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1
Dunn, Sandra, Eileen Willis, Simone Pal, Virginia McMillan, and Lee-Anne Gassner. "Using nursing information systems to enhance quality service across multiple service providers." Australian Health Review 27, no. 1 (2004): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042710103.
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This study explored the key requirements identified by stakeholders for the integration of Nursing Information Systems(NIS) in three public hospitals in the southern suburbs of Adelaide. The study used a qualitative approach of semistructuredinterviews, focus groups, site visits to the hospitals and review of relevant literature to ascertain whatparticipants saw as the necessary ingredients to create regional NIS. Study findings showed that the current NIS arenot sustainable in terms of staffing levels, physical resources or the capacity of the two currently-used computer productsto interface with newer generation products. A critical issue for adopting a regional model is the willingness of localsites to revise their current internal structures and functions. This restructuring towards a regionalised NIS wouldimprove overall communication, education, security, efficiency and sustainability.
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Khitrov, Dmitry. "Tributary Labour in the Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Factors in Development." International Review of Social History 61, S24 (December 2016): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859016000420.
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AbstractThis article addresses the system of state-organized and state-controlled tributary labour in the Russian Empire in the eighteenth century. On the basis of the taxpayers’ registry of 1795, it focuses on the social groups obliged to perform military service or labour directly for the polity. They included the numerous “service class” of the southern and eastern frontier regions, including Russian, Ukrainian (mainly Cossack), and indigenous (Bashkir and Kalmyk) communities, and the group of pripisnye, peasants “bound” to industries and shipyards to work for their taxes. The rationale behind the use of this type of labour relation was, on the one hand, the need of the state to secure the support of labour in distant and poorly populated regions, and, on the other, that the communes of labourers saw performing work for the state as a strong guarantee of their landowning privileges.
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Watson, Fred. "How Green is the Universe?" Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 2 (2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110089.
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IT is not often that astronomers get sucked into bio-politics. But the 1980s saw the start of a bitter feud that still rumbles around today — at least among some of America’s conspiracy theorists. At its heart was a diminutive hero, a 200-g Mount Graham Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis unique to the tree-covered Pinaleño Mountains, a small isolated mountain range in southern Arizona, of which Mt Graham is the highest peak. Thought to be extinct in the 1950s, this little survivor reappeared in small numbers on the 3 200 m mountain during the 1970s, and, in 1987, with a population of a couple of hundred, it was formally listed as endangered (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1992; 2011).
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Gardner, Daniel, Andrew Liman, Victoria Autelli, Casey O'Connell, Nicholas Testa, and Glenn Ault. "Initiating a Standard Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Order Set Designed to Improve Patient Outcomes at Los Angeles County + University of Southern California." American Surgeon 82, no. 10 (October 2016): 1000–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481608201032.
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Improving patient safety is vital for all hospitals due to increasing public reporting and pay-for-performance reimbursement. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a leading cause of preventable mortality accounting for 5 per cent of inpatient deaths. The purpose of this study was to outline the process of implementing standard VTE prophylactic order sets in a 600-bed academic safety net hospital and assess the resulting change in patient outcomes. Outcomes were assessed by comparing the rate that eligible inpatients receive VTE prophylaxis and the rate of preventable VTE's compared with total VTE's. From 2011 to 2015, random samples of 60 Los Angeles County+University of Southern California inpatients were generated monthly to examine compliance rates by comparing ICD-9 diagnostic codes to ordered VTE prophylaxis. All inpatient VTE's are retrospectively analyzed. Baseline-ordered VTE prophylaxis was 37 per cent in 2010. The target of 85 per cent was exceeded by the second quarter of 2012 to 2013 when compliance reached 88 per cent, a 51 per cent increase from baseline ( P < 0.01). These results suggest VTE protocols are effective though standardization across service lines is often difficult. Despite these challenges, after implementing standard order sets, we saw compliance increase significantly. Ongoing analysis to determine whether VTE rates have significantly decreased is presently underway.
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Greene, Julie. "MOVABLE EMPIRE: LABOR, MIGRATION, AND U.S. GLOBAL POWER DURING THE GILDED AGE AND PROGRESSIVE ERA." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15, no. 1 (January 2016): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781415000572.
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The acquisition of an empire that stretched across North America, the Caribbean, Central America, and the Pacific world transformed the United States during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. While scholars have examined many aspects of U.S. expansionism, a neglected issue involved the imperial labor migrations it required. From across North America, the Caribbean, southern Europe, and Asia, men and women were recruited to labor in the service of building U.S. global power at the turn of the twentieth century. Officials saw recruiting and moving laborers from far away as necessary to ensure productivity and discipline. This required U.S. government and corporate leaders to experiment with labor management in ways that shaped the “long twentieth century” of U.S. history. Mobility was not only central to the logic of the U.S. Empire; when possible, workers also deployed it for their own ends. Therefore migration became a terrain of struggle between workers and government officials. This paper looks in particular at documents generated by two migrating groups important in the making of U.S. global power. Afro-Caribbeans who traveled to construct the Panama Canal; and soldiers who served in the War of 1898 and the Philippine-American War.
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Anstead, Gregory M. "History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums. II. The Decline and Resurgence of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1945–2019." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6010002.
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Flea-borne typhus, due to Rickettsia typhi and R. felis, is an infection causing fever, headache, rash, and diverse organ manifestations that can result in critical illness or death. This is the second part of a two-part series describing the rise, decline, and resurgence of flea-borne typhus (FBT) in the United States over the last century. These studies illustrate the influence of historical events, social conditions, technology, and public health interventions on the prevalence of a vector-borne disease. Flea-borne typhus was an emerging disease, primarily in the Southern USA and California, from 1910 to 1945. The primary reservoirs in this period were the rats Rattus norvegicus and Ra. rattus and the main vector was the Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). The period 1930 to 1945 saw a dramatic rise in the number of reported cases. This was due to conditions favorable to the proliferation of rodents and their fleas during the Depression and World War II years, including: dilapidated, overcrowded housing; poor environmental sanitation; and the difficulty of importing insecticides and rodenticides during wartime. About 42,000 cases were reported between 1931–1946, and the actual number of cases may have been three-fold higher. The number of annual cases of FBT peaked in 1944 at 5401 cases. American involvement in World War II, in the short term, further perpetuated the epidemic of FBT by the increased production of food crops in the American South and by promoting crowded and unsanitary conditions in the Southern cities. However, ultimately, World War II proved to be a powerful catalyst in the control of FBT by improving standards of living and providing the tools for typhus control, such as synthetic insecticides and novel rodenticides. A vigorous program for the control of FBT was conducted by the US Public Health Service from 1945 to 1952, using insecticides, rodenticides, and environmental sanitation and remediation. Government programs and relative economic prosperity in the South also resulted in slum clearance and improved housing, which reduced rodent harborage. By 1956, the number of cases of FBT in the United States had dropped dramatically to only 98. Federally funded projects for rat control continued until the mid-1980s. Effective antibiotics for FBT, such as the tetracyclines, came into clinical practice in the late 1940s. The first diagnostic test for FBT, the Weil-Felix test, was found to have inadequate sensitivity and specificity and was replaced by complement fixation in the 1940s and the indirect fluorescent antibody test in the 1980s. A second organism causing FBT, R. felis, was discovered in 1990. Flea-borne typhus persists in the United States, primarily in South and Central Texas, the Los Angeles area, and Hawaii. In the former two areas, the opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and cats have replaced rats as the primary reservoirs, with the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) now as the most important vector. In Hawaii, 73% of cases occur in Maui County because it has lower rainfall than other areas. Despite great successes against FBT in the post-World War II era, it has proved difficult to eliminate because it is now associated with our companion animals, stray pets, opossums, and the cat flea, an abundant and non-selective vector. In the new millennium, cases of FBT are increasing in Texas and California. In 2018–2019, Los Angeles County experienced a resurgence of FBT, with rats as the reservoir.
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Srivastava, Lorie, Michael Hand, John Kim, José J. Sánchez, Frank Lupi, Cloé Garnache, Raymond J. Drapek, and James F. Quinn. "How Will Climate Change Affect the Provision and Value of Water from Public Lands in Southern California Through the 21st Century?" Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 49, no. 1 (April 2020): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2020.3.
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AbstractWe estimate the ecosystem service value of water supplied by the San Bernardino National Forest in Southern California under climate change projections through the 21st century. We couple water flow projections from a dynamic vegetation model with an economic demand model for residential water originating from the San Bernardino National Forest. Application of the method demonstrates how estimates of consumer welfare changes due to variation in water supply from public lands in Southern California can inform policy and land management decisions. Results suggest variations in welfare changes over time due to alterations in the projected water supply surpluses, shifting demand limited by water supply shortages or surpluses, and price increases. Results are sensitive to future climate projections—in some cases large decreases in welfare due to supply shortages—and to assumptions about the demand model.
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Ko, Dong-Woo, and Byung-Gook Kim. "The Self-as-Entertainment Personality Construct: Validation and Application in the Hospitality Context." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 9 (October 16, 2015): 1519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.9.1519.
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We examined the validity and applicability of the self-as-entertainment (SAE) personality construct in the context of the hospitality industry. Participants were 309 employees at 4-star hotels in the southern region of China. Findings indicated that the 3 dimensions of the SAE construct (environment, mind play, and self) showed acceptable measurement properties and a reasonable fit. SAE–environment had a positive and significant effect on hotel employees' organizational commitment; however, the relationships between organizational commitment and SAE–mind play and between organizational commitment and SAE–self were not significant in this study. Further, SAE–environment and SAE–self were significantly and positively related to hotel employees' service orientation. Future researchers should extend our study to other locations to reveal a more stable view of the SAE construct, and should also investigate the complex nature of hospitality employees' work environments.
