Journal articles: 'Southern Pine Beetle'

1

Kinn, D. N., and M. J. Linit. "Temporal Relationship Between Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Pinewood Nematode Infestations in Southern Pines." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.3.194.

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The incidence of feeding scars of the cerambycid vectors of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickel) on twigs of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pines in central Louisiana was determined. Feeding scars on twigs taken from pines felled at random were compared to those on twigs taken from pines adjacent to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) infestations. Additionally, the presence of pinewood nematode in trees attacked by southern pine beetle was followed through the course of beetle development. Significantly more cerambycid feeding scars were present on twigs of trees located near the advancing edge of a southern pine beetle infestation than on twigs not adjacent or near any known southern pine beetle infestation. From 82 to 100% of the trees sampled adjacent to bark beetle infestations had been fed upon by cerambycids. Pinewood nematodes were recovered from 79% of these trees. The incidence of nematodes in the boles of trees attacked by southern pine beetles increased as immature beetles entered their later instars. The highest incidence of nematodes was from trees recently vacated by southern pine beetles. Trees killed by the southern pine beetle may thus serve as reservoirs for the pinewood nematode and its cerambycid vectors and lead to the infestation of adjacent trees and facilitate subsequent SPB colonization.

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2

Cameron, R. Scott. "Southern Pine Bark Beetles in the Urban Environment." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 13, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1987.031.

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Five species of bark beetles attack pine trees in the South. The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, is the most notorious because of the extensive destruction it periodically causes to commercial pine forests. However, the three species of Ips engraver beetles and the black turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus terebrans, collectively may be more destructive than the southern pine beetle in urban situations. Several insecticides are registered for the prevention and control of southern pine bark beetles, but insecticide treatments are expensive, and control is difficult. Most bark beetles kill pine trees very rapidly and symptoms of attack usually are not detected in time to save infested trees. The best way to prevent losses to bark beetles is to maintain healthy trees.

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Bridges, J. Robert, and Thelma J. Perry. "EFFECTS OF MYCANGIAL FUNGI ON GALLERY CONSTRUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BLUESTAIN IN SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE-INFESTED PINE BOLTS." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.271.

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Southern pine beetles, Dentroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, treated to remove their mycangial fungi, were infected with Ceratocystis minor (Hedgcock) Hunt spores and placed in freshly-cut pine bolts. Galleries constructed by beetles without mycangial fungi were significantly shorter and contained significantly more bluestain than galleries constructed by beetles with mycangial fungi. It was concluded that southern pine beetle mycangial fungi limit the distribution of bluestain in southern pine beetle-infested trees. Inhibition of the spread of the bluestain fungus by mycangial fungi may be necessary for optimal beetle development.

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4

Clark, Erin L., Allan L. Carroll, and Dezene P. W. Huber. "Differences in the constitutive terpene profile of lodgepole pine across a geographical range in British Columbia, and correlation with historical attack by mountain pine beetle." Canadian Entomologist 142, no. 6 (December 2010): 557–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n10-022.

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AbstractThe mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a destructive insect pest in western Nearctic conifer forests. Currently, British Columbia, Canada, is experiencing the largest recorded outbreak of this insect, including areas that historically have had low climatic suitability for it. We analyzed 26 constitutive resin terpenes in phloem samples from British Columbia lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) populations to test for differential resistance to mountain pine beetle attack, based upon the likelihood of previous exposure to mountain pine beetle. We assessed sampled trees for number of mountain pine beetle attacks, number of pupal chambers, and tree survival the following spring. Significant differences were found when levels of certain terpenes in lodgepole pine populations that had likely experienced substantial mountain pine beetle infestations in the past were compared with those in populations that likely had not experienced large outbreaks of mountain pine beetle. Although we expected southern pine populations to contain more total terpenes than northern populations, owing to higher historical exposure to the beetle, the converse was found. Northern populations generally had higher levels of constitutive terpenes and beetle attack than southern populations. Because several terpenes are kairomones to the mountain pine beetle and also serve as precursors for the synthesis of pheromones, the lower levels of terpenes expressed by lodgepole pines from the historical range of the mountain pine beetle may render them less chemically perceptible to foraging beetles.

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Martinson, Sharon, Richard W. Hofstetter, and Matthew P. Ayres. "Why does longleaf pine have low susceptibility to southern pine beetle?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 10 (October 2007): 1966–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-066.

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Pine forests throughout the world are subject to disturbance from tree-killing bark beetles, but pine species differ in their susceptibilities. In the southeastern United States, Pinus palustris Mill. suffers far less mortality from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, than do its sympatric congeners. We tested the commonly invoked hypothesis that P. palustris has relatively low susceptibility because it has higher oleoresin flow than other pines, especially Pinus taeda L. However, seven studies in three states over 6 years refuted the hypothesis that P. palustris and P. taeda differ in their constitutive resin flow or in their capacity to replace resin depleted by either experimental wounding or natural beetle attacks. Additionally, surveys of natural beetle attacks revealed that P. taeda and P. palustris were equally likely to be attacked and killed when they cooccurred in front of growing infestations. Thus, the relative susceptibility of these two species changes with the spatial scale at which they are mixed, and the strong landscape-scale pattern of low mortality in P. palustris is not because individual trees are physiologically less susceptible. Ultimately, the conspicuous differential impact of D. frontalis on P. taeda and P. palustris may be the product of coevolution between tree defenses and beetle behavior.

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6

Doggett, Coleman A., and Don R. Tweed. "Geographical Intensity of Southern Pine Beetle Infestations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/18.4.145.

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Abstract Data on the geographical distribution and frequency of multiple-tree infestations of southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) collected in North Carolina from 1960-1980 were analyzed. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to construct a map showing geographical distribution of SPB from 1960-1980. Beetle intensity, measured in numbers of infestations (spots)per thousand acres of host type, is shown. The authors point out that infestation intensities vary geographically. The location of pine timberland in respect to SPB hazard may dictate economic and silvicultural strategies for managing southern pines. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4): 145-146.

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7

Kinn, D. N., T. J. Perry, F. H. Guinn, B. L. Strom, and J. Woodring. "Energy Reserves of Individual Southern Pine Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) as Determined by a Modified Phosphovanillin Spectrophotometry Method2." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.1.152.

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A modification of the sulfophosphovanillin photometric method for determining cholesterol levels in mammalian blood sera was adapted for determining the percentage of lipid in individual southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. This method is simple and provided consistent results. It is ideally suited to ecological and physiological studies involving bark beetle behavior such as flight, orientation, oogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Using this modified method and flight mills, it was confirmed that lipids were metabolized during southern pine beetle flight and that females, the sex that initiates tree colonization, are heavier than males, contain a greater percentage of lipid, and are capable of flying longer and farther than male beetles. Regardless of sex, the greater the weight of the beetle, the greater its flight potential.

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Mayfield, Albert E., Jiri Hulcr, and John L. Foltz. "Black Turpentine Beetle, Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)." EDIS 2015, no. 5 (August 5, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in636-2015.

