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1
Akumu, Clement, Raphael Smith, and Solomon Haile. "Mapping and Monitoring the Canopy Cover and Greenness of Southern Yellow Pines (Loblolly, Shortleaf, and Virginia Pines) in Central-Eastern Tennessee Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Data." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040499.
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Southern yellow pines such as loblolly, Virginia and shortleaf pines constitute forest products and contribute significantly to the economy of the United States (U.S.). However, little is understood about the temporal change in canopy cover and greenness of southern yellow pines, especially in Tennessee where they are used for timber and pulpwood. This study aims to map and monitor the canopy cover and greenness of southern yellow pines i.e., loblolly (Pinus taeda), shortleaf (Pinus echinata), and Virginia (Pinus Virginiana) pines in the years 1988, 1999 and 2016 in central-eastern Tennessee. Landsat time-series satellite data acquired in December 1988, November 1999 and February 2016 were used to map and monitor the canopy cover and greenness of loblolly, shortleaf and Virginia pines. The classification and mapping of the canopy cover of southern yellow pines were performed using a machine-learning random forest classification algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to monitor the temporal variation in canopy greenness. In total, the canopy cover of southern yellow pines decreased by about 35% between December 1988 and February 2016. This information could be used by foresters and forest managers to support forest inventory and management.
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Akumu, Clement E., and Eze O. Amadi. "Examining the Integration of Landsat Operational Land Imager with Sentinel-1 and Vegetation Indices in Mapping Southern Yellow Pines (Loblolly, Shortleaf, and Virginia Pines)." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.21-00024r2.
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The mapping of southern yellow pines (loblolly, shortleaf, and Virginia pines) is important to supporting forest inventory and the management of forest resources. The overall aim of this study was to examine the integration of Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI ) optical data with Sentinel-1 microwave C-band satellite data and vegetation indices in mapping the canopy cover of southern yellow pines. Specifically, this study assessed the overall mapping accuracies of the canopy cover classification of southern yellow pines derived using four data-integration scenarios: Landsat OLI alone; Landsat OLI and Sentinel-1; Landsat OLI with vegetation indices derived from satellite data—normalized difference vegetation index, soil-adjusted vegetation index, modified soil-adjusted vegetation index, transformed soil-adjusted vegetation index, and infrared percentage vegetation index; and 4) Landsat OLI with Sentinel-1 and vegetation indices. The results showed that the integration of Landsat OLI reflectance bands with Sentinel-1 backscattering coefficients and vegetation indices yielded the best overall classification accuracy, about 77%, and standalone Landsat OLI the weakest accuracy, approximately 67%. The findings in this study demonstrate that the addition of backscattering coefficients from Sentinel-1 and vegetation indices positively contributed to the mapping of southern yellow pines.
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Schmidtling, R. C. "THE SOUTHERN PINES DURING THE PLEISTOCENE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 615 (September 2003): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.615.19.
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Barnett, J. P., and T. C. Pesacreta. "Handling Longleaf Pine Seeds for Optimal Nursery Performance." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.4.180.
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Abstract Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) is the most difficult of the southern pines to regenerate by artificial means. One of the basic concerns in regenerating longleaf pine has been in obtaining, processing, and storing seeds of good quality. High seed quality is essential for successful regeneration of the species by either direct seeding or planting. Recommendations for producing and maintaining seed quality at a level equivalent to seeds of the other southern pines are developed in this article. Southern J. Appl. For. 17(4): 180-187.
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Kinn, D. N., and M. J. Linit. "Temporal Relationship Between Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Pinewood Nematode Infestations in Southern Pines." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.3.194.
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The incidence of feeding scars of the cerambycid vectors of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickel) on twigs of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) pines in central Louisiana was determined. Feeding scars on twigs taken from pines felled at random were compared to those on twigs taken from pines adjacent to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) infestations. Additionally, the presence of pinewood nematode in trees attacked by southern pine beetle was followed through the course of beetle development. Significantly more cerambycid feeding scars were present on twigs of trees located near the advancing edge of a southern pine beetle infestation than on twigs not adjacent or near any known southern pine beetle infestation. From 82 to 100% of the trees sampled adjacent to bark beetle infestations had been fed upon by cerambycids. Pinewood nematodes were recovered from 79% of these trees. The incidence of nematodes in the boles of trees attacked by southern pine beetles increased as immature beetles entered their later instars. The highest incidence of nematodes was from trees recently vacated by southern pine beetles. Trees killed by the southern pine beetle may thus serve as reservoirs for the pinewood nematode and its cerambycid vectors and lead to the infestation of adjacent trees and facilitate subsequent SPB colonization.
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Borders, Bruce E., and Barry D. Shiver. "Board Foot Volume Estimation for Southern Pines." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/19.1.23.
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Abstract Estimating the board foot volume of sawtimber size trees is one of the most common tasks of field foresters. The most often used board foot volume tables in the southeastern United States were developed in the mid-1940s. Much information has been developed during the past 50 yr concerning the volume and shape of tree stems for many species grown in many areas of the United States. Below, we show that this new information can be used to develop board foot volume tables that are species and region specific. It is shown that for southern pines, total tree height can serve as a surrogate variable for Girard form class. Since total height is more easily measured in the field than Girard form class, volume tables entered by height class may be preferred to volume tables entered by form class. South. J. Appl. For. 19(1):23-28.
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Juzwik, J. "Bursaphelenchus xylophilusFound in Pines in Southern Ontario." Plant Disease 70, no. 1 (1986): 78d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-70-78d.
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Linnemeier, Lynn Marshall. "West Southern Pines, North Carolina, July 2019." Southern Cultures 26, no. 1 (2020): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scu.2020.0014.
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McDonald, Stephen E., and Stanley L. Krugman. "International Forestry: Worldwide Planting of Southern Pines." Journal of Forestry 84, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/84.6.21.
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Ammon, Vernon, Dallas Seifers, and Charles Walkinshaw. "Cytokinin activity in southern pines inoculated withCronartium quercuumf.sp.fusiforme." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 12, no. 2 (June 1990): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060669009501021.