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Kuciauskas, Arunas P., Peng Xian, Edward J. Hyer, Mayra I. Oyola, and James R. Campbell. "Supporting Weather Forecasters in Predicting and Monitoring Saharan Air Layer Dust Events as They Impact the Greater Caribbean." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 99, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0212.1.
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AbstractDuring the spring and summer months, the greater Caribbean region typically experiences pulses of moderate to heavy episodes of airborne African dust concentrations that originate over the Sahara Desert and propagate westward across the tropical North Atlantic basin. These dust episodes are often contained within the Saharan air layer (SAL), an elevated air mass (between 850–500 hPa) marked by very dry and warm conditions within the lowest levels. During its westward transport, the SAL’s distinct environmental characteristics can persist well into the Gulf of Mexico and southern United States. As a result, the Caribbean population is susceptible to airborne dust levels that often exceed healthy respiratory limits. One of the major responsibilities within the National Weather Service in San Juan, Puerto Rico (NWS-PR), is preparing the public within their area of responsibility (AOR) for such events. The Naval Research Laboratory Marine Meteorology Division (NRL-MMD) is sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to support the NWS-PR by providing them with an invaluable “one stop shop” web-based resource (hereafter SAL-WEB) that is designed to monitor these African dust events. SAL-WEB consists of near-real-time output generated from ground-based instruments, satellite-derived imagery, and dust model forecasts, covering the extent of dust from North Africa, westward across the Atlantic basin, and extending into Mexico. The products within SAL-WEB would serve to augment the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS-II) infrastructure currently in operation at the NWS-PR. The goal of this article is to introduce readers to SAL-WEB, along with current and future research underway to provide improvements in African dust prediction capabilities.
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Cantwell, Barbara, Carol Clarke, and Jane Bellman. "Building a Vision of Dietitian Services In Primary Health Care." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 67, S1 (September 2006): S54—S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/67.0.2006.s54.
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Purpose: Primary health care (PHC) reform, especially efforts to implement interdisciplinary teams, has implications for dietetic practice. A consistent, clear vision of the registered dietitian’s (RD’s) role in PHC is needed to develop a successful advocacy agenda. Methods: The Dietitians of Canada (DC) Central and Southern Ontario Primary Health Care Action Group organized a four-step process to engage dietitians in developing an advocacy agenda for RD PHC services in Ontario. Two facilitated workshops brought together dietitian opinion leaders to enhance the understanding of current roles, find common ground, and develop a shared vision. All DC members were invited to review the draft vision, and feedback was integrated into a revised vision. Results: Registered dietitians saw PHC reform through many lenses, and were uncertain about how reforms would affect their practices. In a national review, the majority of reviewers (approximately 85% of 270) supported the draft vision; additional clarity was needed on resources and the breadth of services that RDs would provide. Conclusion: Development of a PHC vision for RDs should be helpful in advocating for dietitian services in PHC.
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Trinchera, Alessandra, Elena Testani, Giancarlo Roccuzzo, Gabriele Campanelli, and Corrado Ciaccia. "Agroecological Service Crops Drive Plant Mycorrhization in Organic Horticultural Systems." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020410.
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Mycorrhizal symbiosis represents a valuable tool for increasing plant nutrient uptake, affecting system biodiversity, ecosystem services and productivity. Introduction of agroecological service crops (ASCs) in cropping systems may determine changes in weed community, that can affect the development of the mycorrhizal mycelial network in the rhizosphere, favoring or depressing the cash crop mycorrhization. Two no-till Mediterranean organic horticultural systems were considered: one located in central Italy, where organic melon was transplanted on four winter-cereals mulches (rye, spelt, barley, wheat), one located in southern Italy (Sicily), where barley (as catch crop) was intercropped in an organic young orange orchard, with the no tilled, unweeded systems taken as controls. Weed “Supporting Arbuscular Mycorrhiza” (SAM) trait, weed density and biodiversity indexes, mycorrhization of coexistent plants in the field, the external mycelial network on roots were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, crop P uptake, yield and quality were evaluated. We verified that cereals, used as green mulches or intercropped, may drive the weed selection in favor of the SAM species, and promote the mycelial network, thus significantly increasing the mycorrhization, the P uptake, the yield and quality traits of the cash crop. This is a relevant economic factor when introducing sustainable cropping practices and assessing the overall functionality of the agroecosystem.
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Anderson, Jesse T., Gregg Schumer, Paul J. Anders, Kyle Horvath, and Joseph E. Merz. "Confirmed Observation: A North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris Recorded in the Stanislaus River, California." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/012018-jfwm-006.
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AbstractTwo sturgeon species are native to the San Francisco Estuary watershed in California: White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus and North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris. The San Francisco Estuary has two main tributaries, the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Recent studies have shown that the San Joaquin River is used by Green and White Sturgeon and that at least a small number of White Sturgeon spawn there when environmental conditions allow. However, records of Green Sturgeon in the San Joaquin River and its tributaries are rare and limited to information from angler report cards. In 2006, the National Marine Fisheries Service listed the southern distinct population segment of North American Green Sturgeon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Federally designated critical habitat for the southern distinct population segment of Green Sturgeon does not extend upstream of the San Joaquin River's confluence with the Stanislaus River. We recently confirmed an adult Green Sturgeon holding in a deep pool near Knights Ferry, California in the Stanislaus River. We observed and recorded the fish using a GoPro® video camera and used environmental deoxyribonucleic acid sampling techniques to confirm species identification. This paper provides the first confirmed record of Green Sturgeon in any tributary of the San Joaquin River, which is beyond the designated critical habitat area. Future well-designed research focused on the San Joaquin River and its tributaries is expected to improve our understanding regarding the importance of these rivers for the various life stages of North American Green Sturgeon.
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Porter, Keith A., and Rachel Sherrill. "Utility Performance Panels in the ShakeOut Scenario." Earthquake Spectra 27, no. 2 (May 2011): 443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3584121.
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The ShakeOut Scenario assessed earth-science impacts, physical damage, and socioeconomic impacts of a hypothetical M7.8 southern San Andreas Fault earthquake. Among many detailed studies were special studies of 12 lifelines, 7 of which were performed by panels of employees of the utilities at risk. Panels met for four hours. Panelists were presented with the scenario's earth science impacts and previously estimated damage to “upstream” lifelines. They then hypothesized a realistic outcome of the earthquake on damage and service restoration, identifying research needs and mitigation options. The panel process worked well: panelists were well qualified and seemed to fairly assess realistic earthquake impacts and restoration, probably more realistically than an outside consultant would have been able to do, thus improving the ShakeOut. Panelists gained insight into lifeline interaction, mutual-aid needs, communication capabilities, and backup supplies. Southern California Edison, for example, enhanced its planning and preparedness for a large Southern California earthquake.
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Davis, Craig, and Thomas O'Rourke. "ShakeOut Scenario: Water System Impacts from a Mw 7.8 San Andreas Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 27, no. 2 (May 2011): 459–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3571563.
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Seismic response simulations of the Los Angeles water supply to a Mw 7.8 San Andreas Fault earthquake scenario are used to assess the regional aqueduct and water distribution system performance in Southern California. Aqueducts sustain significant damage, and restoration of water flow is estimated to take between 4 and 18 months. Local emergency water supplies are insufficient to match the duration of aqueduct repairs, requiring severe water rationing. System serviceability declines rapidly due to numerous pipe leaks, causing serious difficulties for firefighting. Water service restoration to all customers is projected to take several months, with restoration of pre-earthquake water demand requiring more than a year. Business interruptions from long-term water rationing affect the regional economy greater than previously anticipated. Results from this scenario show how critical it is for all water agencies to prepare for a large-magnitude San Andreas earthquake.
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Morgan, J. Mark, James Absher, Bob Loudon, and Dave Sutherland. "The Relative Effectiveness of Interpretive Programs Directed by Youth and Adult Naturalists in a National Forest." Journal of Interpretation Research 2, no. 1 (April 1997): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258729700200102.
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A field experiment was designed to measure effectiveness of interpretive programming at the San Bernardino National Forest in southern California. The focus of this experiment was to evaluate a newly created youth naturalist program designed by the U.S. Forest Service. During the summer of 1996, 439 visitors completed questionnaires at either a campfire talk or a trail hike. The questionnaires measured their knowledge, attitudes, and/or feelings about how the programs were delivered. Results indicated that interpreters at the campfire talk and the trail hike were successful in accomplishing the stated objectives of knowledge and attitude change. Youth naturalists were equally effective as adults on several, but not all, performance measures.
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Jenkins, J. Lee, Edbert B. Hsu, Lauren M. Sauer, Yu-Hsiang Hsieh, and Thomas D. Kirsch. "Prevalence of Unmet Health Care Needs and Description of Health Care–seeking Behavior Among Displaced People After the 2007 California Wildfires." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3, S1 (June 2009): S24—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e31819f1afc.