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Black turpentine beetles bore into the inner bark of stressed or injured pines, where they breed and feed on phloem tissue. Adults are strongly attracted to volatile pine odors and readily breed in fresh stumps. In typical forests, infestations do not exhibit the rapid and devastating expansion characteristic of the closely related southern pine beetle, but in stands where stress conditions are frequent or persistent, black turpentine beetle can become a chronic pest and cause significant mortality over an extended period of time. Historically, black turpentine beetle has been a major pest of pines wounded or treated with herbicides in naval stores production. During the 1950s, black turpentine beetle damaged 37 million board feet of timber and contributed to the financial collapse of turpentine farms. This revised 5-page fact sheet was written by Albert E. Mayfield, John L. Foltz, and Jiri Hulcr, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, June 2015. (Photo credit Adam Black and Jiri Hulcr, UF/IFAS) EENY356/IN636: Black Turpentine Beetle, Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) (ufl.edu)

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9

McCravy, Kenneth W., John T. Nowak, G. Keith Douce, and C. Wayne Berisford. "Evaluation of Multiple-Funnel and Slot Traps for Collection of Southern Pine Bark Beetles and Predators." Journal of Entomological Science 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.1.77.

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Pheromone-baited traps are frequently used for research or in monitoring populations of bark beetles such as the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, and Ips spp. which are important pests of southern pines. We compared the effectiveness of two commercially available trap designs, the multiple-funnel trap and the slot trap, for collection of D. frontalis, three species of Ips, and two of their common predators. Slot traps captured greater numbers of bark beetles while multiple-funnel traps captured more predators. Multiple-funnel traps were judged to be easier to transport and check in the field. This study indicates that slot traps are preferable for monitoring southern bark beetles with the least disruption to natural enemy populations, while multiple-funnel traps are better for monitoring bark beetle/predator ratios. Due to ease of checking and handling, multiple-funnel traps are preferable for uses that involve large numbers of traps, long-distance manual hauling, or frequent relocation of traps.

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10

Zhong, He, Felton L. Hastings, Fred P. Hain, and Richard A. Werner. "Toxicity of Carbaryl toward the Southern Pine Beetle in Filter Paper, Bark and Cut Bolt Bioassays." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.2.247.

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Loblolly pine bolts sprayed with 2% carbaryl (Sevimol® 40% A. I. Flowable) and 1% chlorpyrifos were exposed to southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Chlorpyrifos treatment effectively prevented attack by southern pine beetle; however, the bolts were not protected by 2% carbaryl. For the carbaryl-treated bolts, the number of egg niches and larval mines were significantly reduced. However, the number of adult beetles entering the host, the length of the parent galleries, the number of pupal chambers, brood adults, and emergence holes were not significantly (P = 0.05) different from untreated control bolts. A bark surface assay indicated that 2% carbaryl killed < 50% of the beetles at 24 h. Filter paper assay showed that the LC50 value was 0.07% and 0.01% at 24 and 48 h, respectively.

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11

Tisdale, Robert A., T. Evan Nebeker, and John D. Hodges. "Role of Oleoresin Flow in Initial Colonization of Loblolly Pine by Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.4.576.

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The influence of total resin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on initial colonization by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was investigated. Resin flow of trees was manipulated mechanically so that it followed the same pattern of decrease and near cessation as seen in trees successfully attacked by southern pine beetle. There were also intermediate treatments where resin flow was allowed to recover after near cessation. Beetles were introduced by means of mesh cages attached to the mid-bole of trees and left until the end of the longest wounding treatment. In trees where resin flow was reduced, significant increases in number of attacks, total gallery length, and length of gallery free of resin occurred.

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12

Hammer, Austin J., Nathan W. Bower, Aaron I. Snyder, Zachary N. Snyder, Fredy L. Archila, and Marc A. Snyder. "Longitudinal study of Caribbean pine elucidates the role of 4-allylanisole in patterns of chemical resistance to bark beetle attack." Journal of Tropical Ecology 36, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000348.

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AbstractSouthern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) and symbiotic fungi are associated with mass mortality in stands of Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet). This study provides a 12.7-year assessment of semiochemical mediation between southern pine beetle and Caribbean pine in relation to concentrations of 4-allylanisole (estragole, methyl chavicol) and monoterpenes measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in different seasons in premontane and coastal pine stands of Belize and Guatemala. Individual trees and stands with >2.5% (relative mass %) of 4-allylanisole in the xylem oleoresin exhibited significantly less beetle-induced mortality than those with <2.5%. Changes in relative levels of 4-allylanisole and monoterpenes during this study are consistent with seasonal temperature and cumulative water deficit effects and suggest bark beetle attack of P. caribaea may intensify in the future.

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13

Wullschleger, Stan D., Samuel B. McLaughlin, and Matthew P. Ayres. "High-resolution analysis of stem increment and sap flow for loblolly pine trees attacked by southern pine beetle." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-118.

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Manual and automated dendrometers, and thermal dissipation probes were used to measure stem increment and sap flow for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees attacked by southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) in east Tennessee, USA. Seasonal-long measurements with manual dendrometers indicated linear increases in stem circumference from April through June. Changes in stem circumference slowed after this time, and further increases were either modest or not observed. These effects coincided with a massive midsummer infestation of trees with southern pine beetles. High-resolution measurements with automated dendrometers confirmed that, while early-season increases in radial increment were positive, daily rates of radial increment for slow- and fast-growing trees were largely negative in early to late July. Sap velocity also declined despite favorable weather conditions, but these reductions were not observed until mid-August. Thus, effects on radial increment and stem circumference preceded those on sap velocity by several weeks. The timing of these events, combined with the known developmental rate of southern pine beetles, suggest that disruption of whole-tree water balance is not a prerequisite for the success of attacking beetles or for oviposition by colonizing females and larval development, all of which were completed by early August. Additional field experiments that use high-resolution techniques to measure stem increment and sap flow are needed to more rigorously characterize temporal changes in host physiology during initial invasion and colonization of trees by southern pine beetle.

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Nesmith, Jonathan C. B., Micah Wright, Erik S. Jules, and Shawn T. McKinney. "Whitebark and Foxtail Pine in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks: Initial Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010035.

