Dissertations / Theses: 'Southern regions'

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Freeman, Christopher John. "Are chemical defenses allocated within sponges to defend regions most at risk to predator attack?" Click here to access thesis, 2007. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2007/christopher_j_freeman/Freeman_Christopher_J_200701_MS.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2007. "A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Under the direction of Daniel F. Gleason. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-83) and appendices.

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Cho, Myung-Rae. "Regional differentiation in a state-initiated process of capital accumulation : the case of two southern regions of South Korea." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240552.

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RANDAZZO, Paolo. "Earth Degassing in Tectonically Active Regions: New Evidences from Southern Italy and the Balkans." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/10447/554914.

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Tondl, Gabriele. "What determined the uneven growth of Europe's southern regions? An empirical study with panel data." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/922/1/document.pdf.

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Since 1975, the extent of catching-up has been very different across Southern regions. Starting from the common arguments of growth theory, the paper wishes to show whether differences in regional income and growth can be attributed to different endowment in human capital, differences in private or public investment level, to structural imbalances, and labour force participation. The investigated panel consists of regional time series for the period 1975 to 1994 and includes NUTS II level regions of Greece, Spain, and the Italian South. Estimation of the impact of the variables on regional income is effected in a dynamic panel data model applying a GMM estimation procedure. The results indicate that the income level of Southern EU regions is largely determined by employment/educational levels and past public investment, while the impact of private investment is not significant. One may follow that EU regional policies should predominately focus on the human factor. Assistance to member countries to upgrade public infra-structures may be continued, but private investment incentives should be curbed. (author's abstract) Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

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Laskowski, Andrew Keith, and Andrew Keith Laskowski. "Tectonic Evolution of the Yarlung Suture Zone, Lopu Range and Lazi Regions, Central Southern Tibet." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623178.

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The Yarlung (India-Asia) suture zone in southern Tibet records Middle Jurassic—Late Cretaceous development of the Lhasa terrane (Eurasian) convergent margin and subsequent India-Asia collision beginning in Paleocene time. This dissertation reports data from field-based geologic investigation of the Yarlung suture zone in the Lopu Range and Lazi Regions, ~600 and ~300 km west of the city of Lhasa, respectively. Field data were combined with new geochronology (detrital and igneous zircon U-Pb, garnet Lu-Hf), thermochronology (white mica Ar-Ar and zircon U-Th/He), and metamorphic petrology data to develop a tectonic model involving multiple episodes of shallow underthrusting, rollback, and breakoff of both oceanic and continental lithosphere. Switches between extensional and contractional deformation along the Yarlung suture zone appear to be controlled by changes in subduction dynamics. If this tectonic model is representative, then the tectonic process of inter-continental collision is responsible for much larger magnitudes of crustal recycling that previously thought. A hornblende-plagioclase-epidote paragneiss block in ophiolitic mélange, deposited during Middle Jurassic time, records Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous subduction initiation along the Eurasian margin followed by Early Cretaceous forearc extension. Detrital zircons from Xigaze forearc basin strata deposited unconformably atop ophiolitic mélange produced a maximum depositional age of 97 ± 1 Ma, providing a minimum age for establishment of an arc-forearc-trench convergent margin along the southern Lhasa terrane. Metasedimentary rocks that were originally deposited along the Indian passive margin were subducted beneath the Lhasa terrane to upper-mantle depths, reaching high-pressure (HP), low-temperature conditions (≥1.4 GPa at T≤600 °C). Garnet Lu-Hf geochronology indicates that prograde metamorphism of the Indian metasedimentary rocks was ongoing at 40.4 ± 1.4 Ma while white mica Ar-Ar thermochronology indicates exhumation to mid-crustal depths between 39-34 Ma. Gangdese arc magmatism persisted after the onset of India-Asia collision, producing plutons that intruded sedimentary-matrix mélange of the southern Lhasa terrane subduction-accretion complex between 49-37 Ma. These data suggest steep subduction or southward trench retreat immediately prior to shutdown of arc magmatism along the Yarlung suture zone (37 Ma), shortly after the onset of high-pressure rock exhumation. We interpret that these data record a Paleocene—Eocene episode of southward rollback, breakoff, and underthrusting. During Oligocene—Miocene time, nonmarine strata were deposited along the Yarlung suture zone immediately prior to shortening across a system of out-of-sequence, top-north reverse faults. Based on our data and previous work, we interpret that sedimentation was driven by a second episode of rollback and breakoff of Indian continental lithosphere, whereas subsequent contractional deformation was driven by renewed shallow subduction. Compilation of regional thermochronological data and interpretation of seismic reflection data from previous investigations suggests that the top-north reverse faults comprise a foreland-dipping passive roof duplex above the leading edge of a structurally deeper, hinterland-dipping duplex beneath the southern Lhasa terrane. The Yarlung suture zone switched from north-south contraction to east-west extension by ~16 Ma based on a crosscutting relationship between a leucogranitic dike and a normal fault related to a larger horst structure in the Lopu Range region. Tectonic exhumation in the footwall block of the horst drove cooling through zircon (U-Th)/He closure temperature (~180 °C) between 12-6 Ma.

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Beauregard, Susan L. "Dendrochemistry and growth of three hardwoods in three geological regions of southern Quebec from 1940-1999." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100764.

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This thesis used novel methodologies in dendrochemistry to observe past nutrient and Al change in relation to incremental stem xylem growth to predict current and future forest health. The methods included (1) sequential digestion of wood tissue to remove the elemental fraction that is mobile across tree rings leaving the structurally intrinsic, residual (or less mobile) ion fraction for analysis and (2) transformation of elemental concentrations into multivariate ratios (compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND)) over a time series. Sampling of trees represented a gradient in acidity resilience using three regions of southern Quebec (St. Lawrence Lowlands; Lower Laurentians; and Appalachian Highlands) and three species (red maple ( Acer rubrum L.); sugar maple (Acer sacharum Marsh.); and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). The elemental residual fraction had differences from the mobile fraction over time for Ca, Mg and Mn, but not for K or Al. The base rich Saint-Lawrence region had the highest and slightly increasing incremental stem xylem Al of the regions yet had stable or increasing growth. By contrast the acid sensitive Appalachian region had the greatest increase in Al accompanied by a decrease in growth beyond 1970. The Appalachians also had the highest Mn, which had an adverse effect on growth of sugar maple. The acid-resilient species American beech had stable or decreasing Al while having stable or increasing growth in contrast to the less resilient sugar and red maple. The nutrient poor Laurentian region had a persistent deficiency of K over time but no relationships with Al. Aluminium had a general negative correlation with the other canons. Although Mn had the highest levels in red maple for each region, it appears to be limiting growth. The changes in wood chemistry and growth over time appear to be driven by the resilience of the region or species to increasing acidic load in the ecosystems.

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Ikediashi, Charles Isioma. "Population level variation of Atlantic salmon in the chalk streams of southern England and neighbouring regions." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22074.

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In this thesis, population level variation is elucidated for Atlantic salmon living in the chalk streams of southern England – a unique and unusual habitat – as well as in immediately surrounding regions. Salmon in these chalk streams have yet to be robustly investigated, despite individual populations standing out from neighbouring populations in several previous studies. This thesis attempts to identify how different they are and the reasons for it. Then, this thesis also investigates the effect of this distinction on their internal population structure, as well as the current and future trajectory. A panel of microsatellite markers from the SALSEA-merge project were used to complete four studies of population structure in Atlantic salmon. In the first study, which served primarily, as a training exercise, a multi-national baseline was used to identify the origins of salmon recolonising the river Mersey in northwest England. Fish entering the Mersey originated from multiple sources, with the greatest proportion (45–60%) assigning to rivers in the geographical region just north of the Mersey, including Northwest England and the Solway Firth. The number of fish originating from proximal rivers to the west of the Mersey was lower than expected. The results suggested that the recolonisers were straying in accordance with the predominantly clockwise gyre present in the eastern Irish Sea. In the second study, the relationship of salmon in the chalk streams of southern England to salmon outside this region was elucidated. Salmon from all five chalk streams in southern England with major salmon populations were found to all be genetically distinct from these neighbours and statistically less genetically diverse than salmon in southwest England and France. The reasons for this were relatively low immigration and a history of low effective population size. In the third study, the extent of population structure of salmon between the chalk streams and within one chalk stream, the river Frome, was explored. The results suggested these salmon were divided into three groups, i.e. 1) the Frome & Piddle, 2) the Avon and 3) the Test & Itchen. A significant pattern of isolation by distance between salmon in these five rivers was also identified. Historic samples from the Avon were assigned to the contemporary three groups. Surprisingly, most of these fish assigned to the Frome and Piddle group. Within the river Frome, further sub-structure was identified over two separate years of sampling. Salmon from 2009 comprised three genetic groups, and salmon in 2011 comprised just two. In the fourth study, historic scale samples were used to assess the current trajectory of genetic diversity and effective population size of salmon populations across Scotland, England, Wales and France. The majority of samples greater than 30 years old proved ineffective using the SALSEA panel. However, data was compiled from samples from eight rivers ranging from the Tweed in Scotland to the Scorff in France and from 1972 to 2012. Contrary to our hypothesis, most populations showed increases in allelic richness. Populations from one chalk stream show the steepest temporal decline in genetic diversity, which we speculate is partly due to the low immigration into the region. Effective population size proved difficult to determine using a number of methods and no robust pattern was identified. Together these studies indicate that low immigration of salmon into the chalk streams appears to be key to their low genetic diversity and genetic distinction. Low immigration may also have enabled marked within-river population structure and the current negative trajectory of genetic diversity. The implications for general understanding of Atlantic salmon population structure across their range, and for the conservation of this species are discussed.

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Amssalu, Argaw Bezabeh. "Multivariate morphometric analysis and behaviour of honeybees (Apis Mellifera L.) in the southern regions of Ethiopia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003130.