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ABSTRACTObjectives: The southern California wildfires in autumn 2007 resulted in widespread disruption and one of the largest evacuations in the state’s history. This study aims to identify unmet medical needs and health care–seeking patterns as well as prevalence of acute and chronic disease among displaced people following the southern California wildfires. These data can be used to increase the accuracy, and therefore capacity, of the medical response.Methods: A team of emergency physicians, nurses, and epidemiologists conducted surveys of heads of households at shelters and local assistance centers in San Diego and Riverside counties for 3 days beginning 10 days postdisaster. All households present in shelters on the day of the survey were interviewed, and at the local assistance centers, a 2-stage sampling method was used that included selecting a sample size proportionate to the number of registered visits to that site compared with all sites followed by a convenience sampling of people who were not actively being aided by local assistance center personnel. The survey covered demographics; needs following the wildfires (shelter, food, water, and health care); acute health symptoms; chronic health conditions; access to health care; and access to prescription medications.Results: Among the 175 households eligible, 161 (92.0%) households participated. Within the 47 households that reported a health care need since evacuation, 13 (27.7%) did not receive care that met their perceived need. Need for prescription medication was reported by 47 (29.2%) households, and 20 (42.6%) of those households did not feel that their need for prescription medication had been met. Mental health needs were reported by 14 (8.7%) households with 7 of these (50.0%) reporting unmet needs. At least 1 family member per household left prescription medication behind during evacuation in 46 households (28.6%), and 1 family member in 48 households (29.8%) saw a health care provider since their evacuation. Most people sought care at a clinic (24, 50.0%) or private doctor (11, 22.9%) as opposed to an emergency department (6, 12.5%).Conclusions: A significant portion of the households reported unmet health care needs during the evacuations of the southern California wildfires. The provision of prescription medication and mental health services were the most common unmet need. In addition, postdisaster disease surveillance should include outpatient and community clinics, given that these were the most common treatment centers for the displaced population. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 1):S24–S28)
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Alves Vieira, Maria de Fátima, Alexandre Arcanjo Ferraro, Maria Helena do Nascimento Souza, Maria Tereza B. Fernandes, and Ana Lydia Sawaya. "Height and weight gains in a nutrition rehabilitation day-care service." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 10 (March 3, 2010): 1505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010000273.
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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate nutritional recovery patterns in 106 undernourished children assisted by the Center of Nutritional Recovery and Education (CREN, in Portuguese) between January 1995 and December 1999.DesignCREN assists undernourished children aged 0 to 72 months living in the southern regions of Sao Paulo, in an outpatient setting. Nutritional status was assessed by Z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height. Nutritional recovery evaluation considered Z-score gains in weight-for-age and height-for-age, grouping into four categories (Z-score increment of 0·50 between groups). Children with birth weight less than 2500 g were classified as low birth weight (LBW), while those born at term and with LBW were classified as small for gestational age.SettingCREN (Center of Nutritional Recovery and Education in Portuguese), Sao Paulo, Brazil.SubjectsOne hundred and six children from CREN.ResultsAmong the 106 evaluated children, ninety-eight (92·5 %) recovered their weight or height and seventy-two (67·9 %) recovered both. Nearly half of studied children presented a nutritional recovery (increase in Z-score) of more than 0·50 in height-for-age (46·2 %) and about 40 % in weight-for-age (38·7 %). Multivariate analysis showed that treatment duration and initial weight-for-age contributed to weight-for-age Z-score increment, explaining 25 % of the variation; and treatment duration, initial height-for-age and weight-for-age Z-score increment contributed to height-for-age Z-score increment, explaining 62 % of the variation.ConclusionsOur findings show that nutritional recovery among children who attended CREN was influenced primarily by the degree of nutritional deficit at admission. It has also been shown that biological variables are more important than socio-economic status in determining the rate of nutritional recovery.
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Reft, Ryan. "The Metropolitan Military: Homeownership Resistance to Military Family Housing in Southern California, 1979-1990." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 5 (June 18, 2015): 767–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215590582.
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Despite its dependence on military investment, large segments of the Sunbelt have always expressed ambivalence toward military housing. From 1941 to 1973, real estate interests served as the primary resistance to the construction of military housing; however, during the 1970s, due to economic changes, tax revolts, New Right fiscal and social policies, and the transformation to the all-volunteer force (AVF), opposition to military housing transferred from real estate interests to homeowners. From 1979 to 1990, the Navy’s attempt to construct military family housing in San Diego encountered angry homeowners who resented the tax exempt status of housing and accused military households of overburdening school infrastructure, reducing property values, and spreading social dysfunction. Demographic changes resulting from the AVF yielded more families and greater ethnic and racial diversity, which failed to align with suburban norms and thereby marginalized service households socially and politically.
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Tookes, Hansel, Kristiana Yao, Teresa Chueng, Stefani Butts, Ryan Karsner, Maria Duque, Gabriel Cardenas, Daniel J. Feaster, and Susanne Doblecki-Lewis. "Pre-exposure prophylaxis access in federally qualified health centers across 11 United States metropolitan statistical areas." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 10 (July 8, 2019): 978–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419855178.
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Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising tool for HIV prevention, but uptake has been slow in key demographics and geographic areas including racial and ethnic minorities. Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), serving those with heightened risk of contracting HIV, including low-income and minority patients regardless of ability to pay, are potential sites for PrEP delivery. This study aims to determine availability of PrEP at FQHCs in the US. FQHCs in the 11 largest U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) were included. The south included Atlanta, Dallas, District of Columbia, Houston, and Miami. Reference MSAs included Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. We randomly selected 360 FQHCs for phone calls in which investigators queried the availability of PrEP for HIV prevention at each center. The study was powered to determine a 10% difference in proportion of clinics with PrEP services by region. We used a bivariate logistic regression to compare cities and regions. The percentage of FQHCs providing PrEP generally was low within this sample, with 0–28.0% offering PrEP services in the southern and 14.0–33.3% in reference metropolitan areas. Overall, 19.3% of clinics sampled indicated that they offered PrEP. Logistic regression did not show any difference between southern and reference regions (p = 0.779). However, the total number of FQHCs was significantly lower in southern metropolitan areas (p = 0.014). FQHCs in all metropolitan areas provided limited access to PrEP. Interventions, including technical assistance to increase PrEP availability in these settings catering to underserved populations, could be beneficial.
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Egan, Andrew. "Characteristics of and Challenges Faced by Logging Business Owners in Southern New England." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/28.4.180.
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Abstract The heavily populated states of southern New England—Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island—are primarily forested, providing forest-related services and timber and nontimber forest products. Despite reported challenges to the region's forestry sector, including a shortage of logging capacity, there has been a lack of systematically gathered data about the region's logging community. A mailed survey, informed by focus groups, key informant interviews, and previous research, was used to develop baseline information about the region's logging business owners and to explore challenges to the region's logging businesses. There were few significant differences among logging businesses and logging business owners from the three southern New England states for the attributes studied. Although some mechanized felling was reported, most logging businesses in the region used chain saw felling and 46% of the businesses reported a logging equipment value of less than $100,000. Logging business owners cited several challenges to maintaining or expanding their businesses, including day-to-day operating costs, equipment and insurance costs, the price of stumpage, a shrinking forestland base, and harvest regulations. In addition, there was a general perception of the public's lack of respect for loggers and logging, as well as a perceived disconnect between forest products that the public consumes and the work that loggers perform. Loggers in the region appeared to have less familial attachment to logging, more nonlogging employment opportunity, and a diminished sense of occupational prestige compared with other logging business owners in the northeast. As with similar studies of the logging communities in other states in the northeast, this study represents a reference point from which future studies of the region's logging workforce may be more clearly understood.
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Tobin, Kenneth J., and Marvin E. Bennett. "Impact of model complexity and precipitation data products on modeled streamflow." Journal of Hydroinformatics 16, no. 3 (September 25, 2013): 588–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2013.056.
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With the proliferation of remote sensing platforms as well as numerous ground products based on weather radar estimation, there are now multiple options for precipitation data beyond traditional rain gauges for which most hydrologic models were originally designed. This study evaluates four precipitation products as input for generating streamflow simulations using two hydrologic models that significantly vary in complexity. The four precipitation products include two ground products from the National Weather Service: the Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimator (MPE) and rain gauge data. The two satellite products come from NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) and include the TRMM 3B42 Research Version 6, which has a built-in ground bias correction, and the real-time TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis. The two hydrologic models utilized include the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Gridded Surface and Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA). Simulations were conducted in three, moderate- to large-sized basins across the southern United States, the San Casimiro (South Texas), Skuna (northern Mississippi), Alapaha (southern Georgia), and were run for over 2 years. This study affirms the realization that input precipitation is at least as important as the choice of hydrologic model.
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Morgan, Mark, James Absher, and Rob Whipple. "The Benefits of Naturalist-Led Interpretive Programs: Implications for User Fees." Journal of Interpretation Research 8, no. 1 (April 2003): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258720300800104.
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The 1996 Recreation Fee Demonstration program allowed some federal resource management agencies to keep a portion of user fees generated on-site, instead of returning all revenue to the general treasury. Funded primarily through entrance, activity, parking, and interpretive fees, this legislation has been successful in reducing the maintenance backlog for participating agencies. However, it is unclear what effect user fees might have on visitors attending interpretive programs and the benefits that agencies might be receive from implementing this policy. A field experiment was conducted to measure the outcomes of a naturalist-led, fee-based canoeing program offered by the San Bernardino National Forest Association in southern California. Two hundred twenty-seven canoeists at Big Bear Lake answered questions about their trips during the summer of 1999. Results indicated that the naturalist not only increased visitors’ appreciation of the resource, but also enhanced their perceptions of U.S. Forest Service fee policies.
