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Journal articles on the topic 'Southern Oromia, Ethiopia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Kiros, Mizan, Ermias Dessie, Abdulrahman Jbaily, Mieraf Taddesse Tolla, Kjell Arne Johansson, Ole F. Norheim, Solomon Tessema Memirie, and Stéphane Verguet. "The burden of household out-of-pocket health expenditures in Ethiopia: estimates from a nationally representative survey (2015–16)." Health Policy and Planning 35, no. 8 (August 9, 2020): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa044.

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Abstract In Ethiopia, little is known about the extent of out-of-pocket health expenditures and the associated financial hardships at national and regional levels. We estimated the incidence of both catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures using data from the 2015/16 Ethiopian household consumption and expenditure and welfare monitoring surveys. We computed incidence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) at 10% and 25% thresholds of total household consumption and 40% threshold of household capacity to pay, and impoverishing health expenditures (IHE) using Ethiopia's national poverty line (ETB 7184 per adult per year). Around 2.1% (SE: 0.2, P < 0.001) of households would face CHE with a 10% threshold of total consumption, and 0.9% (SE: 0.1, P < 0.001) of households would encounter IHE, annually in Ethiopia. CHE rates were high in the regions of Afar (5.8%, SE: 1.0, P < 0.001) and Benshangul-Gumuz (4.0%, SE: 0.8, P < 0.001). Oromia (n = 902 000), Amhara (n = 275 000) and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) (n = 268 000) regions would have the largest numbers of affected households, due to large population size. The IHE rates would also show similar patterns: high rates in Afar (5.0%, SE: 0.96, P < 0.001), Oromia (1.1%, SE: 0.22, P < 0.001) and Benshangul-Gumuz (0.9%, SE: 0.4, P = 0.02); a large number of households would be impoverished in Oromia (n = 356 000) and Amhara (n = 202 000) regions. In summary, a large number of households is facing financial hardship in Ethiopia, particularly in Afar, Benshangul-Gumuz, Oromia, Amhara and SNNP regions and this number would likely increase with greater health services utilization. We recommend regional-level analyses on services coverage to be conducted as some of the estimated low CHE/IHE regional values might be due to low services coverage. Periodic analyses on the financial hardship status of households could also be monitored to infer progress towards universal health coverage.

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Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, and Tadele Amare Zeleke. "Spatial Distribution and Factors Associated with Khat Chewing among Adult Males 15-59 Years in Ethiopia Using a Secondary Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Spatial and Multilevel Analysis." Psychiatry Journal 2020 (April 21, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8369693.

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Background. Khat chewing has become prevalent in the world due to the improvement of road and air transportation. In Ethiopia, khat chewing is more prevalent and widely practiced by men. Khat has a negative effect on social, economic, and mental health. There is variation in khat cultivation, use, and factors that associated with khat chewing in the Ethiopian regions. Therefore, this study is aimed at showing spatial distribution and factors associated with khat chewing among male adults 15-59 years in Ethiopia. Methods. A total of 12,594 men were included in this study. ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used to show the spatial distribution of chewing khat among adult men in Ethiopia. The Bernoulli model was applied using Kilduff SaTScan version 9.6 software to identify significant purely spatial clusters for chewing khat in Ethiopia. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with khat chewing. A P value < 0.05 was taken to declare statistically significant predictors. Results. The EDHS 2016 survey showed that the high proportion of chewing khat was found in Dire Dawa, Harari, Southern Oromia, Somali, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. In spatial scan statistics analysis, a total of 126 clusters (LLR=946.60, P value < 0.001) were identified. Age group 30-44 years old (AOR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.37, 1.86) and 45-59 years old (AOR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.61), being single (AOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.64, 2.12), Muslim religion followers (AOR=15.03, 95% CI: 11.90, 18.90), media exposed (AOR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.86), had work (AOR=2.48, 95% CI: 2.08, 2.95), alcohol drinker (AOR=3.75, 95% CI: 3.10, 4.53), and region (Afar, Amhara, Benishangul Gumuz, Gambela, Harari, Oromia, Somali, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region (SNNPR), and Tigray) and two cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) were statistically significant factors affecting chewing khat in Ethiopia. Conclusions. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of khat chewing among adult men was nonrandom. A high proportion of khat chewing was observed in Dire Dawa, Harari, Southern Oromia, Somali, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. Older age group, being single marital status, alcohol drinker, media unexposed, had no work, and Muslim religion follower were factors affecting khat chewing. Policymakers should be given spatial attention in reducing the prevalence of chewing khat by teaching the health impact of khat chewing through media in the identified regions.

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Tolessa, Taye, Bekele Natol, and Shimalis Yonas. "Evaluation of highland maize at Bule hora District of Southern Oromia, Southern Ethiopia." African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 34 (August 25, 2016): 3178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2015.10238.

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4

Gemedo-Dalle, T., Brigitte L. Maass, and Johannes Isselstein. "Plant Biodiversity and Ethnobotany of Borana Pastoralists in Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Economic Botany 59, no. 1 (January 2005): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2005)059[0043:pbaeob]2.0.co;2.

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Bedada, Zewdu Edea, Bikila Negasa Gilo, and Gurmessa Terfa Debela. "Morphometric and Physical Characterization of Borana Indigenous Goats in Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 7, no. 1 (January 2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2019.070104.

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6

Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw, Dagnachew Muluye Fetene, Digsu N. Koye, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Hailay Gesesew, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, et al. "COVID-19 in Ethiopia: a geospatial analysis of vulnerability to infection, case severity and death." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e044606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044606.