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Dwinell, L. David. "Pitch Canker: A Disease Complex of Southern Pines." Plant Disease 69, no. 3 (1985): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-69-270.
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Pearson, H. A., and V. C. Baldwin. "Agroforestry: southern pines and subterranean clover cultural treatments." Agroforestry Systems 22, no. 1 (April 1993): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00707470.
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Stanosz, G. R., D. R. Smith, S. W. Fraedrich, R. E. Baird, and A. Mangini. "Diplodia pinea, the Cause of Diplodia Blight of Pines, Confirmed in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi." Plant Disease 93, no. 2 (February 2009): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-2-0198c.
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Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) is the major commercial pine species cultivated in the Gulf Coast Region of the southern United States. Symptoms of Diplodia shoot blight (including yellow and brown needles and resin-soaked, dead, small twigs), pycnidia with conidia typical of Diplodia pinea on blighted shoots, and damaged, immature seed cones were observed during the summer of 2007 in loblolly pine seed orchards near Ward, AL, Winn Parish, LA, and Moselle, MS. Similar conidia also were obtained from pycnidia on opened seed cones of longleaf pine (P. palustris) collected on the campus of Mississipi State University, Starkville. Pure cultures obtained from specimens collected at each location were confirmed as D. pinea using species-specific PCR primers (3) that allow differentiation of D. pinea from the similar pine shoot blight pathogen D. scrobiculata. Isolates from loblolly pines in Alabama (07-58), Louisiana (07-38), and Mississippi (06-45) were used individually to inoculate potted 6- to 7-month-old loblolly pine seedlings grown from seed in a greenhouse in each of two independent trials. Elongating terminal shoots of seedlings to be inoculated were wounded by removing a needle fascicle ∼2 cm below the shoot apex. A 4-mm-diameter plug cut from an actively growing colony on water agar (WA) was placed on the wound, mycelium side toward the stem. Noncolonized WA plugs were placed in the same manner on similarly wounded control seedlings and nonwounded control seedlings also were used. Parafilm was wrapped around the shoots to hold the agar plugs in place and was removed after 1 week. Each of the five isolate-treatment combinations was applied to seven (trial 1) or eight (trial 2) seedlings (35 and 40 seedlings per trial, respectively). One week after inoculation, small, brown lesions were visible at the point of inoculation on stems of most of the inoculated seedlings. At 25 days after inoculation, all inoculated seedlings exhibited needle browning and stem cankers ranging from 0.6 cm to 9.0 cm long (mean 2.5 cm) that girdled and killed distal portions of the shoots of ∼25% of the inoculated seedlings in each trial. Wounded control and nonwounded control seedlings did not develop symptoms. Stem segments including the point of inoculation (or comparable segments of wounded and nonwounded control seedlings) were excised, surface disinfested, and incubated on tannic acid agar with sterile red pine needles. D. pinea was cultured from all inoculated seedlings and also from one wounded control seedling. Although occurrence of D. pinea on Cedrus spp. is included in an index (1), to our knowledge this is the first confirmed report of D. pinea on pines in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The degree of risk presented by D. pinea to loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and other pine species native to the southern United States when grown in their native ranges is unknown. Reports of Diplodia shoot blight of southern U.S. pines when grown as exotics in the southern hemisphere (4) and the potential for epidemics to develop suddenly under severe weather conditions (2,4) justify additional studies to evaluate the potential for damage to these hosts in their native ranges. References: (1) Anonymous. Page 333 in: Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. Agric. Handb. 165, U.S. Dep. Agric. Washington, DC, 1960. (2) T. H. Nicholls and M. E. Ostry. Plant Dis. 74:54, 1990. (3) D. R. Smith and G. R. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 90:307, 2006. (4) W. J. Swart and M. J. Wingfield. Plant Dis. 75:761, 1991.
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Cain, Michael D., and James P. Barnett. "An 8-year field comparison of naturally seeded to planted container Pinustaeda, with and without release." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-138.
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A field study compared genetically improved, container loblolly pines (Pinustaeda L.) with naturally seeded loblolly pines through eight growing seasons on a cutover site in southern Arkansas, U.S.A. Measurement pines on 6 of 12 plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 61-cm radius of each tree stem. On natural pine plots, only 1st-year pine seedlings were selected for measurement based on quality standards and their spacing. Woody competition was controlled by hand cutting for 5 consecutive years, and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides for 4 consecutive years. Release treatments increased 8-year survival by 50% for natural pines and by 35% for planted pines. Greater gains (343–391%) in individual tree volumes were achieved within regeneration techniques, as a result of release, than were achieved with the two regeneration techniques. In addition, stand volume gains of 647% and 910% were achieved by planted and natural pines, respectively, as a result of release. Eight years after field establishment, stand volume index averaged 46% higher on planted plots than on natural plots. Degree of overtopping was a better predictor of pine performance than live-crown ratio.
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Caulfield, Jon P., Eugene Shoulders, and B. Graeme Lockaby. "Risk-efficient species–site selection decisions for southern pines." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-114.
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Selecting the correct tree species to plant on a site is crucial to the investment returns from the final stand. Species-selection decisions based on average investment performance do not account for risk, however. Mean-variance and stochastic dominance analysis can be used to select risk-efficient investment alternatives by comparing distributions of returns. A 20-year-old species comparison trial consisting of loblolly (Pinustaeda L.), slash (Pinuselliottii Engelm.), and longleaf (Pinuspalustris Mill.) pines established in the West Gulf was analyzed to determine which species were risk efficient on dry, wet, and intermediate sites. Distributions of net present values for each species were compared. Longleaf pine was found risk inefficient by first-degree stochastic dominance and mean-variance dominance on all sites. Slash was second-degree stochastic dominant and mean-variance dominant to loblolly pine on wet sites. Both slash and loblolly pines were second-degree stochastic efficient on intermediate and dry sites. A sensitivity analysis of stumpage prices is presented, and factors that may influence the results of the analysis, such as measurement age and site preparation method, are discussed.
