment “ is stronger than “when” in Taiwanese Southern Min. Consequently, this phenomenon conduct the result of 當時(tang-sî；tong-sî) in the approach of lexicalization, conforming to theory of Yang (2002) and Han(2011). 1.「tang」+「sî」→「V+N」→「P+N」→「tang」+「(D)」+「sî」→「D+N」→ 「tang-sî」：「n the past」、「at that moment」、「when」，time expression nouns。 2.「tang」+「sî」→「V+N」(逢是時) →「A+N」（合宜的+時候）→「D+N」 「P+N」 （是+時候）→「tang-sî 」：「逢時」。 Key words：”tang-shih(當時)” 、temperal、lexicalization、grammaticalization

碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>語言學研究所<br>96<br>This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of dialect education policy from the view of students’ contact frequency of Southern Min, their language proficiency, and their attitude toward Southern Min. Through questionnaire survey and statistic analysis from three different age groups (junior high school students, college and university students, and general public), we can see that dialect education failed to increase students’ Southern Min proficiency and contact frequency. What’s worse, more students begin to dislike Southern Min than like it. And they don’t wish to have Southern Min classes in junior and senior high school. Another way to evaluate the policy is through language planning. According to Rubin(1971), there are four steps of language planning, including: fact-finding, planning, implementation, and feedback. In the case of dialect education in Taiwan, we can find that there are flaws in all the steps: no fact-finding, not careful planning, too many revisions in implementation, and the feedback system has not been established. The third way of examining the policy is to analyze from three subdivisions of dialect education: corpus planning, status planning, and acquisition planning. After a careful examination, it shows that both corpus planning and acquisition planning have serious problems. After all the above analysis, three conclusions are drawn: 1. Dialect education failed to increase the contact frequency, Southern Min ability, or the user population in junior high school students. 2. Dialect education is not successful in arousing students’ interest, and neither is it successful in arousing the public of its value toward Southern Min. 3. Southern Min is declining from generation to generation.

碩士<br>國立高雄師範大學<br>台灣語言及教學研究所<br>94<br>Abstract Southern Min in Taiwan is a mixture of Changchou and Changchou dialect . Accord to Dr.Uijin Ang（1995），the mid and down of Erchenhang Stream area belongs to mix-accent . However , refer to the documentary record in this area , it has Southern Min dialect with phenomenon of tsh →s . This thesis named “Kuan-Miau Dialect Area’’ . MAIN SUBJECTS ： 1. We draw the distribution map of special accent with tsh →s after field investigation , and study its geographical distribution and historical reason . 2. This dialect areas is going to tsh →s retrograde change . This thesis be going to social language study , search to complete retrograde change tendency and reason . 3. We also study tsh →s category the phenomenon of lexical diffusion or structural diffusion . In order to reach the objects as above , this thesis from “gradient diffusion” viewpoint to study tsh →s phenomenon language change include “ geographical diffusion” , “ social diffusion ” , “ lexical diffusion ” or “structural diffusion ” … .etc . By field investigations and statistic , we draw the distribution map of dialect , find the dialect areas is divided three pieces they are Kuan-miao, Chei-Din and Ion-An. And further more to approve in the geographical distribution has the phenomenon of “geography diffusion” that be formed by “population movement” , “administration distribution” and “ traffic exchange ”…etc. so we could get its explanation by the data of diachronic and synchronic to improve its reason of Kuan-Miao dialec area. After investigating and statistical test by variables of age , occupation , sexy ,…etc in Kuan-miao , Guei-zen and Chei-Din , we discover that in the social distribution has the phenomeron of “social diffusion” , and further more to make a analysis and conclusion for its relations of variables and changing accent. Rrom the viewpoint of historical linguistics , in comparation the real time and apparent time , we improve the tsh →s category have completed to “ retrograde change”. We also conclude the relationship of “language change” and “language contact” from the language policy of goverment , dialect grow and decline by itself , and language study mentality process of speakers. In the lexical distribution , we discover that have new condition of “ lexical diffusion’’ from the phenomenon of “ retrograde change’’ of tsh →s , and then making a discussion for vocabulary frequency , new and old grade , inflection….etc by mean of visiting announce people to take care of their vocabulary while speaking and theorem. We have proved the tsh →s that occur in the retrograde change. However , can not prove that same condition in“construction diffusion ’’ too. We try to search the humanistic action , found the factor of geography and history, and study the layer of quality, then visit the announce people face to face to understand the mentality process of themselves and other with the special accent , via discuss time space change , humanistic action and psychology-social environment ….etc. Let Kuan-miao dialect appear more fact aspect . Key words：Southern Min in Taiwan , Kuan-Miau Dialect Area , tsh →s category , the phenomenon of retrograde change , gradient diffusion , Geographical diffusion , Social diffusion , lexical diffusion , structural diffusion

Tam, Su San.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-147).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese characters.<br>ABSTRACT --- p.I<br>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.IV<br>TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI<br>Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the Problem and Purpose of the Study --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions and Significance of the Study --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Scope of the Study --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Organization --- p.4<br>Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- DATA OF FOUR SOUTHERN MIN DIALECTS --- p.1<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Preamble --- p.1<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Basic Data of the four sub-dialects --- p.2<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- Xiamen Dialect --- p.2<br>Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Xiamen Onsets --- p.3<br>Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Xiamen Rimes --- p.4<br>Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Xiamen Tones --- p.7<br>Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Xiamen Syllables --- p.7<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- Quanzhou Dialect --- p.8<br>Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Quanzhou Onsets --- p.8<br>Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Quanzhou Rimes --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Quanzhou Tones --- p.11<br>Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Quanzhou Syllables --- p.12<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- Zhangping Dialect --- p.13<br>Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Zhangping Onsets --- p.13<br>Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Zhangping Rimes --- p.14<br>Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Zhangping Tones --- p.16<br>Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Zhangping Syllables --- p.16<br>Chapter 2.2.4 --- Shantou Dialect --- p.17<br>Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Shantou Onsets --- p.17<br>Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Shantou Rimes --- p.19<br>Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Shantou Tones --- p.21<br>Chapter 2.2.4.4 --- Shantou Syllables --- p.21<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Co-occurrence Patterns --- p.22<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- On Labial Co-occurrence --- p.22<br>Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Xiamen Labial Co-occurrence --- p.23<br>Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Quanzhou Labial Co-occurrence --- p.24<br>Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Zhangping Labial Co-occurrence --- p.26<br>Chapter 2.3.1.4 --- Shantou Labial Co-occurrence --- p.27<br>Chapter 2.3.1.5 --- Southern Min Labial Co-occurrence: A Summary --- p.28<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- On nasalization --- p.29<br>Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Xiamen Nasalization --- p.30<br>Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Quanzhou Nasalization --- p.32<br>Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Zhangping Nasalization --- p.35<br>Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Shantou Nasalization --- p.37<br>Chapter 2.3.2.5 --- Southern Min Nasality: A Summary --- p.40<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Generalizing the Southern Min Phonotactic Observations --- p.41<br>Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- PREVIOUS STUDIES ON CHINESE/MIN PHONOTACTICS --- p.44<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Autosegmental Phonology --- p.44<br>Chapter 3.1.1 --- Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) --- p.46<br>Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- OCP and Labial Co-Occurrence in Chinese Syllables --- p.49<br>Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Application of OCP in Southern Min Dialects --- p.54<br>Chapter 3.1.2 --- Syllable Theory in Chinese and Southern Min --- p.58<br>Chapter 3.1.3 --- Nasality in Southern Min --- p.65<br>Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Nasal Consonants --- p.65<br>Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Nasalized Vowels --- p.67<br>Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Derivation of Nasality in Southern Min --- p.68<br>Chapter 3.1.4 --- Inadequacies of Autosegmental Framework --- p.76<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Optimality Theory (OT) --- p.79<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Revisiting OCP in OT --- p.83<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- Nasalization in OT --- p.89<br>Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- AN OPTIMALITY ANALYSIS OF THE SOUTHERN MIN PHONOTACTICS --- p.93<br>Chapter 4.1 --- On labial co-occurrence --- p.93<br>Chapter 4.2 --- On nasalization --- p.103<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Summary: a Southern Min 'Typology' --- p.116<br>Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.118<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusion --- p.118<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Residual Issues and Future Research --- p.119<br>APPENDICES --- p.121<br>Appendix A ´ؤ Xiamen Syllable Chart --- p.122<br>Appendix B - Quanzhou Syllable Chart --- p.128<br>Appendix C 一 Zhangping Syllable Chart --- p.134<br>Appendix D - Shantou Syllable Chart --- p.138<br>REFERENCES --- p.144