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Morphometric and behavioural characteristics of honeybees, Apis mellifera were analysed using multivariate and bivariate statistical methods to characterise honeybees of southern Ethiopian region. A total of 33800 morphometric character measurements were taken from 2600 individual worker honeybees of 130 honeybee colonies collected at 26 sampling localities with an average inter-locality distance of 89km to determine the occurrence of morphoclusters. 117 experienced farmer beekeepers and beekeeping experts were interviewed on pre-tested questionnaire to investigate the behavioural characteristics of these honeybees in their respective areas. Morphometric characters associated with pigmentation and body size exhibited a higher discriminant power while forewing venation angles (B4, N23 and 026) lack discriminatory power to segregate honeybees in the southern Ethiopian region. Principal components and discriminant analyses using the most discriminatory morphological characters delineated four statistically distinct morphoclusters in the southern Ethiopian region: the smallest and yellow honeybees, A. m. woyi-gambella which are different from all African honeybees, occur in the western and southern lowlands; the small and yellowiest honeybees, Apis mellifera jemenitica in the eastern escarpment; the largest and darkest honeybees, Apis mellifera bandasii in the central and eastern highlands; and dark honeybees, Apis mellifera scutellata in the wet tropical forests. High intracolonial and intercolonial variances within and between the boundaries of the honeybee groups were detected. The former suggests areas of ecological instability, while the latter areas of transitional or natural hybridisation zones. These areas are characterised by transitional ecological zones having intermediate climate and physiography. Even though honeybees of the southern Ethiopian region are generally dark and small, they show a high tendency to reproductive swarming, migration and aggressiveness, great variation in pigmentation, size and behaviour were observed both within and between the groups. A. m. jemenitica honeybees have a high propensity to migration and less a tendency for reproductive swarming. A. m. bandasii and A. m. scutellata have a high inclination to reproductive swarming and the former has a lesser and the later intermediate propensity to migration. A. m. woyi-gambella honeybees have intermediate swarming and migration tendencies. These results revealed that reproductive swarming and migration are higher in resource-rich and resource-poor areas respectively. Honey plants of the central highlands of Ethiopia are predominantly herbaceous in nature and mainly grow on open and cultivated lands. The bulk of pollen collected came comparatively from few genera. Strong correlation was observed between the intensities of flowering and rainfall. Reproductive swarming and migration occur during high and low intensity of flowering respectively.

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SORRENTI, ANTONINO. "THE POLITICS OF CHILDCARE IN SOUTHERN EUROPE: DIFFERENT TRENDS AND OUTCOMES IN ITALIAN AND SPANISH REGIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/735156.

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Italy and Spain have been traditionally characterized by underdeveloped childcare and persistent familism in the provision of care (Ferrera 1996, 2005a). However, in the last two decades, childcare has undergone an expansionary as well as divergent trajectory in Italy and Spain. An high childcare expansion coincided with the increase of public delivery and level of inclusiveness in Spain. By contrast, childcare expansion in Italy was moderate, driven by private sector and less inclusive than in Spain. Therefore, childcare policy change in both countries has varied along three analytical dimensions: the extent of expansion, the way childcare is delivered and the level of inclusiveness. The latter – if combined with the delivery of high quality service - is particularly relevant to achieve effective social investment aims on childcare reforms (Bonoli 2017; West et. al. 2019). In both countries regional governments hold key competences on the three dimensions of change (expansion, delivery and social investment). Due to a decentralized policy setting, Italian and Spanish regions distribute financial resources to the lower level of childcare implementation. Against this backdrop, we develop an empirical analysis of regional childcare trajectory in order to understand the determinants of Italian and Spanish divergence on childcare expansion, delivery and social investment. Trough an in-depth reconstruction of policy-making processes in four regional cases – Andalusia, Rioja, Tuscany and Piedmont - we show that government colours and political competition dynamics still matter for childcare expansion. Also, political competition dynamics – rather than government colour – turn to be relevant to explain the shift from a social assistance to a social investment approach on childcare. Finally, political exchange dynamics between service providers, interested to expand their childcare supply, and governments looking for political support and sharing responsibilities on childcare policy, are crucial to explain changes on childcare delivery.

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Mathys, Reagan. "The COMESA, EAC and SADC Tri-partite Free Trade Agreement: Prospects and Challenges for the Regions and Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7803_1373463174.

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The tri-partite initiative in and for Africa has been accompanied by high levels of optimism since its political endorsement in 2008. It provides for an opportunity to resolve a host of problems with regards to regional integration in Eastern and Southern Africa. The overall aim of this study is to explore the prospects and challenges towards realising the Tri-partite Free Trade Area&nbsp (T-FTA) in and for Africa. This study is pragmatic and implicitly seeks to uncover how the T-FTA could contribute to the African Regional Integration Project (ARIP), given the challenges that&nbsp regional integration face in Africa. Regional integration has a long and rich history in Africa, which started at thehave been weak since the start and persist in its superficial nature with littledevelopmental impact. The reasons for the lack of meaningful integration in Africa are wide-ranging and span national, regional and system level analytical viewpoints. They encompass&nbsp areas such as developmental levels, political will, respect for regional architecture, overlapping membership and the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). These factors impact on the&nbsp integration process in Africa and explain in varied ways why there has been little comprehensive economic integration. The starting point was to define the complex concept of regional integration. The dominant factors that define and affect regional integration in this study are that it is a state-based exercise, driven by economic integration, and influenced by the global political economy of the day. It was determined that Africa has adapted its regional integration strategies according to the shifts and influences in the global political economy on states,&nbsp emanating from the post WWII period to the present day. The mpact of the global economy on Africa since independence was great and is viewed impact on the integration process. Regional integration is essentially a state to state&nbsp pursuit for integration. Essentially, regional integration is being pursued by states that are still struggling to consolidate statehood, and this leaves little space to move towards a regional approach. However, given the dynamics of a globalised world, regional integration as a strategy is no longer questioned in Africa and is an important component of its developmental agenda. Clarifying the T-FTA was important, and this was done in order to highlight what the tri-partite initiative is and is not. This provided for an opportunity to&nbsp investigate what the dominant areas are that have informed the emergence of the tri-partite process. The former was found to be largely economic in nature, focusing on harmonising the trade&nbsp regimes of COMESA, EAC and SADC as a primary motivation. The tri-partite initiative will facilitate and encourage the harmonisation of trade regimes by stressing market integration,&nbsp infrastructure development and industrialisation, coupled by a developmental approach. This is promising, as the tri-partite initiative seeks to simultaneously deal with many issues that have&nbsp been commonly associated with the problems that regional integration face in Africa. When viewing the negotiating context, as well as the principles upon which it is to be based, indicate though, that Africa still favours individual state interest that will be hard to reconcile given that the tri-partite region currently has 26 participant states. In terms of economic integration, the T-FTA&nbsp seeks to put new generation trade issues on the agenda by including services, movement of persons as well as trade facilitation, all of which have been found to be important in realising a&nbsp trade in goods agenda that is the focus of regional integration in Africa. Analysing the grassroots realities of the market integration pillar offered some valuable insights towards the purposes&nbsp of this study. The market integration pillar is inundated with challenges, with Rules of Origin (RoO) being the primary challenge towards consolidating the trade in goods agenda on a tri-partite&nbsp level. New generation trade issues are going to be equally difficult to realise, given that they have no implementation record in the individual Regional Economic Communities (RECs). Promising though is that trade facilitation has already seen positive results by resolving non tariff barriers in the regions.Infrastructure development is equally challenging, although it provides&nbsp a significant opportunity to create better connectivity (physical integration) between states. In lot of pan-African goals that directly feed into initiatives of the African Union (AU) pillar has not as yet created any concrete tri-partite plans, so it remains to be seen what can be achieved. Ideally, industrialisation is viewed as the pillar that will solve the supply-side constraints of African&nbsp economies hence, strengthening the trade in goods agenda in the regions. Even though the T-FTA has practical challenges to implementation, there are at least two underlying factors that&nbsp indirectly affect the prospects of realising the tripartite initiative. The EPAs are an emergent threat in that they run parallel to tripartite negotiations and respect for a rules based integration process, are issues that warrant consideration. Fundamentally, in order to achieve a successful T-FTA will require a shift in the way business is done in African integration. African states need&nbsp to realise that their national interests are best served through cooperation, in meaningful ways. Inevitably this requires good faith as well as ceding some sovereignty towards regional goals. Thus, there is a risk that the T-FTA not realised. The fundamentals of political will, economic polarisation and instability have to be resolved. This will lay an appropriate foundation for the&nbsp tripartite initiative to be sustainable, with developmental impact.

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Shaw, Alexander Iain. "The characterisation of calcrete based on its environmental settings within selected regions of the Kalahari, Southern Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3474d9e4-fa10-4bd4-af7e-dcbe9ebad640.

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Chemical sediments in a variety of geomorphic environments (pedogenic, fluvial, palustrine, lacustrine and pan) were investigated from seven regions (SW Kalahari, Kgalagadi, Kalkweissrand, Etosha, Linyanti, Okavango and Ngami) in the Kalahari of southern Africa. These primary and multi-phase sediments were characterised by a range of pure and intergrade silcrete, calcrete and dolocrete fabrics which contained an array of structures indicative of the crystalline and biogenic processes responsible for their precipitation, epigenesis and paragenesis. Petrography, mineralogy and isotope geochemistry provided significant insight regarding the environmental and geochemical conditions at the time of precipitation. Petrography indicated that the majority of chemical sediments were undergoing epigenetic modification as a consequence of the desiccation induced transition from phreatic to vadose diagenetic and geochemical conditions. The role of rapidly infiltrating meteoric water, associated with unstable wetting fronts, is believed to be instrumental in vadose diagenesis and the precipitation of crystalline/alpha fabric carbonate. Salinisation within the capillary fringe and deeper vadose zone is believed to be responsible for the sequence dolomitisation of crystalline calcite within mature sequences. Highly saline pan conditions instigate the precipitation of authigenic dolomite, calcite and K-feldspar within the surface sediments and authigenic silica at depth. Phreatic water beneath the islands, floodplains and fluvial systems of the Okavango, which undergoes evapotranspirational and transmission salinisation and ultimately terminal desiccation, are similarly precipitating silcrete. Pedogenic processes principally associated with C4 vegetation are responsible for the gratification of carbonate mud within desiccating lacustrine, palustrine and pan sediments. Within the thin sandy Kalahari soils, pedogenesis is limited, but biogenic/beta fabric precipitation linked to mycorrihizae and tree/shrub savanna vegetation is instrumental in the formation of hardpans and the modification of upper calcrete horizons. The dominance of a distinct assemblage (smectite/kaolinite or sepiolite/palygorskite) of authigenic clay minerals present within all the environments provides evidence of semi-arid precipitation within Mg and Ca enriched saline/rapidly evaporating water or brackish/reduced permeability environments.

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Hugo, Sanet. "Biogeographical insights from ecotones and phytogeographic regions in southern Africa : case studies on invertebrates and alien plants." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30790.