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Eller, Anne. "Raining Blood: Spiritual Power, Gendered Violence, and Anticolonial Lives in the Nineteenth-Century Dominican Borderlands." Hispanic American Historical Review 99, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 431–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-7573506.
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Abstract This essay offers an intellectual history of the armed mobilizations that traversed the highlands and valleys of the Dominican Republic's southern borderlands during the last decades of the nineteenth century, finding at their very heart a spiritually grounded defense of autonomy within an embattled geography of community and freedom. The residents of these highlands and the San Juan Valley mounted repeated guerrilla movements against the island's two capitals in service of defending the whole island's independence; unlike borderlands struggles elsewhere, residents forged these campaigns long before any capital transformations encroached on their own territory. The essay analyzes the spiritual, political, and geographic logic of self-rule that these individuals invoked and also, critically, the gendered cost of violence that these campaigns fostered. The success of these anticolonial struggles highlights the profound fugitive history of the center island, just as it rewrites narratives of exclusivist Dominican nationalism in the present day.
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Watson, C. Wei-Ming, Elizabeth Pasipanodya, Micah J. Savin, Eric E. Ellorin, Katya C. Corado, Risa P. Flynn, Chloé Opalo, et al. "Barriers and Facilitators to PrEP Initiation and Adherence Among Transgender and Gender Non-Binary Individuals in Southern California." AIDS Education and Prevention 32, no. 6 (December 2020): 472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.6.472.
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While transgender and gender non-binary (trans/nb) individuals are disproportionately affected by HIV, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake remains low in this underserved population. We conducted four focus groups with 37 trans/nb individuals in San Diego and Los Angeles to assess barriers and facilitators of PrEP usage. Transcripts were coded for qualitative themes. Although overall PrEP awareness was high, participants reported limited knowledge and misinformation about PrEP. Barriers to PrEP use included: structural access (e.g., discrimination from health care providers, lack of trans-inclusive services, financial barriers), mental health struggles limiting ability to access PrEP, and concerns about potential side effects, drug-drug interactions with hormone therapy, and lack of other STI protection. Facilitators of PrEP usage included: increased PrEP availability, prior experience taking daily medications, and motivation to have active and healthy lives without fear of contracting HIV. Addressing both structural and psychosocial/behavioral factors in trans-affirming health care environments is crucial to designing inclusive, effective PrEP interventions.
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De Lara, Juan D., Ellen R. Reese, and Jason Struna. "Organizing Temporary, Subcontracted, and Immigrant Workers." Labor Studies Journal 41, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x16664415.
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Since 2008, Warehouse Workers United (WWU) has organized thousands of low-wage warehouse workers in Southern California’s Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, many of whom are temporary, subcontracted, and immigrant workers. Warehouse Workers Resource Center (WWRC), formed in 2011, has provided additional legal services and other resources to warehouse workers. Combining protest tactics, a legal and media strategy, and a commodity chain organizing strategy, WWU and WWRC helped warehouse workers to win back millions of dollars of stolen wages and to pass new regulatory legislation for employers of warehouse workers. In coalition with other labor organizations, they also obtained an agreement by Walmart to improve its workplace safety standards. This case study, based on field research and interviews with key informants, provides important lessons for those seeking to organize marginalized workers in other industries and regions.
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Salgado, Enrique J., Stephanie E. Nehasil, and Peter J. Etnoyer. "Distribution of deep-water corals, sponges, and demersal fisheries landings in Southern California, USA: implications for conservation priorities." PeerJ 6 (October 10, 2018): e5697. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5697.
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Deep-sea corals in Southern California are diverse and abundant but subject to multiple stressors, including bottom-contact fisheries using mobile and fixed gear. There is a need for more information on the distribution of these taxa in relation to the distribution of demersal fishing effort, and the distribution of marine protected areas, in order to improve spatial planning. There are many marine managed areas in Southern California, including essential fish habitat (EFH) areas, conservation areas, and a national marine sanctuary, but specific areas of overlap between bottom fishing and benthic epifauna are poorly known. Groundfish surveys were conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service using a remotely operated vehicle throughout Southern California between 2003 and 2011 to document abundance and distribution of deep-water rockfish and flatfish to a depth of 500 m. Corals and sponges were also common in these images, providing an opportunity to examine these communities. Analyses of 34,792 still images revealed abundance and diversity of coral and sponge taxa, as well as frequency of fishing debris. The occurrence data were overlaid in a geographic information system with landings data for deep-water (>50 m) demersal fisheries to identify areas of spatial overlap. Corals or sponges were observed in 23% of images. A total of 15 coral genera and six sponge morphotypes were identified. A total of 70 species codes were targeted by deep-water demersal fisheries operating below 50 m for years 2007–2011. A novel priority-setting algorithm was developed to identify areas of high richness, abundance, and fishing intensity (RAFi). Several highly-ranked areas were already protected as EFH (Footprint, Piggy Bank). Other highly-ranked sites (West Catalina Island, San Clemente Island, 9-Mile Bank, Santa Rosa Flats) were encompassed by transient gear restrictions, such as Rockfish conservation areas, but are now recommended for permanent protection by the Pacific Fishery Management Council.
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Rai, Sheila. "Fragmented Responses towards Global Governance: The Indian Context." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 1 (March 2017): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117689849.
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The liberalisation dice of the globalisation game has been loaded in favour of developed countries. The recipe of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) prescribed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other international economic institutions has proved detrimental to developing countries like India where poverty is pervasive and scarcity of basic amenities crippling. 1 The SAP syndrome has manifested in lockouts, industrial takeovers, closures, massive retrenchments and weakening/diluting of labour laws, etc. Service sectors such as hospitals and schools have also been adversely affected under pressures from international donor agencies. The unsavoury social and economic consequences on the marginal sections have therefore led to a series of protests and demonstrations. The struggle in all its complexities is both ideological and practical. Pressure to alter the pace and intensity of liberalisation, and change ‘scorecards’ of growth, security and redistribution have gained momentum. The propensity of the elite to coalesce with the predominant forces of globalisation and ignore the basic urges of the masses further adds to the complexities. Evidently, the cataclysmic change augured by global governance on the society, politics and economics is multifaceted. The response of the southern states, namely, India, to this crossfire between the dictates of the global institutions vis-à-vis the complexities of the protests and demands of the classes and masses has been critically analysed in this article. The ongoing attempts to assuage the brutal edges of poverty and provide security and protection are also scrutinised.
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Bernstein, Jennifer M. "Vickers Hot Springs." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.368314.
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Vickers Hot Springs is located near the rural Southern California town of Ojai, and local residents have long enjoyed soaking in the sulfuric pools. But as knowledge of the springs spread, the area saw increases in fights, traffic, burglaries, and drug use. In response, two residents purchased the land and committed to restore the property while allowing limited public access, subsequently generating a great deal of controversy within the community. Privatizing Vickers Hot Springs follows the archetypical lesson of Garrett Hardin's 1968 essay, “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Hardin stated that the problem for common-pool resources was that a finite amount of services are demanded by a potentially infinite number of users, who have little to gain by sacrificing for the common good. But Hardin's theory does not always apply. Many communities have come together to manage resources, often without government oversight. Thus, the question is not whether or not Hardin's theory is accurate, but rather “under what conditions it is correct and when it makes the wrong predictions.” Case studies provide nuance to the broad brushstrokes of a theory, and whether Hardin's parable is applicable depends on the particularities of the common property resource conflict. Employing the frameworks established by Hardin, Dietz et al., and Ostrom, this paper examines the management of Vickers Hot Springs within its broader social, ecological, and political context, asking whether the particular circumstances of this resource use conflict made privatization the most predictable outcome.
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Aguirre Samudio, Ana Julia, Blanca Zoila Gonzales Sobrino, Brenda A. Alvarez Sandoval, Rafael Montiel, Carlos Serrano Sánchez, and Abigail Meza Peñaloza. "GENETIC HISTORY OF THE CLASSIC PERIOD OF TEOTIHUACAN’S BURIALS IN CENTRAL MEXICO." Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica 19, no. 1 (December 28, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17139/raab.19.1.14.
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The ancient city of Teotihuacan was a great urban and ceremonial center, whose population grew exceptionally in the Classic Period (300 – 700 AC). Settlement patterns, culture and burials have indicated an occupation that consisted of groups of neighboring apartment compounds or barrios. We investigated the genetics of three apartment compounds in the Teotihuacan Valley through ancient DNA analysis to prove multiethnicity during the Classic Period. Amerindian mitochondrial haplogroups were identified in 10 burials from San Francisco Mazapa, 7 from San Sebastian Xolalpan, and 19 human bone tools from La Ventilla. These samples had a wide genetic diversity. Differences in genetic structures were slight but significant (p< 0.001) between the three households and 7 ancient populations from Central and Southern Mexico by FST analysis between the three barrios studied, and Xaltocan (post-conquest) was congruent with the number of migrants estimated. Tlailotlacan, another household of Teotihuacan, was different following a small interaction with Mazapa, Xolalpan and La Ventilla. Through the estimation of immigrants, the three households studied seem to have come into contact with Mayans from Xcaret in Yucatan, and this coincides with archaeological data reported. Genetic data could indicate that migration and less genetic drift may possibly lead to a more effective role in the Teotihuacan groups, suggesting that interchange with other groups was not only for commercial, service or governmental purposes, which implicated demographic integration and genetic fusion, culminating in multiethnicity during the Classic Period in Teotihuacan. Further studies can be directed to examine others households.