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The Inventory & Monitoring Division of the U.S. National Park Service conducts long-term monitoring to provide park managers information on the status and trends in biological and environmental attributes including white pines. White pines are foundational species in many subalpine ecosystems and are currently experiencing population declines. Here we present results on the status of whitebark and foxtail pine in the southern Sierra Nevada of California, an area understudied relative to other parts of their ranges. We selected random plot locations in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon national parks using an equal probability spatially-balanced approach. Tree- and plot-level data were collected on forest structure, composition, demography, cone production, crown mortality, and incidence of white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle. We measured 7899 whitebark pine, 1112 foxtail pine, and 6085 other trees from 2012–2017. All factors for both species were spatially highly variable. Whitebark pine occurred in nearly-pure krummholz stands at or near treeline and as a minor component of mixed species forests. Ovulate cones were observed on 25% of whitebark pine and 69% of foxtail pine. Whitebark pine seedlings were recorded in 58% of plots, and foxtail pine seedlings in only 21% of plots. Crown mortality (8% in whitebark, 6% in foxtail) was low and significantly higher in 2017 compared to previous years. Less than 1% of whitebark and zero foxtail pine were infected with white pine blister rust and <1% of whitebark and foxtail pine displayed symptoms of mountain pine beetle attack. High elevation white pines in the southern Sierra Nevada are healthy compared to other portions of their range where population declines are significant and well documented. However, increasing white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle occurrence, coupled with climate change projections, portend future declines for these species, underscoring the need for broad-scale collaborative monitoring.

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Meyer, Marc D., Beverly Bulaon, Martin MacKenzie, and Hugh D. Safford. "Mortality, structure, and regeneration in whitebark pine stands impacted by mountain pine beetle in the southern Sierra Nevada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 4 (April 2016): 572–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0464.

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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) is vulnerable to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) attack throughout western North America, but beetle outbreaks in the southwestern portion of the range (i.e., Sierra Nevada) have been spatially limited until recently. We examined patterns of mortality, structure, and regeneration in whitebark pine stands impacted by mountain pine beetle in the southern Sierra Nevada. Mortality was greatest in medium to large diameter (>10–20 cm dbh) trees, resulting in declines in mean and maximum tree diameter and tree size class diversity following an outbreak. Severity of beetle attack was positively related to mean tree diameter and density. Density of young (<3 years old) whitebark pine seedling clusters was positively related to severity of beetle attack on mature stands. All sites showed a stable production of whitebark pine regeneration within at least the past 30–40 years, with a pulse of new seedlings in the past 3 years in beetle-impacted stands. Our results show that mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the southern Sierra Nevada result in substantial changes in whitebark pine stand structure and suggest low resistance but high resilience to initial attack, especially in the absence of white pine blister rust.

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Coppedge, B. R., J. M. Jones, G. W. Felton, and F. M. Stephen. "Examination of Midgut Proteinases of the Adult Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.4.457.

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The midgut of adult southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), contains digestive enzymes with optimal proteolytic activity in vitro near pH 7. General proteinase activity was significantly inhibited by serine and cysteine proteinase class inhibitors, while limited activation by cysteine proteinase class activators was apparent. These results indicate that both cysteine and serine proteinases are present in the adult midgut. The presence of both proteinase classes in adult southern pine beetles coincides with previous studies showing widespread occurrence of these two classes of proteinases as digestive enzymes in midguts of other coleopteran species, but represents one of few beetle species known to possess both proteinase classes simultaneously.

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17

Rhodes, Douglas J., Jane Leslie Hayes, and Chris Steiner. "Retention of External and Internal Markers by Southern Pine Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) During Gallery Construction." Journal of Entomological Science 33, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-33.2.221.

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If retained, markers used in mark-release-recapture studies of bark beetle dispersal could provide valuable tools in the determination of post-dispersal fate. Retention of the internal marker rubidium (Rb) and of the external marker fluorescent powder during egg gallery construction, oviposition, and feeding were quantified at intervals from 0 to 96 h by allowing marked Southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, to carry out these activities in untreated host material. Significant differences in Rb concentrations were found between fed and unfed Rb-marked beetles at all intervals after 12 h. Unfed Rb-marked beetles were detectable at all intervals, whereas reliable detection of fed Rb-marked beetles declined with time. Over 90% of fed southern pine beetle marked with fluorescent powder were detectably marked after 96 h, while less than 50% of the Rb-marked beetles were detectable after 72 h. Neither marking technique adversely affected the gallery length or number of eggs produced by marked beetles compared to unmarked beetles allowed to excavate for 96 h. Practical aspects of both techniques are considered.

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18

Belanger, Roger P., Roy L. Hedden, and Michael R. Lennartz. "Potential Impact of the Southern Pine Beetle on Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colonies in the Georgia Piedmont." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 3 (August 1, 1988): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.3.194.

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Abstract Thirty-four red-cockaded woodpecker colonies were studied in the Georgia Piedmont to (1) determine the stand, site, and tree characteristics associated with active colonies, (2) rate the susceptibility of colony stands to southern pine beetle attack, and (3) estimate the probability of beetle attack (risk) and potential for spot spread (hazard) over a projected 30-year period. The colony stands contain mature and overmature trees of predominately loblolly pine sawtimber on soils and sites favorable for tree growth. The susceptibility of these stands to beetle attack is generally low. Estimated timber losses resulting from the probability of attack and potential spot spread are also low. Predicted number of trees killed is strongly influenced by combinations of risk, hazard, and size of southern pine beetle populations. Mature stands can be managed to reduce southern pine beetle damage and establish forest conditions favorable to the red-cockaded woodpecker. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3): 194-199.

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Miller, Daniel R., and John H. Borden. "Responses of Ips pini (Say), Pityogenes knechteli Swaine and Associated Beetles (Coleoptera) to Host Monoterpenes in Stands of Lodgepole Pine." Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.4.602.

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We conducted seven experiments in stands of mature lodgepole pine in southern British Columbia to elucidate the role of host volatiles in the semiochemical ecology of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with particular reference to the behavioral responses of predators and competing species of bark beetles. Our results demonstrated that the attraction of Ips pini and the bark beetle predators Lasconotus complex LeConte (Colydiidae), Thanasimus undatulus (Say) (Cleridae) and a Corticeus sp. (Tenebrionidae) were increased by 3-carene. In contrast, attraction of the bark beetle Pityogenes knechteli Swaine (Scolytidae) to ipsdienol was interrupted by 3-carene and α-pinene. Attraction of L. complex to ipsdienol was increased by γ-terpinene, a compound attractive to the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Scolytidae). Terpinolene interrupted the attraction of I. pini to ipsdienol.

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Vissa, Sneha, Javier E. Mercado, Danielle Malesky, Derek A. Uhey, Boyd A. Mori, Wayne Knee, Maya L. Evenden, and Richard W. Hofstetter. "Patterns of Diversity in the Symbiotic Mite Assemblage of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus Ponderosae Hopkins." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101102.

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The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), is an economically important bark beetle species with a wide geographic range spanning from the southwestern United States into northern Canada. This beetle causes extensive tree mortality to 13 pine species. Mites (Acari) are common and abundant symbionts of mountain beetles that may influence their fitness through positive and negative interactions. We present a unique assessment of the mite associates of mountain pine beetles using measures of alpha and beta diversity. We sampled phoretic mites from five beetle populations: Arizona, Colorado, South Dakota, Utah (USA), and Alberta (Canada) that varied in host tree species, local climate, and beetle population level. We collected 4848 mites from 8 genera and 12 species. Fifty to seventy percent of beetles carried mites in flight with the highest mite loads occurring in middle and southern populations; decreasing in northern populations. Mite assemblages (i.e., both richness and composition) varied along a south to north latitudinal gradient and were driven by species turnover (i.e., species replacement). Differences in mite composition increased with distance between populations. We discuss climatic variation, environmental filtering, and host tree differences as factors that could affect differences in mite composition between beetle populations and discuss implications for functional shifts. Our results could represent a model for estimating diversity patterns of mite symbionts associated with other major insect pests in coniferous forest systems.