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This thesis addresses questions within the research fields of invasion biology and spatial ecology, with a focus on species distribution patterns, biogeographical regions and ecological transition zones, or ecotones. More specifically, species distribution patterns in alien plants at large spatial scales using atlas data, and invertebrate patterns making use of field data collected at a smaller scale (total extent ca. 30 km). First I show that alien plants form largescale geographically differentiated species assemblages in southern Africa (i.e. South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia and Botswana). I demonstrated this by mapping and describing several alien phytogeographic regions at a quarter-degree spatial resolution, and further suggest possible environmental and human-caused determinants of each of these regions. Second, at the same spatial resolution (for South Africa and Lesotho combined, and each of the plant biomes), I show that relatively higher levels of alien plant species richness occur at or near to ecotones, compared to areas that are spatially further away from these ecotones and that typically represent the core habitat of the ecoregions examined. This finding remained valid after taking into account the underlying positive relationships between alien plant richness and energy availability. I also suggest that it is the relatively higher environmental heterogeneity at ecotones (represented here by spatial variation in altitude, rainfall and geology) that promote high alien plant richness. Third, at a smaller spatial scale I report several examples of change in beetle and spider species composition across a savannagrassland ecotone in the west of South Africa’s Free State Province, with the ecotone itself supporting comparatively lower levels of species richness and abundance. This contrasts with a popular assumption that ecotones are characterised by high species richness. Data gained from long-term intensive sampling is preferable for ecological studies, but not always available or practical to acquire; however with the three studies in this thesis I show that data from existing species atlases and feasible short-term surveys can be successfully applied to answer a variety of ecological questions. Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. Zoology and Entomology Unrestricted

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Zorloni, Alberto. "Evaluation of plants used for the control of animal ectoparasitoses in Southern Ethiopia (Oromiya and Somali regions)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26482.

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The burden of ticks in semi-arid lands of Ethiopia is not as pronounced as in some more humid areas of the continent. Nevertheless, the increasing recourse to chemicals smuggled by illegal traders has led to serious problems, including poisoning of humans and animals, discontinuous and irrational treatment regimens, tick-resistance to acaricidal products, loss of traditional knowledge and weakening of social structures. In order to encourage a resumption of the long-established ethnoveterinary practices, a survey on plants locally used in tick control was undertaken, and plant species used in other parts of the continent for the same purpose were considered. On these bases, 28 plant species or varieties were collected in the study area: Acacia seyal var. seyal, Adenium somalense, Aloe calidophila, Aloe parvidens, Azadirachta indica, Boscia angustifolia, Calotropis procera, Calpurnia aurea, Cissus quadrangularis, Commiphora erythraea, Cordia africana, Croton macrostachys, Croton megalocarpus, Datura stramonium, Euphorbia candelabrum, Euphorbia tirucalli, Ficus sycomorus, Ficus thonningii, Lantana camara, Maerua triphylla, Ocimum suave, two varieties of Ricinus communis (one with green fruits and another with red ones), Solanum incanum, Solanum somalense, Sterculia rhynchocarpa, Tagetes minuta and Vernonia amygdalina. In general, leaves were collected and used. However, due to the scarcity of foliar material, the whole plant of T. minuta and O. suave, the whole stem of A. somalense and C. quadrangularis, the branches of E. candelabrum and E. tirucalli, the bark in the case of A. seyal, C. erythraea and S. rhynchocarpa, were examined. After drying and grinding, the plant material was extracted with hexane and acetone, and made up to different concentrations to test the relevant repellent and toxic properties on adult Rhipicephalus pulchellus unfed ticks. For every bioassay, four replications, each using ten ticks, were performed. For the repellency bioassays, ticks were placed on a rectangular polystyrene platform stuck in a plastic basin and surrounded by water, in order to prevent them from moving away. Two glass rods, each provided with filter paper at the top and at the base, were inserted at opposite edges of the platform. The two filter papers of one rod were impregnated with the testing solution (i.e. solvent plus extract) at different concentrations while those of the other rod were treated with the pertinent extractant (hexane or acetone). Because of their inherent tendency to climb, most of the ticks settled onto the rods (mainly at the top), and their distribution was different depending on the repellency capacity of the extracts. The relevant data were then converted into repellency indexes using the formula [(Nc - Nt)/(Nc + Nt)] x 100, where Nc refers to the number of ticks on the control rod and Nt to the number of ticks on the test rod (Lwande et al., 1999; Pascual-Villalobos and Robledo, 1998). For the toxicity bioassays, 1 ìl of the extract at different concentrations was placed onto each tick and the mortality or weakening ratio was recorded after 24 hours. Because of the intrinsic toxicity of hexane, only acetone extracts were used for these assays. Due to the efficacy in extracting volatile compounds, hexane extracts had, for 24 plant species, better repellent properties than acetone extracts. Moreover, at a concentration of 10%, four species had negative repellency indexes with hexane extracts and five with acetone ones. At such concentration, these extracts therefore seemed to attract the ticks rather than repel them. At a concentration of 10%, thirteen hexane and five acetone extracts had repellency indexes > 50. At a concentration of 5%, only five hexane extracts and no acetone ones exceeded this value. Finally, only one species had a repellency index > 50 with the hexane extract at a 1% concentration. The plants showing good repellency indexes with at least one of the two solvents were A. calidophila, C. quadrangularis, C. erythraea, C. macrostachys, C. megalocarpus, D. stramonium, L. camara, M. triphylla, O. suave, the two varieties of R. communis and T. minuta. Amomg them, from a practical point of view, it is suitable to concentrate on O. suave, T. minuta and, to a certain extent, A. calidophila. In fact, C. quadrangularis, C. erythraea, C. macrostachys, D. stramonium, M. triphylla and the two varieties of R. communis had good repellent properties using hexane extracts at 10%, but not at 5%. Because trees like C. erythraea, C. macrostachys, C. megalocarpus and M. triphylla are highly valuable in a very dry environment, an excessive exploitation can put them in danger. Since D. stramonium, L. camara and R. communis are toxic plants, their extracts can be a serious threat for both humans and animals. Furthermore, L. camara is one of the worst weeds in the world, making it very inappropriate for lands already subject to the problem of bush encroachment. For all these reasons, T. minuta and O. suave appear to be the most promising plants; moreover, they are very well known in Southern Ethiopia and occur widely all over the area. On the contrary, A. calidophila is limited to just some places and the cultivation of Aloe species needs special attention, so it is not very suitable for people with a nomadic lifestyle. Concerning the toxicity bioassays, C. aurea extracts yielded by far the best results. In fact, all the ticks used had severe movement impairment when put in contact with acetone extracts at the concentrations of 20% and 10%. At a 5% concentration, 85% of the ticks had the same symptoms. In a separate test, a 10% water extract had a similar effect on 30 ticks out of 40, demonstrating the ease of extraction and application of the active compounds. The plant is well known, mainly by the Borana pastoralists, and is resistant to drought. It is also well able to grow in overgrazed areas, and its cultivation does not require special skills. Some of the extracts of other species gave good or fair results in the toxicity bioassays but, apart from S. incanum, only at a very high concentration (20%). Further studies may include isolation and characterization of the active compounds from the best species, setting up of a suitable plan for livestock treatment, and organization of a production and distribution cycle of appropriate phytomedicines in the pertinent pastoral area. Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. Paraclinical Sciences unrestricted

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Kuttruff, Jenna Tedrick. "Textile attributes and production complexity as indicators of Caddoan status differentiation in the Arkansas Valley and southern Ozark regions /." Connect to resource, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262793186.

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Bohn, Maria del Carmen R. "Use of information by Brazilian mechanical engineers working in academic institutions in the southern and central regions of Brazil." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33100.

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This study was designed to examine various aspects of information use a selected sample of Brazilian mechanical engineers (BMEs) working in academic institutions in Brazil and to relate these findings to the influence of their personal, work and environmental factors. A survey questionnaire was administered to groups of mechanical engineers working in four academic institutions (Federal and State) located in the central-south regions of Brazil. Data were gathered on the following aspects of information use: frequency of use of information sources and channels; number of hours spent reading and communicating; categories of locations consulted; categories of people consulted; problems encountered in information use; attitudes taken by engineers when information is needed but is not available; types of information used and the engineers perception of the availability and pertinence of various information services offered by the engineer's information system. Hypotheses on the interplay between information use and educational level, productivity, reading language ability, seniority, interinstitutional involvement, project type, accessibility of the source; problems on information use and institutional restrictions on the use of information were tested.

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Smith, Brett. "The late quaternary history of Southern hemisphere mediterranean climate regions in the Western Cape, South Africa, and Southwestern Australia." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12162.

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Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-241). The study is focused on four study sites, two in the Western Cape, namely the Bruno section and Lake Michelle and two in southwestern Australia, namely Wambellup Swamp and Devil's Pool. These sites were chosen as they are well situated to investigate the complex interaction between Late Quaternary climate change, the influence of fluctuating sea levels and the impact of human interaction with the environments in question and provide a regional picture of these interactions.

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Kuttruff, Jenna Tedrick. "Textile attributes and production complexity as indicators of caddoan status differentiation in the Arkansas Valley and southern Ozarks regions." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262793186.

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Elphick, Kathryn Elizabeth. "Planar localisation bands in the shallow regions of the Southern Hikurangi subduction wedge: Effects of tectonic setting and lithology." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/210632/1/Kathryn_Elphick_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examined how deformation structures hosted in sedimentary rocks of the Wairarapa, New Zealand, record subduction initiation and the development and evolution of subduction wedges. Field and laboratory techniques are employed to assess the control of tectonic setting and lithology on the nature and spatial distribution of small-scale deformation structures in the shallow parts of subduction wedges. The results provide insights into the failure modes of, stress and strain state within, and mechanisms of fluid movement through subduction wedges, which represent key tectonic settings for geochemical exchange and material recycling between the Earth’s surface, crust, and mantle.

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Rodríguez, Sanz Laura. "Multi-species planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and δ18O as recorders of surface ocean paleoclimatic processes: 2 case studies from diverse oceanographic regions and timescales". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/107952.