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BackgroundCOVID-19 has caused a global public health crisis affecting most countries, including Ethiopia, in various ways. This study maps the vulnerability to infection, case severity and likelihood of death from COVID-19 in Ethiopia.MethodsThirty-eight potential indicators of vulnerability to COVID-19 infection, case severity and likelihood of death, identified based on a literature review and the availability of nationally representative data at a low geographic scale, were assembled from multiple sources for geospatial analysis. Geospatial analysis techniques were applied to produce maps showing the vulnerability to infection, case severity and likelihood of death in Ethiopia at a spatial resolution of 1 km×1 km.ResultsThis study showed that vulnerability to COVID-19 infection is likely to be high across most parts of Ethiopia, particularly in the Somali, Afar, Amhara, Oromia and Tigray regions. The number of severe cases of COVID-19 infection requiring hospitalisation and intensive care unit admission is likely to be high across Amhara, most parts of Oromia and some parts of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region. The risk of COVID-19-related death is high in the country’s border regions, where public health preparedness for responding to COVID-19 is limited.ConclusionThis study revealed geographical differences in vulnerability to infection, case severity and likelihood of death from COVID-19 in Ethiopia. The study offers maps that can guide the targeted interventions necessary to contain the spread of COVID-19 in Ethiopia.

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Deribe, Kebede, Jorge Cano, Emanuele Giorgi, David M. Pigott, Nick Golding, Rachel L. Pullan, Abdisalan M. Noor, et al. "Estimating the number of cases of podoconiosis in Ethiopia using geostatistical methods." Wellcome Open Research 2 (September 4, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12483.1.

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Background: In 2011, the World Health Organization recognized podoconiosis as one of the neglected tropical diseases. Nonetheless, the number of people with podoconiosis and the geographical distribution of the disease is poorly understood. Based on a nationwide mapping survey and geostatistical modelling, we predict the prevalence of podoconiosis and estimate the number of cases across Ethiopia. Methods: We used nationwide data collected in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2013. Data were available for 141,238 individuals from 1,442 villages in 775 districts from all nine regional states and two city administrations. We developed a geostatistical model of podoconiosis prevalence among adults (individuals aged 15 years or above), by combining environmental factors. The number of people with podoconiosis was then estimated using a gridded map of adult population density for 2015. Results: Podoconiosis is endemic in 345 districts in Ethiopia: 144 in Oromia, 128 in Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s [SNNP], 64 in Amhara, 4 in Benishangul Gumuz, 4 in Tigray and 1 in Somali Regional State. Nationally, our estimates suggest that 1,537,963 adults (95% confidence intervals, 290,923-4,577,031 adults) were living with podoconiosis in 2015. Three regions (SNNP, Oromia and Amhara) contributed 99% of the cases. The highest proportion of individuals with podoconiosis resided in the SNNP (39%), while 32% and 29% of people with podoconiosis resided in Oromia and Amhara Regional States, respectively. Tigray and Benishangul Gumuz Regional States bore lower burdens, and in the remaining regions, podoconiosis was almost non-existent. Discussion: The estimates of podoconiosis cases presented here based upon the combination of currently available epidemiological data and a robust modelling approach clearly show that podoconiosis is highly endemic in Ethiopia. Given the presence of low cost prevention, and morbidity management and disability prevention services, it is our collective responsibility to scale-up interventions rapidly.

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Deribe, Kebede, Jorge Cano, Emanuele Giorgi, David M. Pigott, Nick Golding, Rachel L. Pullan, Abdisalan M. Noor, et al. "Estimating the number of cases of podoconiosis in Ethiopia using geostatistical methods." Wellcome Open Research 2 (December 15, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12483.2.

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Background: In 2011, the World Health Organization recognized podoconiosis as one of the neglected tropical diseases. Nonetheless, the magnitude of podoconiosis and the geographical distribution of the disease is poorly understood. Based on a nationwide mapping survey and geostatistical modelling, we predict the prevalence of podoconiosis and estimate the number of cases across Ethiopia. Methods: We used nationwide data collected in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2013. Data were available for 141,238 individuals from 1,442 communities in 775 districts from all nine regional states and two city administrations. We developed a geostatistical model of podoconiosis prevalence among adults (individuals aged 15 years or above), by combining environmental factors. The number of people with podoconiosis was then estimated using a gridded map of adult population density for 2015. Results: Podoconiosis is endemic in 345 districts in Ethiopia: 144 in Oromia, 128 in Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s [SNNP], 64 in Amhara, 4 in Benishangul Gumuz, 4 in Tigray and 1 in Somali Regional State. Nationally, our estimates suggest that 1,537,963 adults (95% confidence intervals, 290,923-4,577,031 adults) were living with podoconiosis in 2015. Three regions (SNNP, Oromia and Amhara) contributed 99% of the cases. The highest proportion of individuals with podoconiosis resided in the SNNP (39%), while 32% and 29% of people with podoconiosis resided in Oromia and Amhara Regional States, respectively. Tigray and Benishangul Gumuz Regional States bore lower burdens, and in the remaining regions, podoconiosis was almost non-existent. Conclusions: The estimates of podoconiosis cases presented here based upon the combination of currently available epidemiological data and a robust modelling approach clearly show that podoconiosis is highly endemic in Ethiopia. Given the presence of low cost prevention, and morbidity management and disability prevention services, it is our collective responsibility to scale-up interventions rapidly.

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Gemedo-Dalle, BL Maass, and J. Isselstein. "Rangeland condition and trend in the semi-arid Borana lowlands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 23, no. 1 (April 2006): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/10220110609485886.

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10

Bekele, Berhanu. "ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS OF CAMEL POPULATIONS UNDER PASTORAL MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN OROMIA, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 07 (December 25, 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2019.v04i07.004.

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11

Takele Gebissa, Dejene. "Husbandry Practices and Utilization of Camel Products in Borana Zone of Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Science Research 3, no. 4 (2015): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20150304.16.

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12

Gumi, Balako, Esther Schelling, Rebuma Firdessa, Abraham Aseffa, Rea Tschopp, Lawrence Yamuah, Douglas Young, and Jakob Zinsstag. "Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in pastoral cattle herds in the Oromia region, southern Ethiopia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 43, no. 6 (April 18, 2011): 1081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9777-x.

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13

Dalle, Gemedo. "Evaluation of forage quantity and quality in the semi-arid Borana Lowlands, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 8, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(8)72-85.