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Donald, D. G. M., P. W. Lange, C. J. Schutz, and A. R. Morris. "The Application of Fertilisers to Pines in Southern Africa." South African Forestry Journal 141, no. 1 (June 1987): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1987.9630261.
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Cain, M. D. "Incidental Observations on the Growth and Survival of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines in an Even-Aged Natural Stand." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.2.81.
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Abstract Species composition and growth were monitored from age 6 to 14 years in a natural, even-aged stand of mixed loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Six of 12 0.4-ac study plots were precommercially thinned at age 6 when pine density averaged 16,600 stems/ac At that time, loblolly accounted for 70% of all pines with the remaining 30% being shortleaf. From age 8 to 12, loblolly pines generally outgrew shortleaf pines in both thinned and unthinned conditions. From age 12 to 14, crop trees of loblolly pine on thinned plots generally grew better than shortleaf crop trees, but there was no statistically significant difference in crop-tree growth between species on the unthinned plots. At age 14, loblolly crop trees were generally larger than shortleaf crop trees; despite that size difference, shortleaf pine will probably continue to be represented in the canopy of the maturing stand. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):81-84.
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Cook, Stephen P., and Fred P. Hain. "Wound response of loblolly and shortleaf pine attacked or reattacked by Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) or its fungal associate, Ceratocystisminor (Hedgecock) Hunt." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-006.
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Loblolly, Pinustaeda L., and shortleaf, Pinusechinata Mill., pines respond to attack by the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimmermann, or invasion by the SPB fungal associate, Ceratocystisminor (Hedgecock) Hunt, by forming a necrotic lesion around the wound site. This response was compared between trees that had no known prior experience with SPB or C. minor (naive trees) and trees that had been exposed to SPB or C. minor the previous year (experienced trees). No significant differences were observed in the average length of the lesions between experienced and naive trees in either pine species. However, the experienced loblolly pines had higher concentrations of inner bark monoterpenes than did the naive loblolly pines and the experienced shortleaf pines had a significantly different inner bark monoterpene composition compared with naive shortleaf pines during the June sample period. The monoterpene composition in unwounded tissue of experienced shortleaf pine closely resembled the observed monoterpene composition of lesion tissue at this time. The observed differences in inner bark monoterpenes following fungal or beetle exposure could render the trees less susceptible to later bark beetle attack for a period of time following the initial exposure.
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Franklin, Janet, and Erin Bergman. "Patterns of pine regeneration following a large, severe wildfire in the mountains of southern California." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 4 (April 2011): 810–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-024.
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We examined establishment patterns of pines following a large, severe wildfire in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California, USA. The October 2003 Cedar Fire caused 98% pine mortality. In this study, we asked (i) where did seedlings establish and survive in formerly forested areas of the Cuyamaca Mountains 5 years following the high severity fire and (ii) what factors were associated with the spatial pattern of seedling establishment? Factors analyzed were pre-fire vegetation type, fire severity, post-fire vegetation characteristics, topography (slope, aspect, and elevation), and mapped soil type. We used a unique belt-transect survey method following the existing trail network that resulted in a representative sample of post-fire environments. Almost 1300 100 m × 20 m quadrats were searched in 2008–2009, one third of which supported juvenile pines. Regeneration primarily consisted of Coulter pine ( Pinus coulteri D. Don), a weakly serotinous pine that was establishing at densities of 5–2320/ha on half of the quadrats where it had occurred pre-fire. Pinus coulteri regenerated in areas burned at high severity where pre-fire pine cover was high and its abundance was positively associated with higher elevation and cover of bare soil. In contrast, minimal regeneration of nonserotinous pines occurred patchily in areas that were not severely burned.
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South, David B., and Richard A. Harper. "A Decline in Timberland Continues for Several Southern Yellow Pines." Journal of Forestry 114, no. 2 (March 17, 2016): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.15-006.
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Scharpf, R. F. "Exotic Pines Infected by Two Dwarf Mistletoes in Southern California." Plant Disease 70, no. 2 (1986): 173e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-70-173e.
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Paine, T. D., and F. M. Stephen. "The relationship of tree height and crown class to the induced plant defenses of loblolly pine." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2090–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-285.
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Loblolly pines, Pinus taeda L., were inoculated with a fungus associated with the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., at three heights to determine whether the trees responded to infection differently at each height. Loblolly pines responded to inoculation of this fungus by producing lesions of various dimensions. These were dissected and weighed. Lesions had the same weight at all three heights up the stem. However, the extent (or intensity) of reaction to fungal infection and wounding varied as a function of crown class of the tree. The influence of site quality on induced defenses may be assessed using this technique.
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South, D. B., and E. R. Buckner. "The Decline of Southern Yellow Pine Timberland." Journal of Forestry 101, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/101.1.30.
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Abstract The South has lost 16 million acres of southern yellow pine timberland since 1953. Factors contributing to the decline include suppression of wildfires, reduced prescribed burning, southern pine beetles, urban development, high-grading, and a lack of artificial regeneration on privately owned timberlands. Tree-planting programs on agricultural lands have helped slow the decline, and according to the Southern Forest Resource Assessment, an increase in southern yellow pine timberland could occur if 23 million acres of former cropland and pastureland were planted to pines during the next four decades. Such an effort would likely require subsidies.
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McNab, W. Henry. "Preliminary Evidence that Intraspecific Competition Increases Size of Restoration-Planted Pitch and Shortleaf Pines in a Mixed-Hardwood Clearcut in the Southern Appalachians." Forest Science 67, no. 4 (April 27, 2021): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab011.