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Durante procesos de calcificación los foraminíferos planctónicos incorporan Mg/Ca y fraccionan los isótopos de oxígeno (δ18O) en sus cáscaras dependiendo de la temperatura, y de la temperatura-δ18O de la masa de agua (δ18OSW) donde calcifican, respectivamente. Medidas de Mg/Ca-δ18O en foraminíferos planctónicos han sido ampliamente utilizadas para reconstruir cambios de temperatura y derivar δ18OSW (corregido por el volumen de hielo; δ18OSW-IVC) como proxy de salinidad. Esta tesis utiliza nuevas reconstrucciones de Mg/Ca-temperatura y δ18OSW-IVC para entender cambios en la estructura de la columna de agua durante la Transición del Pleistoceno Medio (MPT; 1250-700 ka) y la Terminación 1 (T1)-Holoceno temprano (20-3 ka) en el Océano Austral y Océano Pacífico, respectivamente. Aunque escalas de tiempos diferentes, ambos fueron períodos de cambios climáticos importantes y entender sus causas es importante para establecer factores que originan la variabilidad natural del clima. La combinación de procesos físicos y biogeoquímicos en el Océano Austral regulan el intercambio de CO2 entre el océano y la atmósfera durante ciclos glaciales-interglaciales. Reconstrucciones de Mg/Ca-temperatura y δ18OSW-IVC basados en Neogloquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) en la Zona Subantárctica (ODP Site 1090) muestran que al comienzo del MPT (~1250 ka), la expansión de los frentes polares Antárcticos originó el enfriamiento glacial y reducción de salinidad de la superficie del Océano Austral. Se propone que estos cambios conllevaron a la estratificación de la superficie de este océano durante glaciaciones, evitando el intercambio de CO2 con la atmósfera y por lo tanto incrementando el almacenamiento de carbono (C) en profundidad en las glaciaciones siguientes. Adicionalmente se estudió la influencia de la expansión de los frentes polares en la estructura de la columna de agua de la Zona Subantárctica mediante la comparación de registros de Mg/Ca-temperatura y δ18OSW-IVC de foraminíferas planctónicos con profundidades de hábitat distintos; Globigerina bulloides (superficie), N. pachyderma (subsuperficie), and Globorotalii crassaformis (thermoclina). Estos resultados sugieren que la termoclina/haloclina de esa zona se hizo más somera entre 1500-1300 ka probablemente incrementando la disponibilidad de macro-nutrientes en la superficie de la zona. Esto, aunado a la fertilización por Fe durante las glaciaciones del MPT, eventualmente permitió el aumento de productividad observado en la zona, lo cual junto con la estratificación del Océano Austral posiblemente, pudo ocasionar la reducción glacial de pCO2 (~30 ppm) a ~1250 ka. Las condiciones hidrográficas de la parte superficial de la columna de agua fueron también estudiadas Corriente de California (CC, MD02-2505) durante la T1. Se ha sugerido que la formación de aguas profundas en el Atlántico Norte durante el Younger Dryas (YD) y stadial-H1 menguó, incrementando el transporte de calor y salinidad al Océano Austral. Sin embargo sus consecuencias en el Océano Pacífico aún no están bien establecidas. Aquí, reconstrucciones de Mg/Ca-temperatura y δ18OSW-IVC utilizando los morfotipos de Globigerinoides ruber white en el MD02-2505 muestran el calentamiento relativo de la zona debido al debilitamiento de la CC durante la T1 concordando el perfil de δ18OSW-IVC que sugiere condiciones menos salinas hacia el Holoceno. Incrementos pronunciados de δ18OSW-IVC (~0.7‰) durante YD y stadial-H1 aparentemente son consecuencia de un efecto combinado del debilitamiento de la CC y la advección de aguas relativamente más salinas en el Pacífico durante YD y stadial-H1 en respuesta a los cambios en el Atlántico Norte. Este trabajo enfatiza la respuesta e importancia de las condiciones superficiales de la columna de agua en el sistema climático. En base a reconstrucciones de temperatura y salinidad superficiales se han sugerido mecanismos plausibles de la influencia de las condiciones hidrográficas del Océano Austral en el intercambio de C con la atmósfera durante el MPT y en la respuesta del Océano Pacífico a cambios en el Atlántico Norte durante la T1. During the calcification process planktonic foraminifera incorporate Mg/Ca and fractionate oxygen isotopes (δ18O) in their shells depending on the water mass’ temperature and temperature-seawater δ18O composition (δ18OSW), respectively, where they calcified. Paired Mg/Ca-δ18O measurements in planktonic foraminifera have been widely used as a powerful tool to reconstruct ocean temperature and salinity changes, the latter by deconvolving ice volume corrected δ18OSW (δ18OSW-IVC). This thesis builds on new planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca-temperature and δ18OSW-IVC records as proxies to understand past changes in the structure of the water column during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (MPT; 1250-700 ka) and Termination 1 (T1)-early Holocene (20 to 3 ka) focusing on two regions, the Southern Ocean and North-East Pacific Ocean respectively. Although very different timescales, the MPT and T1 were two periods of important climatic changes, the causes and internal feedbacks surrounding’s which are of special interest to assess the drivers of the natural climate variability. A combination of physical and biogeochemical processes in the Southern Ocean regulates the partitioning of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere on glacial-interglacial timescales. Neogloquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) Mg/Ca-temperature and δ18OSW-IVC records from a core located in the Subantarctic Zone (ODP Site 1090) have shown that at ~1250 ka, the onset of the MPT, the seaward expansion of the Antarctic ice sheets promoted glacial cooling and freshening of the surface Southern Ocean. We suggest that the glacial freshening could have induced Southern Ocean upper water column stratification and hence hindered the outgassing of respired CO2 to the atmosphere, increasing the storage of C at depth during glacial periods. We further explored changes in the water column structure induced by the expansion of the Antarctic polar fronts by exploiting the different depth habitat preferences of Globigerina bulloides (surface), N. pachyderma (subsurface), and Globorotalii crassaformis (thermocline). Their Mg/Ca-temperature and δ18OSW-IVC reconstructions suggested that the thermocline and halocline of the Subantarctic Zone shoaled from 1500-1300 ka, and persisted as such across the MPT, likely improving macro-nutrient availability in the surface waters. This, in combination with glacial Fe-fertilization, probably allowed the spike in productivity observed during glacial stages in and after the transition. This together with Southern Ocean stratification contributed to the glacial 30 ppm MPT drop in pCO2. The influence of past upper ocean hydrographical changes in the climate system was further studied in a core located in the southern California Current (CC, MD02-2505) across T1. Declining deep water formation in the North Atlantic during Younger Dryas (YD) and stadial-H1 resulted in an increase of heat and salinity transport to the Southern Ocean; however the response of the Pacific Ocean to those changes remains elusive. Mg/Ca-temperature reconstructions inferred from Globigerinoides ruber white morphotypes suggest that the CC weakened across T1, allowing a relative warming of the CC at ~25ºN compared to northern positions. This is further supported by δ18OSW-IVC changes toward fresher conditions into the Holocene. Increases of δ18OSW-IVC (~0.7‰) in tandem with YD and stadial-H1 are suggested to reflect the combined effect of the weakening of the fresh CC and advection of relatively salty water masses to the core in response to the North Atlantic freshening and oceanic reorganization. Overall, this work highlights the role of the upper ocean’s physical properties in the Earth’s climate. Based on temperature and salinity proxy reconstructions we provide plausible mechanisms to explain the role of the Southern Ocean hydrographical conditions in the storage/release of carbon at/from depth during the MPT as well as new insights on the response of the Pacific Ocean to decreases of heat and salinity transport to the North Atlantic within the last period of natural global warming.

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Bentley, Joanne. "Phylogenetics and biogeography of the relhanioid paper-daisy lineage (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) : palaeoenvironmental evolution, migration and speciation in southern Africa and the greater Afrotemperate regions." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9190.

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Includes bibliographical references. The true circumscription and subtribal division of Gnaphalieae is currently not known, and a series of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the previously-accepted subtribal delimitation of Anderberg (1991) comprises non-monophyletic entities (Bayer et al. 2000; Bergh & Linder 2009; Ward et al. 2009). Anderberg's (1991) morphological parsimony analysis identified five subtribes, including the largely southern African subtribe Relhaniinae, considered by Linder (2003) to be the tenth-largest “Cape Floral Clade”, as well as a non-classified group of taxa which he considered putatively “basal” to Gnaphalieae. A subsequent molecular analysis (Bayer et al. 2000) indicated that many of the taxa from Anderberg's (1991) subtribe Relhaniinae and the southern African members of the “basal taxa” constitute a single lineage. This lineage, termed the “Relhania clade” by Bergh & Linder (2009), is identified by several studies as the earliest-diverging lineage in Gnaphalieae (Bayer et al. 2000; Bergh & Linder 2009; Ward et al. 2009). The Relhania clade (whose members will hereafter also be referred to as “relhanioid” taxa) forms the focus of this thesis. To date, only placeholder representatives of relhanioid species have been represented in phylogenetic analyses (Bayer et al. 2000; Bergh & Linder 2009; Klaassen & Bergh 2012; Montes-Moreno et al. 2010; Smissen et al. 2011; Ward et al. 2009); thus the Relhania clade as currently defined comprises only 24 species. On morphological grounds, the following taxa are likely to be relhanioid: Antithrixia (monotypic), Arrowsmithia (monotypic), Athrixia (14 sp.), Comborhiza (ditypic), Leysera (3 sp.), Macowania (12 sp.), Nestlera (monotypic), Oedera (18 sp.), Oreoleysera (monotypic), Pentatrichia 4 (6 sp.), Phagnalon (41 sp.; three of which are subspecific), Relhania (13 sp.), Rhynchopsidium (2 sp.) and Rosenia (4 sp.). If all these taxa are confirmed to be members of the Relhania clade, the group will comprise a total of 119 species in 14 genera. Two further genera, Alatoseta (monotypic) and Philyrophyllum (ditypic) are believed to be closely-related to, if not members of, the Relhania clade (Anderberg 1991; Montes-Moreno et al. 2010) although they are morphologically anomalous taxa whose relationships are poorly understood.

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Coleman, Amanda. "Reform(ulat)ing the region : competing discourses of region and regional change in the Depression-era U.S. South /." Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1588418191&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008. Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-177). Also available online via ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

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De, Beer Margareta Caterine. "Thes-economic impact of the phasing out of plantations in the Western and Southern Cape regions of South Africa : a case study of three plantations." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20328.