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This study was conducted with the aim of determining herbaceous biomass during different seasons, plus nutritive value of herbaceous species and forage on selected woody plants and documenting pastoralists’ perceptions of the value of various forage species in Borana Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Data were collected from a total of 92 main plots of 500 m2 during rainy and dry seasons located across different functional Land Use Units called Kalo (enclosed areas), Worra (grazed by lactating stock) and Foora (more remote and grazed by dry and non-lactating stock). Total herbage and leaves of woody plants were analyzed for concentrations of crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and ash. Perceptions of farmers were determined through group discussions. Herbage biomass plus chemical composition of both herbaceous and woody forage species varied significantly across seasons and Land Use Units. Mean herbaceous biomass in all Land Use Units was poor (876‒1,469 kg DM/ha). Mean CP, NDF and ADF concentrations of the herbaceous samples were 62, 749 and 444 g/kg DM, respectively. Mean CP% of leaves from woody plants was higher (11%) than from herbage (6%). In both groups, crude protein concentrations were highest during the wet season and lowest during the dry season, whereas fiber concentrations were highest in the dry season. Mean CP% of herbaceous forage species was below the critical level recommended for both beef cattle (7%) and small ruminants (9%) but forage from woody species should provide a reliable supply of supplementary nitrogen. Management of rangelands should be designed to ensure that desirable herbaceous species are preserved, while desirable woody species are also a valuable asset. Determination of management strategies to ensure that the desirable mix of species is maintained is imperative if sustainable production is to continue.

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Teshome, Dereje, Teshale Sori, Flavio Sacchini, and Barbara Wieland. "Epidemiological investigations of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in selected districts of Borana zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 51, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1744-y.

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Amare, Abayineh, Belay Simane, Julius Nyangaga, Akalu Defisa, Dereje Hamza, and Biriki Gurmessa. "Index-based livestock insurance to manage climate risks in Borena zone of southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Climate Risk Management 25 (2019): 100191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2019.100191.

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Kebede, Basha, Girma Amare, and Dembi Korji. "Popularization of Sanate Bread Wheat Variety in the Highlands of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." International Journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science 5, no. 3 (2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.5.3.4.

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Ahmed Mohammed, Abdulla. "ADOPTION OF SMALL RUMINANTS’ FATTENING PACKAGE IN AGRO-PASTORAL AREAS, DUGDA DAWA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN OROMIA, ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9.2015.2940.

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Many studies were conducted to identify determinants of adoption of crop base technologies and practices and improved seeds, and while few studies concerned on evaluation of extension services in terms of the clients’ need and interest or adoption of livestock technologies in agro-pastoral and pastoral context. In fact, livestock extension services in general in developing countries are less prioritized and thus livestock based technology services are rarely extended. Common livestock technologies which are promoted to livestock raisers are focused on feed, veterinary services, and improved management practices through the extension services of agricultural/pastoral offices and livestock development units. The case hereunder, is about agro-pastoralists extension services evaluative perception and small ruminant fattening package adoption. Hence, this study investigates agro-pastoralists’ perception on the extension services, small ruminant fattening package and intensity of adoption of small ruminants’ fattening package. The study is undertaken in DugdaDawaWoreda, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The Woreda has agro-pastoral and pastoral production system. The data were collected from 151 randomly selected pastoralists and agro-pastoralists using structured interview schedule. Secondary data were collected from different sources to supplement the data obtained from the survey. In addition to quantitative data qualitative data also gathered. Prior to formal survey an informal survey was also undertaken by using group discussion and interview with key informants. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage mean, standard deviation, Chi-square tests and t-test were employed. The Tobit model was also employed to determine factors influencing intensity of small ruminant fattening package adoption. This study identifies agro-pastoralists and pastoralists are poorly addressed and their need and interests are not considered in any extension programmes. The Tobit model output showed that, agro-pastoralists intensity of adoption of small ruminant fattening package is influenced by: perception on the availability of improved breed, perception on resources based conflicts, current management practices, total livestock holding of HHs and credit use and availability for veterinary purposes. Future extension activities and agencies, promoting fattening package in agro-pastoral and pastoral areas, should focus on targeting agro-pastoralists with low perception on the availability of better breed, information and demonstration on the improved management practices, revision of credit supply criteria, making awareness and demonstration of the significant importance of small ruminants in the agro-pastoral and pastoral income and livelihoods contribution is important.

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Dembi, Korji, Amare Girma, and Kebede Basha. "Pre-Extension Demonstration of Improved Maize Technology at Midland Districts of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 5, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ijfsa.2021.03.015.

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Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel. "Willingness to Take COVID-19 Vaccines in Ethiopia: An Instrumental Variable Probit Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 8892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178892.

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This paper analyzed the factors influencing the willingness of Ethiopia’s population to take COVID-19 vaccines. The data included the COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Survey of Households in Ethiopia that were collected in 2021. This paper relied on the 10th round of the survey, which was comprised of 2178 households. The Instrumental Variable Probit regression model was used to analyze the data. The results showed that majority of the respondents (92.33%) would receiveCOVID-19 vaccines, while 6.61% and 1.06% were, respectively, unwilling and unsure. Across the regions of Ethiopia, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) (99.30%), Oromia (97.54%), Tigray (97.04%) and Gambela (95.42%) had the highest proportions of respondents willing to have the vaccine. Vaccine safety concern was the topmost reason for those unwilling to receive the vaccine. The results of the Instrumental Variable Probit regression showed that currently working, age, engagement with non-farm businesses and region of residence significantly influenced the population’s willingness to take the vaccine (p < 0.05). It was concluded that although the willingness be vaccinated was impressive, without everyone being receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, infection risk can still be high; this is due to the persistent mutation of the viral strains. Thus, there is a need to intensify efforts toward addressing the safety issues of COVID-19 vaccines, while efforts to enhance acceptability should focus on the youth population and those who are unemployed.

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Mekayhu Gelebo, Berisha. "Spatial Modelling of Disparity in Economic Activity and Unemployment in Southern and Oromia Regional States of Ethiopia." American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics 4, no. 5 (2015): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20150405.15.

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Dalle, G., B. L. Maas, and J. Isselstein. "Plant communities and their species diversity in the semi-arid rangelands of Borana lowlands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Community Ecology 6, no. 2 (December 2005): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/comec.6.2005.2.5.