徐宇航.<br>"2009年8月".<br>"2009 nian 8 yue".<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-153).<br>Abstracts in Chinese and English.<br>Xu Yuhang.<br>Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1<br>Chapter 1. --- 潮州方言槪貌 --- p.1<br>Chapter 2. --- 文獻回顧 --- p.3<br>Chapter 3. --- 硏究方法、目的和意義 --- p.11<br>Chapter 4. --- 調查方法與規劃 --- p.12<br>Chapter 第二章 --- 潮州方言聲韻調系統 --- p.20<br>Chapter 1. --- 潮州方言語音系統 --- p.20<br>Chapter 2. --- 咸深二攝字音韻文分佈情況及異讀現象 --- p.24<br>Chapter 第三章 --- 潮州方言咸深二攝[-m]、[-p]韻尾年齡變化分佈硏究 --- p.30<br>Chapter 1. --- 理論基礎 --- p.30<br>Chapter 2. --- 調查情況分析 --- p.31<br>Chapter 3. --- 調查結果統計 --- p.33<br>Chapter 第四章 --- 潮州方言咸深二攝[-m]、[-p]韻尾空間變化分佈硏究 --- p.53<br>Chapter 1. --- 理論基礎 --- p.53<br>Chapter 2. --- 調查情況分析 --- p.54<br>Chapter 3. --- 調查結果統計 --- p.59<br>Chapter 4. --- 年齡、區域因素比較分析與推算模型的建立 --- p.69<br>Chapter 第五章 --- 潮州方言咸深二攝字音韻尾變化類型與原因分析 --- p.73<br>Chapter 1. --- 咸深二攝字音韻尾的存現與變化類型分析 --- p.73<br>Chapter 2. --- 咸深二攝字音韻尾變化原因分析 --- p.78<br>Chapter 3. --- 咸深二攝字音韻尾的變化規律與趨勢 --- p.91<br>Chapter 第六章 --- 結語 --- p.92<br>Chapter 1. --- 總結 --- p.92<br>Chapter 2. --- 本硏究有待完善之處 --- p.92<br>Chapter 3. --- 展望 --- p.93<br>附錄 --- p.94<br>參考文獻 --- p.142

博士<br>國立清華大學<br>語言學研究所<br>87<br>In this research I intend to investigate from a syntactic-semantic perspective that modality in Southern Min has several types, which actually are modality on different syntactic levels and are in hierarchical order. Also the polysemy of modal verbs is due to the interpretation of different types of modal verbs that are influenced by the syntactic, conceptual, and contextual factors. Traditional semantic analysis divides modality into deontic and epistemic types. I argue that Southern Min modality has four levels: subject-oriented, speaker-oriented, epistemic, and discourse-oriented modalities, with the latter one in turn larger in scope and higher in hierarchy than the former. The four common modality constructions in Southern Min are modal predicates (i.e. verbs and adjectives), modal adverbs, modal nominals, and sentence-final particles. Although these four modality constructions look independent from each other, they are closely related in semantics and in syntactic hierarchical order. This phenomenon can be well interpreted on the basis of a syntactic model--Licensing Principle of Adverbs. Travis (1988) states that adverbs need to be properly licensed by the head features of the XP to which they are adjuncts so as to be grammatical. According to the principle, subject-oriented adverbs are licensed by the head features of PreP; epistemic adverbs, by IP; and discourse-oriented adverbs, by CP. With this analysis, the linear order of different types of modal adverbs, the linear order between modal adverbs and verbs, and the co-occurrence restriction between adverbs and other modal constructions can be well accounted for without extra theoretical cost. The polysemy of modal verbs is checked via an analysis of the syntagmatic elements in the sentence. It is found that within the IP complement following the modal, the stative verb, aspect markers such as progressive, completive, experiential markers etc., complement structures expressing result, possibility, completion of an action, final state of the subject, and modal verbs or particles denoting epistemic modality tend to give the matrix modal an epistemic modality. On the other hand, the dynamic verb, phase markers showing direction, movement, attempt etc., complement structures of frequency, duration etc., and the causative marker or patient marker etc. tend to give the matrix modal a subject-oriented modality. The number of person, animacy, and +/-definite of the subject NP will also influence the modality interpretation. Also, the epistemic modality is more limited in syntactic manifestations and usually does not occur with interrogation and negation on the same level. Contextual and conceptual factors also have an impact on the polysemy of modals. Contextually, the clues in the context, knowledge of the world, and the social norms will affect the modal meaning. Conceptual properties like concept of force, concept of dynamic, concept of a controlling agent, concept of later than the reference time, and concept of indefiniteness or non-factuality are all related to the subject-oriented modality. Modal verbs are analyzed based on modern linguistic theories of GB (Government and Binding) and MP (Minimalist Program). Epistemic modals are syntactically raising verbs with NP trace, subject-oriented modals are control verbs with PRO, and speaker-oriented modals vacillate between the two, with the raising verb structure and the control verb dynamic semantics. In GB model, the PRO is explained by the PRO theorem, c-selection, Case theory etc. MP analyzes the control/raising distinction in means of the [+Tense] difference in the Tense morpheme of TP in a non-finite complement clause after a modal. This analysis is more economical without extra linguistic cost since [+Tense] difference already exists in other syntactic operations such as VP-ellipsis, VP preposing, and relative tag etc.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>外國語文學系<br>104<br>The word loo7 in the Chinese dialect known as Taiwan Southern Min (henceforth, TSM) has multiple definitions listed in both the Taiwanese and Japanese Dictionary (edited by Ogawa, 1931), and this rich and multi-faceted term has diverse semantic features. For instance, it is defined as a road, the distance of a journey and method on one hand, abstract definitions associated with the journey of life on the other. In order to have a complete understanding of loo7, this study organizes the historical data in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and contemporary data from TSM dictionaries and literatures in modern TSM, to provide as much linguistic evidence as possible for analysis. This thesis will research the core meanings of loo7, exploring the similarities and differences between historical and contemporary data, and clarify its word formations, core meaning and extended meanings. In this study, lexical constructionalization as proposed by Traugott and Trousdale (2013) is adopted to analyze word formations of TSM loo7 as recorded in various historical examples in literature. The word formations of loo7 are mainly modifier-head combinations and endocentric compounds, others are predicate-object combinations and exocentric compounds. I found that the core meaning of loo7 has spatial and directional properties, and these became the semantic features implied by the current usages of loo7. The basic meaning of loo7 (road) is deceptively simple, being a universal term with certain metaphorical attributes which can be found in other languages as well, such as the LIFE IS A JOURNEY metaphor in English. Furthermore, TSM loo7 has transferred the meaning of space to time in modern usages. For instance, one of the loo7 compounds, ‘kui1 loo7’, transfers its meaning from ‘the whole distance of a journey’ to ‘the time taken in the whole journey’, when it is preceded by verbs. It can generate a productive structure ‘V kui1 loo7’. By adopting the constructional account, I found that the post-verbal ‘kui1 loo7’ indicates the semantic features of loo7, by which the verbs can further be. The two attributes of ‘V kui1 loo7’ (dynamic and non-dynamic) are also found in this study. This thesis will show the richness of post-position loo7 in two eras based on the lexical and constructional accounts, and discovery of the multi-faceted definitions of loo7 will provide additional contributions to this.