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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study sought to determine the possible socio-economic impacts of the phasing out of nearly 22 500 ha of plantations within the Southern and Western Cape regions of South Africa as a result of a decision made by Government in September 2000. None of the previous studies undertaken focussed on the socio-economic impacts within the specific regions and plantations, but were based on wider environmental and economic considerations. Data was collected in 2007 from three plantations managed by Mountain to Ocean Forestry (MTO) (PTY) LTD: one located in Grabouw (Western Cape) and two in George (Southern Cape), among three different plantation stakeholder groups. These three groups were: (i) Forest Dependent Communities, (ii) Stakeholders among the forestry value chain and (iii) Indirect stakeholders. Within the first group, a total of 70 persons representing households were interviewed. A total of 26 primary and secondary processing company respondents were interviewed. Information on all of the indirect stakeholder groups was gathered, either through interviews with the stakeholders or from data received from MTO. This study indicated that there are significant differences between the potential impacts within the Southern Cape and Western Cape regions. The data collected showed that among communities within the Western Cape, the dependency on the plantations in terms of employment, income and fuelwood is low. This is in stark contrast to the communities within the Southern Cape, who are dependent on the plantations for their employment and income, and as a result will be affected greatly by the phasing out process. Company respondents in the Western Cape were less concerned than their Southern Cape counterparts about the future decrease in timber supply and indicated that they will source timber from elsewhere, whereas companies within the Southern Cape indicated that they would likely have to shut down. The dependency of indirect stakeholders on the plantations to be phased out, and the resulting impact was found to be minimal. The study concluded with an evaluation of an existing nine step plan for the implementation of social and economic actions within natural resource planning. Three main aspects were identified that need to be addressed namely: (i) To increase public awareness and participation among communities and companies to be impacted on by the phasing out process, (ii) Provide necessary training and thus increased skills level of workers who face unemployment; and (iii) The identification of alternative employment opportunities for the unemployed affected by the phasing out process. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die potensiële sosio-ekonomiese impak van die uitfasering van plantasies in die Suid- en Wes-Kaap gebiede van Suid-Afrika ondersoek. Die besluit om 22 500 ha plantasies uit te faseer is in September 2000 deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering geneem. Geen vorige studies wat onderneem is het gefokus op die moontlike sosio-ekonomiese impakte in die spesifieke gebiede en plantasies nie, maar was gebaseer op groter omgewings- en ekonomiese oorwegings. Data insameling het in 2007 geskied in drie Mountain to Ocean Forestry (MTO) plantasies: een geleë in Grabouw (Wes-Kaap) en twee in George (Suid-Kaap), en onder drie verskillende plantasie belangegroepe. Hierdie drie groepe was (i) Gemeenskappe afhanklik van plantasies; (ii) Belangegroepe in die Bosbou-waardeketting en; (iii) Indirekte belangegroepe. ‘n Totaal van 70 huishoudings in die eerste groep is ondervra, en 26 primêre en sekondêre verwerkingsmaatskappye in die tweede groep is ondervra. Inligting oor al die indirekte belangegroepe is ingesamel, hetsy deur middel van onderhoude of deur data wat van MTO ontvang is. Die studie het aangedui dat daar betekenisvolle verskille tussen die potensiële impakte binne die Suid-Kaap en Wes-Kaap streke bestaan. Die versamelde data het getoon dat die afhanklikheid van gemeenskappe in die Wes-Kaap op die plantasies in terme van werk, inkomste en brandhout laag is. Dit is in skrille kontras met die gemeenskappe in die Suid-Kaap, wat afhanklik is van die plantasies vir hul werk en inkomste, en as gevolg daarvan grootliks geraak sal word deur die uitfasering proses. Maatskappy respondente in die Wes-Kaap was minder bekommerd as hulle eweknieë in die Suid- Kaap oor die toekomstige afname in die saaghoutvoorraad en het aangedui dat hulle saaghout van elders sal bekom, terwyl maatskappy respondente in die Suid-Kaap aangedui het dat hulle waarskynlik hul deure sal moet sluit. Die afhanklikheid van indirekte belanghebbendes op die plantasies wat uitgefaseer word, en die gevolglike impak blyk minimaal te wees. Die studie is afgesluit met 'n evaluering van ‘n bestaande nege stap plan vir die implementering van maatskaplike en ekonomiese kwessies in natuurlike hulpbron beplanning. Die drie belangrikste aspekte is geïdentifiseer wat aangespreek moet word naamlik: (i) Die verhoging van openbare bewustheid van en deelname tussen gemeenskappe en maatskappye wat deur die uitfasering proses geraak sal word, (ii) Die verskaffing van nodige opleiding en dus die verhoging van die vaardighede van werkers wat werkloosheid in die gesig staan; en (iii) Die identifisering van alternatiewe werksgeleenthede vir die werkloses wat deur die uitfasering proses geraak sal word.

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Pearce, Debra Marie. "A case study of the wildflower industry, its participants and their perspectives on rural development and change in the South West and Great Southern Regions of Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/404.

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This thesis presents an in-depth review and analysis of the wildflower industry within the South West and Great Southern Regions of Western Australia, within the context of the social, economic and environmental changes occurring in these high amenity rural regions.The thesis draws on questionnaire and interview data, drawn from wildflower growers, native flower and foliage pickers (‘bushpickers’), wholesalers, exporters, tourism business operators and wildflower and tourism industry support officers, to present a thorough analysis of a contemporary (albeit small) rural industry. Multifunctional transition theory is applied to assist in understanding the structure and agency-related influences affecting the reasons why wildflower producers and pickers show limited interest in diversifying into tourism. The use of actor-network analysis supports this multifunctional transition assessment framework.It is argued that the southern wildflower industry comprises a set of individuals representing a multitude of rural ideologies and expressing, at a personal agency level, varied and sometimes dichotomous perspectives in relation to how they, as producers, view productivist and non-productivist objectives in relation to their involvement in the industry.Producer perspectives on tourism development in relation to the wildflower industry are considered, within the context of changing patterns of rural consumption and production in the study area. The thesis argues that the set of actors present in the industry during the study period (2001-2003) perceived very limited wildflower tourism opportunities for themselves, as a result of the political economy structures, local networks and endogenous factors affecting wildflower producer decisionmaking.Furthermore, the study addresses the implications for the wildflower industry of changing societal and environmental values, particularly in relation to changing forest management policies in Western Australia. Decreased access to native forest for flower and foliage harvesting, as part of a broader reassessment of the ecological sustainability of forest management practices, is identified as a potentially significant factor in reducing the volume of Western Australian wildflower exports, and thus the international market presence of product from this State.This work contributes to ongoing theoretical debates on rural change in Australia through its consideration of the structure and agency influences upon producers’ decision-making, in a specific industrial context. The analytical approach adopted contributes to discussion on both the applicability of the concept of multifunctionality in rural Australia and its utility as a framework for assessing rural development trajectories.

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Sigman, Daniel M. "The Role of Biological Production in Pleistocene Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Variations and the Nitrogen Isotope Dynamics of the Southern Ocean." Ft. Belvoir : Defense Technical Information Center, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA342811.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, 1997. "September 1997." "Funding was provided by National Science Foundation Grant OCE-9201286, National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Program, and the JOI/USSAC Ocean Drilling Graduate Fellowship Program." Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-153).

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Fowler, Lauren N. "Southerner as Other: Exploring Regional Identity through the Southern Vampire." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2495.

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Since its conception in folklore and superstition, the vampire has had an innate ability to reflect the environment of the culture that creates it. Each manifestation of this being is entirely unique to the culture in which it is born. The vampire of the American South is no exception to this idea. As a region with a particularly tumultuous history, the South has been molded by many cultural influences. Religion, sexuality, and race are some of the most notable factors to have impacted the area. Many Southern authors writing vampire fiction explore the fears, stereotypes, and prejudices of the culture with the vampire characters as a means to represent and critique Southern identity. Vampires in Anne Rice’s Interview with the Vampire, Poppy Z. Brite’s Lost Souls, Scott Nicholson’s They Hunger, Alan Ball’s True Blood, and Patrick Lussier’s Dracula 2000 all reveal something about the culture of the South.

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Manasoe, Benjamin. "Branding a region : the next step for the regional tourism organization of Southern Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4062.

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Thesis (MPhil (Information Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Marketing practitioners and academics are increasingly applying the concepts and techniques of products or services branding to the branding of destinations. To date, most of these studies focussed on using product and services branding concepts for branding destinations on the level of an individual resort, city or country. This thesis extends this trend by considering to what degree these destination branding ideas can also be used to brand an entire region consisting of several countries with multiple destinations. The specific focus is on developing such a regional branding framework for the tourism industry of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). First the state of tourism within the SADC region was described, including the establishment of RETOSA and the tourism performance of the region. On the basis of this overview, opportunities for regional destination branding were then considered. Secondly, the core concepts of product branding and their application to destination branding were discussed. Four theoretical frameworks for branding were reviewed and then used to compare product and destination branding. Thirdly, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was used as a case study of a region that has attempted regional destination branding initiatives, with a view to what the SADC-region may learn from this experience. In conclusion a regional destination branding framework is proposed for the SADC region. The following list makes up the elements of this framework: the vision and mission, the destination brand and its proposition, core values of the destination and its brand identity, brand image, clear view of the market, audience and competitors, brand personality, brand positioning, stakeholder consultation process and tourism marketing research. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bemarkingspraktisyns en akademici pas toenemend die konsepte en tegnieke van produk- en dienste-bemarking op die bemarking van destinasies toe. Tot op hede was die focus van die meeste studies om bemarkingskonsepte toe te pas op destinasies soos `n individuele oort, stad of land. Hierdie tesis gaan verder as dit en oorweeg ook on watter mate hierdie bemarkingsidees ook gebruik kan word om `n hele streek, wat uit verskeie lande bestaan, te bemark. Daar word spesifiek gepoog om `n streeksbemarkingsraamwerk vir die toerismebedryf van die Suid-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SADC) daar te stel. Eerstens word die stand van toerisme in die SADC-streek beskryf, insluitend die ontwikkeling van SADC en die Streekstoerisme Organisasie van Suider-Afrika (RETOSA). Hierdie oorsig is gebruik om geleenthede vir streeksbemarking te oorweeg. Tweedens worddie kernkonsepte van produkbemarking en hulle toepassing op streeksbemarking bespreek. Vier teoretiese raamwerke vir bemarking word beskou en gebruik om produk- en destinasie-bemarking te vergelyk. Derdens word die Assosiasie van Suidoos-Asiatiese Lande (ASEAN) as `n gevallestudie van `n streek wat sulke bemarkingsinisiatiewe reeds geïmplimenteer het, bestudeer om te sien wat SADC daaruit kan leer. Laastens word `n streeksbemarkingsraamwerk vir die SADC-streek voorgestel. Die elemente waaruit die raamwerk beslaan, sluit die volgende in: die visie en misie, die streekshandelsmerk en sy proposisie, die kernwaardes van die streek en handelsmerkidentiteit, handelsmerkbeeld, oorsig oor die mark, toeskouers en kompetisie, handelsmerkpersoonlikheid, posisionering, insethouer konsultasieproses en toerismemarknavorsing.

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Banda, Simambo Tenford. "To what extent is overlapping membership of regional structures with mutually exclusive objectives in the SADC region an impediment to regional integration." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31410.