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Demb, Korji, Kebede Basha, and Amare Girma. "Pre-Extension Demonstration of Improved Haricot Bean Technologies at Midland Districts of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 5, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ijfsa.2021.06.012.

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Sisay, Malede Mequanent, Tesfahun Taddege Geremew, Yeshambel Worku Demlie, Asaye Tariku Alem, Desalew Kassahun Beyene, Melkitu Fentie Melak, Kassahun Alemu Gelaye, Tadesse Awoke Ayele, and Asrat Atsedeweyn Andargie. "Spatial patterns and determinants of postnatal care use in Ethiopia: findings from the 2016 demographic and health survey." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e025066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025066.

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ObjectivePostnatal care (PNC) is essential for preventing maternal and newborn deaths; however, it still remains less well recognised in low-income and middle-income countries. This study was aimed to explore geographical patterns and identify the determinants of PNC usage among women aged 15–49 years in Ethiopia.MethodsA secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data. A total of 7193 women were included in this analysis. We employed spatial scan statistics to detect spatial inequalities of PNC usage among women. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with women’s PNC.ResultsThe prevalence of PNC usage among women was 6.9% (95% CI 6.3% to 7.5%). The SaTScan spatial analysis identified three most likely clusters with low rates of PNC use namely southwestern Ethiopia (log likelihood ratio (LLR)=18.07, p<0.0001), southeast Ethiopia (LLR=14.29, p<0.001) and eastern Ethiopia (LLR=10.18, p=0.024). Women with no education (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR)=0.55, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.84) and in the poorest wealth quantile (AOR=0.55, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.78) were less likely to use PNC, while women aged 35–49 years (AOR: 1.75, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.04) and with at least four antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR=2.37, 95% CI 1.71 to 3.29) were more likely to use PNC.ConclusionPNC usage remains a public health problem and has spatial variations at regional levels in the country. Low prevalence of PNC was detected in the Somali, Oromia, Gambella and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region (SNNPR) regions. Women with low educational status, old age, being in poorest wealth quantile and history of ANC visits were significantly associated with PNC usage. Hence, it is better to strengthen maternal health programmes that give special emphasis on health promotion with a continuum of care during pregnancy.

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Haile, Biniyam Tadesse, and Yohannes Ejigu Tsehay. "Disparities in Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Utilization among Married Women in Ethiopia: Findings of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2020 (March 6, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3430975.

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Background. Long-acting contraceptive methods, subdermal implants, and intrauterine devices are reliable, safe, and cost-effective family planning methods. However, these methods are not widely used in Ethiopia despite government effort to increase access. The study is aimed at assessing the rate of utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods among married women and associated factors. Method. We analyzed the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey dataset. A total of 2045 married women of reproductive age group, who were using any modern contraceptive method at the time of the survey, were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were computed to characterize the study participants. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associated factors, reporting odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Result. The multivariable analyses showed that women educational status, parity, religion, previous history of abortion, desire for more child, and region where the respondents reside were significantly the factors that determine the utilization of long-acting contraceptive. There is a significant regional disparity in long-acting contraceptive utilization. Compared to women residing in Tigray region, those who live in other regions (Afar-Somali, Oromia, Amhara, Benishangul Gumz-Gambela, and Southern Nations Nationalities and People) have low likelihood of using long-acting contraceptive methods. Conclusion. Utilization of long-acting family planning method is low in Ethiopia. There is a significant regional disparity in utilizing these methods. Policy makers should promote culture-sensitive and tailored interventions to improve the utilization of long-acting family planning methods.

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Demisachew, Tadele, and Lelisa Abiyot. "Assessment of water resources management and past works on water points development in Borana Rangelands, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijwree2018.0806.

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Demisachew, Tadele Ayana, Tolcha Adugna Wondimu, Doyo Liban Jaldesa, Lelisa Deke Abiyot, and Tilahun Fete Amsalu. "Study on community perception of termite expansion and control in Borana plateau: Case study of Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijbc2018.1190.

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Dalle, Gemedo, Brigitte L. Maass, and Johannes Isselstein. "Encroachment of woody plants and its impact on pastoral livestock production in the Borana lowlands, southern Oromia, Ethiopia." African Journal of Ecology 44, no. 2 (June 2006): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00638.x.

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Dembi, Korji, Kebede Basha, and Amare Girma. "Cluster Based Pre-Scaling Up of Improved Irish Potato Variety at Highland Districts of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 4, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ijfsa.2020.09.012.

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Assefa, Fenta. "Status of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), Biology and Control Measures on Maize Crop in Ethiopia: A Review." International Journal of Entomological Research 6, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/entomol.006.02.2498.

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Maize (Zea mays) is one of the main and popular cereal crops due to its high value as stable food as well as its stover demand for animal feed and fuel and even for construction purposes. Despite its current productivity is higher than other major cereal crops, the yield productivity is below its potential. These are due to many biotic and abiotic factors that can contribute to its yield potential of productivity to be below the previous productivity. The Fall Army Worm (FAW) is among the major factors contributing to low productivity currently in Ethiopia from its introduction in February 2017. Now it has covered about 52, 962 hectares in 144 districts in six of the major maize-growing regional states, namely Benishangul-Gumuz, Amhara, Tigray, Gambella, Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region. FAW, a new devastating insect pest is one of serious major problems for agricultural crop production especially under police family (maize) in Ethiopia under warm and humid conditions. This is due to its ability to breed rapidly, to migrate, and to feed on a wide range of host plants and these make it very difficult to control. Nonetheless, there are several ways of managing the pest reported in other parts of the world that can potentially be adapted and/or validated and used in Ethiopia. Hence, to manage these sporadic pests we have to use different management options. Among those, cultural, chemical, biological and integrated pest management is commonly used in pest infestation. Therefore, this paper initiated with the objective of reviewing the Status of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), Biology and control measures on maize in Ethiopia.