蔡玄暉.<br>Submitted: Dec. 2009.<br>Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 371-382).<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstracts in Chinese and English.<br>Cai Xuanhui.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>外國文學與語言學研究所<br>97<br>The objective of the present study on coda perception in Taiwan Southern Min is threefold. First, I want to look into whether or not places of articulation affect the similarity judgment of coda phonemes. Second, I would like to see if nasals are more similar to glides than to stops. Third, I want to know how the three coda places are weighed against each other in perceptual salience. Two perceptual experiments were conducted in this study. The first experiment was a behavioral study, of which test materials were nonsense syllables in Taiwan Southern Min. The second one, an event-related potentials experiment, recorded MMN to different types of deviant stimuli, using test materials of meaningful words in Taiwan Southern Min. General results of the study showed that (a) places of articulation made a positive influence on the similarity judgment of coda phonemes, (b) nasals are more similar to glides than to stops, and (c) among the three stop places, the perceptual salience scale was labial > coronal > dorsal.

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>語言學研究所<br>95<br>Most languages have a strategy of taking an indirect object to the argument structure of a verb. Bantu languages are widely attested on this phenomenon. The extra arguments are called applied arguments to the applicative constructions, which is the terminology that is used for constructions with additional indirect objects cross-linguistically. This paper aims to specify the issue on identifying the applicative constructions in Mandarin and Southern Min respectively. According to Marantz’s (1993) observation of Bantu languages, we assume that sentences with affected arguments in Mandarin and Southern Min are applicative constructions with a covert, or overt applicative marker, gei in Mandarin Chinese; ka in Southern Min. The verb Gei “give” in Mandarin Chinese and “ka" in Southern Min synchronically functions as applicative head in different constructions licensing an oblique, or non-core, argument which would not be considered a part of the verb’s argument structure. The different behaviors of these markers are associated with different the argument it combines with, and the structure of the sentence it occurs. In Mandarin Chinese, there are both marked and unmarked applicative constructions from which High, Mid and Low applicative constructions are introduced. On the other hand, in Southern Min, due to the lack of implicit applicative head, there is only marked applicative construction from which High and Mid applicative structures are represented.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>語言所<br>96<br>The ambiguity in the morphological status of a Chinese VO or OV construction has long been an issue among Chinese linguists (Chao 1968, 1991; Huang 1984). Since it is obvious that the determination of a Chinese VO or OV construction as a compound or a phrase can not be made syntactic-test-based, Xue (2001) adopts the Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993, 1994; Marantz 1997; Noyer 1997; Embick & Noyer 1999; Harley & Noyer 2003) to define the notion of Mandarin phrase and compound. Zhang (2007) further discusses the abnormalities in Mandarin compounds within the framework of DM. Based on Xue (2001) and Zhang (2007), this thesis analyzes the morphological behavior of TSM VO or OV constructions within the DM approach. Following Zhang (2007), I argue that the Roots in TSM VO/OV compounds are syntactically underspecified until they Merge with a category-defining node. Comparisons are made between TSM, Mandarin, and English VO/OV constructions. Merger in VO/OV constructions specifically draws a line between TSM and Mandarin on the one side and English on the other. TSM and Mandarin VO/OV constructions undergo Merger before Vocabulary Insertion, whereas English counterparts undergo Merger after Vocabulary Insertion.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>外國文學與語言學碩士班<br>94<br>Based on 2,687 errors from the “Taiwanese Speech Error Corpus,” this study provides external linguistic evidence of segment errors to reexamine three phonological issues, including the underlying representation of affricates, the directionality of nasality spreading and language interference. First, as proposed by Clements (1998), the underlying representation of affricates is testified to be a stop with [+strident] feature which is also seen in fricatives, which results in the edge-effect of affricates for patterning phonologically with stops and phonetically with fricatives. Second, nasality has been proved to be an autosegmental feature spreading bi-directionally within or across syllables, which suggests that synchronic phonotactic constraints, such as nasality harmony in the Onset-Nucleus domain and barrier constraint in the Nucleus-Coda domain, result from diachronic development. Third, phonological blending triggered by language interference reveals structural affinity between subsyllabic elements. From errors of code mixing collected in this corpus, the rhyme and the onset are respectively the most and the least susceptible to replacement. Among the three major subsyllabic compositions, namely the onset, the rhyme, and the tone, the former two hold closer affinity.

碩士<br>國立清華大學<br>語言學系<br>84<br>This thesis is a synchronic study of the nature of V-O compounds in Taiwan Southern Min (henceforth TSM). We will discuss V-O compounds in TSM from the phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic points of view. Our discussion benefits from modern linguistic theories in general and morphological theories in particular. There are five chapters in this thesis. In Chapter 1, we first introduce some linguistic basic concepts to readers such as sign, morpheme, word and compounding and affixation. Next, we present a literature review of previous studies on compounds and V-O compounds in Mandarin and TSM. In Chapter 2, following Chao''''s framework, we explore the essence of compounds and V-O compounds and attempt to find a satisfactory answer to the question "What is the difference between compounds and phrases?" A small-scale survey is done to look at the syntactic property of TSM V-O compounds. In Chapter 3 and 4, various dimensions of V-O compounds in TSM are presented. Chapter 3 deals with the phonological, morphological and syntactic phenomen of V-O compounds in TSM. We will analyze their internal structure, and external function and furthermore explore TSM V-O compounds in terms of the theories of Incorporation and Feature Percolation Conventions. Chapter 4 presents various thematic roles of objects in TSM V-O compounds. We will show these thematic relationships from two directions. One is that thematic roles are the basis on which V-O compounds are shown and another is that verbs are the basis on which V-O compounds are shown. The final chapter concludes the thesis.