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The main objectives of the study was to determine the exclusivity of the objectives of the regional groupings within the SADC region and to assess the impact that membership overlaps has on the realization of specific regional grouping objectives.A qualitative research approach was adopted. Semi-structured in-depth expert interviews were used to determine the issues arising from regional membership overlaps in the SADC region.Due to limited literature around the subject of regional integration in the SADC region, work done by my supervisor Dr Jannie Rossouw were cited in some instances.Recent developments in the Western economies that have resulted in the refocusing of the SADC region have resulted in polarization amongst the regional groupings in Africa. Furthermore, existing regional groupings within the Southern Africa, have endenvoured on an ambitious regional integration agenda which has resulted in membership overlaps within the existing regional bodies. The study found that these regional overlaps are costing the affected member states in the form of monetary subscription and through the deployment of the rare human skilled resources to regional secretariats. The advent of the European Partnership Agreements has caused polarization within the SADC region through the signing of various bi-lateral and multi-lateral agreements. Most importantly, this study found that structural overlaps exist within SADC itself. A lack of sufficient political will amongst SADC member states was also noted as an impediment to regional integration.However, the study also noted some positive performances of existing regional grouping despite membership overlaps. The Common Monetary Area was highlighted as a grouping that was performing in line with prescribed regional integration convergence indicators. Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) Unrestricted

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Owston, John Alva. "Ministry in Appalachia a sociological overview /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1993. http://www.tren.com.

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Nindi, Angelique Gugulethu. "The feasibility of monetary integration within the SADC region." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002756.

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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) aims to have a regional central bank by 2016 and a common currency by 2018. The member states are at the early stages of the process of regional economic integration, having launched a free trade area in 2008. Monetary integration is an advanced stage of regional economic integration that requires progressive changes in the participating countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of monetary integration within the SADC countries and hence, provide policy recommendations to guide the integration process. To accomplish this, the study analyses the extent to which the member states meet the criteria for an optimum currency area (OCA) as well as the degree to which their economies are converging. The study finds that the main macroeconomic objectives of SADC countries differ due to a difference in the relative importance of monetary policy instruments in member states, which influences each country’s commitment towards achieving the macroeconomic convergence targets and harmonising policies. A more appropriate approach to macroeconomic convergence would be to allow for variable speed, geometry and depth in each country as premature adherence to convergence targets could prevent a harmonisation of the economies in the future and possibly destabilise the union. In addition, the study investigates the importance and similarities of the monetary aggregate channel, the interest rate channel, the exchange rate channel and the credit channel in the transmission of monetary policy using VAR analysis. This is important when considering monetary integration because differences in transmission mechanisms can result in asymmetric behaviour between member states, which in turn will prevent harmonisation of their economies. The results of the analysis suggest that SADC member states display asymmetries in their responses to monetary policy shocks as well as the relative importance of transmission mechanisms. In addition, the results suggest that national monetary policy is generally inefficient in determining economic performance in the member states. Furthermore, the study finds that the failure to meet the OCA criteria implies that the SADC member states will respond asymmetrically to shocks within a monetary union. With no effective alternative adjustment mechanisms in place, the effects of the shocks will endure in union members and possibly widen existing cyclical variation. Hence, monetary integration would not result in harmonisation of the economies of member states. It is therefore, concluded that the SADC countries were not suitable for monetary integration at present.

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Jared, Mohammed Iqbal. "The development region as opposed to the "Homeland" as the essential element of regional development policy." University of the Western Cape, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7855.

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Magister Economicae - MEcon This study is an evaluation of development strategies that have been followed in South Africa. Lebowa is used as a case study for an assessment of the present strategy. The basic question is whether or not it is economically, politically and socially effective to follow the "homeland" development strategy. This approach places "homeland" states within confined political borders. Development policies are also confined to these borders. An alternative is to follow a broader regional development strategy, that spans across both political and economic borders. This may provide a more feasible approach to development. The present regional pattern of development, which focuses mainly on industrial decentralization, is discussed. The evaluation of the present strategy explores various other alternatives which may provide for a more effective regional development policy. In this context an assessment of 'backward regions/homelands' is provided. The central problem addressed is the country or 'homeland' versus regional orientation. To understand the problem, the core-periphery view on South Africa's regional growth pattern, is utilized. The PWV, Durban/ Pinetown and the Cape metropole areas may be taken as "core", where most of the economic activity takes place. One can also distinguish between the "inner-periphery", which is close to the core, and the "outer-periphery", further away from the core and which includes the Black Homelands. This core-periphery approach provides an understanding of the polarisation effect, which results in the "homelands" becoming poorer, whilst the urban areas grow richer. The main criticism of the of the modernisation or diffusionist approach is that the "trickle-down" or spread-effect from the core to the other regions does not really take place. Thus, regional aspirations are not satisfied. The South African Government's attempts to counter some of the forces of concentration have been questionable. Within the context of the diffusionist paradigm, trickle-down effects have not occurred because of the super-imposition of a political ideology onto this approach. Rather these areas are the result of polarization (re-inforced by political consideration) brought about by the concept of separate development. It is clear that South Africa's approach to regional development is in a process of change. This is mainly due to the failure of the "homelands" strategy. Since the mid 1970's it has become increasingly clear that the "homelands" could not really become economically independent (and internationally recognised), and development strategy concentrating on each that the uneconomic and inefficient."homeland" would be uneconomists critical of this unified economy. planners and politicians. approach have suggested that the whole South African economy should be planned as one economy, even if the homelands still maintain political independence. The nine development region mapping of South Africa, Regions A - J, came about as a result of attempting to address South Africa as a more unified economy. Up to now, the proposed role of the regions have not been clearly stated

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Van, Zyl Loretta. "A systematic revision of Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae) in the Southern African region." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51628.

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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The previous revision of Zygophyllum L. by Van Huyssteen (1937) included all known species of the cosmopolitan genus Zygophyllum. The present study deals with the species of Zygophyllum occurring in the southern African region which includes Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. The majority of Zygophyllum species occur in the arid and semi-arid, western parts as well as in the interior parts but some species do occur to the south of the area where milder climatic conditions are experienced. Zygophyllum species are typically described as shrubs or shrublets, rarely herbaceous annuals or biennials, with simple, sessile leaves or sessile, bifoliolate or petiolate, bifoliolate leaves of a succulent texture. Macromorphological as well as phytogeographical data were studied in order to delimit the taxa and to determine their relationships as well as their distributions. Various tables summarizing diagnostic characters of taxonomic importance as well as line drawings depicting the salient features of the species are given. The division of the genus Zygophyllum into two subgenera was investigated and this division is corroborated with additional evidence concerning floral, fruit and seed morphology. The absence or presence of an elaiosome on the seeds found in the two subgenera reflects on their different dispersal strategies. The structure of the morphologically different mucilage produced by the seeds of the two subgenera is touched on. The division of the subgenera Agrophyllum (Neck.) End!. and Zygophyllum, each into several sections, was investigated. Two sections, one from each subgenus, were transferred: the monotypic § Morgsana (Huysst.) Van Zyl to subgenus Zygophyllum; and the monotypic § Grandifolia Eng!. to subgenus Agrophyllum. The § Prismatica Van Zyl is newly described and the §Annua Eng!. is reinstated. seventeen new species are described, a few names sunk into synonymy and several name changes made. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vorige hersiening van Zygophyllum L., deur Van Huyssteen (1937), het alle bekende spesies van die kosmopolitaanse genus Zygophyllum ingesluit. Die huidige studie handel slegs oor die Suider afrikaanse Zygophyllum-spesies wat in Angola, Namibië, Botswana en Suid-Afrika voorkom. Die meerderheid Zygophyllum spesies groei in ariede en semi-ariede dele aan die weskus asook in die binneland van die area maar sommige spesies groei ook in die suide van die gebied met 'n meer gematigde klimaat. Zygophyllum-spesies word beskryf as struike of halfstuike, is selde kruidagtige, een- of tweejariges en het gewoonlik eenvoudige, sittende blare of sittende verdeelde of gesteelde verdeelde, sukkulente blare. Makromorfologiese en geografiese data is bestudeer om die verskillende taxa af te baken, om verwantskappe tussen die onderskeie spesies vas te stel sowel as om die verspreiding vir elke takson aan te gee. Tabelle met die vernaamste taksonomies kenmerke asook lynsketse van die mees belangrike kenmerke van die verskillende species word verskaf. Die verdeling van Zygophyllum in twee subgenera is ondersoek en is, met behulp van bykomende blom-, vrug- en saadmorfologiese inligting, volkome regverdig bevind. Die aan- of afwesigheid van elaiosome op sade dui op verskillende saadverspreidings metodes. Die morfologies-verskillende slymlaag wat deur die saad van die twee subgenera produseer word, is kortliks beskryf. Die verdeling van die subgenera Agrophyllum en Zygophyllum in verskeie seksies is ondersoek. Die monotipiese subseksie Morgsana word na subgenus Zygophyllum en die monotipiese § Grandifolia na subgenus Agrophyllum verskuif. Die § Prismafica word as nuut beskryf en die § Annua word in hergebruik geneem. Sestien nuwe spesies word beskryf, enkele name word in sinonimie geplaas.

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Mwamayi, Kibunji Adam. "Textile and clothing industry competitiveness in the Southern African region." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018684.

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This is a study of the relationship between approaches to people management and competitiveness, by examining the case of the textile and clothing industry in Southern Africa. The textile and clothing industry has historically played a major role in many national economies (including many southern African countries) contributing not only to overall economic growth, but also to the creation of significant numbers of relatively well-paid jobs. In the Southern African Region (SAR), the textile and clothing industry has undergone many structural pressures in the face of increased cheap imports from South-East Asian countries – above all, China and Bangladesh - which have resulted in the closure of many firms, and the significant downsizing of many survivors. This study seeks to explore the relationship between HR practice and organizational sustainability in the textile and clothing industry in Southern Africa region, with a particular emphasis on the cases of three countries: South Africa, Mauritius and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Whilst at very different stages of national development, and with distinct political and developmental histories, all three countries were subject to active industrial policies, including the development of national clothing and textile industries. Again, all have faced the challenge of sustaining these industries in the face of liberalization and intensive competition from the Far East. This study is based on a multi-method approach, combining in-depth interviews with national industry surveys, and the usage of relevant documentary sources. It takes cognizance of the increasing relevance of new HRM practices and discourses to the growing field of Development Studies in the 21st century. The existing HRM literature suggests that there are a number of alternative people management strategies through which firms may secure their competitiveness, most notably strategic approaches to hard HRM (which treats people as an instrument to be strategically deployed to promote competitiveness), soft HRM (which promotes cooperative approaches to managing people) and traditional labour repression (managing people simply as a cost, to be managed in a short-term, un-strategic manner). The literature on HRM in Africa has suggested an alternative paradigm, which combines autocratic paternalism with elements of communitarianism. This study found that the bulk of firms encompassed by the study employed HR policies that recognizably fell within the soft HRM paradigm, enabling high value added production. However, an important exception lies in the area of security of tenure: firms tended to combine high levels of employee involvement and participation; as well as a commitment to human resource development, along with a persistent reliance on the usage of redundancies to adjust changes in the relative need for labour. Hence, this study highlights the limitations of theoretical approaches which see HR strategies as being necessarily coherent and self-reinforcing. Firms may broadly adhere to one approach, whilst adopting aspects of another as needs arise and in response to external pressures. An important exception to this was Mauritius, in which security of tenure appeared to be stronger, perhaps owing to the greater ease of enforcing regulations against illegal imports in a relatively small island country by allowing firms to plan for the future with greater confidence. In contrast, firms in South Africa were characterized by much lower security of tenure, against a backdrop of declining profits, reflecting the competitive challenges posed not only by legitimate low cost imports, but also illegal imports and the proliferation of rural sweatships. One again, this study highlights the relative fragility of the position of many firms and the continued importance of governmental support, most notably in terms of export incentives, support and facilitation in the adoption of new technologies, as well as better policing against illegal imports.