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Flecha, María J., Cynthia M. Benavides, Gabriel Tissiano, Abraham Tesfamariam, Juan Cuadros, Aida de Lucio, Begoña Bailo, Lourdes Cano, Isabel Fuentes, and David Carmena. "Detection and molecular characterisation ofGiardia duodenalis,Cryptosporidiumspp. andEntamoebaspp. among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in Gambo Hospital, Oromia Region, southern Ethiopia." Tropical Medicine & International Health 20, no. 9 (May 19, 2015): 1213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12535.

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Debero Mere, Temesgen, Tilahun Beyene Handiso, Abera Beyamo Mekiso, Markos Selamu Jifar, Shabeza Aliye Ibrahim, and Degefe Tadele Bilato. "Prevalence and Perinatal Outcomes of Singleton Term Breech Delivery in Wolisso Hospital, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9413717.

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Background.Breech deliveries have always been topical issues in obstetrics. Neonates undergoing term breech deliveries have long-term morbidity up to the school age irrespective of mode of delivery.Objective. To determine prevalence and perinatal outcomes of singleton term breech delivery.Methods. Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 participants retrospectively. Descriptive and analytical statistics was used.Result. A total of 384 breech deliveries were included. Prevalence of singleton breech deliveries in the hospital was 3.4%. The perinatal outcome of breech deliveries was 322 (83.9%). Adverse perinatal outcome of singleton term breech delivery was significantly associated with women’s age of greater than or equal to 35 years (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.14–6.03), fully dilated cervix (AOR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.25–0.91), ruptured membrane (AOR = 5.11, 95% CI = 2.25–11.6), and fetal weight of <2500 g (AOR = 6.77, 95% CI = 3.22–14.25).Conclusion. Entrapment of head, birth asphyxia, and cord prolapse were the most common causes of perinatal mortality. Factors like fetal weight <2500 gm, mothers of age 35 years and above, those mothers not having a fully dilated cervix, and mothers with ruptured membrane were associated with increased perinatal mortality.

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Seid, Mohammed Assen, Mohammed Biset Ayalew, Esileman Abdela Muche, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, and Tadesse Melaku Abegaz. "Drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment success and associated factors in Ethiopia from 2005 to 2017: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 8, no. 9 (September 2018): e022111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022111.

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ObjectivesThe main aim of this study was to assess the overall tuberculosis (TB) treatment success in Ethiopia and to identify potential factors for poor TB treatment outcome.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature was conducted. Original studies were identified through a computerised systematic search using PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and I2statistic. Pooled estimates of treatment success were computed using the random-effects model with 95% CI using Stata V.14 software.ResultsA total of 230 articles were identified in the systematic search. Of these 34 observational studies were eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. It was found that 117 750 patients reported treatment outcomes. Treatment outcomes were assessed by World Health Organization (WHO) standard definitions of TB treatment outcome. The overall pooled TB treatment success rate in Ethiopia was 86% (with 95% CI 83%_88%). TB treatment success rate for each region showed that, Addis Ababa (93%), Oromia (84%), Amhara (86%), Southern Nations (83%), Tigray (85%) and Afar (86%). Mainly old age, HIV co-infection, retreatment cases and rural residence were the most frequently identified factors associated with poor TB treatment outcome.ConclusionThe result of this study revealed that the overall TB treatment success rate in Ethiopia was below the threshold suggested by WHO (90%). There was also a discrepancy in TB treatment success rate among different regions of Ethiopia. In addition to these, HIV co-infection, older age, retreatment cases and rural residence were associated with poor treatment outcome. In order to further improve the treatment success rate, it is strategic to give special consideration for regions which had low TB treatment success and patients with TB with HIV co-infection, older age, rural residence and retreatment cases.

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Kendie, Fasil Adugna, Tamirat Hailegebriel W/kiros, Endalkachew Nibret Semegn, and Melaku Wale Ferede. "Prevalence of Malaria among Adults in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (March 4, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8863002.

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Background. Malaria is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in tropical and subtropical regions. The bulk of the global malaria burden is in sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia. Malaria adversely affects the health of the peoples as well as the economic development of many developing countries including Ethiopia. Methods. This review article was reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Related published articles were searched from online public databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The search approach used to retrieve related articles were “prevalence,” “malaria,” “adults,” and “Ethiopia.” The quality of articles was assessed using Joana Brigg’s Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. The meta-analysis was computed using STATA version 14. The pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence interval were analyzed using a random-effect model, and the possible source of heterogeneity across studies was indicated through subgroup analysis, inverse of variance (I2), and time series analysis. The presence of publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s regression test. Results. Out of 144 studies collected, only eight full-text articles were screened and included in the final quantitative meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of malaria among adults in Ethiopia was 13.61%. Subgroup analysis based on types of malaria cases showed that the prevalence of malaria among symptomatic and asymptomatic adults was 15.34% and 11.99%, respectively. Similarly, regional subgroup analysis showed that the highest malaria prevalence was recorded in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) (16.17%) followed by Oromia Regional State (13.11%) and Amhara Regional State (12.41%). Discussion and Conclusion. The current systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of malaria among adults was found to be greater than the general population and nearly equal to pregnant women. Therefore, the current prevention and control measures, which are related to both vectors and parasites, should be strengthened.

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Leliso, Shubisa Abera, Fufa Dawo Bari, and Tesfaye Rufael Chibssa. "Molecular Characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolates from Outbreak Cases in Cattle from Sawena District of Bale Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (February 4, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8862180.