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Abstract Oak-pine (Quercus L. - Pinus L.) forest communities on low ridges in the southern Appalachian Mountains are losing diversity as mature pitch (P. rigida Mill.) and shortleaf (P. echinata Mill.) pines die and do not regenerate under a hardwood canopy. Restoration of biodiversity by planting pine seedlings is well known, but little is known regarding whether the configuration of planted seedlings affects growth and subsequent size (diameter at breast height, dbh) as trees age. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that pines growing in groups of two or more trees respond with increased growth (expressed by dbh) to intraspecific competition with other pines compared to single trees subjected only to interspecific competition with surrounding hardwoods. For 13-year-old pitch and shortleaf pines, trees were larger in dbh when occurring in groups than trees occurring singly. Regression indicated that intraspecific competition accounted for 16% of the dbh variation of pitch pine and 29% for shortleaf pine. This study originated from chance observations in a small study of pine restoration. If a designed study confirms these results, resource managers could restore biodiversity with reduced site disturbance and establishment costs by planting pine seedlings in small groups rather than rows.
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Cain, M. D. "The Influence of Woody and Herbaceous Competition on Early Growth of Naturally Regenerated Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.4.179.
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Abstract Four levels of competition control were used to study the response of naturally regenerated loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Treatments included: (1) Check (no competition control), (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. Herbaceous plants were controlled for 4 consecutive years, and woody plants were controlled for 5 years. Control of herbaceous vegetation resulted in significant increases in pine height, groundline diameter (GLD), and volume per tree. Control of only woody competition did not improve pine growth compared to untreated checks. After 5 years, pines on total control plots had significantly larger GLDs and significantly more volume per tree compared to pines on any other treatment. Pine growth gains were achieved with herbaceous competition control and total control of nonpine vegetation although these two treatments averaged 4,000 more pines/ac, in trees taller than 5 ft, than the other two treatments. Results of this investigation represent a unique standard of pine growth to which operational treatments might be compared. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):179-185.
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Doggett, Coleman A., and Don R. Tweed. "Geographical Intensity of Southern Pine Beetle Infestations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/18.4.145.
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Abstract Data on the geographical distribution and frequency of multiple-tree infestations of southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) collected in North Carolina from 1960-1980 were analyzed. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to construct a map showing geographical distribution of SPB from 1960-1980. Beetle intensity, measured in numbers of infestations (spots)per thousand acres of host type, is shown. The authors point out that infestation intensities vary geographically. The location of pine timberland in respect to SPB hazard may dictate economic and silvicultural strategies for managing southern pines. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4): 145-146.
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Kiss, Imre, and Vasile Alexa. "Ecological restoration activities for long-term preservation of the alpine and sub-alpine habitats in the Retezat National Park." Tájökológiai Lapok 13, no. 1 (July 19, 2015): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3659.
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This paper is focusing on the mountain pines (Pinus mugo), the juniper (Juniperus communis) and the rhododendron (Rhododendron kotschyi) common habitats, the establishing the methods of maintaining or protecting of non-degraded populations, and the restoration methods of degraded populations, within the alpine habitats conservative management belonging to the Retezat National Park.. Between the natural and artificial regeneration methods applicable to restore the degraded mountain pines populations, the regeneration by plantation seems to be the only reasonable method, having in view that the natural regeneration is difficult and require long period of time. This study begins with presentation of the preservation plans of the unique natural landscape, named Retezat National Park, located in Meridional Carpathians (Romanian Southern Carpathians) and continues with the description of the natural distribution of the mountain pines (Pinus mugo) populations and their associated herbaceous and woody species in the Retezat National Park. The renaturation with mountain pines seedlings, within the case study regarding an ecological restoration in Retezat National Park, methods, remarks and predictable results are presented. Also, the study offers details concerning the ecological principles of the destroyed habitat’s artificial regeneration, such as: the planted area, seedlings, seedling production and their transportation to the planting area and effective plantation.
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Pandit, Karun, Jason Smith, Tania Quesada, Caterina Villari, and Daniel J. Johnson. "Association of Recent Incidence of Foliar Disease in Pine Species in the Southeastern United States with Tree and Climate Variables." Forests 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111155.
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Pine forests in the southern United States are a major contributor to the global economy. Through the last three decades, however, there have been concerns about the decline of pine forests attributed mostly to pests and pathogens. A combination of biotic agents and environmental factors and their interaction often influences outbreaks and the resultant damage in the forests. Southern pines experience periodic mortality from bark beetles and root rot fungi and losses from fusiform rust and pitch canker have long been important for management. In recent years, there is also growing evidence of increasing damage from foliar disease in southern pines. Early detection of diseases following changes in foliar characteristics and assessment of potential risks will help us better utilize our resources and manage these forests sustainably. In this study, we used Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data to explore the intensity of foliar disease in three common pines: loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.), and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) in spatial and temporal terms using tree-level and climatic variables. Results from a tree-level model suggests that crown ratio may be an important factor in pine foliar disease (p < 0.1). We applied the MaxEnt model, a presence-only species distribution model (SDM), to explore any association of foliar disease incidences with the climatic variables at a landscape level. Results indicate that mean dew point temperature, maximum vapor pressure deficit, and precipitation during cold months had more influence over disease incidences than other climatic variables. While the sample size is limited as this is an emerging disease in the region, our study provides a basis for further exploration of disease detection methods, disease etiology studies, and hazard mapping.
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Martin, Timothy A., Kurt H. Johnsen, and Timothy L. White. "Ideotype Development in Southern Pines: Rationale and Strategies for Overcoming Scale-Related Obstacles." Forest Science 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/47.1.21.
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Abstract Indirect genetic selection for early growth and disease resistance of southern pines has proven remarkably successful over the past several decades. However, several benefits could be derived for southern pine breeding programs by incorporating ideotypes, conceptual models which explicitly describe plant phenotypic characteristics that are hypothesized to produce greater yield. The potential benefits of using ideotypes include improvement in trait heritabilities and genetic correlations, higher genetic gain in diverse silvicultural environments, guidance for developing mating designs, and provision of a framework for synthesis of tree production physiology knowledge. There are numerous obstacles to the development of ideotypes for southern pines, most of them related to the difficulty of linking traits and processes that operate at small spatial and temporal scales (e.g., tree crown morphological traits or leaf net photosynthesis) with outputs that occur at large spatial and temporal scales (e.g., stand-level, rotation-age stem biomass yield). Fortunately, as we enter the 21st century, several relevant advances are converging that bode well for overcoming these obstacles. These advances relate to improvements and developments of process modeling, advances in technologies that permit measures of component processes at relevant scales, the likely future importance of intensive clonal forestry, and the movement toward large-scale genetic block plot experiments. FOR. Sci. 47(1):21–28.