19世紀英美傳教士為佈教需要，在粤東潮汕地區留下了許多記錄當地方言的材料。這些材料採用字母記音，著重記錄當時當地口語情況，彌補了傳統韻書只記音類不標實際發音的缺陷，是考察19世紀音系、研究語音歷時演變的重要資源。本文旨在考察11本粤東潮汕地區傳教士語料，構建19世紀潮汕地區方言音系的同時，運用歷時比較的方法，分析一百多年來方言語音演變現象，探索其中的機制和規律，並以歷時音變研究成果為基礎，考察與傳教士語料年代相近的方言韻書及與其相關的研究。<br>本文首先通過考察傳教士語料的編寫說明、音值符號和記音地點，用窮盡式語料檢索方法，描寫、比較各語料音系，構建19世紀潮汕地區方言音系，確定19世紀傳教士語料音系，是以潮州府城（今天潮州市區）方言為主，夾雜汕頭、澄海音系特點的事實。之後，論文通過考察潮州方言輔音韻尾在一百多年來的演變，明確了輔音韻尾演變的兩種類型，並為這種演變找到起始音類，同時為聲化韻ŋ找到了演變路徑。研究又以文白異讀現象及其歷時演變為考察對象，總結了文白異讀的演變趨勢和規律，並釐清了同一音值不同層次分屬、「去鼻化音變」作用下的層次性差異、遇攝字ou韻母存古屬性、潮州方言陽聲韻攝vN類韻母白讀層特徵、陽聲韻鼻化元音來自鼻音尾等問題，並藉-m/-p韻尾演變模式，豐富、拓展了「鼻音、塞音韻尾演變階段」理論。最後，藉上述研究成果，我們檢驗以往學者對《韓江聞見錄》、《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》和《擊木知音》的研究情況，梳理了這些材料的音類分合和歸屬特徵。<br>採用歷時比較、邏輯推理與文獻互證相結合的研究方法，並藉科學的量化統計模式，我們從多角度考量傳教士語料，對一百多年來潮州方言語音演變現象作有效的探索和考究。<br>In the 19th Century, in order to assist the missionary work, many Anglo-American Christian missionaries published dialect records of Chaoshan area. These records are Romanized dialect records reflecting colloquial pronunciations of Chaoshan dialects in the 19th Century, which were neglected by the traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries. They are very important resources for studying the diachronic change of language. This dissertation attempts to construct the phonological systems of Chaoshan dialects, analyze the patterns and rules of the diachronic change phenomena, and evaluate the research results of traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries by investigating 11 kinds of dialect records published by missionaries..<br>By comparing the differences of symbols in these dialect records, this dissertation constructs the phonological system of Chaoshan Dialects of the 19th Century and ascertains that it is a phonological system based on Chaozhou City dialect and mixed with some features of Shantou, Chenghai Dialects. And then the dissertation analyzes 2 patterns of coda change of Chaozhou Dialect, finding out the change trigger and the evolutionary process from “ŋ to “ŋ. Literary pronunciations and colloquial pronunciations (文白異讀) are also different between now and the 19th Century. The dissertation proposes the trends and patterns of these pronunciations, discusses the topics of “same sound, different stratums, “denasalization, and “the origin of ‘ou’, ’vN’, and ‘v’, and then examines the theory of coda changes with the “-m/-p evolution pattern. Based on the study, the dissertation evaluates the validity of the research of 4 documents of traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries.<br>This dissertation synthesizes methods of diachronic comparison, logical judgment and textual studies, and scientific quantitative statistics. In so doing, it explores the dialect records in various aspects and summarizes patterns and rules of the phonological diachronic change of Chaozhou Dialect from Mid-19th to Early 21st Century.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>徐宇航.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 305-322)<br>Abstracts in Chinese and English.<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Xu Yuhang.<br>論文提要 --- p.I<br>Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1 --- 潮汕地區方言研究綜述 --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- 潮汕地區傳教士語料研究概況 --- p.4<br>Chapter 1.3 --- 其他地區傳教士語料研究概況 --- p.5<br>Chapter 1.4 --- 本文的研究材料、內容、方法與目的 --- p.9<br>Chapter 1.4.1 --- 研究材料與內容 --- p.9<br>Chapter 1.4.2 --- 研究方法 --- p.12<br>Chapter 1.4.3 --- 研究意義 --- p.14<br>Chapter 1.4.4 --- 研究目的 --- p.15<br>Chapter 1.5 --- 總結 --- p.15<br>Chapter 第二章 --- 傳教士語料概況 --- p.17<br>Chapter 2.1 --- 語料及語料作者的簡介 --- p.17<br>Chapter 2.2 --- 語料與語言點的對應關係 --- p.21<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- 語料編寫者對語料代表音系的介紹 --- p.22<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- 現代潮州、汕頭方言的語音差異 --- p.23<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- 潮州、汕頭地名的演變關係 --- p.26<br>Chapter 2.3 --- 傳教士集中討論的語言學問題 --- p.28<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- 傳教士談廣東的方言及潮汕地區方言的內部差異 --- p.28<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- 潮汕地區方言在境外的使用情況 --- p.31<br>Chapter 2.3.3 --- 傳教士談習得潮汕地區方言的方法 --- p.32<br>Chapter 2.3.4 --- 潮汕地區方言之有音無字現象 --- p.33<br>Chapter 2.3.5 --- 潮汕地區方言的異讀現象 --- p.34<br>Chapter 2.3.6 --- 傳教士談潮汕地區方言詞彙的分類 --- p.40<br>Chapter 2.4 --- 總結 --- p.44<br>Chapter 第三章 --- 傳教士語料的符號與音系 --- p.45<br>Chapter 3.1 --- 語料對潮汕地區方言音值與符號的討論 --- p.45<br>Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dean1841的音值說明 --- p.45<br>Chapter 3.1.2 --- Giles1877的音值說明 --- p.46<br>Chapter 3.1.3 --- Fielde1878的音值說明 --- p.47<br>Chapter 3.1.4 --- Fielde1883的音值說明 --- p.51<br>Chapter 3.1.5 --- Duffus1883的音值說明 --- p.52<br>Chapter 3.1.6 --- Ashmore1884的音值說明 --- p.55<br>Chapter 3.1.7 --- Lim1886的音值說明 --- p.60<br>Chapter 3.1.8 --- Gibson1886的音值說明 --- p.61<br>Chapter 3.1.9 --- Steele1924的音值說明 --- p.66<br>Chapter 3.2 --- 語料的符號與音系 --- p.68<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dean1841的音系 --- p.68<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- Giles1877的音系 --- p.74<br>Chapter 3.2.3 --- Fielde1878的音系 --- p.79<br>Chapter 3.2.4 --- Fielde1883的音系 --- p.84<br>Chapter 3.2.5 --- Duffus1883的音系 --- p.87<br>Chapter 3.2.6 --- Ashmore1884的音系 --- p.90<br>Chapter 3.2.7 --- Lim1886的音系 --- p.93<br>Chapter 3.2.8 --- Gibson1886的音系 --- p.96<br>Chapter 3.2.9 --- Matthew 1889、Genesis 1896的音系 --- p.99<br>Chapter 3.2.10 --- Steele 1924的音系 --- p.104<br>Chapter 3.3 --- 19世紀潮汕地區方言音系的構建 --- p.107<br>Chapter 3.3.1 --- 聲母的符號與音值 --- p.108<br>Chapter 3.3.2 --- 韻母的符號與音值 --- p.114<br>Chapter 3.3.3 --- 聲調的符號與調值 --- p.124<br>Chapter 3.3.4 --- 潮汕地區方言音系的構建 --- p.126<br>Chapter 3.4 --- 總結 --- p.128<br>Chapter 第四章 --- 潮州方言輔音韻尾演變類型分析 --- p.130<br>Chapter 4.1 --- 潮州方言輔音韻尾研究概況 --- p.130<br>Chapter 4.2 --- 輔音韻尾類型A的演變特點 --- p.132<br>Chapter 4.2.1 --- 山、臻攝字的-n-ŋ/-t-k演變 --- p.133<br>Chapter 4.2.2 --- 非山、臻攝字的-n-ŋ/-t-k演變 --- p.137<br>Chapter 4.3 --- 類型B的演變特點 --- p.141<br>Chapter 4.3.1 --- 19世紀uan/uat類韻母與今天潮州方言uaŋ/uak類韻母的關係 --- p.141<br>Chapter 4.3.2 --- uan/uat類韻母的演變次序與模式 --- p.144<br>Chapter 4.4 --- 類型C的演變特點 --- p.145<br>Chapter 4.4.1 --- ŋ類韻母在19世紀和今天的分佈 --- p.145<br>Chapter 4.4.2 --- ŋ類韻母的來源與演變 --- p.150<br>Chapter 4.4.3 --- 19世紀語料ŋ類讀音記錄的異同 --- p.153<br>Chapter 4.5 --- 潮州方言一百多年來輔音韻尾演變類型的關係 --- p.155<br>Chapter 4.6 --- 總結 --- p.157<br>Chapter 第五章 --- 潮州方言文白異讀現象及其演變分析 --- p.158<br>Chapter 5.1 --- 潮州（潮汕）方言異讀現象的研究概況 --- p.158<br>Chapter 5.2. --- 概念的釐清與研究方法的確定 --- p.160<br>Chapter 5.2.1 --- 概念的釐清 --- p.160<br>Chapter 5.2.2 --- 研究方式的確定 --- p.162<br>Chapter 5.2.3 --- 文白異讀判斷原則的確定 --- p.163<br>Chapter 5.3 --- 潮州方言聲調的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.164<br>Chapter 5.3.1 --- 全清、次清聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.167<br>Chapter 5.3.2 --- 次濁聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.168<br>Chapter 5.3.3 --- 全濁聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.171<br>Chapter 5.3.4 --- 潮州方言聲調文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.173<br>Chapter 5.4 --- 潮州方言聲母的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.173<br>Chapter 5.4.1 --- 全清聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.180<br>Chapter 5.4.2 --- 次清聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.180<br>Chapter 5.4.3 --- 全濁聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.181<br>Chapter 5.4.4 --- 次濁聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.182<br>Chapter 5.4.5 --- 潮州方言聲母文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.195<br>Chapter 5.5 --- 潮州方言韻母的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.195<br>Chapter 5.5.1 --- 各攝韻母的異讀特點及其演變 --- p.195<br>Chapter 5.5.2 --- 潮州方言韻母文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.247<br>Chapter 5.6 --- 潮州方言一百多年來異讀現象的演變趨勢與規律 --- p.248<br>Chapter 5.6.1 --- 演變趨勢分析 --- p.248<br>Chapter 5.6.2 --- 演變規律分析 --- p.250<br>Chapter 5.7 --- 對Gibson 1886「正音」、「白音」之詮釋 --- p.251<br>Chapter 5.8 --- 總結 --- p.254<br>Chapter 第六章 --- 潮州方言非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象的思考 --- p.255<br>Chapter 6.1 --- 「鼻化元音」現象研究概述 --- p.255<br>Chapter 6.2 --- 傳教士語料中的非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象 --- p.256<br>Chapter 6.3 --- 解釋非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象的三種觀點 --- p.257<br>Chapter 6.3.1 --- 「音變條件」說 --- p.258<br>Chapter 6.3.2 --- 「擴散演變」說 --- p.259<br>Chapter 6.3.3 --- 「小稱作用」說 --- p.260<br>Chapter 6.4 --- 總結 --- p.261<br>Chapter 第七章 --- 與傳教士語料年代相近的方言韻書及其研究情況考察 --- p.262<br>Chapter 7.1 --- 方言韻書及其研究概況 --- p.263<br>Chapter 7.1.1 --- 潮汕地區方言韻書及相關資料 --- p.264<br>Chapter 7.1.2 --- 韻書、方言材料的研究現狀 --- p.265<br>Chapter 7.2 --- 《韓江聞見錄》語音記錄之討論 --- p.266<br>Chapter 7.2.1 --- 李新魁據《韓江聞見錄》總結的清代潮州方言特點 --- p.267<br>Chapter 7.2.2 --- 李新魁「二百年前潮州音特點」與傳教士語料研究結果之比較 --- p.268<br>Chapter 7.3 --- 《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》音系討論 --- p.269<br>Chapter 7.3.1 --- 《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》的音系 --- p.270<br>Chapter 7.3.2 --- 兩本韻書音系的討論 --- p.271<br>Chapter 7.4 --- 《擊木知音》音系討論 --- p.272<br>Chapter 7.4.1 --- 三種《擊木知音》聲母、聲調構擬的比較 --- p.273<br>Chapter 7.4.2 --- 三種《擊木知音》韻母構擬的比較 --- p.274<br>Chapter 7.4.3 --- 《擊木知音》音系歸屬的討論 --- p.275<br>Chapter 7.5 --- 總結 --- p.276<br>Chapter 第八章 --- 結語 --- p.277<br>Chapter 8.1 --- 內容與貢獻 --- p.278<br>Chapter 8.2 --- 展望與期待 --- p.279<br>參考文獻 --- p.305