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease caused by LSD virus and is one of the most economically significant transboundary and emerging diseases of cattle. LSD causes considerable economic losses due to emaciation, damage to hides, infertility, and loss of milk production. In Ethiopia, the disease is distributed almost in all regions and is regarded as one of the most economically important livestock diseases in the country. An outbreak investigation of the disease was monitored from October 2016 to April 2017 in southern pastoral areas of Bale Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. In December 2016, LSD outbreak occurred in Sawena district of Bale Zone, from which necessary biopsy samples were collected from actively infected animals for the purpose of virus isolation, and characterization using different molecular techniques at National Animal Health and Diagnostic Investigation Center (NAHDIC) of Sebeta, Ethiopia. In addition, clinical examination of infected and in-contact animals was carried out together with a questionnaire survey. Based on the clinical manifestations, LSD was recorded in 18% (94/522) of examined cattle, whereas biopsy samples from 20 clinically positive animals were collected for further laboratory process. The morbidity rate was higher in animals less than two years 28.97% (31/107) than other ages and showed a statistically significant difference with P < 0.05 . Female animals showed higher morbidity rate of 20.59% (76/369) than male animals (11.76%) (18/153) with a significant difference at P ≤ 0.003 . Mortality rate and case fatality were also significantly higher in young animals than other age groups. Viruses were isolated from both skin biopsies and nasal swabs on Vero cell line. From both skin biopsies and nasal swabs, the virus DNA was identified by amplifying the 172 bp DNA fragment using real-time and conventional PCR. Providing adequate diagnostic facilities, establishing strategic policies for effective control and eradication and awareness creations for communities for early identification or reporting were recommendations made to minimize economic losses of the disease.

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Geberemicheal, Amha, Aschalew Gelaw, Feleke Moges, and Mulat Dagnaw. "Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus infections among health care workers at the Bulle Hora Woreda Governmental Health Institutions, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental and Occupational Science 2, no. 1 (2013): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jeos.20130220105759.

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Feyissa, Desiso, Nega Berhanu, and Sinote Bezalem. "Determinants of adoption of dorper black head Somali crossbred sheep in pastoral areas: the case of Yabello District, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2018): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jdae2018.0947.

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Kumsa, Bersissa, Etana Debela, and Bekele Megersa. "Comparative Efficacy of Albendazole, Tetramisole and Ivermectin Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Naturally Infected Goats in Ziway, Oromia Regional State (Southern Ethiopia)." Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9, no. 23 (December 1, 2010): 2905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.2905.2911.

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Assefa, Tewodros, Manoj Jha, Abeyou W. Worqlul, Manuel Reyes, and Seifu Tilahun. "Scaling-Up Conservation Agriculture Production System with Drip Irrigation by Integrating MCE Technique and the APEX Model." Water 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102007.

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The conservation agriculture production system (CAPS) approach with drip irrigation has proven to have the potential to improve water management and food production in Ethiopia. A method of scaling-up crop yield under CAPS with drip irrigation is developed by integrating a biophysical model: APEX (agricultural policy environmental eXtender), and a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) technique. Topography, land use, proximity to road networks, and population density were considered in identifying potentially irrigable land. Weather and soil texture data were used to delineate unique climate zones with similar soil properties for crop yield simulation using well-calibrated crop model parameters. Crops water demand for the cropping periods was used to determine groundwater potential for irrigation. The calibrated APEX crop model was then used to predict crop yield across the different climatic and soil zones. The MCE technique identified about 18.7 Mha of land (16.7% of the total landmass) as irrigable land in Ethiopia. Oromia has the highest irrigable land in the nation (35.4% of the irrigable land) when compared to other regional states. Groundwater could supply a significant amount of the irrigable land for dry season production under CAPS with drip irrigation for the various vegetables tested at the experimental sites with about 2.3 Mha, 3.5 Mha, 1.6 Mha, and 1.4 Mha of the irrigable land available to produce garlic, onion, cabbage, and tomato, respectively. When comparing regional states, Oromia had the highest groundwater potential (40.9% of total potential) followed by Amhara (20%) and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (16%). CAPS with drip irrigation significantly increased groundwater potential for irrigation when compared to CTPS (conventional tillage production system) with traditional irrigation practice (i.e., 0.6 Mha under CTPS versus 2.2 Mha under CAPS on average). Similarly, CAPS with drip irrigation depicted significant improvement in crop productivity when compared to CTPS. APEX simulation of the average fresh vegetable yield on the irrigable land under CAPS with drip irrigation ranged from 1.8–2.8 t/ha, 1.4–2.2 t/ha, 5.5–15.7 t/ha, and 8.3–12.9 t/ha for garlic, onion, tomato, and cabbage, respectively. CAPS with drip irrigation technology could improve groundwater potential for irrigation up to five folds and intensify crop productivity by up to three to four folds across the nation.

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Wakshum, Shiferaw, Limenih Mulugeta, and Woldemariam Gole Tadesse. "Assessment of forest management practices and livelihood income around Arero dry Afromontane forest of Southern Oromia Region in Borana Zone, South Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jaerd2019.1033.

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Teshome, Solomon, Tamado Tana, and Wassu Mohammed. "Response of Head Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) to Different Rates of Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer and Farmyard Manure at Bore, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review 6, no. 12 (December 20, 2018): 14–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrar.2018.612.003.

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Tigre, Wakene. "Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Development of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at Bore District, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." American Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 5 (2014): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20140205.12.

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Debero Mere, Temesgen, Tilahun Beyene Handiso, Abera Beyamo Mekiso, Markos Selamu Jifar, Shabeza Aliye Ibrahim, and Degefe Tadele Belato. "Corrigendum to “Prevalence and Perinatal Outcomes of Singleton Term Breech Delivery in Wolisso Hospital, Oromia Region, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study”." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2143031.

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Jabessa, Teshale, Ketema Bekele, and Zinash Amare. "Evaluation of Desho Grass for Their Agronomic Performances and Nutritive Values in Highland and Midland Areas of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia." Science Research 9, no. 3 (2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sr.20210903.11.

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Aklilu, Mesfin, Wogayehu Tadele, Amelework Alemu, Sintayehu Abdela, Garuma Getahun, Alemnesh Hailemariam, Yirgalem Tadesse, et al. "Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (February 19, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6662073.