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Vargas-Hernández, José G. "INTERCAMBIO TRASFRONTERIZO DE SERVICIOS DE SALUD Y MEDICINAS EN LA REGIÓN DE TIJUANA Y SAN DIEGO." Revista Pueblos y fronteras digital 5, no. 10 (December 1, 2010): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2010.10.153.
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Este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el intercambio fronterizo en la región Tijuana-San Diego de los servicios de atención médica, cuidados de la salud y medicamentos. Aun con un gran número de investigaciones y estudios, todavía se tienen muchos cuestionamientos con respecto al impacto de este intercambio en el desarrollo regional. El método empleado es exploratorio, analítico documental y de revisión de la literatura existente. En este trabajo se delimita el mercado trasfronterizo del sur de California y la zona fronteriza de Tijuana, las motivaciones de los usuarios y compradores, las principales barreras, características y tipología. Se enuncian algunas de las áreas para futuras investigaciones y finalmente se formulan algunas propuestas que tienen implicaciones en las políticas públicas. Este estudio arroja luz sobre la posibilidad de elevar los ingresos provenientes del comercio de los servicios de salud, mejorar la satisfacción de los usuarios y consumidores y mitigar las consecuencias negativas asociadas con el diseño de políticas y de iniciativas en los ámbitos multilateral, binacional, regional.
ABSTRACTThe objective of this article is to analyze the border exchange in the Tijuana-San Diego region of medical services, health care and medicines. Despite the numerous research studies conducted, there are still many questions regarding the impact from this exchange on regional development. The exploratory method, documentary analysis and a review of the literature were utilized. This article is focused on the transboundary market of southern California and the Tijuana border area, the motivations of users and buyers, the main barriers, characteristics and typology. Some areas for future studies are specified, and lastly, some proposals with implications for public policies are formulated. This study sheds light on the possibilities of increasing income from commerce in health services, improving the satisfaction of users and consumers, and mitigating the negative consequences associated with the design of policies and initiatives at the multilateral, binational and regional levels.
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Roberts, G., M. J. Wooster, W. Xu, P. H. Freeborn, J. J. Morcrette, L. Jones, A. Benedetti, and J. Kaiser. "LSA SAF Meteosat FRP Products: Part 2 – Evaluation and demonstration of use in the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 11 (June 12, 2015): 15909–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-15909-2015.
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Abstract. Characterising the dynamics of landscape scale wildfires at very high temporal resolutions is best achieved using observations from Earth Observation (EO) sensors mounted onboard geostationary satellites. As a result, a number of operational active fire products have been developed from the data of such sensors. An example of which are the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) products, the FRP-PIXEL and FRP-GRID products, generated by the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA SAF) from imagery collected by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on-board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) series of geostationary EO satellites. The processing chain developed to deliver these FRP products detects SEVIRI pixels containing actively burning fires and characterises their FRP output across four geographic regions covering Europe, part of South America and northern and southern Africa. The FRP-PIXEL product contains the highest spatial and temporal resolution FRP dataset, whilst the FRP-GRID product contains a spatio-temporal summary that includes bias adjustments for cloud cover and the non-detection of low FRP fire pixels. Here we evaluate these two products against active fire data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and compare the results to those for three alternative active fire products derived from SEVIRI imagery. The FRP-PIXEL product is shown to detect a substantially greater number of active fire pixels than do alternative SEVIRI-based products, and comparison to MODIS on a per-fire basis indicates a strong agreement and low bias in terms of FRP values. However, low FRP fire pixels remain undetected by SEVIRI, with errors of active fire pixel detection commission and omission compared to MODIS ranging between 9–13 and 65–77% respectively in Africa. Higher errors of omission result in greater underestimation of regional FRP totals relative to those derived from simultaneously collected MODIS data, ranging from 35% over the Northern Africa region to 89% over the European region. High errors of active fire omission and FRP underestimation are found over Europe and South America, and result from SEVIRI's larger pixel area over these regions. An advantage of using FRP for characterising wildfire emissions is the ability to do so very frequently and in near real time (NRT). To illustrate the potential of this approach, wildfire fuel consumption rates derived from the SEVIRI FRP-PIXEL product are used to characterise smoke emissions of the 2007 Peloponnese wildfires within the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), as a demonstration of what can be achieved when using geostationary active fire data within the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring System (CAMS). Qualitative comparison of the modelled smoke plumes with MODIS optical imagery illustrates that the model captures the temporal and spatial dynamics of the plume very well, and that high temporal resolution emissions estimates such as those available from geostationary orbit are important for capturing the sub-daily variability in smoke plume parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), which are increasingly less well resolved using daily or coarser temporal resolution emissions datasets. Quantitative comparison of modelled AOD with coincident MODIS and AERONET AOD indicates that the former is overestimated by ∼ 20–30%, but captures the observed AOD dynamics with a high degree of fidelity. The case study highlights the potential of using geostationary FRP data to drive fire emissions estimates for use within atmospheric transport models such as those currently implemented as part of the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) programme within the CAMS.
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Roberts, G., M. J. Wooster, W. Xu, P. H. Freeborn, J. J. Morcrette, L. Jones, A. Benedetti, H. Jiangping, D. Fisher, and J. W. Kaiser. "LSA SAF Meteosat FRP products – Part 2: Evaluation and demonstration for use in the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 22 (November 30, 2015): 13241–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13241-2015.
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Abstract. Characterising the dynamics of landscape-scale wildfires at very high temporal resolutions is best achieved using observations from Earth Observation (EO) sensors mounted onboard geostationary satellites. As a result, a number of operational active fire products have been developed from the data of such sensors. An example of which are the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) products, the FRP-PIXEL and FRP-GRID products, generated by the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA SAF) from imagery collected by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) series of geostationary EO satellites. The processing chain developed to deliver these FRP products detects SEVIRI pixels containing actively burning fires and characterises their FRP output across four geographic regions covering Europe, part of South America and Northern and Southern Africa. The FRP-PIXEL product contains the highest spatial and temporal resolution FRP data set, whilst the FRP-GRID product contains a spatio-temporal summary that includes bias adjustments for cloud cover and the non-detection of low FRP fire pixels. Here we evaluate these two products against active fire data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and compare the results to those for three alternative active fire products derived from SEVIRI imagery. The FRP-PIXEL product is shown to detect a substantially greater number of active fire pixels than do alternative SEVIRI-based products, and comparison to MODIS on a per-fire basis indicates a strong agreement and low bias in terms of FRP values. However, low FRP fire pixels remain undetected by SEVIRI, with errors of active fire pixel detection commission and omission compared to MODIS ranging between 9–13 % and 65–77 % respectively in Africa. Higher errors of omission result in greater underestimation of regional FRP totals relative to those derived from simultaneously collected MODIS data, ranging from 35 % over the Northern Africa region to 89 % over the European region. High errors of active fire omission and FRP underestimation are found over Europe and South America and result from SEVIRI's larger pixel area over these regions. An advantage of using FRP for characterising wildfire emissions is the ability to do so very frequently and in near-real time (NRT). To illustrate the potential of this approach, wildfire fuel consumption rates derived from the SEVIRI FRP-PIXEL product are used to characterise smoke emissions of the 2007 "mega-fire" event focused on Peloponnese (Greece) and used within the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) as a demonstration of what can be achieved when using geostationary active fire data within the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). Qualitative comparison of the modelled smoke plumes with MODIS optical imagery illustrates that the model captures the temporal and spatial dynamics of the plume very well, and that high temporal resolution emissions estimates such as those available from a geostationary orbit are important for capturing the sub-daily variability in smoke plume parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), which are increasingly less well resolved using daily or coarser temporal resolution emissions data sets. Quantitative comparison of modelled AOD with coincident MODIS and AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) AOD indicates that the former is overestimated by ~ 20–30 %, but captures the observed AOD dynamics with a high degree of fidelity. The case study highlights the potential of using geostationary FRP data to drive fire emissions estimates for use within atmospheric transport models such as those implemented in the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) series of projects for the CAMS.
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Fajardo, Kevin A., and Wendi E. Wohltmann. "The Impact of Aeroallergens on Military Readiness: A Case Report." Military Medicine 184, no. 11-12 (May 24, 2019): e945-e947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz106.
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Abstract Seasonal aeroallergens commonly cause allergic conjunctivitis, rhinorrhea, sinusitis, and cough in sensitized individuals. These clinical symptoms are the result of IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reactions, which trigger the degranulaton of mast cells and basophils. In contrast, aeroallergens are not common precipitants of urticarial dermatitis, which is driven by a cell-mediated type IV hypersensitivity reaction. In this case report, we describe an Active Duty Air Force member stationed in San Antonio, TX, who presented to the dermatology clinic with a three year history of recalcitrant urticarial dermatitis found to be directly related to exposure to the pollen from the Juniperus ashei tree, also referred to as Mountain Cedar. While laboratory findings confirmed a high level of circulating IgE antibody to Mountain Cedar, the patient had no upper respiratory symptoms consistent with a typical allergic reaction. Further, his skin disease rapidly cleared within 24 hours of leaving southern Texas. Because of the recalcitrant nature of his condition upon returning home, he was considered unfit for further military service. This case not only highlights the growing link between IgE and chronic skin disease, but also the impact aeroallergens can have on the medical readiness and world-wide deployability of Airmen, Sailors, Soldiers, and Marines.
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Burge, Paul, and Jim Cowan. "Rail noise grade separation alternative analysis case study." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 2842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2242.