碩士<br>國立新竹教育大學<br>臺灣語言與語文教育研究所<br>94<br>Language is an organic unity. It could not exist separately. The unity of language is often expressed through its essential factors: “the pronunciation”, the “grammar” and “the lexicon”. Based on the common characteristics of each other, words produces different combination. The synonym is precisely one kind of this combination which shows in lexicon. It is a kind of relationship existing between words and words. This relationship depends to the similarity of words’ semantic properties. Affected by special historical and political factors, Taiwan Southern Min naturally has abundant synonyms in the lexicon. But where is the boundary of “similarity” of synonyms? What’s the difference between near synonyms and synonyms? This research reorganized different opinions of different scholars and tried to remove near synonyms from synonyms. Synonym researches primarily take account of “finding similarity from difference”, therefore, the analytic method to synonyms naturally become one of the most important processes of studying synonyms. This research adopted a more objective analytic method: the seme analytic method and chose the simpler structure monosyllables of Taiwan Southern Min as the main demonstrations. In order to clarify the slight differences between synonyms, this research tried to take the same sememe, find out the numerous semes which compromise the sememe and compare the difference between one and the other semes. Finally, this research induced and analyzed Taiwan Southern Min synonyms according to their four forming reasons. Viewing from outside of the lexicon and according to the dimension, time and personal factors, this research divided the language materials of synonyms into three parts: “Language Contacting”, “Historical Change” and “Word Coinage Difference”. Observing from the inside angle of the lexicon, “Lexical Structure”, is the fourth forming reason and the fourth part of synonyms. This research tried to explore these four parts and observe the special and attractive phenomenon of Taiwan Southern Min synonyms.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>語言所<br>95<br>The thesis is a corpus-based study to investigate the acquisition of classifiers in Taiwan Southern-Min. This study aims to find out whether or not children aging from 2:1 to 4:0 have already developed the cognitive ability to grasp the semantic principles of classifiers. Data used in this research mainly come from four children in the Taiwan Child Language Corpus directed by Prof. Tsay at National Chung Cheng University. In this corpus, the classifiers and the nouns collocated with those classifiers used by the children are recorded and analyzed. According to the analysis, the four children between 2;1~4;0 use 37 different classifiers in which individual classifiers, group classifiers, container classifiers, temporary classifiers, standard classifiers, quasi-classifiers and classifiers for verbs are included. Also, the classifiers with animate property are acquired prior to those with inanimate properties. In addition, this research indicates that the order of these classifiers being acquired is closely related to the object properties as well as the experiences these children have had with the surrounding environments. With regard to the default classifier in Southern-Min e24, it seems children take it as a part of syntax and overuse it. From the viewpoints of cognitive development stages proposed by Jean Piaget and object property by Steven Pinker, the cognitive abilities involved in the collocation with classifiers and nouns are not developed completely at this age. The result of the research is in agreement with their viewpoints. In this study, we found that children at this age acquire only the syntax of the classifiers and the semantic properties are not fully developed. To sophisticate research on this issue, more research is needed to observe the children’s developmental stages on the cognitive abilities of classifiers.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>外國語文學系<br>105<br>The study aims at exploring the metaphorical and metonymic meanings of animal proverbs in Taiwan Southern Min and analyzing the relationships between animal expressions and the interpretations. We explain the way how animal expressions are interpreted and how the metaphorical and metonymic relationships of animal proverbs are constructed by adopting conceptual metaphors, the GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR, Mental Space Theory, and the target-in-source metonymy. When a proverb implies a conceptual metaphor, it has the animal expression as its object or theme. When a proverb contains animal affairs and human affairs, it can be explained by the blending theory. Based on the GREAT CHAIN METAPHOR, animal expressions are divided into two groups, one with animal behaviors and the other with human behaviors, and both of them imply metaphorical meanings. A proverb may adopt animal organs to represent the animal, and the proverb also has a metaphorical meaning related to human affairs. This study shows the constructions and procedures of the metaphor about animal proverbs in Taiwan Southern Min and generalizes the semantic mapping between animal source domains and human target domains. The finding of the current study could help people to facilitate familiarization with Taiwan Southern Min by understanding those proverbs.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>語言學研究所<br>103<br>This thesis demonstrates a method to automatically construct syntactic construction from natural language data in CCU Taiwanese Spoken Corpus. The techniques of automatically construct the syntactic representation from natural language expressions is a major issue in computational linguistics. Although there are large-scale programs working on syntactic parser to automatically build up the syntactic representation of the sentence, most of existing research focus on English and Mandarin Chinese, and little attention is paid to Taiwanese Sothern Min. Hence, this study gives effort to fill this research gap. The syntactic parser is built using a hand-coded rule based strategy. The data used in this study are 3,750 sentences from the corpus. In the observing part, this thesis modifies the parser to make the 3,000 sentences to get the correct construction. The composing part uses 750 to test the accuracy of the parser. The syntactic grammar turn natural language sentences into their syntactic construction and they are collected and stored as a syntactic knowledge base.