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Morgan, Ryan E., Peter de Groot, and Sandy M. Smith. "Susceptibility of pine plantations to attack by the pine shoot beetle (Tomicus piniperda) in southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 2528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-135.

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The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was first discovered in North America in 1992, and by the late 1990s it was associated with tree mortality and stand decline throughout southern Ontario. To assess whether this beetle was capable of killing vigorous trees (a primary pest) or would kill only trees already stressed (a secondary pest), we surveyed 43 sites of varying Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) composition. Specifically, our objective was to determine the relationship between tree and site characteristics and the number of stem and shoot attacks by T. piniperda in southern Ontario. An abundance of recently dead and low-vigour pine trees increased susceptibility of sites to stem and shoot attacks by T. piniperda. Significant negative linear relationships were detected between the number of beetle attacks and the mean height, age, diameter at breast height, basal area, canopy cover, duff depth, and radial growth increments. Pure red pine sites had significantly fewer attacks than sites of pure Scots pine and mixed jack pine, which was attributed to differences in tree vigour and forest management. Tomicus piniperda appears to be a secondary bark beetle in southern Ontario, successfully colonizing only recently dead pine trees or trees suffering from stress.

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Lombardo, J. A., B. T. Sullivan, S. W. Myers, and M. P. Ayres. "Are southern pine forests becoming too warm for the southern pine beetle?" Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 315 (March 2022): 108813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108813.

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Burkhart, Harold E., Harry L. Haney, James D. Newberry, William A. Leuschner, Caleb L. Morris, and David D. Reed. "Evaluation of Thinning for Reduction of Losses from Southern Pine Beetle Attack in Loblolly Pine Stands." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/10.2.105.

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Abstract Thinning has been recommended to lower stand basal areas in order to reduce losses from southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) attack. In this study, benefits of thinning loblolly pine stands for reduction of losses from southern pine beetle (SPB) attack were evaluated. Results showed that thinning can be expected to reduce losses from SPB attack on average and better sites. South. J. Appl. For. 10:105-108, May 1986.

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Zhang, Yujia, and Boris Zeide. "Which Trees and Stands are attacked by the Southern Pine Beetle?" Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/23.4.217.

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Abstract An analysis of long-term observations from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations showed that the southern pine beetle, SPB (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann), kills a larger proportion of trees in dense stands. The presence of hardwood species diminishes damage, probably by hindering the dispersal of the SPB. It was also found that, in a given stand, mortality increases with tree size. On the other hand, the degree of damage was not related to age or mean diameter. For our plots, the annual probability that a loblolly pine tree would be killed by the beetle was 4.59 x 10-4. In the SPB infested stands, this probability increased 39 times (1.81 x 10-2. More precise estimates can be made using a prediction model driven by stand densities of pines and hardwoods, and the relative diameter of individual trees. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):217-223.

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Belanger, R. P., R. L. Hedden, and P. L. Lorio. "Management Strategies to Reduce Losses from the Southern Pine Beetle." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.3.150.

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Abstract Southern pine beetle outbreaks have increased in frequency, severity, and distribution during the past 30 yr. Preventive silvicutural practices offer the most promising and long-lasting means of reversing this trend. Procedures are available for ranking the susceptibility of stands to beetle attack. Silvicultural guidelines have been prescribed to lower the probability of attack in stands and reduce potential losses should beetle outbreaks occur. Forest management objectives, stand conditions, regional beetle populations, and possible interactions with other forest pests need to be considered in developing management strategies that can reduce losses from the southern pine beetle. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):150-154.

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Shepherd, William P., and Richard A. Goyer. "Seasonal Abundance, Arrival and Emergence Patterns of Predaceous Hister Beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Associated with Ips Engraver Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Louisiana." Journal of Entomological Science 38, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-38.4.612.

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The most common predaceous hister beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) found associated with Ips engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in southern Louisiana were Platysoma attenuata LeConte, P. cylindrica (Paykull), P. parallelum (Say), and Plegaderus transversus (Say). The seasonal abundance of histerids caught in flight traps coincided with Ips spp. activity in the area. Histerid adults were initially caught in sticky traps on Ips-infested loblolly pine logs 1 wk after Ips spp. attacks had begun. As a group, histerids emerged from logs in a bimodal pattern with the first peak occurring during Ips spp. emergence and a second 4 wks later. The abundance of P. parallelum and P. transversus indicates that they likely fed on bark beetles and organisms arriving later in the colonization sequence. Visual orientation appeared to play a role in attraction of histerids to logs colonized by bark beetles. Platysoma attenuata preferred vertically-positioned logs to horizontal logs, while P. parallelum was the opposite. These results suggest that some histerids may be visually attracted to horizontal silhouettes, such as pine trees that have been blown down or felled and often are infested by Ips spp. Other hister beetles may prefer vertical silhouettes, such as standing pines, which tend to be colonized by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann.

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Moser, John C., and Jorge E. Macías-Sámano. "TARSONEMID MITE ASSOCIATES OF DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF D. FRONTALIS." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 6 (December 2000): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132765-6.

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AbstractSeven species of mites (Acari: Tarsenomidae) were associated with two local outbreaks of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, in Chiapas, Mexico; three of these species were new records for Mexico and Central America. The morphology and phoretic behavior of these mites differed little between the western and southern populations from the United States. One major difference was that the hyperphoretic ascospores of the southern pine beetle mycangial fungus, Ceratocystiopsis sp. (Ophiostomataceae), were common in sporothecae of Tarsonemus krantzi Smiley and Moser (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and Tarsonemus ips Lindquist in Chiapas, Mexico, whereas the ascospores of the blue stain fungus, Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), were rare; this situation in the southern United States is reversed. The paucity of behavioral and morphological differences between the two southern pine beetle populations and the relevant historical climatology suggest that the appearance of D. frontalis in the southern United States may be a recent event.

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Sullivan, Brian T., William P. Shepherd, John T. Nowak, Stephen R. Clarke, Paul R. Merten, Ronald F. Billings, William W. Upton, John J. Riggins, and Cavell Brownie. "Alternative Formulations of Trap Lures for Operational Detection, Population Monitoring, and Outbreak Forecasting of Southern Pine Beetle in the United States." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 1189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab062.