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Objective. The study objective was to estimate the burden of human rabies in Ethiopia from 2015–2019. Study Design. A descriptive study design was applied to measure the size of the problem. Method. Retrospective data were used from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute rabies case record book that was registered between 2015 to 2019. Result. Eighty-seven (87) cases of human rabies were diagnosed clinically in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute over the period of five years (2015–2019) with 100% case fatality. Of these, 83 (95.4%) cases were attributed to dog bites, whereas 1 (1.1%) to a cat and 3 (3.4%) to wild animals. The fatalities were from Oromia (n = 51 (58.6%), 13 (14.9%) were from Amhara, 15 (17.2%) were from Addis Ababa, and 8 (9.2%) from the Southern region. All referred cases had no record of immunization against rabies except eight. Ineffective postexposure treatment was the reason for 5 (5.7%) deaths. Out of 1,652 brain samples of different animals, mainly dogs, submitted for examination, 1,122 (68%) were found to be positive for rabies by the FAT. Dog bites were more common among males than females. The number of dog bite victims who had visited the EPHI counseling office and recommended to take postexposure prophylaxis against rabies both from Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas were 9,592 and 4,192, respectively. Out of these, 5,708 were males and 3,884 females for the capital Addis Ababa. Similarly, 2,439 males and 1,753 females account for areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Among those exposed from Addis Ababa, 1,079 (11.2%) were in the age group less than five, 1696 (17.7%) were in the age group 6–13, and 6,817 (71.1%) in the age group 14 and greater. Victims from outside of the capital Addis Ababa account for 644 (15.4%) for the age group less than 5 years, 964 (23%) for the age group 6–13 and, 2,584 (61.6%) for the age group 14 and greater. Conclusion. Mechanisms must be sought to reduce the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to initiate timely treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status. Besides prevention, strategies should focus on public education and strict dog population control.

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Hirpa, Selamawit, Andrew Fogarty, Adamu Addissie, Linda Bauld, Thomas Frese, Susanne Unverzagt, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, Sefonias Getachew, and Wakgari Deressa. "An Emerging Problem of Shisha Smoking among High School Students in Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137023.

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Shisha smoking is also known as hookah, water pipe, goza, and nargile. Shisha use among the young is increasing globally. Shisha smoke results in a high concentration of carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, and heavy metals which can be toxic to humans, especially with chronic exposure. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of shisha smoking among in-school adolescents in Ethiopia. Four regional states in Ethiopia (Oromia, Amhara, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region, Tigray) and the capital city (Addis Ababa) were the study areas. A two-stage cluster sampling approach was employed to produce a representative sample. From the sampling frames in the study areas, 36 high schools were selected randomly. A multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to account for cluster-specific random effects, the effect of individuals’, and school-level variables for ever-use of shisha. A total of 3355 secondary school grade 9 and 10 students aged between 13 and 22 years took part in this study. A total of 86 (2.6%) and 20 (0.6%) of the study participants, reported that they had ever smoked or were current smokers of shisha, respectively. Of all study participants, 38.6% perceived shisha as less harmful than cigarettes and 48.5% reported that they do not know which was more harmful to health. Students were more likely to ever use shisha if they had friend/s who smoke shisha (AOR = 16.8, 95% CI: 6.4–44.3), ever smoked cigarettes (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI: 3.4–19.8), ever used khat (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–10.4), ever used marijuana (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.4–11.1), ever used smokeless tobacco (AOR = 3.1 95% CI: 1.1–8.4), and students had received income from their parents (AOR = 3.1 CI: 1.1–8.8). Prevalence of ever and current use of shisha among high school students is low in Ethiopia compared to many countries in Africa. The majority of adolescents perceived shisha as less harmful to health than cigarette smoking. Health education about the harmful effects of shisha should be delivered to adolescents, along with information on other substances like khat, cigarettes, marijuana, and smokeless tobacco to prevent initiation of substance use.

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Baylie, Melese Mulu, and Csaba Fogarassy. "Examining the Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Net Crop Income in the Ethiopian Nile Basin: A Ricardian Fixed Effect Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 7243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137243.

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Climate change affects crop production by distorting the indestructible productive power of the land. The objective of this study is to examine the economic impacts of climate change on net crop income in Nile Basin Ethiopia using a Ricardian fixed effect approach employing the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) household survey data for Ethiopia in 2015 and 2016. The survey samples were obtained through a three-stage stratified sampling technique from the five regions (Amhara, Tigray, Benishangul Gumuz, Oromia, and Southern Nation Nationality and People (SNNP) along the Nile basin Ethiopia. There are only 12–14% female household heads while there are 80–86% male households in the regions under study. In the regions, more than half of (64%) the household heads are illiterate and almost only one-tenth of them (12%) had received remittance from abroad from their relatives or children. Crop variety adoption rate is minimal, adopted by the 31% of farmers. Only 30% of the surveyed farmers mentioned that they planted their crop seeds in row whereas the rest 70% had not applied this method. The regression results from the fixed effect least square dummy variable model showed that literacy, household size, remittance, asset value, and total land holdings have significant and positive impacts on the net crop income per hectare. The regional dummy variables estimate indicated that all the regions are negatively affected by climate change at varying levels. Strategies to climate change adaptation have significant and positive contributions in leveraging the damaging effects of climate change. The results also showed that increased winter and summer temperature and rainfall increase net crop income per hectare. The estimated coefficient of the interaction term of spring temperature and rainfall is significant and negative. On the other hand, while the mean annual temperature is damaging to crops, annual rainfall is beneficial. It can be deduced that, while increased temperature and rainfall in summer and winter increase the net crop income, the converse is true for winter and spring seasons. The study also proposes a specific, context-dependent, farm-level adaptation analysis of how farmers cope with the different climatic impacts of the Nile Basin and maintain the income levels that they have previously enjoyed.

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Seyoum, Befikadu, Hailemariam Kefyalew, Birhanu Abera, and Nejash Abdela. "Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility test of Staphylococcus aureus in Bovine cross breed mastitic milk in and around Asella town, Oromia regional state, southern Ethiopia." Acta Tropica 177 (January 2018): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.012.

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Beyene, A. A., A. Z. Woldegiorgis, A. A. Adish, S. De Saeger, and A. L. Tolossa. "Assessment of mothers’ knowledge and practice towards aflatoxin contamination in complementary foods in Ethiopia: from pre-harvest to household." World Mycotoxin Journal 9, no. 4 (October 24, 2016): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2016.2088.