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Outcalt, Kenneth W. "Southern Pines Performance on Sandhills Sites in Georgia and South Carolina." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.2.100.
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Abstract Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata D.B. Ward), Ocala sand pine (P. clausa var. clausa D.B. Ward), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.), loblolly pine (P. taeda L.), and longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) were grown on sandhills in Georgia and South Carolina. Choctawhatcheesand pine grew fastest and yielded the most volume after 28 yr. Productivity equaled that of plantations in northwest Florida, averaging more than 100ft³/ac/yr. To maximize yields for pulpwood rotations of 25 to 35 yr, managers should plant these sites to Choctawhatchee sand pine. Longleafpine, however, has been growing as fast as Choctawhatchee sand pine since age 15 yr. Therefore, especially for longer rotations, it would be an acceptable alternative species. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):00-00.
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Bragg, Don C. "An Improved Tree Height Measurement Technique Tested on Mature Southern Pines." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/32.1.38.
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Abstract Virtually all techniques for tree height determination follow one of two principles: similar triangles or the tangent method. Most people apply the latter approach, which uses the tangents of the angles to the top and bottom and a true horizontal distance to the subject tree. However, few adjust this method for ground slope, tree lean, crown shape, and crown configuration, making errors commonplace. Given documented discrepancies exceeding 30% with current methods, a reevaluation of height measurement is in order. The sine method is an alternative that measures a real point in the crown. Hence, it is not subject to the same assumptions as the similar triangle and tangent approaches. In addition, the sine method is insensitive to distance from tree or observer position and can not overestimate tree height. The advantages of the sine approach are shown with mature southern pines from Arkansas.
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Fisher, James T., Robert W. Neumann, and John G. Mexal. "Performance of Pinus halepensis/brutia group pines in Southern New Mexico." Forest Ecology and Management 16, no. 1-4 (October 1986): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(86)90036-8.
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Hayes, Jane, James Meeker, John Foltz, and Brian Strom. "Suppression of Bark Beetles and Protection of Pines in the Urban Environment: A Case Study." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.009.
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Southern pine beetles (SPB), and associated bark beetles, have long been recognized as major pests of southern forests. Tactics used for controlling infestations in conventional forest settings have not proven effective at achieving area-wide control, nor are they suitable for the control of infestations in high-value stands such as homesites or wildlife habitat areas. Limited options exist for protecting high-risk uninfested pines of urban forests and often pose undesirable risks. One of the most promising areas in bark beetle research currently being experimentally tested on a largescale is the use of deterrent behavioral chemicals (semiochemicals), produced by the insects or their host trees, as biopesticides to disrupt or inhibit infestations. In addition to traditional suppression tactics instituted in an unprecedented SPB outbreak in Gainesville, Florida, a semiochemical, 4- allylanisole (4-AA), was successfully tested as a protectant of pines in residential areas. 4-AA is a host-produced compound with repellent properties to many species of conifer-feeding bark beetles. The "freak" SPB outbreak in this urban environment and successful actions taken to mitigate damage are discussed.
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South, David B., Tom E. Starkey, and Al Lyons. "Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery." Forests 14, no. 3 (March 21, 2023): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030645.
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Artificial regeneration is successful when high-performing seedlings are transported with care to the planting site, stored for a short period in an environment without desiccation or fungal growth, and planted in a deep hole, so roots are in contact with moist soil. One of the requirements for success is the ability to avoid common planting mistakes. Due, in part, to the use of container stock plus an increase in rainfall, the average first-year survival of pine seedlings (89%) in the southern United States is about 15% greater now than 45 years ago. However, when survival is less than 50% six months after planting, some landowners seek reimbursement for their loss. Some assume poor seedling quality was the cause without realizing that anaerobic soils or sudden freeze events, shallow planting holes, pruning roots, a lack of rain or underground insects can kill pines. With a focus on pines planted in the southern United States, we list non-nursery factors that have killed seedlings in North America, Africa and Europe.
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Saarinen, Ninni, Ville Kankare, Jiri Pyörälä, Tuomas Yrttimaa, Xinlian Liang, Michael A. Wulder, Markus Holopainen, Juha Hyyppä, and Mikko Vastaranta. "Assessing the Effects of Sample Size on Parametrizing a Taper Curve Equation and the Resultant Stem-Volume Estimates." Forests 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2019): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100848.
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Large and comprehensive datasets, traditionally based on destructive stem analysis or other labor-intensive approaches, are commonly considered as a necessity in developing stem-volume equations. The aim here was to investigate how a decreasing number of sample trees affects parametrizing an existing taper curve equation and resultant stem-volume estimates. Furthermore, the potential of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in producing taper curves was examined. A TLS-based taper curve was derived for 246 Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) from southern Finland to parametrize an existing taper curve equation. To assess sensitivity of the parametrization regarding sample size, the number of Scots pines included in the parametrization varied between full census and 1 Scots pine at a time. Root mean square error of stem-volume estimates remained ≤20.9% and the mean absolute difference was relatively constant (≤9.0%) between stem-volume estimates when the sample size included ≥46 Scots pines. Thus, it can be concluded that, with a rather small sample size, a taper curve equation can be re-parametrized for local conditions using point clouds from TLS to produce consistent stem-volume estimates.
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Cain, Michael D., and Michael G. Shelton. "Survival and growth of Pinus echinata and Quercus seedlings in response to simulated summer and winter prescribed burns." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-106.