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Abstract The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a major destructive pest of Pinus L. In the southeastern United States, numbers of this species and a major predator, Thanasimus dubius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), captured during an annual springtime trapping survey are used to make forecasts of the likelihood and severity of an outbreak during the following summer. We investigated responses by both species to six lure formulations to evaluate their suitability for the survey and allow integration of historical data sets produced with differing lure compositions. Trapping trials were performed at four locations across three states (Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama) during spring, and at these and one additional location (North Carolina) in fall 2016. All lures included the pheromone component frontalin. Southern pine beetle preferred lures that additionally included the pheromone component endo-brevicomin and turpentine as a source of host odors (rather than a 7:3 mixture of monoterpenes alpha- and beta-pinene). Thanasimus dubius displayed little discrimination among lure compositions. Lure preferences by southern pine beetle did not differ significantly among locations in spring but were influenced by season. Gas chromatography (GC)-electroantennographic detection analyses with southern pine beetle and GC-mass spectrometry identified numerous known and potential semiochemicals that distinguished volatiles released by the tested host odor devices. The lure combination that included endo-brevicomin and alpha/beta-pinene is recommended for the trapping survey because of its high sensitivity for southern pine beetle and potential for greater data integrity resulting from its reproducible composition.

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Sullivan, Brian T., and Stephen R. Clarke. "Semiochemicals for management of the southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): successes, failures, and obstacles to progress." Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 1 (December 4, 2020): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.67.

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AbstractThe southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is among the most destructive bark beetle pests of pines (Pinaceae) of the southeast and mid-Atlantic United States of America, Mexico, and Central America. Numerous volatile compounds can stimulate or reduce attraction of the beetle, but efforts to incorporate these into effective, practical technologies for pest management have yielded mixed results. Attractants have been incorporated into lures used in monitoring traps that are employed operationally to forecast outbreaks and detect emerging populations. The attraction inhibitor, verbenone, shows efficacy for suppressing southern pine beetle infestations but has not yet been adopted operationally. No effective semiochemical tree protectant has been developed for the beetle. We discuss complexities in the chemical ecology of the beetle that likely have impeded research and development of semiochemical management tools, and we describe basic science gaps that may hinder further progress if not addressed. We also report some supporting, original experimental data indicating (1) that a verbenone device can inhibit the beetle’s response to sources of attractant in a radius of at least several metres, (2) similar olfactory responses by the beetle to both enantiomers of verbenone, and (3) that pheromone background can cause conflicting results in semiochemical field tests.

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Perrakis, Daniel DB, and James K. Agee. "Seasonal fire effects on mixed-conifer forest structure and ponderosa pine resin properties." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-212.

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This study examined the effects of spring and fall restoration burning in an old-growth mixed-conifer ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) forest in southern Oregon. Variables measured include fuel loads, forest structure indices, mortality of large ponderosa pines, and pine resin defenses. One year after treatment, reductions in surface fuel loads and changes to forest structure parameters suggested that burning treatments could meet restoration objectives, with fall burns being somewhat more effective than spring burns. However, mortality of pre settlement pines was significantly higher in fall burns than in spring burns, and both were higher than in unburned controls. Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were important mortality agents within 2 years after burning. Resin defenses (pressure and flow) were variable over the 2 years of postburn study but showed no evidence of decrease in burned trees; rather, resin defenses were significantly higher in burned trees than in controls at several measurement dates. While increased beetle attacks have previously been documented following burning, there has been much less research on resin responses to fire. These findings suggest that current models of beetlehost interactions do not properly explain the effects of prescribed fire in ponderosa pine forests.

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Cook, Stephen P., and Fred P. Hain. "Wound response of loblolly and shortleaf pine attacked or reattacked by Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) or its fungal associate, Ceratocystisminor (Hedgecock) Hunt." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-006.

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Loblolly, Pinustaeda L., and shortleaf, Pinusechinata Mill., pines respond to attack by the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimmermann, or invasion by the SPB fungal associate, Ceratocystisminor (Hedgecock) Hunt, by forming a necrotic lesion around the wound site. This response was compared between trees that had no known prior experience with SPB or C. minor (naive trees) and trees that had been exposed to SPB or C. minor the previous year (experienced trees). No significant differences were observed in the average length of the lesions between experienced and naive trees in either pine species. However, the experienced loblolly pines had higher concentrations of inner bark monoterpenes than did the naive loblolly pines and the experienced shortleaf pines had a significantly different inner bark monoterpene composition compared with naive shortleaf pines during the June sample period. The monoterpene composition in unwounded tissue of experienced shortleaf pine closely resembled the observed monoterpene composition of lesion tissue at this time. The observed differences in inner bark monoterpenes following fungal or beetle exposure could render the trees less susceptible to later bark beetle attack for a period of time following the initial exposure.

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Goldhammer, David S., Frederick M. Stephen, and Timothy D. Paine. "THE EFFECT OF THE FUNGI CERATOCYSTIS MINOR (HEDGECOCK) HUNT, CERATOCYSTIS MINOR (HEDGECOCK) HUNT VAR. BARRASII TAYLOR, AND SJB 122 ON REPRODUCTION OF THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS ZIMMERMANN (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 3 (June 1990): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122407-5.

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AbstractThe southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, was studied in the laboratory to determine the influence of associated fungi on its reproduction. First-generation (P) surface-sterilized beetles associated with mycangial fungi (Ceratocystis minor [Hedgecock] Hunt var. barrasii Taylor or SJB 122) constructed more galleries and laid more eggs, at faster rates, than P beetles not associated with these mycangial fungi. No significant differences occurred among non-surface-sterilized P beetles associated with the phoretic blue staining fungus Ceratocystis minor (Hedgecock) Hunt and mycangial fungi or among progeny of P beetles (F1 generation) carrying mycangial fungi. P and F1 surface-sterilized beetles produced more eggs at a greater density than non-surface-sterilized beetles associated with blue stain, but gallery length and the rate of construction were not different. P and F1 surface-sterilized beetles laid more eggs and constructed galleries faster than surface-sterilized beetles that carried no mycangial fungi. The re-emergence rate of beetles was fastest for P beetles associated with C. minor and significantly slower for fungus-free P beetles, P beetles carrying only mycangial fungi, and F1 beetles, respectively. The F1 generation emerged fastest when associated with both mycangial fungi and slowest when associated with SJB 122, and C. minor var. barrasii or no fungus, respectively. This study employed a successful new rearing technique for isolating specific southern pine beetle/fungal associations.

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McManis, Anne E., James A. Powell, and Barbara J. Bentz. "Developmental parameters of a southern mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) population reveal potential source of latitudinal differences in generation time." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 1 (November 6, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.51.