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33

Doremus, James W. "Common characteristics of evangelistic Southern Baptist churches in the Southern Region." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p046-0061.

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Murphy, Michael Lee. "Changing human behavior : the contribution of the white paintings rock shelter to an understanding of changing lithic reduction, raw material exchange, and hunter-gatherer mobility in the interior regions of Southern Africa during the Middle and Early Late stone age /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40021633r.

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35

Blaauw, Lesley. "Transcending state-centrism : new regionalism and the future of Southern African regional integration /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1355/.

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Ring, Natalie J. "The problem South : region, race, and "southern readjustment," 1880-1930 /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3091317.

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37

Busieka, Wycliffe M. "A configuration of trade regimes in eastern and southern Africa region: implication for deeper integration and WTO compatibility." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15434.

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This work has examined the implication the proliferation of identical economic groupings portends for the east and southern Africa region. The thrust of the study here has been to interface and interrogate the incidence of the configuration of integration regimes in the east and southern Africa region. The work has investigated the question as to whether the proliferation of trade regimes has prepared a fertile ground for greater and deeper integration in the region. The thesis has also interrogated the proposition that such proliferation is the very antithesis of the desired goal to promote trade harmonization and reach out for deeper integration in the region. Importantly this work has ventured to query the confluence of identical trade regimes in view of the compatibility imperative as enshrined in the WTO legal framework. We have examined the implication this configuration of integration regimes portends for the WTO disciplines. This work commenced with an extensive examination of current works on regional integration regimes in general and integration initiatives within the east and southern Africa region in particular. The interrogation exercise was premised on works, both economic surveys and legal treatises undertaken on the recently concluded EU-SA free trade agreement, the SADC Trade Protocol, the COMESA Treaty and the Cotonou Agreement. The actual texts of these instruments form the bulk of the sources. We note that without exception, significant and to that extent costly restructuring programs will have to be undertaken by States in the east and southern Africa region in response to the disruptive EU-SA trade partnership. We have established that these integration regime scores well on the imperative of WTO compatibility. We gather that the present WTO structures are not malleable enough for the cash strapped sub-Saharan Africa trade regimes to reconfigure themselves in such a way as to deepen the integration agenda. We have urged for more flexibility in the WTO framework on this score to augment integration processes currently crowding the regional landscape.

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Šebek, Vita. "The evolution of a security community through a process of integration: problems and prospects for the SADC region." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003041.

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This thesis examines the security problematic of African states and focuses more particularly on the SADC region. It links the security problematic with the transactionalist approach to (supra)national integration and the concept of a security community, introduced into internatIonal relations theory by Karl Deutsch and his colleagues. In relation to the (in)security of SADC member states, the thesis attempts to demonstrate that national integration of these states (i.e. the establishment of an amalgamated security community) has at least to accompany if not precede the establishment of a security community at the regional level (i.e. a pluralistic security community). Since threats to the security of SADC member states are mainly nonmilitary in nature, the 'realist' concept of security is broadened to include political, economic, societal and environmental aspects of security at different levels. Furthermore, Deutsch's concept of a security community is redefined in line with the 'new security thinking' and adapted to the situation in African states. Moreover, this thesis attempts to demonstrate that it is essential for SADC member states to become strong and socio-economically cohesive in order to improve their competitiveness in relation to developed states, especially in their ability to deal with internal and ransnational/regional threats to their security, which are (in)directly caused and perpetuated by the lack of national integration, inefficient state-making and underdevelopment - the sources of their weakness.

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Halsey, Clifford Larry. "A handbook for expository preaching in Southern Appalachia." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.

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40

Blaauw, Abraham Lesley. "Towards a developed regional order: which way forward southern Africa?" Thesis, Rhodes University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002970.

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The regionalisation of politics on a global scale, Call be seen as one of the defining features of contemporary international relations. Given this phenomenon, the tasks which confronted this thesis, was to consider the conditions and requirements necessary within the Southern African region to build an all-embracing developed regional order. The urgency with which the latter task should be undertaken, is premised on an increased realisation that the region, and indeed the continent as a whole, are becoming of lesser significance in international affairs. However, a number of impediments will have to be overcome, before the goal of a developed regional order can be achieved, which will contribute to lasting security in the region. Foremost amongst many issues, is how to employ the approaches to integration, in attempting to explain how the goal of a developed order should be achieved. A second problem which this thesis was confronted with, relates to which organisation shoulO be' considered the best vehicle, to drive the integration process forward- COMESA, SACU or SADC. The decision take SADC as the organisation to drive the integration process forward, is premised on a number of factors. Amongst many, it qualifies in geographical terms as a region, the historical linkages of the countries of the region (based on their fight against apartheid, division of labour, etc.), serves as a basis for building a sense of community. Thirdly its institutions can be developed to achieve the goal of an all-embracing regional order. Lastly and most importantly, SADC realises that regional integration will remain unattainable without the involvement of the peoples of Southern Africa. The identification of the organisation to drive the integration process forward, serves to bolster moves towards a maximalist order. However, significant changes in the structure and institutions of SADC is necessary, before it can be considered an all-embracing and developed regional order. Not suprisingly, therefore, we have witness a number of institutional changes to the SADC structures. Amongst many, the establishment of the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security , the signing of the SADC Trade Facilitation Protocol, and the commitment to democracy and a human rights culture, are most significant and will, it is hoped, provide the building-blocks for deeper integration in Southern Africa. Apart from the above, which occur between and among the states of the region, steps are underway between and among the agents of civil society to work closely with each other, to establish a regional civil society. Most notably, the establishment of a media society for Southern Africa, the calls by COSATU for a Social Charter with a regional flavour, the establishment of environmental and human rights networks, and the support for the Gay and Lesbian Movement of Zimbabwe (GALZ), represent landmarks, in the search for a developed regional order. However, the reluctance of the governments of the Southern African countries, to consult with the NGOs, before the adoption of the Organ Politics, clearly bears testimony to their present inability to take the necessary steps needed to move from a minimalist to a maximalist conception of regional organisation. The suggestion of this thesis is that the move-away from minimalism to maximalism can be facilitated by the development of a political centre-around which both governments and NGO activities can be articulated, since both are primarily concerned with the security and welfare of the Southern African region.

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Moore, Margaret Anne. "Crustal deformation in the southern New Zealand region." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325829.

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Painting, Suzanne Jane. "Bacterioplankton dynamics in the Southern Benguela upwelling region." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23358.

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The role of heterotrophic bacteria in the carbon and nitrogen flux of the pelagic food web was investigated during laboratory and field-based studies of the temporal development of the planktonic community after upwelling. Bacterial community structure, activity and production were closely coupled to the upwelling cycle and to the dynamics of the phytoplankton community. The initial bacterial population (<l x 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹, 20 to 40 μg C l⁻¹) was metabolically dormant. Increased availability of phytosynthetically produced dissolved organic carbon (PDOC) stimulated bacterial growth (0.016 h⁻¹) and abundance (8 to 10 x 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹, 140 to 200 μg C l⁻¹). Rapid successions in the dominant plateable strains were attributed to substrate preferences and substrate availability. Significant correlations of bacterial biomass with total standing stocks of phytoplankton and particulate carbon provided evidence of close coupling between bacteria and PDOC, and between bacteria and recalcitrant substrates available during phytoplankton decay. These relationships were best described by power functions, suggesting that bacterial biomass was relatively reduced at high levels by predation. A microcosm study indicated that zooflagellate predation could control bacterial biomass. Low net growth yields (34 to 36%) of flagellates suggested inefficient transfer of carbon to higher trophic levels, but considerable nitrogen regeneration (ca 6 to 7 μg N mg dry weight⁻¹ h⁻¹). Thymidine-measured bacterial production (TTI, <0.1 to 1.25 mg C m⁻³ h⁻¹) was linearly related to phytoplankton growth. Non-uniform response of bacteria to added tracer substrates may result in underestimates of bacterial production by 2 to 34 times by TTI, particularly in deep or oligotrophic waters, or during phytoplankton decay. Close coupling of copepod (Calanoides carinatus) production to the upwelling cycle suggested co-existence of the microbial food web and the classical diatom-copepod food chain. Recently upwelled water was dominated by phytoplankton. Assuming that all phytoplankton carbon was available for utilisation, copepods and bacteria were calculated to consume approximately 12 and 22% of primary production respectively. As the bloom declined the planktonic community was increasingly dominated by bacteria, detritus and mesozooplankton. On average, copepods consumed 60% of primary production, while bacteria consumed 49%. Carbon consumption requirements of both bacteria and copepods were satisfied by resource partitioning and carbon cycling. Under food-limiting conditions herbivorous copepods may switch to omnivory, ingesting microzooplankton of the microbial food web, and stimulating enhanced remineralisation to further sustain primary production. A generic size-based simulation model of the dynamics of the plankton community indicated that bacteria and the microbial food web increase the overall productivity of the planktonic food web, and that heterotroph predation in the smaller size classes (<200 μm) is an important mechanism in nutrient recycling.

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Boyd, Elizabeth Bronwyn. "Southern beauty : performing femininity in an American region /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Didi, Didace 1952. "Electrical methods surveys in southern Arizona for hydrogeological investigations." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277332.

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The central induction TEM and CSAMT strengths and weaknesses were analyzed at the San Xavier geophysical test site. TEM results indicate that the depth of investigation of the TEM sounding data is limited by the noise level. CSAMT data are contaminated by static shift effects due to shallow geological inhomogeneities or topography. CSAMT data are also contaminated by the transmitter overprint which depends on the geology beneath the transmitter dipole and the receiving stations. In the Miami Wash-Pinal Creek area of Arizona, where the groundwater contamination was to be studied by electrical methods, the complex resistivity method was first used. Results in the Miami Wash-Pinal Creek area show a trend which consists of a high-low-high trend in the resistivity/I.P. curves for soundings located in the contaminated zone and of an increase of the I.P. curve in the uncontaminated zone.