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The San Francisco Bay Area has an existing commuter rail system that brings commuters from southern regional communities into the downtown city center. One of the communities served by commuter rail service is the City of Palo Alto, CA, which includes four active grade crossings, each requiring train horn sounding for each train event. The City wished to evaluate various options to eliminate the noise generated from horn soundings by creating road/rail grade separations at each existing grade crossing and other possible noise and vibration control elements. The alternatives included crossing closures, rail bed trenching, viaducts, roadway underpasses, and tunnels. A noise and vibration study was undertaken to provide an analysis of which alternatives would provide better reductions in noise and vibration in the surrounding community. The study included an assessment of existing noise levels and predicted future noise and vibration levels for construction and operation of each proposed alternative using current established noise and vibration methodology. The results of this study included comparisons of the noise and vibration associated with each of the of the proposed alternatives that could be used in conjunction with other studies considering cost, traffic, safety, aesthetics and other factors to select an overall preferred alternative.
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De Lima Jurca, Ricardo. "NEOLIBERALISMO E INDIVIDUALIZAÇÃO NAS POLÍTICAS DE SAÚDE NA PERIFERIA SUL DE SÃO PAULO." Caderno CRH 33 (December 22, 2020): 020037. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/ccrh.v33i0.30502.
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<p>Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a expansão dos segmentos públicos e privados de saúde no atendimento da população de um território periférico da Zona Sul da cidade de São Paulo. Esta gestão é baseada nas mediações entre o Estado e os usuários dos Serviços Públicos de Saúde. Além dos usuários entrevistados, participaram da pesquisa, dirigentes sociais e agentes do programa de Atenção Primária de Saúde, a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). As questões propostas podem contribuir para identificar e repensar a produção da demanda nas redes sociais dos usuários com acesso aos serviços de saúde públicos e privados na região, e na ampliação da interface da gestão social do programa de saúde com as clínicas médicas populares na periferia de São Paulo. Os relatos mostram a relação dinâmica que existe entre as práticas, ações e a emergência do processo de individualização das políticas de saúde brasileiras.</p><p> </p><p>NEOLIBERALISM AND INDIVIDUALIZATION IN HEALTH POLICIES IN THE SOUTHERN PERIPHERY OF SÃO PAULO</p><p>This article aims to understand the expansion of the public and private health segment for the management of a peripheral territory of the South Zone of the city of São Paulo. This management is based on mediations between the State and users of public health services. In addition to the users interviewed, they participated in the research, social leaders and community social agents of the primary health care program, Family Health Strategy (ESF - Estratégia Saúde da Família). The proposed questions can contribute to identifying and rethinking demand production in social networks of users with access to public and private health services in the region and in the expansion of the social management interface of the health program with private health care in the outskirts of Sao Paulo. The reports show the dynamic relationship between practices, actions and the emergence of the individualization process of the Brazilian social policies.</p><p>Keywords: Individualization. Healthcare services. Periphery. Neoliberalism. Public-health.</p><p> </p><p>NÉOLIBÉRALISME ET INDIVIDUALISATION DANS LES POLITIQUES DE SANTÉ DANS LA PÉRIPHÉRIE SUD DE SÃO PAULO</p><p>Cet article vise à comprendre l’expansion du segment de la santé publique et privée dans le cadre de la gestion de la population d’un territoire périphérique de la zone sud de la ville de Sao Paulo. Cette gestion est basée sur des médiations entre l’État et les utilisateurs des services de santé publique. Ces derniers ont été interrogés ainsi que des leaders sociaux et des agents du programme de soins de santé primaires dénommé Stratégie de Santé de la Famille (ESF - Estratégia Saúde da Família). Les questions posées peuvent contribuer à identifier et à repenser la production de la demande dans les réseaux sociaux d’utilisateurs ayant accès aux services de santé publics et privés de la région, ainsi qu’à l’extension de l’interface de gestion sociale du programme de santé avec les soins de santé privés en périphérie de Sao Paulo. Les rapports montrent la relation dynamique entre les pratiques, les actions et l’émergence du processus d’individualisation des politiques sociales brésiliennes.</p><p>Mots-clés: Individualisation. Services de santé. Périphérie. Néolibéralisme. Santé publique.</p>
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Wei, Hongxu, Richard J. Hauer, Xin Chen, and Xingyuan He. "Facial Expressions of Visitors in Forests along the Urbanization Gradient: What Can We Learn from Selfies on Social Networking Services?" Forests 10, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121049.
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People’s satisfaction towards the experience in forests is one of most important feedbacks that forest park managers need to meet positive visitors’ experiences. Although the drawbacks of questionnaire methodology are obvious for data collection from self-reported scores at the landscape scale, few alternative methods have been proposed. In this study, nine urban forest parks along the urbanization gradients in three capital cities of Northeast China were targeted to investigate their visitors’ selfies from social networking services (SNS) by assessing facial expressions. A total of 935 photos with location records were obtained from the SNS platform of Sina Micro-Blog in a social hot-event of ‘Golden Week Holidays of National Day of China’ of 2017. Images were recognized by FireFace software to assess scores of neutral, happy, sad, angry, surprised, scared, disgusted, and contempt expressions. Data were ranked in descending order and analyzed by Friedman’s test, correlation analysis, and Poisson regression. Visitors in downtown-forests showed fewer negative expressions at the most northern city than at the southern most one. The negative expressions tended to be alleviated with the increasing distance of forest parks from downtown. However, when the distance reached over 10 km no geographical effect was found. Female visitors showed positive emotional expressions to urban forests while male visitors showed no response. In conclusion, using data from SNS, this study found an experience in forest park less than 10 km from the downtown of a northern city resulted in female visitors showing the most positive expressions.
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Tang, Wei, Mingsheng Liao, Lu Zhang, Wei Li, and Weimin Yu. "High-spatial-resolution mapping of precipitable water vapour using SAR interferograms, GPS observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2016): 4487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4487-2016.
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Abstract. A high spatial and temporal resolution of the precipitable water vapour (PWV) in the atmosphere is a key requirement for the short-scale weather forecasting and climate research. The aim of this work is to derive temporally differenced maps of the spatial distribution of PWV by analysing the tropospheric delay "noise" in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Time series maps of differential PWV were obtained by processing a set of ENVISAT ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) images covering the area of southern California, USA from 6 October 2007 to 29 November 2008. To get a more accurate PWV, the component of hydrostatic delay was calculated and subtracted by using ERA-Interim reanalysis products. In addition, the ERA-Interim was used to compute the conversion factors required to convert the zenith wet delay to water vapour. The InSAR-derived differential PWV maps were calibrated by means of the GPS PWV measurements over the study area. We validated our results against the measurements of PWV derived from the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) which was located together with the ASAR sensor on board the ENVISAT satellite. Our comparative results show strong spatial correlations between the two data sets. The difference maps have Gaussian distributions with mean values close to zero and standard deviations below 2 mm. The advantage of the InSAR technique is that it provides water vapour distribution with a spatial resolution as fine as 20 m and an accuracy of ∼ 2 mm. Such high-spatial-resolution maps of PWV could lead to much greater accuracy in meteorological understanding and quantitative precipitation forecasts. With the launch of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites, every few days (6 days) new SAR images can be acquired with a wide swath up to 250 km, enabling a unique operational service for InSAR-based water vapour maps with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
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Thomson, Guy P. C. "Bulwarks of Patriotic Liberalism: the National Guard, Philharmonic Corps and Patriotic Juntas in Mexico, 1847–88." Journal of Latin American Studies 22, no. 1-2 (March 1990): 31–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00015108.
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In the archive of the now disbanded jefatura política of Tetela de Ocampo is an account of the funeral ceremony of the Puebla State deputy and school teacher, Ciudadano Miguel Méndez, only son of General Juan Nepomuceno Méndez, caudillo máximo of the State of Puebla between 1857 and 1884. The Velada Fúnebre was held in 1888 in the cabecera of Xochiapulco (alias ‘La Villa del Cinco de Mayo’), a municipio of nahuatl speakers on the southern edge of Mexico's Sierra Madre Oriental, adjoining the cereal producing plateaux of San Juan de los Llanos. The ceremony took place in the ‘Netzahualcoyotl’ municipal school room and was organised by the municipality's Society of Teachers. The description of the elaborately decorated room and baroque ceremony fills several pages.1 The teachers had decked the school room (normally adorned by ‘sixty-two great charts of natural history, twenty Industrial diagrams, large maps of Universal Geography, and diverse statistical charts and many engravings related to education’) with military banners and weapons, masonic trophies, candelabra, floral crowns and yards of white and black ribbon. In the centre of the room stood the coffin on an altar, itself raised upon a platform, guarded by four National Guard sentries and attended by the philharmonic corps of Xochiapulco and all the public officials of the cabecera and its dependent barrios. For nine days preceding the ceremony this band had played funeral marches, between six and eight in the evening, on the plaza, in front of the house of the deceased. The service was taken by Mr Byron Hyde, a Methodist minister from the United States. Accompanied by his wife at a piano, Hyde gave renderings (in English) of three Wesleyan hymns.2 There followed three eulogies of Miguel Méndez, extolling his services to the Liberal cause and on behalf of the ‘desgraciada nación azteca’. These speeches were infused with extreme anticlerical and anti-Conservative sentiments, a martial patriotic liberalism, a reverence for the principles of the French Revolution, an admiration for Garibaldi and Hidalgo (in that order), and an obsession with the importance of education as the only means for emancipating the indigenous population from clerical subjection.