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AbstractMountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major disturbance agent in pine (Pinus Linnaeus; Pinaceae) ecosystems of western North America. Adaptation to local climates has resulted in primarily univoltine generation time across a thermally diverse latitudinal gradient. We hypothesised that voltinism patterns have been shaped by selection for slower developmental rates in southern populations inhabiting warmer climates. To investigate traits responsible for latitudinal differences we measured lifestage-specific development of southern mountain pine beetle eggs, larvae, and pupae across a range of temperatures. Developmental rate curves were fit using maximum posterior likelihood estimation with a Bayesian prior to improve fit stability. When compared to previously published data for a northern population, optimal development of southern individuals occurred at higher temperatures, with higher development thresholds, as compared with northern individuals. Observed developmental rates of the southern and northern populations were similar across studied lifestages at 20 °C, and southern lifestages were generally faster at temperature extremes (10 °C, 27 °C). At 25 °C southern fourth instars were significantly slower than northern fourth instars. Our results suggest that evolved traits in the fourth instar and remaining unstudied lifestage, teneral (i.e., preemergent) adult, likely influence latitudinal differences in mountain pine beetle generation time.

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Borkowski, A. "Feeding ecology of pine shoot beetles (Tomicus spp.) in tree crowns of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands under one-year outbreak." Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 10 (January 7, 2008): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2084-jfs.

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Studies were carried out in southern Poland during 2002–2006 in Scots pine stands under the effect of an outbreak of pine shoot beetles. The qualitative aspects of beetle feeding in tree crowns, studied on the basis of fallen shoots collected on experimental plots, are presented in this paper. The beetle numbers affected the age distribution of damaged shoots and the proportion of multiple attacks. The proportions of one-year-old shoots and the numbers of shoots with more than two attacks increased in the marginal part of the stand in the year of intensive feeding of beetles and in the subsequent year. A similar proportion of shoots with two attacks in both stands under investigations in individual study periods, with no relation to beetle numbers, does not permit to use this characteristic for forecasting purposes. The average length of tunnels in shoots attacked once reached 20 mm at maximum. The average length of tunnels (measured from the place of shoot disruption) was greater in shoots with two attacks than in shoots with a single one (P < 0.0001). The difference was not significant (P = 0.3429) only in stand B during the study season 2004–2005. The majority of the tunnels made in apical portions of shoots with two attacks damaged the tissue of apical shoots. The distance between the base of the second tunnel and the shoot apex in shoots with two attacks, and its significant (P < 0.01) linear relationship with the length of beetle tunnels, indicated a high nutritional quality of apical portions of shoots.

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35

Gao, B., X. Wen, H. Guan, M. Knížek, and J. Žďárek. "Distribution and attack behaviour of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens, recently introduced to China." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 4 (January 10, 2012): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4554-jfs.

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The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was found for the first time in China in Yangcheng and Xinshui counties, Shanxi province in 1998, and in Hebei province in 1999. The beetle mostly attacks the oil pine Pinus tabulaeformis Carriére. By 2003 the beetle was found in 85 counties of three provinces in north China and the area of infested pine forests covered more than 700,000 ha. The elevation above sea level of forests infested is more than 800 m. The beetles most frequently attack trees on hilltops and at the forest edge, fewer attacks occur in the centre of the stand. This correlates with the damage done to the trees by wind or man. Weak and dying trees are more vulnerable to attack than healthy ones. The most attractive breeding sites are fresh stumps. The population density of the beetles is higher in the forests on northern slopes than on southern slopes. Most of the bores in the trunk are less than 0.5 m above ground; the galleries are found also on roots.

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Powers, H. R., R. P. Belanger, W. D. Pepper, and F. L. Hastings. "Loblolly Pine Seed Sources Differ in Susceptibility to the Southern Pine Beetle in South Carolina." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.4.169.

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Abstract In a planting near Aiken, SC, loblolly pine saplings from an eastern seed source were significantly more susceptible to the southern pine beetle (SPB) than were loblolly saplings from western seed sources. Two eastern sources of slash pine also resisted beetle attack. Study plots wereoriginally established to evaluate disease resistance and growth of fusiform rust resistant and susceptible seed lots. There was no relationship between stand characteristics or rust infection patterns and SPB damage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):169-174

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Jackson, Jenell I., Sean B. Smith, Jonathan C. B. Nesmith, Leigh Ann Starcevich, Jennifer S. Hooke, Steve Buckley, and Erik S. Jules. "Whitebark Pine in Crater Lake and Lassen Volcanic National Parks: Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition in a Management and Conservation Perspective." Forests 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2019): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100834.

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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis. Engelm.) is vulnerable to a number of threats including an introduced pathogen (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.), epidemic levels of native mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), fire suppression, and climate change. To describe the structure of whitebark pine populations in two national parks in the southern Cascades (Crater Lake, Oregon, USA (CRLA) and Lassen Volcanic, California, USA (LAVO) National Parks), we surveyed trees in 30 × 50 × 50 m plots in both parks. We used these plots to describe the extent of white pine blister rust (the disease caused by Cronartium ribicola), mountain pine beetle occurrence, and to elucidate factors influencing the presence of pests and pathogens, cone production, and canopy kill. In each plot, we recorded data related to tree health, including symptoms of blister rust and mountain pine beetle, and reproductive vigor (cone production). In both parks, encroachment from other species, particularly mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière), was negatively associated with cone production. In CRLA, water stress was a good predictor of blister rust infection and cone production. For CRLA and LAVO, the presence of mountain pine beetle and blister rust was associated with higher canopy kill for whitebark pine. Lastly, we found evidence for a pest-pathogen interaction, mountain pine beetle attack was greater for trees that showed symptoms of blister rust infection in CRLA. Our results indicate that whitebark pine populations in the southern Cascade Range are experiencing moderate levels of blister rust infection compared with other sites across the species range, and that competition from shade-tolerant species may result in an additional threat to whitebark pine in both parks. We present our findings in the context of park management and situate them in range-wide and regional conservation strategies aimed at the protection and restoration of a declining species.

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Clark, Kenneth L., Carissa Aoki, Matthew Ayres, John Kabrick, and Michael R. Gallagher. "Insect infestations and the persistence and functioning of oak-pine mixedwood forests in the mid-Atlantic region, USA." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): e0265955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265955.

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Damage from infestations of Lymantria dispar L. in oak-dominated stands and southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) in pine-dominated stands have far exceeded impacts of other disturbances in forests of the mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain over the last two decades. We used forest census data collected in undisturbed and insect-impacted stands combined with eddy covariance measurements made pre- and post-disturbance in oak-, mixed and pine-dominated stands to quantify how these infestations altered forest composition, structure and carbon dynamics in the Pinelands National Reserve of southern New Jersey. In oak-dominated stands, multi-year defoliation during L. dispar infestations resulted in > 40% mortality of oak trees and the release of pine saplings and understory vegetation, while tree mortality was minimal in mixed and pine-dominated stands. In pine-dominated stands, southern pine beetle infestations resulted in > 85% mortality of pine trees but had minimal effect on oaks in upland stands or other hardwoods in lowland stands, and only rarely infested pines in hardwood-dominated stands. Because insect-driven disturbances are both delaying and accelerating succession in stands dominated by a single genus but having less effect in mixed-composition stands, long-term disturbance dynamics are favoring the formation and persistence of uneven age oak-pine mixedwood stands. Changes in forest composition may have little impact on forest productivity and evapotranspiration; although seasonal patterns differ, with highest daily rates of net ecosystem production (NEP) during the growing season occurring in an oak-dominated stand and lowest in a pine-dominated stand, integrated annual rates of NEP are similar among oak-, mixed and pine-dominated stands. Our research documents the formation of mixedwood stands as a consequence of insect infestations in the mid-Atlantic region and suggests that managing for mixedwood stands could reduce damage to forest products and provide greater continuity in ecosystem functioning.