碩士<br>玄奘大學<br>外國語文學系碩士班<br>96<br>Speech Act in Greeting of Taiwan Southern Min Student: Lee-Fu Wang Advisor: Dr. Jui-Chun Wu The Graduate Institute of Foreign Languages and Literatures Hsuan Chuang University ABSTRACT This thesis aims to examine speech act in greeting of Taiwan Southern Min (TSM), by observing, recording, and analyzing the real life greeting expressions among the language community at the park, the market, and the residence in Jhunan, Miaoli in order to achieve the target analyzing quantity—one hundred entities per setting, and then to interpret them from linguistic, psychological, and social perspectives, so as to find out: A. What greeting expressions in TSM are more frequently being used? B. How speech acts are being conveyed between the greeter and the greetee? C. Why they can not be isolated from the context of use? With these three phases (linguistic, psychological, and social) we may examine greeting as speech act in Taiwan Southern Min (TSM) across a spectrum of proximity from micro to macro: A. Linguistic phase focuses on linguistic behavior, which represents the micro view. B. Psychological phase focuses on interpersonal interaction, which takes the larger view. C. Social phase focuses on social interaction, which reflects the macro view. Taking a close look at the findings, we may recognize and indicate that: A. The use of prefixes/nick names, conventional greetings, body language, and auditory sounds play a larger role in greeting exchanges that are similar to the analysis proposed by Schleicher (1997). B. They reflect three generalizations (to reestablish social relations, to acknowledge a differential allocation of status, and to perform guarantee for safe passage) in interpreting greeting behavior which Goffman made (1971). C. They correspond to Schegloff and Sacks (1973) introducing adjacency pairs as a part of conversational analysis (CA), Richards and Schmidt (1983) defining Greeting-Greeting adjacency pairs as closed, formulaic, and easily learned sets. The results prove that speech act in greeting of TSM does exactly reflect one’s linguistic, psychological, and social characteristics.

碩士<br>國立新竹教育大學<br>臺灣語言與語文教育研究所<br>99<br>Abstract Use of the KAM-VP-type question as a neutral question is very common in Tainan, even in some cases more common than the VP-NEG-type. The purpose of this study is to attain a comprehensive understanding of the use of the neutral question in the Tainan area Southern Min dialect and how the Tainan informant uses the KAM-VP-type question as a neutral question. I have investigated 60 Southern Min informants from Tainan, divided into groups according to their age (15, 28-45, 55 years and above), gender, and occupation. Using cross-sectional comparison, I compare my results with that of studies by Lien and Wang (1995) to identify the differences in neutral question usage between Tainan and Hsinchu Southern Min dialect informants. I also examine the variation in neutral question usage from a sociolinguistic perspective. My research shows: 1) the evolving trend of using the KAM-VP-type question as a neutral question in Tainan; 2) the various types of neutral questions used by informants of the Southern Min dialect in Tainan; 3) and how such neutral questions vary according to the age, gender, and occupation of each informant. It turns out that age and gender are the two most critical social factors that determine the use of neutral questions. Finally, I discuss the semantics of the KAM-VP-type question based on the different use of questions among the three age groups. My thesis is divided into seven chapters: Chapter 1 explains my motivation in carrying out this research and the research methods employed; Chapter 2 is a review of the literature; Chapter 3 is an introduction to the use of the Southern Min dialect neutral question in the Tainan area, with great uncle Nan(73) as example; Chapter 4 illustrates the current use of the Southern Min dialect neutral question in the Tainan area; Chapter 5 demonstrates the use of the KAM-VP-type question; Chapter 6 discusses the use of other types of questions; and Chapter 7 is the conclusion.