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This study assessed the knowledge and practices of the mothers in Ethiopia on issues related to aflatoxin in complementary foods (CFs) using structured questionnaires. The study involved 195 mothers from Amhara, Tigray, Oromia, and Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) regions and addressed a range of issues used to prevent the risks of mould and aflatoxin contamination from farm-to-table. Of the 195 mothers who responded; 186 (95%) were ploughing their land before growing the next crop, 177 (91%) used the crop rotation schedule, 157 (81%) reported the practice of removing old seed heads and stalks used as an inoculum for aflatoxin contamination, 185 (95%) harvested the crops as soon as the crops were matured, 138 (70%) used a threshing method known as ‘trampling by hoofed animals’. After threshing, about 124 (64%) respondents had the knowledge and practice of drying cereals and legumes to decrease the moisture content, 134 (68%) used solar drying on a bare ground, 184 (94%) cleaned and disinfected the storage structures before storage. Almost all the respondents practiced the CFs processing steps properly and they used colour, type, odour, insect infestations, mouldiness and all these criteria to select the CFs ingredients. A total of 78 (40%) respondents had the practice of feeding mouldy cereals and legumes to animals, and 89 (46%) of the respondents erroneously believed that roasting can decontaminate the aflatoxin produced from mouldy cereals. As a general conclusion, the majority of the respondents are practicing good agricultural practices in the field, but they use poor storage and processing practices at homes which are susceptible to mould and aflatoxin contamination. Besides, they lack awareness about the toxic effects of aflatoxin on human health. Therefore, awareness creation about the health impacts of aflatoxin and methods of prevention need to be implemented in the study areas.

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AWULACHEW, SELESHI BEKELE, and MEKONNEN AYANA. "PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION: AN ASSESSMENT AT DIFFERENT SCALES IN ETHIOPIA." Experimental Agriculture 47, S1 (January 2011): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479710000955.

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SUMMARYEthiopia has an irrigation potential of 5.3 million ha (Mha) of which 3.7 Mha can be developed using surface water sources, and 1.6 Mha using groundwater and rainwater management. Irrigation contributes to rapid transformation of agriculture as present-day agriculture is dominated by rainfed single crops. The current irrigation development in Ethiopia is about 0.7 Mha, and the performance of the existing schemes is not well understood. As the country is planning to expand irrigated agriculture in the next five years, it will be useful to review existing performance and to identify areas for interventions that help revitalize underperforming systems. In this paper, we have investigated the performances of irrigation at three levels: (a) national level for broad performance, (b) regional level for small-scale irrigation and (c) scheme level for large-scale irrigation. National level indicators measure (i) the relative proportion of operating schemes, (ii) ratio of actually cultivated area to planned command area and (iii) relative number of benefited to targeted number of households. The result shows that 86.5% of schemes are operating, 74.1% of command area is under cultivation and only 46.8% of the planned beneficiaries have benefited from implemented irrigation. For regional level irrigation performances, the regions of Southern Nations and Nationalities and Oromia Regions were investigated. We used technological (structural) and management factors as measures of performances. Sixty-four underperforming schemes were sampled from the two regions to analyse the causes. About 30 parameters were identified as causes of underperformance. Watershed degradation related problems that are causing erosion and sedimentation of water control and conveyance structures are found to be the major cause for structural failures, while lack of sustainable funding, extension of agronomic practice, and post harvest technologies are identified as the top management-related problems. For evaluating performances of large-scale schemes, we used irrigation water delivery performance and output performance indicators applied to six large-scale schemes. Scheme level performance indicators results showed that all of the schemes considered have supplied adequate to excess amounts of water during the period. The Wonji scheme that uses pump diversion showed higher water use efficiency than other schemes that are using simple gravity diversion types. In this case it might be the running costs of pumps that have encouraged efficient management of water. In terms of output performance, sugarcane based irrigation schemes are superior and up to ten times that of banana, cotton, and maize or tobacco production. The results of these assessments are useful for decision-makers and disclosed the low performance of the existing irrigation schemes. They also indicated the need to revitalize existing schemes to improve performance in parallel to the implementation of new projects. The paper also provided new indicators of evaluation of performance with respect to national level, structural and management related performance.

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Defar, Atkure, Yemisrach B. Okwaraji, Zemene Tigabu, Lars Åke Persson, and Kassahun Alemu. "Distance, difference in altitude and socioeconomic determinants of utilisation of maternal and child health services in Ethiopia: a geographic and multilevel modelling analysis." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e042095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042095.

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ObjectiveWe assessed whether geographic distance and difference in altitude between home to health facility and household socioeconomic status were associated with utilisation of maternal and child health services in rural Ethiopia.DesignHousehold and health facility surveys were conducted from December 2018 to February 2019.SettingForty-six districts in the Ethiopian regions: Amhara, Oromia, Tigray and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples.ParticipantsA total of 11 877 women aged 13–49 years and 5786 children aged 2–59 months were included.Outcome measuresThe outcomes were four or more antenatal care visits, facility delivery, full child immunisation and utilisation of health services for sick children. A multilevel analysis was carried out with adjustments for potential confounding factors.ResultsOverall, 39% (95% CI: 35 to 42) women had attended four or more antenatal care visits, and 55% (95% CI: 51 to 58) women delivered at health facilities. One in three (36%, 95% CI: 33 to 39) of children had received full immunisations and 35% (95% CI: 31 to 39) of sick children used health services. A long distance (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.57; 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.96) and larger difference in altitude (AOR=0.34; 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.59) were associated with fewer facility deliveries. Larger difference in altitude was associated with a lower proportion of antenatal care visits (AOR=0.46; 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.74). A higher wealth index was associated with a higher proportion of antenatal care visits (AOR=1.67; 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.75) and health facility deliveries (AOR=2.11; 95% CI: 2.11 to 6.48). There was no association between distance, difference in altitude or wealth index and children being fully immunised or seeking care when they were sick.ConclusionAchieving universal access to maternal and child health services will require not only strategies to increase coverage but also targeted efforts to address the geographic and socioeconomic differentials in care utilisation, especially for maternal health.Trial registration numberISRCTN12040912.

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