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Flamm, R. O., R. N. Coulson, J. A. Jordan, M. E. Sterle, H. N. Brodale, R. J. Mayer, F. L. Oliveria, D. Drummond, P. J. Barry, and K. M. Swain. "The Integrated Southern Pine Beetle Expert System: ISPBEX." Expert Systems with Applications 2, no. 2-3 (January 1991): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0957-4174(91)90107-p.

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40

Haack, Robert A., and Robert K. Lawrence. "Attack Densities of Tomicus pintiperda and Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Scotch Pine Logs in Michigan in Relation to Felling Date." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.1.18.

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Established populations of an exotic bark beetle, the larger pine shoot beetle [Tomicus piniperda (L.)], were first reported in Ohio in July 1992. Subsequent surveys through July 1994 have found T. piniperda in six states in the United States and in one Canadian Province in the Great Lakes region. One-meter-long trunk sections were cut from Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees felled from February through July 1993 in a forested site in southern Michigan, laid horizontally, allowed to undergo natural attack by bark beetles and associates, and later dissected. In southern Michigan in 1993, T. piniperda initiated spring flight in late March; the pine engraver [Ips pini (Say)], a native pine bark beetle, initiated spring flight about one month later in late April. Tomicus piniperda attacks (galleries) were found in logs cut during February through May. Attack densities of T. piniperda were highest in February-cut logs, and declined with subsequent felling dates. The highest T. piniperda attack density recorded for an entire log section was 263 attacks/m2 of bark area on one of the February-cut logs. Ips pini attack densities tended to increase with later felling dates. When I. pini attacked logs that had already been colonized by T. piniperda, I. pini galleries were mostly found on the upper log surface. When I. pini attacked logs with few or no T. piniperda, I. pini galleries were found on all log surfaces. By initiating spring flight several weeks before I. pini, T. piniperda is able to colonize much of the susceptible pine material and thereby may lower I. pini populations.

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Tisdale, Robert A., T. Evan Nebeker, and John D. Hodges. "The role of oleoresin flow in the induced response of loblolly pine to a southern pine beetle associated fungus." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-033.

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The influence of total resin flow in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on initial inoculation of the blue stain fungus Ophiostoma minus (Hedgc.) Syd. & P. Syd., a fungal associate of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera:Scolytidae)), was investigated. Resin flow of trees was mechanically manipulated so that it followed the same pattern of decrease and near cessation as seen in trees successfully attacked by southern pine beetle. There were also intermediate treatments where resin flow was allowed to recover. The fungus was inoculated into holes drilled to the xylem surface and allowed to grow for a specified time period. The lesion that formed as a result of the induced reaction was then measured and compared with lesions formed in trees for which resin flow was not manipulated. The experiment was conducted three times in 1993 and 1994 and twice in 1995. It was hypothesized that with decreased resin flow, O. minus would be less inhibited and that growth would be greater before being stopped by the induced reaction. It was found that longer lesions occurred in trees where wounding was prolonged and resin flow was decreased below that of control trees. Mixed results were obtained for trees in intermediate wounding treatments.Key words: oleoresin, blue stain fungus, defenses, bark beetles, induced reaction, Dendroctonus.

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Arango-Velez, Adriana, Sourav Chakraborty, Kevin Blascyk, Mi Phan, Joseph Barsky, and Walid El Kayal. "Anatomical and Chemical Responses of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) to Blue-Stain (Ophiostoma minus) Inoculation." Forests 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110690.

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The increases in temperature have recently allowed the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.; SPB) and its associated fungi to expand its natural range to northern pine forests. In this study, vigorous eastern white pine mature trees were used to evaluate constitutive and induced response to the southern pine beetle, using O. minus as a proxy. We evaluated histological and chemical changes in P. strobus in response to the fungus at 28- and 65-days post inoculation (dpi). Inoculation with O. minus resulted in an induced defense response as evidenced by the increased production of traumatic resin duct, and lesion development surrounding the site of infection. Starch granules accumulated in the epithelial cells surrounding the resin ducts of inoculated trees. Chemical analyses showed that among phloem phenolics, epi/catechin and three unknown compounds were significantly upregulated at 28 dpi due to fungal inoculation. Several phloem terpenoids (α-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, terpinolene and β-pinene) were significantly increased in inoculated trees compared to controls at both, 28- and 65-dpi. Continuous production of these terpenoids (up to 65 dpi) can be energetically costly for P. strobus as carbohydrate reserves fund monoterpene synthesis, reducing carbon availability necessary for tree development. Induced phenolics along with monoterpenes production and traumatic resin ducts observed in these trees, suggests that vigorous white pine may sustain endemic populations of southern pine beetle and vectored fungi.

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Coleman, T. W., Stephen R. Clarke, James R. Meeker, and L. K. Rieske. "Forest composition following overstory mortality from southern pine beetle and associated treatmentsExperiment Station Project 06-08-109 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Kentucky." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 6 (June 2008): 1406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-248.

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Bark beetle caused mortality continues to play a critical role in determining the composition and structure of forests in North America, and revegetation dynamics following these disturbances are poorly understood. We assessed forest composition following southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, mortality and associated cut and leave suppression, and compared them with undisturbed loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., stands in Texas. Abundant hardwood regeneration dominated the understory, with little loblolly pine regeneration following either mortality event. Disturbances eliminated loblolly pine dominance in these even-aged stands, thus stratifying forest structure and apparently increasing stem density (stems·ha–1), richness (species·ha–1), and diversity (ha) in the lower strata. Aspect and elevation, presumably through influences on site moisture, were the primary gradients associated with vegetation variation in the canonical correspondence analyses for new regeneration. Mortality from Dendroctonus and cut and leave practices shifted loblolly pine communities to mixed upland hardwoods in model predictions generated by the southern variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator. In addition to being an effective bark beetle control, cut and leave suppression did not alter predicted forest composition 50 years hence when compared with unsuppressed bark beetle-caused mortality. Because of the predicted shift to hardwood domination and a low pine basal area, it is expected that mortality from D. frontalis and cut and leave will substantially reduce future hazards from D. frontalis outbreaks.

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Hayes, Jane, James Meeker, John Foltz, and Brian Strom. "Suppression of Bark Beetles and Protection of Pines in the Urban Environment: A Case Study." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.009.