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First-year seedlings of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), southern red oak (Quercus falcata Michx.), and white oak (Quercus alba L.) were subjected to simulated prescribed burns during August (growing season) or January (dormant season) on an Upper Coastal Plain site in southeastern Arkansas, U.S.A. Survival and growth of resprouting rootstocks were compared with control seedlings through one growing season after burning. Although 100% of the oaks and 99% of the pines were topkilled by the fires, survival of resprouting rootstocks exceeded 95% for all three species in the year following the winter burn. No pines resprouted following the summer burn, but rootstock survival of oaks averaged >65%. Compared with controls, winter burns reduced (P < 0.01) mean height and groundline diameter (GLD) of shortleaf pine sprouts through the next growing season. For southern red oak, season of burning did not negatively affect (P > 0.05) the growth of sprouts during the year after burning. Although mean heights and GLDs of white oak sprouts versus controls were reduced (P [Formula: see text] 0.04) when means were averaged across burns, white oak sprouts on winter-burn plots were comparable in size with the control seedlings.
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Cain, M. D. "Ten-Year Results From Precommercial Strip-Thinning: Paradigm Lost or Reinforced?" Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.1.16.
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Abstract Pine growth was monitored for 10 yr after mechanically strip-thinning a dense, naturally regenerated, even-aged stand of 6-yr-old loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. From age 12 to 16 yr, annual growth in height and dbh for 200 croptrees/ac was significantly better on precommercially thinned plots compared to unthinned plots. Commercial thinning was done during the 17th growing season, with volumes removed from unthinned plots averaging 8 cords/ac more than volumes removed from precommercially thinned plots. Pine volumeproduction on precommercially thinned plots may have been reduced by crown scorch from two of three prescribed winter burns and by the disproportionate number of shortleaf pines on those plots as compared to unthinned plots. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):16-21
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Powers, H. R., T. Miller, and R. P. Belanger. "Management Strategies to Reduce Losses from Fusiform Rust." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.3.146.
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Abstract Fusiform rust of southern pines is a major problem in much of the South. Over the past 50 years the disease has evolved from an occasional problem into a major limiting factor in growing slash and loblolly pines. Intensive site preparation, planting of fast-growing nonresistant seedlings, weed and fire control, and fertilizer application stimulate wood production in pine plantations, but they also favor the spread and increase of fusiform rust. Forest managers struggle to find the optimum balance between maximum productivity and increased susceptibility to fusiform rust. Silvicultural practices being used to reduce losses from fusiform rust include predicting rust hazard for management units, selecting the appropriate method and intensity of site preparation, using resistant planting material, and applying cultural treatments in established stands. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):146-149.
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Ruark, G. A., C. E. Thomas, W. A. Bechtold, and D. M. May. "Growth Reductions in Naturally Regenerated Southern Pine Stands in Alabama and Georgia." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 15, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/15.2.73.
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Abstract Data from Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) units of the USDA Forest Service were used to compare average annual stand-level basal area accretion onto survivor pines in naturally regenerated pine stands throughout Alabama and Georgia. Growth rates measured between 1972-82 were compared to growth rates during the previous 10-year survey cycle in each state. Separate analyses were conducted for loblolly (Pinus taeda), longleaf (P. palustris), shortleaf (P. echinata), and slash (P. elliottii) pine cover types. The unadjusted average stand-level growth rates for survivor pines 1.0 in. diameter and greater at breast height were notably lower for all cover types during the latter survey in Georgia, while only the average unadjusted growth of shortleaf was substantially lower during this period in Alabama. However, when growth rates were adjusted with regression models to account for differences in initial stand structure (stand size class, stand density, site quality class, hardwood competition, and mortality) between the two survey periods, reductions in average adjusted basal area growth ranged from 3% to 31% during the later cycle in both states. The reductions were statistically significant in almost every case. The agents causing the growth differences were not identified, but it is unlikely that stand dynamics are responsible. The observational nature of the FIA dataset precludes further resolution of causal relationships. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):73-79.
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Ong, K., S. Hill, D. R. Smith, and G. R. Stanosz. "Shoot Blight Caused by Diplodia pinea on Afghan and Austrian Pines in Texas." Plant Disease 91, no. 8 (August 2007): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-8-1056c.
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Shoot blight was observed on ornamental Afghan (Pinus eldarica) and Austrian pines (P. nigra) at several sites in metropolitan Dallas, TX in the summer of 2005. Shoots were stunted, cankered, often resinous, sometimes curled or crooked at the tips, and bore brown needles that often had been killed before full elongation. Pycnidia on necrotic needles, stems, and cones of each host species yielded conidia characteristic of the fungus Diplodia pinea. Individual conidia and hyphal tip transfers produced pure cultures confirmed as D. pinea using a species-specific PCR assay (1), which allows differentiation from the similar pine shoot blight pathogen D. scrobiculata. Five isolates (three from Afghan pine and two from Austrian pine) were tested for pathogenicity by inoculation of potted 1-year-old Afghan pine seedlings obtained from the Texas Forest Service Nursery. Elongating terminal shoots were wounded by removing a needle pair approximately 2 cm below the shoot apex. A 4-mm-diameter plug cut from an actively growing culture on water agar (WA) was placed fungus side down on the wound. Noncolonized WA plugs were placed on similarly wounded control seedlings. Nonwounded control seedlings also were used. Parafilm was wrapped around the shoots to hold the agar plugs in place and was removed 2 weeks later. Each treatment was applied to four seedlings. Five weeks after inoculation, 9 of the 20 inoculated seedlings (including at least one inoculated with each isolate) exhibited dieback of shoot tips. One wounded control seedling exhibited slight tip dieback, no other nonwounded or wounded control seedlings developed symptoms. Segments of shoots were harvested, surface disinfested, and incubated on WA to determine the presence of the pathogen. The pathogen was reisolated from 11 of the 20 inoculated seedlings but not from any control seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. pinea as a cause of shoot blight of Afghan pine and the first substantiated report of the occurrence of D. pinea in Texas. Although widely distributed in much of eastern North America, reports of the presence of D. pinea in the other southern gulf coast states of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, as well as the western states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, are lacking. Reference: (1) D. R. Smith and G. R. Stanosz. Plant Dis. 90:307, 2006.