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Villaluz, RSCJ, Geraldine D. "People Empowerment: An Approach towards Indigenous Early Childhood Curriculum." ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement 1, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/ajce.v1i1.64.
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This paper is aimed at presenting an implemented community engagement of the University of San Carlos School of Education with the communities of Agusan del Sur, Philipines, in close partnership with the Justice Peace and Integrity of Creation-IDC, (JPIC-IDC) Incorporated of Agusan del Sur as a response to a felt need in the early childhood education program of the province. In 2004, JPIC pooled together concerted resources from provincial and local government units, non-government organization and academe to create and develop a cul-ture-based curriculum guide for early childhood education that is appropriate and responsive to the needs of indigenous groups in Agusan del Sur, Southern Philippines. To address these needs, an ethnographic commu-nity engagement framework was utilized and initiated by JPIC-IDC team and the University Of San Carlos School Of Education. The community engagement framework facilitated the partnership of Agusan del Sur government leaders, a non-government organization in Germany, community cultural masters, Day Care Teachers and the University of San Carlos School of Education to create a developmentally appropriate and culture-based cur-riculum for Day Care with a supporting handbook for mother-teachers in early childhood education. As a result of this framework, children drop-out decreased from 80% to 10% while parent-community involvement in-creased from 30% to 90% in 2009 (JPIC-IDC, 2007). Ongoing teacher trainings and community orientations on the culture-based curriculum have been extended to 42 additional communities in 2012-2018 from 35 com-munities in 2007 upon request from the provincial governor. Two editions of a culture-based handbook have been published and a third edition is currently prepared for District 2 communities with guided participation by Day Care teachers as co-authors. This community engagement framework, initiated by the Justice Peace and Integrity of Creation of Agusan del Sur Philippines involving all stakeholders from the provincial leaders to the recipients of early childhood education, serves as a model to community extension service programs (CES) of schools and universities as well as to curriculum practitioners and administrators. Three principles involved in this particular community engagement concretely demonstrate that program sustainability is a product of partnership, sensitivity to culture and context and relevance to community’s need.
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Villaluz, RSCJ, Geraldine D. "People Empowerment: An Approach towards Indigenous Early Childhood Curriculum." ASEAN Journal of Community Engagement 1, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/vol1iss1pp96-107.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is aimed at presenting an implemented community engagement of the University of San Carlos School of Education with the communities of Agusan del Sur, Philipines, in close partnership with the Justice Peace and Integrity of Creation-IDC, (JPIC-IDC) Incorporated of Agusan del Sur as a response to a felt need in the early childhood education program of the province. In 2004, JPIC pooled together concerted resources from provincial and local government units, non-government organization and academe to create and develop a cul-ture-based curriculum guide for early childhood education that is appropriate and responsive to the needs of indigenous groups in Agusan del Sur, Southern Philippines. To address these needs, an ethnographic commu-nity engagement framework was utilized and initiated by JPIC-IDC team and the University Of San Carlos School Of Education. The community engagement framework facilitated the partnership of Agusan del Sur government leaders, a non-government organization in Germany, community cultural masters, Day Care Teachers and the University of San Carlos School of Education to create a developmentally appropriate and culture-based cur-riculum for Day Care with a supporting handbook for mother-teachers in early childhood education. As a result of this framework, children drop-out decreased from 80% to 10% while parent-community involvement in-creased from 30% to 90% in 2009 (JPIC-IDC, 2007). Ongoing teacher trainings and community orientations on the culture-based curriculum have been extended to 42 additional communities in 2012-2018 from 35 com-munities in 2007 upon request from the provincial governor. Two editions of a culture-based handbook have been published and a third edition is currently prepared for District 2 communities with guided participation by Day Care teachers as co-authors. This community engagement framework, initiated by the Justice Peace and Integrity of Creation of Agusan del Sur Philippines involving all stakeholders from the provincial leaders to the recipients of early childhood education, serves as a model to community extension service programs (CES) of schools and universities as well as to curriculum practitioners and administrators. Three principles involved in this particular community engagement concretely demonstrate that program sustainability is a product of partnership, sensitivity to culture and context and relevance to community’s need.
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Sahai, Y., F. Becker-Guedes, P. R. Fagundes, A. J. de Abreu, R. de Jesus, V. G. Pillat, J. R. Abalde, et al. "Observations of the F-region ionospheric irregularities in the South American sector during the October 2003 "Halloween Storms"." Annales Geophysicae 27, no. 12 (December 8, 2009): 4463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-4463-2009.
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Abstract. The response of the ionospheric F-region in the South American sector during the super geomagnetic storms on 29 and 30 October 2003 is studied in the present investigation. In this paper, we present ionospheric sounding observations during the period 29–31 October 2003 obtained at Palmas (a near equatorial location) and Sao Jose dos Campos (a location under the southern crest of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly), Brazil, along with observations during the period 27–31 October 2003 from a chain of GPS stations covering the South American sector from Imperatriz, Brazil, to Rio Grande, Argentina. Also, complementary observations that include sequences of all-sky images of the OI 777.4 and 630.0 nm emissions observed at El Leoncito, Argentina, on the nights of 28–29 (geomagnetically quiet night) and 29–30 (geomagnetically disturbed night) October 2003, and ion densities observed in the South American sector by the DMSP F13, F14 and F15 satellites orbiting at about 800 km on 29 and 30 October 2003 are presented. In addition, global TEC maps derived from GPS observations collected from the global GPS network of International GPS Service (IGS) are presented, showing widespread and drastic TEC changes during the different phases of the geomagnetic disturbances. The observations indicate that the equatorial ionospheric irregularities or plasma bubbles extend to the Argentinean station Rawson (geom. Lat. 33.1° S) and map at the magnetic equator at an altitude of about 2500 km.
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Alvan Romero, Nancy, Francesca Cigna, and Deodato Tapete. "ERS-1/2 and Sentinel-1 SAR Data Mining for Flood Hazard and Risk Assessment in Lima, Peru." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 6598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186598.
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The coastline environment and urban areas of Peru overlooking the Pacific Ocean are among the most affected by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, and its cascading hazards such as floods, landslides and avalanches. In this work, the complete archives of the European Space Agency (ESA)’s European Remote-Sensing (ERS-1/2) missions and European Commission’s Copernicus Sentinel-1 constellation were screened to select synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images covering the most severe and recent ENSO-related flooding events that affected Lima, the capital and largest city of Peru, in 1997–1998 and 2017–2018. Based on SAR backscatter color composites and ratio maps retrieved from a series of pre-, cross- and post-event SAR pairs, flooded areas were delineated within the Rímac River watershed. These are mostly concentrated along the riverbanks and plain, where low-lying topography and gentle slopes (≤5°), together with the presence of alluvial deposits, also indicate greater susceptibility to flooding. A total of 409 areas (58.50 km2) revealing change were mapped, including 197 changes (32.10 km2) due to flooding-related backscatter variations (flooded areas, increased water flow in the riverbed, and riverbank collapses and damage), and 212 (26.40 km2) due to other processes (e.g., new urban developments, construction of river embankments, other engineering works, vegetation changes). Urban and landscape changes potentially contributing, either detrimentally or beneficially, to flooding susceptibility were identified and considered in the overall assessment of risk. The extent of built-up areas within the basin was mapped by combining information from the 2011 Global Urban Footprint (GUF) produced by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Open Street Map (OSM) accessed from the Quantum GIS (QGIS) service, and 2011–2019 very high-resolution optical imagery from Google Earth. The resulting flooding risk map highlights the sectors of potential concern along the Rímac River, should flooding events of equal severity as those captured by SAR images occur in the future.
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Rolinski, Tom, Scott B. Capps, Robert G. Fovell, Yang Cao, Brian J. D’Agostino, and Steve Vanderburg. "The Santa Ana Wildfire Threat Index: Methodology and Operational Implementation." Weather and Forecasting 31, no. 6 (November 29, 2016): 1881–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-15-0141.1.
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Abstract Santa Ana winds, common to Southern California from the fall through early spring, are a type of downslope windstorm originating from a direction generally ranging from 360°/0° to 100° and are usually accompanied by very low humidity. Since fuel conditions tend to be driest from late September through the middle of November, Santa Ana winds occurring during this time have the greatest potential to produce large, devastating fires upon ignition. Such catastrophic fires occurred in 1993, 2003, 2007, and 2008. Because of the destructive nature of such fires, there has been a growing desire to categorize Santa Ana wind events in much the same way that tropical cyclones have been categorized. The Santa Ana wildfire threat index (SAWTI) is a tool for categorizing Santa Ana wind events with respect to anticipated fire potential. The latest version of the index has been a result of a three-and-a-half-year collaboration effort between the USDA Forest Service, the San Diego Gas and Electric utility (SDG&E), and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The SAWTI uses several meteorological and fuel moisture variables at 3-km resolution as input to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to generate the index out to 6 days. In addition to the index, a 30-yr climatology of weather, fuels, and the SAWTI has been developed to help put current and future events into perspective. This paper outlines the methodology for developing the SAWTI, including a discussion on the various datasets employed and its operational implementation.
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Utaile, Yonas U., Kenny Helsen, Seyoum G. Aydagnehum, Bart Muys, Simon C. Shibru, and Olivier Honnay. "Typology of the woody plant communities of the Ethiopian Nech Sar National Park and an assessment of vegetation-environment relations and human disturbance impacts." Plant Ecology and Evolution 153, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1698.