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Southern pine beetles (SPB), and associated bark beetles, have long been recognized as major pests of southern forests. Tactics used for controlling infestations in conventional forest settings have not proven effective at achieving area-wide control, nor are they suitable for the control of infestations in high-value stands such as homesites or wildlife habitat areas. Limited options exist for protecting high-risk uninfested pines of urban forests and often pose undesirable risks. One of the most promising areas in bark beetle research currently being experimentally tested on a largescale is the use of deterrent behavioral chemicals (semiochemicals), produced by the insects or their host trees, as biopesticides to disrupt or inhibit infestations. In addition to traditional suppression tactics instituted in an unprecedented SPB outbreak in Gainesville, Florida, a semiochemical, 4- allylanisole (4-AA), was successfully tested as a protectant of pines in residential areas. 4-AA is a host-produced compound with repellent properties to many species of conifer-feeding bark beetles. The "freak" SPB outbreak in this urban environment and successful actions taken to mitigate damage are discussed.

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Shore, T. L., L. Safranyik, and J. P. Lemieux. "Susceptibility of lodgepole pine stands to the mountain pine beetle: testing of a rating system." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-182.

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A system for rating the susceptibility of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands to the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) was field tested in 38 stands in the Cariboo forest region of British Columbia in a retrospective study. A linear relationship was defined between the percentage of basal area killed by the mountain pine beetle and the susceptibility indices for the sample stands. The system was further tested using an independent data set of 41 stands from across southern British Columbia. Forty of the 41 stands fell within the 95% prediction interval of the original model data for stand susceptibility. This study provides validation for a susceptibility rating model described in 1992. The regression model and associated confidence interval also provide a useful tool for landscape level loss predictions due to the mountain pine beetle.

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Carter, Gregory A., Michael R. Seal, and Tim Haley. "Airborne detection of southern pine beetle damage using key spectral bands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-079.

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Damage by the southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) occurs frequently in the southeastern United States and can result in tree death over large areas. A new technique for detection of SPB activity was tested for shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) in the Caney Creek Wilderness, Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas. Digital images with 1-m pixel resolution were acquired from a light aircraft in 6- to 10-nm bandwidths centered at wavelengths of 675, 698, and 840 nm. The 675-nm band was selected to yield a maximum contrast between yellow or brown versus green foliage. The 698-nm band was selected based on its high sensitivity to leaf chlorophyll content to enable detection of less severe chlorosis in more recently damaged trees. The 840-nm band was used as a reference band that is not sensitive to chlorophyll. Images acquired within each band were calibrated to percent reflectance based on the known reflectances of a gray scale placard located on the ground. Individual trees with yellow to brown foliage were easily located in the 675- and 698-nm images. Milder chlorosis in more recently damaged pines was detected by a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) that was derived from 698- and 840-nm reflectances. Although statistically significant, the contrast of recently infested trees versus undamaged trees was generally visually poor in NDVI or color composite images. This was apparently a result of the inherent variability in leaf chlorophyll content throughout the forest. The increased reflectance near 700 nm characteristic of recent damage likely would be resolved more easily in pine plantations of low species diversity. Images of a NDVI that was based on 675- and 840-nm reflectances produced the strongest contrast between heavily damaged and undamaged trees.

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Kinn, D. N. "INCIDENCE OF THE PINEWOOD NEMATODE1 IN A SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE2 INFESTATION IN CENTRAL LOUISIANA." Journal of Entomological Science 21, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.2.114.

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A large infestation of southern pine beetle, (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.), located in central Louisiana, was surveyed for the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle. Pinewood nematodes were present in 4.2 percent of 94 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees attacked by D. frontalis and were absent from 101 unattacked trees that surrounded the infestation. Monthly sampling of this infestation revealed an increase in the incidence of nematodes as the season progressed. Samples taken from different heights on beetle infested-boles did not differ significantly in the presence of nematodes.

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Otrosina, William J., Nolan J. Hess, Stanley J. Zarnoch, Thelma J. Perry, and John P. Jones. "Blue-stain Fungi Associated with Roots of Southern Pine Trees Attacked by the Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis." Plant Disease 81, no. 8 (August 1997): 942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.8.942.

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Forty paired plots were established from eastern Texas to Alabama to study root-infecting, blue-stain fungi in southern pine stands undergoing southern pine beetle (SPB) attack. Woody roots were sampled in plots undergoing recent or current attack by the SPB. Comparisons were made between occurrence of Leptographium spp. and related fungi and data on various characteristics of natural stands and plantations studied. Three fungal species, L. terebrantis, L. procerum, and Ophiostoma ips, along with unidentified Leptographium and Graphium species, were isolated from sampled roots. L. terebrantis was isolated more frequently from SPB-attacked plots (P < 0.001) than was either L. procerum or O. ips. More blue-stain fungal species and related genera were isolated from SPB-attacked plots than from control plots (P < 0.001). This also was true for combined isolation percentages of L. terebrantis, L. procerum, and O. ips (P = 0.03). Presence of blue-stain fungi also was associated with higher stand basal area in the control plots (P = 0.045). Isolation frequencies of O. ips and L. procerum, along with the combination of these fungal species with L. terebrantis, were logistically related to increasing stand basal area in the control plots (P = 0.02, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively). No logistic relationship was found for frequency of any of the three blue-stain species with respect to basal area in SPB-attacked plots. These results suggest blue stain fungi are important in the dynamics of susceptibility of southern pines to SPB attack.

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VanLaerhoven, Sherah L., Tanya L. Hanano, and Fred M. Stephen. "Baseline egg load of southern pine beetle parasitoid complex." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 4 (August 2002): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134551-4.

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AbstractEgg load of newly emerged adult parasitoids of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was examined. Infested bark was collected from D. frontalis infestations in southwestern Arkansas (Clark and Montgomery counties; 1995), the Bankhead National Forest in Alabama (1999), and the Talladega National Forest in Alabama (1998–2000) between June and September of each collection year. Newly emerged parasitoid females were dissected and numbers of mature and immature eggs counted. There was no significant difference in number of eggs within a species and between parasitoids from the Bankhead National Forest compared with those from the Talladega National Forest in Alabama in 1999. There were differences in number of eggs within a species between years at the same location. Dendroctonus frontalis parasitoids in the family Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera) had the most mature eggs, followed by Braconidae (Hymenoptera) and Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera). Within the D. frontalis parasitoids in the family Pteromalidae, Dinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead) and Heydenia unica Cook and Davis had more mature eggs than did Roptrocerus xylophagorum Ratzeburg. Within the D. frontalis parasitoids in the family Braconidae, Meteorus hypophloei Cushman females contained the most mature eggs, followed by Dendrosoter sulcatus Muesebeck, Spathius pallidus Ashmead, and Coeloides pissodis (Ashmead). These data constitute a foundation for defining baseline egg load of the D. frontalis parasitoid complex.

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Elmaghraby, Salah E. "Optimal control of the southern pine beetle (SPB) infestation." Applied Mathematical Modelling 14, no. 3 (March 1990): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(90)90048-a.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Southern Pine Beetle'

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