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Barnett, J. P. "How seed orchard culture affects seed quality: Experience with the southern pines." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 5 (October 1, 1996): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72469-5.
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Tree improvement programs have influenced significantly the quality of southern pine seeds produced when compared to collections from native stands. Seed orchard management practices such as fertilization can increase seed size and reduce seed dormancy. These result in the need for less complex pregermination treatments. Repeated cone collections from the same clones facilitate collections according to ripening (cone specific gravity), which can improve seed germination and storage. However, cultural practices may result in seed properties that are more sensitive to damage during processing procedures and result in lower quality unless special care is provided during this stage of handling. The effect of orchard management practices on seed quality also varies by species, with loblolly pine being less affected than longleaf pine. Key words: Pinus spp., seed germination, seed dormancy, seed storage, cone maturity
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Arzac, Alberto, Ivan Tychkov, Alexey Rubtsov, Maria A. Tabakova, Ruslan Brezhnev, Natalia Koshurnikova, Anastasia Knorre, and Ulf Büntgen. "Phenological shifts compensate warming-induced drought stress in southern Siberian Scots pines." European Journal of Forest Research 140, no. 6 (September 29, 2021): 1487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01412-w.
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Schmidt, Robert A. "Fusiform Rust of Southern Pines: A Major Success for Forest Disease Management." Phytopathology® 93, no. 8 (August 2003): 1048–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.1048.
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The effective management of fusiform rust in slash and loblolly pine plantations is a major success story for disease management scientists and practitioners in the southeastern United States. This disease, which reached epidemic proportions by the 1960s, resulted from anthropogenic causes associated with intensive pine culture and greatly inhibited the optimum management of slash and loblolly pine throughout extensive areas of the southern pine region. Successful management of this disease was made possible by the combined resources and personnel of federal and state agencies, universities, and the forest industry. Chief among these personnel were research pathologists, geneticists, and silviculturalists. Following early studies on the biology of the fusiform rust pathosystem, research on epidemiology, host resistance, and pathogen variability slowly but steadily progressed. Testing of pine selections for resistance was facilitated by the establishment of a rust screening center. Fortunately, genetic rust resistance is relatively abundant in both slash and loblolly pines and has become the foundation for the management of the disease. Rust resistant half- and full-sib progeny from resistant parents established in seed orchards are routinely planted, especially in high-rust-hazard areas. Several important lessons in disease management have been learned or remembered during the progress of this research. Perhaps the ecologically fit fusiform rust pathogen will have additional instructions for us in the future, but for now resistance is an effective management strategy.
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Eberhardt, Thomas L., Philip M. Sheridan, and Arvind A. R. Bhuta. "Revivification of a method for identifying longleaf pine timber and its application to southern pine relicts in southeastern Virginia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 12 (December 2011): 2440–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-156.
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Longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.) cannot be distinguished from the other southern pines based on wood anatomy alone. A method that involves measuring pith and second annual ring diameters, reported by Arthur Koehler in 1932 (The Southern Lumberman, 145: 36–37), was revisited as an option for identifying longleaf pine timbers and stumps. Cross-section disks of longleaf, loblolly ( Pinus taeda L.), and shortleaf ( Pinus echinata Mill.) pines were measured and the diameters of their piths and second annual rings plotted against each other. From this plot, longleaf pine could be differentiated from the other two southern pine species, demonstrating that a method established with trees harvested more than 70 years ago is still applicable to standing timber of today. No evidence was found to suggest that different growth rates impact method applicability. In those situations where the second annual ring is intact, but not the pith, very large second annual ring diameters (>40 mm) may identify timbers with a lower probability of being longleaf pine. In addition to the identification of very old lightwood stumps as part of a longleaf pine restoration effort, both methods may be applied to timber identification in historic structures and the niche forest products industry involving the recovery and processing of highly prized longleaf pine logs from river bottoms. Measurements from relicts sampled in this study were consistent with the purported range for longleaf pine in Virginia.
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Tiscar Oliver, P. A. "Reproductive capacity of Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii in relation to mother plant age." Forest Systems 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2002): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/778.
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This paper analyses the possible reduction of fertility in Pinus nigra ssp. salzmanii as trees age in the managed forests of Cazorla mountain range (Southern Spain). Fertility was assessed by the combined values: frequency of empty seeds and viability of full seeds. Performance of one year seedlings was also evaluated. Plant material came from reproductive trees of up to 120 years old (the rotation period in the study area), and from older trees of over 1000 years old. The older tended to produce larger quantities of empty seeds than the younger ones, and their filled seeds tended to be lighter and slower to germinate. Nevertheless, the difference in these parameters shown by the trees studied was not so great so as to establish that ageing Salzmann pines are unable to regenerate managed forests. The growth of first year seedlings was positively correlated to seed weight and, therefore, negatively correlated to mother plant age. However, these factors could only account for a small amount of the variability in the size of first-year seedlings. Results suggest that reproductive function works normally in the very old (senescing) Salzmann pines, this being important in relation to the maintenance of biodiversity in the managed mountain forests of Southern Europe.
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Guldin, James M., Don C. Bragg, and Andreas Zingg. "Plentern mit Kiefern – Ergebnisse aus den USA." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 168, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0075.