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Lipscomb, Mary Virginia. "The influence of water and light on the physiology and spatial distributions of three shrubs in the Southern Appalachian Mountains." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43740.

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In order to understand vegetational gradients which develop in response to environmental gradients, the physiological capabilites of each species must be examined in relation to the observed environmental gradient. The distributions of three temperate zone shrub species which occupy different positions on the spur ridges of Brush Mountain may be influenced by their tolerances to light and moisture. Greenhouse studies indicate that R. maximum has a 60 % reduction in photosynthesis at water potentials below -1.0 MPa. R. nudiflorum has only a 30 % reduction and K. latifolia has less than 10 % reduction. Seasonal pressure volume curve determinations, conductance measurements, and water potential measurements of plants in the natural environment indicated that photosynthesis is not affected by water potential in K. latifolia. R. maximum has a significant reduction in conductance during drought which may limit photosynthesis. R. nudiflorum appears to begin senescence prior to severe drought in this area. Greenhouse experiments of adaptability to increasing light intensity show that K. latifolia and R. nudiflorum can significantly increase their light saturation point and maximum rate of photosynthesis in high light environments. R. maximum does not increase its photosynthesis rate in high light environments and appears to undergo chloroplast degradation when grown in high irradiance. Gradient analysis of vegetation on Brush Mountain shows that R. maximum reaches its highest importance in low light, high moisture sites. K. latifolia is most important in low moisture, high irradiance sites. R. nudiflorum is infrequent in the study area but occurs mostly in moderate moisture and irradiance sites. The distributions of R. maximum and K. latifolia appear to match their experimentally determined physiological tolerances. The results for R. nudiflorum are inconclusive. Master of Science

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Khobotlo, Shadrack Motlalepula. "The politics of peacekeeping in Southern Africa: a critical assessment of South Africa's engagement in regional peacekeeping initiatives." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002997.

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International peacekeeping has gained a high profile in international relations and more so, in the post cold war era. The profound increase in the occurrence of civil wars globally and the consequent high demand for the UN to intervene has compelled the world body to delegate its peacekeeping powers to regional organisations. SADC is one of many regional organisations around the world which are faced with the challenge of developing peacekeeping capacities to resolve local conflicts. This thesis endeavours to investigate the prospects of peacekeeping in Southern Africa with specific reference to the involvement of South Africa as a regional power with the wherewithal to play a leadership role in this regard. This is done within the theoretical framework that is provided by the Realist school of thought in international relations. Furthermore, the concept of national interest as defined by Realism will be utilised to explain why countries in Southern Africa in general and South Africa in particular become involved in regional peacekeeping initiatives. The issue of whether the Republic should be involved and how much it should be involved has provoked an intense debate within the country. This debate will therefore be instructive in understanding the dynamics that influence the country's foreign policy behaviour towards the region in relation to playing a leadership role in regional peacekeeping initiatives. The central issue implicit in the debate is the fact that most of the SADC member states that are expected to contribute towards these initiatives have weak economies. This economic weakness in turn leads to the thorny issue of having to seek foreign assistance from western countries from which the region is trying to gain greater independence. This presents the region with a paradox because foreign assistance has serious implications for the SADC countries' sovereignty. It is in this context therefore, that this thesis examines economic development in individual SADC countries and in the region as a whole to establish whether they are in a position to develop a sustainable regional peacekeeping capacity. The contention of the thesis is that economic development is closely related to peacekeeping because without a sound economic base Southern Africa or any other region for that matter, will not be able to develop a viable peacekeeping capacity. On the other hand, keeping the peace in the region is itself important for economic development because it is only in a peaceful environment that economic development can take root.

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Malgas, Pucuka Penelope. "Regional economic co-operation in Sub-Saharan Africa with special reference to the Southern African Development Communities." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/980.

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Thesis (MTech (Business))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002 South Africa has long been a part of the region although it may be a new comer to some institutions established. One of the reasons why SADC was established was to reduce economic dependence on South Africa. The latter has since its first democratic elections been integrated into the region of South African Development Community which comprises of 14 members. South Africa commands an economy three times the size of all SADC economies. It is believed that the economic spread effects from integration with the South African economy will act as an engine of growth in the region. The effect of South Africa's economic dominant role on other SADC member states is a concern. The study seeks to determine the extent to which South Africa can be of assistance to other member States given its own internal problems such a unemployment and poverty. South Africa has a major role to play in terms of stabilising the region and given the expectations from the international community. It has vested interest in the region as it exports more than it imports from the region. The region has potential for investment opportunities and that is made impossible by political instability and political intolerance in the region. The SADC is faced with a serious question whether a member state can enter in the internal affairs of another member state whose internal activities adversely affect the economy of that particular country and that of other member states.

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Artsy, Avishay. "Regional integration and conflict resolution in southern Africa." Thesis, Boston University, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27577.

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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. 2031-01-02

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49

Mutambara, Tsitsi Effie. "The nature of economic integration and co-operation within the South African region and a survey of economic benefits to member states." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002671.

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The transformation of SADCC into the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has paved the way towards closer regional economic integration in southern Africa. The regional grouping no longer only focuses on sectoral cooperation, but is steadily moving towards increased cooperation in trade development and promotion, industrial development and the diversification of national economies, with the aim of increasing regional economic integration. A free trade area ranks second lowest in the steps towards the highest levels of economic integration. Thus, the signing of the SADC Trade Protocol, which serves to pave way for a SADC Free Trade Area, has initiated steps to facilitate and promote the formal economic integration of all countries in the southern African region. It has been noted that at various periods, the region has adopted a variety of approaches to integration. As such, the present study reviews the different approaches to integration, namely the market integration model, the neo-functional integration model, the development integration model and the theory of common markets. Since the essential question with which this thesis is concerned is whether, and to what extent, the benefits expected from SADC and SACU in terms of their aims and objectives have accrued to member states, an insight into the expected benefits arising from the application of each theoretical framework can help to facilitate an evaluation of the benefits which the countries have enjoyed from these two regional groupings. The thesis highlights that throughout the ten years during which the original SADCC was in place, it based its approach to regional integration on the neo-functional and development integration models, although the former tended to be more dominant. With the regional grouping transforming into SADC, the market integration model was adopted, even though the grouping still had features of the aforementioned approaches. The relevance of the three approaches can be seen in: (i) the continued importance of SADC's sectoral projects, particularly in the field of transport and communication: (ii) continued attempts to put in place a suitable regional) industrial development strategy and implement policies to attract foreign investment; and (iii) the signing of the SADCC Trade Protocol to facilitate the implementation of a free trade area. The thesis argues that member states have enjoyed considerable economic benefits from the SADC sectoral projects. However, in some cases, members have lost out on potential benefits as a result of projects failing to be implemented or completed, mainly due to inadequate funding. Further, delays and inefficiencies at some border posts constitute significant non-tariff barriers which could be a hindrance to intra-regional trade. Progress towards diversification of exports has been limited as the region still relies mostly on the export of the traditional agricultural and mineral raw materials. While all countries have made efforts to diversify their industrial bases, attempts at implementing a meaningful regional industrial development strategy have met with limited success. Intra-regional trade has been increasing over the years. Since the SADC Trade Protocol only came into effect in September 2000, the increased levels of trade integration in the region appear to have been a result of the bilateral trade agreements between countries, and the customs union between South Africa and Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BLNS), as well as the structural adjustment programmes and the significant growth experienced in some countries. Outstanding intra-regional trade volumes have been experienced within SACU. In trade terms, benefits have varied between member states, with the more powerful countries like South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mauritius experiencing substantial trade surpluses vis-a.-vis their trade, partners. Countries with bilateral preferential trade agreements have also benefited more due to increased access into each other's markets compared to those without or with bilateral trade agreements of an MFN nature. However, it is important to note that, despite the increase in trade integration in the region, southern Africa is still heavily dependent on the rest of the world for its export markets and as its source of imports. The study finds that intra-industry trade (IIT) exists within the region and, in a number of sectors, high IIT indices are recorded;--although some such sectors do not display significant trade - voIumes. The opening of the region through the implementation of the SADC FTA could promote the expansion of IIT .as-the free trade area )'Till create an enlarged regional market. As such, SADC could benefit from dynamic effects such as scale economies in production and marketing, with member states working on having complementary production structures so as to facilitate specialisation. The thesis argues that the potential for intra-regional trade expansion in the SADC FT A also exists bearing in mind trade complementarity between countries as well as revealed comparative advantages in different sectors. One of the benefits which have accrued to the region as a result of facilitating and promoting greater cooperation and deepening the integration process has been an expansion in cross border investment. The study finds that the 1990s witnessed a gradual increase in cross border investment to take advantage of investment opportunities in member states. South Africa has become the primary source of foreign direct investment flows to a number of SADC countries, with mergers and acquisitions being the dominant mode of its foreign direct investment. Cross border investment helps in supplementing low domestic savings, thus providing substantial parts of the shortfall in capital needed to finance economic growth and development. It can thus promote development in the industrial sector, transfer of capital, skills and technology, and development of infrastructure. Many SADC countries are unable to compete effectively due to lack of export supply capacity. The thesis suggests that capitalising on investment by South African firms could enhance local supply capabilities and raise export competitiveness. The study concludes that for market integration to succeed in the SADC region, the neofunctional and development integration approaches need to be actively pursued simultaneously, particularly with respect to infrastructural and industrial development.

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Lekhooa, Tumo. "Security community building? : an assessment of Southern African regional integration in the post-apartheid era." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005958.

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The thesis traces Southern African security dimensions from the Cold War and the period of apartheid in South Africa to the post-apartheid era. It makes an attempt to investigate the prospects of Southern Africa becoming a security community and the processes and practices underlying these efforts. Using the constructivist theory approach to international relations, the thesis argues that the preoccupation with principles of sovereignty and non-interference, a lack of political will and the absence of common values that could help SADC institute binding rules and decision-making are the main blocks that prevent the region from asserting itself as a security community. All these militate against the idea of mutual accountability among SADC member states and have a negative impact on the institutional and functional capacity of SADC. This also prevents SADC from dealing with the emerging non-military human security threats in the region. In consideration of this, the thesis argues that the idea of security community building in Southern Africa remains not only a regional issue, but also requires the involvement of extra-regional actors.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Southern regions'

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