文章討論了潮汕澄海話虛指的第三人稱"伊"的語法特點并進行澄海話、普通話和粤語蒙受結構的對比分析。第一部分描寫了澄海話三種虛指代詞"伊"的相關結構──"乞伊"結構、"佮伊"結構和"V伊R"結構的語法特點。"乞伊"結構和"佮伊"結構各可分為A、B兩類，兩種結構內部分別在動詞的選擇、"伊"的所指和"乞/佮"的隱現上表現出不同。兩種結構之間的主要差別則在於主語的題元角色及"乞/佮"的句法位置高低上。"V伊R"結構是"佮伊"結構的一種條件變體，主要用於表達祈使等語氣。<br>文章第二部分分析了澄海話三種蒙受結構的生成機制。并進一步概括出"伊"的種類:從所指對象題元角色的角度可以分為兩類，一是施事或致事、二是蒙事；從所指對象位置的角度也可以分為兩類，一是所指在句中，二是所指在句外。以及"伊"的句法位置：一是，位於"中間層次"；二是，緊鄰輕動詞。<br>文章第三部分嘗試以澄海話蒙受結構的分析方法為角度和基礎，分別分析普通話蒙受結構"V他O"和粤語蒙受結構"VR佢"。通過三種方言蒙受結構的對比分析，我們看到三種方言類型上的不同，也驗證了劉丹青（2001）、鄧思穎（2006）的分析：澄海閩南話是"最弱的SVO"，動詞傾向於留在原地；粤語是"最強的SVO"，動詞傾向於長距離移位；普通話是"溫和的SVO"，動詞移位但距離不長。<br>This thesis discusses the syntax of the Chinese non-referential pronoun 伊 yi ‘it’ in Chenghai Southern Min in three different affective constructions: keyi 乞伊 construction, kaiyi 佮伊 construction and V伊R construction. After examining the syntactic and semantic properties of these three yi affective constructions, we figure out that firstly there are two types of keyi 乞伊 construction and two types kaiyi 佮伊 construction. Secondly keyi 乞伊 construction differs from kaiyi 佮伊 construction in theta-roles of the subject and the position of yi. Thirdly V伊R construction is a conditioned variant of keyi 乞伊 construction. The following part we explore the hierarchical order of these three yi affective constructions, and we employ high and middle applicatives to capture their syntactic and semantic idiosyncrasies. In this part yi is classified into two ways according to the property of the object it refers to. For example, in keyi 乞伊 construction, yi always refers to a causer or a agent, and in kaiyi 佮伊 construction, yi refers to an affectee. In both constructions, yi is situated in a middle position which close to light verbs. The last part of this paper compare the affective constructions of Chenghai Southern Min with affective constructions of Mandarin and Cantonese. The main differences among these three dialects match with the claim proposed by Liu(2001) and Tang(2006): Chenghai Southern Min is the weakest SVO construction in which verbs prefer to stay in situ; Cantonese is the strongest SVO construction in which verbs prefer to take long-distance movement; Mandarin is the moderate SVO construction in which verbs will move but won’t move far.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>金佳.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-93).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Jin Jia.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>語言學研究所<br>93<br>Abstract This study uses Taiwan Southern Min syllable contraction to provide evidence in support of the exemplar model (Bybee, 2000a, 2000b, 2002; Kirchner, forthcoming; Pierrehumbert, 2001, 2002, 2003) claiming that gradient phonetic lenition varying with lexical frequency is evaluated in the probabilistic choice of the appropriate token from the mental lexicon. This study consists of a set of three experiments and an application of the Gradual Learning Algorithm (Boersma, 1998; Boersma & Hayes, 2001). There are four important findings from the present study: (1) Syllable contraction is a phonetically gradient process which positively correlates with lexical frequency. (2) lexical frequency can predict syllable contraction independently of other production factors, such as lexical access and speaking rate. (3) Frequency and familiarity of contracted forms contribute greatly to syllable contraction, as opposed to frequency and familiarity of full forms. (4) Contraction variability and frequency effects might be modeled via the stochastic appraisal of mental grammar.

碩士<br>國立新竹教育大學<br>臺灣語言與語文教育研究所<br>94<br>The thesis, based on theories of modern Chinese dialectal grammar and ancient Chinese, discusses the interaction among syntactic, morphological and semantic items of the word “生.” By analyzing the database of the ancient Chinese, we explore the diachronic source from the synchronic phenomenon. Grammaticalization is the framework of the thesis, exploring three main issues: motivation, mechanism and principles of the grammaticalization. The use of grammaticalization is due to cognitive factors, and the mechanism of grammaticalization can be explained through the syntactic structure, semantic change, cognitive psychology and language expression. Before analyzing the grammaticalization of the word “生,” the morphological, syntactic and semantic elements of the Taiwanese-Min word “生” are first analyzed and induced. Then, based on the theories of grammaticalization and the framework of SUMO developed by Academia Sinica, the verb “生” begins with human behaviors are concluded, and the word can be used as a noun and an adjective. The word also has meanings of “growth,” “mature,” “prosperity” and “prosper” which are derived from the Mapping mechanism through the occurrences of animals and plants. Finally, the thesis examines the historical background of the adverb suffixes of the word “生.” The adverb of “生” is derived from two sources: 1) sentence structure and Absorption of context, 2) cognitive psychology. In the perspective of structures, the adverb “生” originates from VV and VO structures. When the meaning is emphasized in the latter parts of the word, the structure turns out to be adverbial-head structure. Besides, because “life(生)” and “death(死)” are two basic concepts of human cognition, the word can be used to express different levels of life through two opposing concepts of antonym. The suffixation of 生 undergoes the process of morphologization, from the lexical item(ex.甚生), grammaticalized to a clitic element (ex.好生), and finally to be an affix (ex.怎生). Under the three levels of gramaticalization, the various kinds of 生 usages are all still observed in modern Taiwanese. The last chapter concludes the previous research and provides perspectives for further research, in the hope of encouraging the global research in this field. Keywords：Taiwan South Min, Grammaticalization, Morphologization, SUMO, Synchronic, Diachronic

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>語言所<br>96<br>This thesis studies the cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions in Taiwan Southern Min. In the literature, Akmajian (1970), Gundel (1977) and Collins (1991) argue that cleft constructions are derived from pseudo-cleft constructions. Based on Tang(1981), Lee (2005), and Shyu’s (2007) study of cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions in Mandarin Chinese, I discuss the cleft, pseudo- cleft and equational pseudo-cleft sentences in TSM. There are three important elements in focus constructions: si, ti and e. Si is a focus marker in cleft constructions, but a topic marker in pseudo-cleft and equational pseudo-cleft constructions; ti is a viewpoint aspect marker to mark the midpoint of the bound event; e is an imperfect marker in cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions, but when si is a topic marker in equational pseudo-cleft constructions, e is a relative clause marker. I argue that from the same base structure, a cleft construction is derived first and then a pseudo-cleft is derived. If the derivation direction is opposite, it is impossible to derive the cleft sentences. Such an analysis is different from Akmajian (1970), Gundel (1977) and Collins (1991), but accords with Bachrach (2004).

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>外國語文學系研究所<br>104<br>The purpose of this thesis is to probe into the syntax of kám questions in contemporary Taiwan Southern Min, in particular paying close attention to kám’s question type and the derivation of kám questions under a focus approach. 　　Different greatly from previous studies analyzing kám questions as yes-no questions (Cheng, 1997; Tang, 1998; Wang & Lien, 2001; interalia), we argue with Huang (1991) that kám questions are a counterpart of Mandarin A-not-A questions with lots of compelling evidence by establishing a close affinity between Mandarin A-not-A questions and kám questions with respect to similar syntactic properties. 　　We also propose a movement analysis of deriving kám questions in a focus approach, assuming that kám is base-generated in the specifier of Polarity Phrase (PolP) under TP and then covertly moves to the specifier of CP for the checking of the [+Q] feature along the lines of Schaffar and Chen (2001). The necessary existence of PolP in TSM can be further supported by the exclusive adverb kan-na (干焦) “only” and the auxiliary verb ū (有) “have” in TSM.

碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>語言學研究所<br>103<br>Previous studies claim that the possessive verb ū ‘have’ can select an adjective as its complement, as seen in (1). However, it is surprised to pay less attention whether it can select any types of adjectives. (1) Kaka ū suí. PRN HAVE beautiful ‘Kaka is (very) beautiful.’ I hence investigate whether there is any restriction on selecting a complement of an adjective. The observations show that ū ‘HAVE’ cannot select any adjective as its complement, for instance, absolute gradable adjectives, non-predicate adjectives, reduplicate adjectives as well as it cannot be modified by the intensifying degree words. Based on the other observations, ū ‘HAVE’ cannot select a reduplicate adjective as its complement, and the stative complement cannot be modified by an intensifying degree word. It thus poses a question that whether the complement of ū ‘have’ is a true adjective. I further propose that the stative complement of ū ‘HAVE’ is a nominalised adjective, as shown in (2) . (2) [NOMP [NOM’ SBJ [Nom [+N, -V], √ Gradable]]] I explore my assumption by means of four tests: (a) the complement can be topicalised, and (b) it can follow the kind classifier tsiong ‘kind’. Besides, the complement can be the complement of kongtioh ‘speaking of’, and it can be conjoined with another nominal. These facts show that the complement which ū ‘HAVE’ chooses is a nominal. Besides, I propose that ū ‘HAVE’ is a raising (light) verb and selects a nominal clause as its complement. A raising verb always selects an infinitive clause as its complement. A nominal clause can be referred to syntactically as an infinitive clause. The subject is base-generated at [Spec, NomP]. Therefore, the subject moves to [Spec, vP] out of [Spec, NomP]. Moreover, in term of previous studies, I first argue that it is optional for ū ‘HAVE’ to denote an emphatic interpretation. Then, as ū ‘have’ denotes an intensifying interpretation, it moves to the head of FocusP, gaining a [FOCUS] feature. Fifth, I argue against treating ū ‘HAVE’ as a perfective marker or a perfect marker. I also argue against that ū ‘HAVE’ is not a positive morpheme because it can be intervened by a diminutive quantifier phrase tsı̍t-tiám-tiám ‘some’. That is, it does not satisfy with the condition of a positive morpheme that it degrees a gradable adjective. Semantically, I claim that ū ‘HAVE’ can focus the contrastive nominalised adjectives or prominence the subjects. Furthermore, ū ‘HAVE’ may be analysed as a functor to distinguish a possessive meaning from a descriptive reading. What is more, ū ‘HAVE’ receives a [BE] feature when it projects to the head of vP. I thus claim that ū ‘HAVE’ may share some syntactic properties with the copula BE. Crosslinguistically, some languages prefer to describe a possessive/existential sentence and a declarative sentence (especially in an adjectival statement) by means of BE; on the other hand, other languages prefer to ascribe a possessive/existential sentence and a declarative sentence (especially in an adjectival statement) via HAVE. Finally, I conclude my argumentation as well as indicate my interests for future studies.

碩士<br>國立新竹教育大學<br>臺灣語言與語文教育研究所<br>101<br>Abstract This thesis focuses on the semantic analysis of Taiwan Southern Min pre-cooking verbs, which refer to the verbs used in handling eatable materials we bought from the market. After the pre-cooking handling procedure, some materials may need further cooking, like fish or meat, and some need not, like fruit. All of these pre-cooking verbs are collected from dictionaries and from our own field investigation. And these verbs are further divided into two sub-semantic fields which is called ‘去除(to remove)’and ‘分解 (to divide)’. Removing verbs can be further divided to five categories, ‘去皮(removing skin)、去毛(removing fur)、去殼(removing shell)、去鱗(removing scales)、去內瓤(removing pulps)’, and dividing verbs can be separated to ‘徒手分解 (dividing with hand)’, ‘特殊工具分解(dividing with special instruments)’, and ‘以刀分解(dividing with knife)’. Besides, there are competitions and substitutions exist among these verbs. This study found that verbs with concrete meaning and low frequency of use are easier to be replaced by others. Pre-cooking verbs which are with general removing or dividing meaning and used frequently are likely to extend their domain over other infrequently used verbs, especially in the younger speakers of Taiwan Southern Min who have grown up in a multi-lingual environment. Finally, we compare the pre-cooking verbs in Taiwan Southern Min with those in Mandarin. It is found that Taiwan Southern Min has a larger quantity and more delicate discrimination of precooking verbs. The verb ‘去 (to remove)’can be used in all concept of removal in Mandarin, no corresponding general verb is found in Taiwan Souther Min. Keyword: Taiwan Southern Min, semantics, sememe analysis, semantic field, cooking

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>客家語文研究所<br>100<br>The impact of Taiwanese Hakka Dialects from the Southern Min Dialect is more far-reaching than the original township and other areas because of the geographic and linguistic environment in Taiwan. Taiwanese Hakka Dialects and the Southern Min Dialect in addition to the common words, brought over from the original township, Taiwanese Hakka Dialects have more loanwords from the Southern Min dialect due to the closer distance than in their hometown. This article collects the common words of the Taiwanese Hakka Dialects and the Southern Min Dialect. We investigate the Hakka Dialects in the homelands of Taiwan’s, including Jiaoling（蕉嶺）, Luhe（陸河）,Fengshun（豐順）, Raoping（饒平） and Zhaoan（詔安）. Compare the Hakka vocabularies between Taiwan and China, and try to recognize and induce the common words into the ancient Chinese, the substratum, and loanwords. This article consists of five chapters. Exordium, the first chapter, illustrates the motivation, purpose, research methods and procedures of the study. Review and discuss the literatures of research on vocabulary and language contact, and a brief introduction to the places and speakers of the investigation in this article. Chapters 2 and 3, the point of this thesis, classify and analyze the loanwords and their corresponding details. In Chapter 2, we expound the loanwords in the definition and principles of classification, and classify the loanword of the word forms to “part of word forms borrowing”, “whole parts of word forms borrowing”, and “loanblends of the Southern Min Dialect and Hakka Dialects”. The third chapter is about the phonological borrowing, including “part of phonetic borrowing” and “whole parts of phonetic borrowing”, and sum up the correspondence of the loanwords of word forms and the phonology in laws. Chapter 4 is about the ancient Chinese and the substratum of the Southern Min Dialect and Hakka Dialects. We prove the words are ancient Chinese by collecting the words spoken in Wu , Xiang, Gan, and Guangdong Dialects, also we show the literatures that mention the words we found. The substratum, we get the words spoken in Zhuang, Dong, Miao, Iao, She language and Austronesian for point of view to compare with the Hakka Dialects and the Southern Min Dialect. The fifth chapter, we generalize the different results caused by the interaction between the Taiwanese Hakka Dialects and the Southern Min Dialect as well as these in their hometown. We induce the corresponding laws of loanwords, and add up the number of the vocabularies of ancient Chinese, the substratum, and the loanwords. And we coordinate the research achievements and its deficiency in the end.