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Plentering with pines – results from the United States Until now, scientifically reliable data on plentering of light-demanding tree species in Europe have been lacking. This gap is filled with long-term trials from the USA, among others with southern yellow pines. In the southern state of Arkansas, two plots of 16 hectares were installed in 1936, in the context of a large-scale trial of mixed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Miller) stands, in which plentering has been applied using single-tree harvest of predominantly sawtimber-sized trees (dbh >30 cm) with natural regeneration. The aim of the experiment is to investigate the possibilities and limits of uneven-aged silviculture with shade-intolerant tree species, and whether this can be applied in cutover southern yellow pine stands in order to improve the stand structure, to increase growth, and to make periodic harvests possible. The two plots were in different initial states – one more or less fully stocked, the other with poor initial stocking. Since 1936, 18 complete surveys have been conducted where all trees 10 cm and larger were tallied by diameter. During that same time period, 14 plenter harvests have been carried out using the Volume Control-Guiding Diameter Limit method in both plots. In order to check the variability of stand structure within the 16-hectare stands, each was subdivided into four quarters, and the diameter distributions were compared within each quarter. The uneven- aged structure was checked by a sample of tree-ring counts. Both stands retained continuous canopy cover throughout the observation period. The initial differences in the number of stems, the basal area, the standing volume, the proportion of sawtimber, the average basal area and the mean quadratic diameter dg became alike in the course of time, which shows the flexibility of plentering and the tendency to develop stands where the harvest of growth appears to be sustainable. The dg of the harvest was initially slightly more than 20 cm, but is today more than 50 cm. The average total growth is 6 m3/ha and year. The results show that these stands are uneven-aged stands in an advanced stage of the transformation to plentering. We suspect that in the absence of a major natural disturbance event, the plentering approach in southern yellow pines will continue to be promising in the future.
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Nesmith, Jonathan C. B., Micah Wright, Erik S. Jules, and Shawn T. McKinney. "Whitebark and Foxtail Pine in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks: Initial Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010035.
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The Inventory & Monitoring Division of the U.S. National Park Service conducts long-term monitoring to provide park managers information on the status and trends in biological and environmental attributes including white pines. White pines are foundational species in many subalpine ecosystems and are currently experiencing population declines. Here we present results on the status of whitebark and foxtail pine in the southern Sierra Nevada of California, an area understudied relative to other parts of their ranges. We selected random plot locations in Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon national parks using an equal probability spatially-balanced approach. Tree- and plot-level data were collected on forest structure, composition, demography, cone production, crown mortality, and incidence of white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle. We measured 7899 whitebark pine, 1112 foxtail pine, and 6085 other trees from 2012–2017. All factors for both species were spatially highly variable. Whitebark pine occurred in nearly-pure krummholz stands at or near treeline and as a minor component of mixed species forests. Ovulate cones were observed on 25% of whitebark pine and 69% of foxtail pine. Whitebark pine seedlings were recorded in 58% of plots, and foxtail pine seedlings in only 21% of plots. Crown mortality (8% in whitebark, 6% in foxtail) was low and significantly higher in 2017 compared to previous years. Less than 1% of whitebark and zero foxtail pine were infected with white pine blister rust and <1% of whitebark and foxtail pine displayed symptoms of mountain pine beetle attack. High elevation white pines in the southern Sierra Nevada are healthy compared to other portions of their range where population declines are significant and well documented. However, increasing white pine blister rust and mountain pine beetle occurrence, coupled with climate change projections, portend future declines for these species, underscoring the need for broad-scale collaborative monitoring.
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Catling, Paul M. "Identification and Status of the Introduced Black Pine, Pinus nigra, and Mugo Pine, Pinus mugo, in Ontario." Canadian Field-Naturalist 119, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i2.110.
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Recent reference texts and other sources are contradictory regarding the spread of Pinus nigra and Pinus mugo from cultivation in Ontario. Both species have reproduced from plantings along roadsides but neither has been observed to occupy habitats in Ontario to the substantial reduction or exclusion of native species, or to substantially invade natural habitats. The more widely planted Black Pine has been recorded spreading at 24 localities throughout the eastern part of southern Ontario. Mugo Pine is reported spreading at 18 locations. Although evidently much less aggressive than Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), both Black and Mugo pines have a potential for negative impact on biodiversity in dry, rocky or sandy habitats, especially in connection with extensive plantings. A key for the identification of two-needle pines is included. Both P. nigra and P. mugo are highly variable and reported to hybridize extensively with other species.
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Dow, Beverly D., Richard A. Cunningham, and Jospeh M. Krupinsky. "Fifteen-Year Provenance Tests of Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) in North Dakota." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/13.1.5.
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Abstract To determine the usefulness of lodgepole pine in windbreak plantings in the Northern Great Plains, seeds were collected from 25 locations in the western United States and Canada and planted at the Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory ( USDA-ARS) in Mandan, North Dakota. Survival, height, crown diameter, crown density, and Petrova damage were recorded over a 15 yr period. Once established, lodgepole pines were hardy and drought resistant, and there was no mortality after the first 6 yr. Average annual growth was 29 cm. Our results suggest that lodgepole pines may be selected for survival after 2 yr of growth in the field and selected for height after 5 yr. Seed sources from southwestern Montana, northern Idaho, and southern Canada had the best overall performance as measured by good survival, superior height, and narrow crowns. West. J. Appl. For. 13(1):5-11.
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Yang, Feiyu, Yuqi Yan, Hanxue Liang, Minhuang Wang, Jian Kang, Shaowei Jiang, Peng Zhou, et al. "Radial Growth Response of Siberian Pines to Climate Warming in the Sayan Mountains, Southern Siberia, Russian Federation." Forests 14, no. 3 (February 24, 2023): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030463.
Full textAbstract:
Climate warming and subsequent drought are predicted to alter local forest production and carbon budgets, the sensitivity of which may be site- and species-specific. Although a warmer and drier climate often constrains tree growth, whether trees grown in cool, wet regions across the Siberian forest can in turn be promoted remains unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the historical growth tendency of Siberian forests in the Sayan Mountain areas and to explore how climate interacts to regulate their growth. We used ring-width data from Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) sampled from three sites in this area to establish a regional chronology and calculate percentage growth change (%GC) over the past 250 years. Bootstrapped correlation analysis between the regional ring-width chronology and climatic factors indicates the mean air temperature, though not precipitation, is more often positively linked to the radial growth of Siberian pines. The %GC series shows that, from 1966 to 2006, the rising temperatures in May resulted in a significant increase in the radial-growth rate of Siberian pines (r = 0.47, p < 0.05). Our study suggests that the positive growth rate anomaly is more likely to occur as temperatures rise in Southern Siberia.