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Background and aims – Deforestation and forest degradation have hugely affected the Southern Ethiopian Rift Valley, jeopardizing biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provisioning. Quantifying the impacts of human activities on the remaining woody plant communities and recognizing vegetation–environment relationships provide the basis for targeted conservation and rehabilitation.Material and methods – The study was performed in the Nech Sar National Park (NSNP). Based on a large systematic vegetation survey of 104 plots, we quantified the woody vegetation composition, and we provided a vegetation classification based on Non Metric Multidimensional Scaling, cluster analysis and indicator species analysis. Furthermore, we evaluated vegetation – environment relationships and the effects of human disturbance on community composition and woody plant species richness and diversity.Key results – Our analyses revealed three very distinct woody vegetation types (Acacia mellifera-Combretum aculeatum; Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius-Deinbollia kilimandscharica and Acacia polyacantha-Ficus sycomorus) which were significantly differentiated by soil pH, electrical conductivity, available soil phosphorus and organic matter, and by elevation. Human disturbance, as quantified by a compound Human Disturbance Index (HDI) significantly affected community composition, species richness and diversity, and was significantly positively correlated with species richness and diversity. The latter is likely due to intermediate levels of disturbance and encroachment of disturbance affiliated shrubs such as Dichrostachys cinerea, Lantana camara, and Acalypha fruticosa. Furthermore, the demographic structure of key woody species such as Acacia polyacantha, Acacia tortilis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Diospyros abyssinica, Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius and Terminalia brownii, showed impacts of human disturbance.Conclusion – Our results provide a baseline for further conservation actions in the NSNP which should be differentially targeted on the different plant community types. Overall, human disturbance seems not to have resulted yet in species richness declines, although it has started to affect the integrity of the delineated vegetation types and resulted in small scale succession.
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Ouansafi, Ilhame, Dixon Chibanda, Epiphania Munetsi, and Victoria Simms. "Impact of Friendship Bench problem-solving therapy on adherence to ART in young people living with HIV in Zimbabwe: A qualitative study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0250074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250074.
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Background Adolescents and young people globally are highly vulnerable to poor mental health especially depression, and they account for 36% of new HIV infections in Eastern and Southern Africa. HIV services remain inadequate for this population and their adherence to ART is low. The Friendship Bench (FB), an evidence-based model developed in Zimbabwe to bridge the mental health gap, is a brief psychological intervention delivered on benches in primary care facilities by lay health workers (“grandmothers”) trained in problem-solving therapy. This study explored the experience of young people living with HIV attending FB, and their perception of how problem-solving therapy impacted their adherence to ART. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted in July 2019 with 10 young people living with HIV aged 18–24 years, who had recently completed FB counselling in Harare. Participants were purposively sampled and recruited from three primary care facilities. Interviews were conducted in Shona, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated into English. Transcripts were analysed in NVivo12 using inductive thematic analysis. Results Study findings revealed a clear emotional denial towards HIV, particularly for young people infected perinatally, and a resulting low adherence to ART. The study also unpacked the issues of internal stigma and how young people living with perinatally acquired HIV are informed of their HIV status. Participants reported that FB had a critical role in helping them accept their HIV status. Grandmothers’ empathic attitude was key during counselling on adherence to ART, to demystify the disease and treatment, normalize the reality of living with HIV, encourage young people to socialize with peers and free them of guilt. Interviewees unanimously reported improved ART adherence following FB counselling, and many described enhanced health and wellbeing. Conclusion Participants saw FB as a strong contributor to their general well-being, evident in decreased symptoms of depression and improved adherence to ART. FB problem-solving therapy should be rolled out to further support young people after post-test counselling or HIV serostatus disclosure for perinatally acquired HIV, for acceptance of HIV status and adherence to ART.
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McBride, Sara K., Andrea L. Llenos, Morgan T. Page, and Nicholas van der Elst. "#EarthquakeAdvisory: Exploring Discourse between Government Officials, News Media, and Social Media during the 2016 Bombay Beach Swarm." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190082.
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Abstract Communicating probabilities of natural hazards to varied audiences is a notoriously difficult task. Many of these challenges were encountered during the 2016 Bombay Beach, California, swarm of ~100 2≤M≤4.3 earthquakes, which began on 26 September 2016 and lasted for several days. The swarm’s proximity to the southern end of the San Andreas fault caused concern that a larger earthquake could be triggered. Within 1–2 days, different forecast models were used to evaluate the likelihood of a larger event with two agencies (the U.S. Geological Survey [USGS] and the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services) releasing probabilities and forecasts for larger earthquakes. Our research explores communication and news media efforts, as well as how people on a microblogging social media site (Twitter) responded to these forecasts. Our findings suggest that news media used a combination of information sources, basing their articles on what they learned from social media, as well as using information provided by government agencies. As the swarm slowed down, there is evidence of the continued interplay between news media and social media, with the USGS issuing revised probability reports and scientists from the USGS and other institutions participating in media interviews. In reporting on the swarm, news media often used language more generally than the scientists; terms such as probability, likelihood, chance, and possibility were used interchangeably. Knowledge of how news media used scientific information from the 2016 Bombay Beach forecasts can assist local, state, and federal agencies in developing effective communication strategies to respond to future earthquakes.
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Arvayo Castro, Rocio, Mayra Gisela Islas Cruz, Guadalupe Barreras Ye, and Alejandra Paola Bórquez López. "Estudio de la correlación de la variable imagen pública midiendo la percepción de ventaja competitiva en directores de micro y pequeñas empresas de Bácum y San Ignacio Río Muerto, Sonora." Revista Relayn - Micro y Pequeñas empresas en Latinoamérica 5, no. 3 (September 14, 2021): 268–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46990/relayn.2021.5.3.160.
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La intención del presente estudio es analizar la medida en que las empresas de la región sur de Sonora, específicamente las micro y pequeñas empresas, consideran relevante los aspectos de imagen como parte de su ventaja competitiva para desatacar en el ámbito comercial y de servicios. Se emplea un instrumento tipo cuestionario compuesto por una sección sociodemográfica del director, otra sección de la empresa, una sección de análisis sistémico y dos secciones que abordan la mype 4.0 y una cédula de observación de la imagen pública de la empresa. (Peña, Posada & Aguilar, 2020). La cédula de observación consta de seis reactivos que abordan la imagen pública de la mype según la percibe el encuestador, son de tipo Likert con opciones de respuesta. La aportación principal de este documento al campo: proponer evidencia de la correlación de la variable imagen, con la percepción de ventaja competitiva de los dueños de las micro y pequeñas empresas. AbstractThe intention of this study is to analyze the extent that enterprises in the southern region of Sonora; specifically, micro and small enterprises which consider aspects of corporate image relevant, as part of their competitive advantage to stand out in commerce and service sectors. A questionnaire type instrument was used which consisted of a sociodemographic section of the director, another section focusing on the company, a section which consisted of a systematic analysis and two sections that addressed MSE 4.0 as well as a public corporate image observation card of the company (Peña, Posada & Aguilar, 2020). The latter mentioned consists of six Likert type questions that addressed an MSE’s public corporate image perceived by the interviewee with answer options. This document’s main contribution to this field is to set forth evidence of the correlation between the corporate image variable and the perception of competitive advantage micro and small enterprise owners have.
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Cajavilca, Alberto Carlo, and Marta Tostes. "Chazuta: subnational governments and internationalization of the agro-industrial value chain." Revista de Gestão 26, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rege-10-2018-0098.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role and contribution of San Martin and Chazuta subnational governments in promoting development and internationalization of the cocoa and chocolate value chain from the stakeholders’ perceptions. This work was based on a qualitative approach in which information triangulation method, information processing with evaluation rubric and WebQDA software were used. The results showed that stakeholders of both value chains perceive that the subnational government’s actions taken to develop and internationalize these value chains are poorly valued and insufficient. Likewise, six internationalization barriers were identified in which two are perceived as the main limitations: low productivity levels and access to innovations and technology. These results contribute to enrich the decision-making process of political authorities and public officials from the San Martin subnational governments. Moreover, they provide information, according to the Peruvian national requirements, on the perceptions needed to rethink and improve the governmental services available, especially productive activities in the rainforest area (Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, 2015; Wiener Fresco, 2010). This can improve or create new extension services to increase the quality of the Chazuta’s cocoa and chocolate products and to facilitate their entry into more demanding and profitable markets (Shapira, y otros, 2015). Design/methodology/approach This paper has been developed by using a qualitative approach with an exploratory and descriptive scope. The objective was to examine a study case of how subnational governments contribute in the promotion of development and internationalization of agro-industrial value chains as alternatives to illicit crops (Hernandez, Fernandez, & Baptista, 2010). The Chazuta case was selected because it is representative of the region in terms of coca eradication and is located between two regions of high biodiversity – Cordillera Escalera Regional Conservation Area and Cordillera Azul National Park. Findings One of the issues hindering the ability of the Chazuta cocoa and chocolate producers is based on their perception that the subnational governments’ efforts are focused on meeting already-established goals and little emphasis is placed on solving productive problems. On the other hand, at an articulation level, the most relevant efforts have been connecting the cocoa and chocolate customers to Chazuta producers through events. In spite of this, such events are not considered a permanent activity and the producers do not perceive that these mechanisms enable them to maintain these long-term trade relationships. This can be explained by the fact that Chazuta cocoa and chocolate organizations recognize that they still have incipient productive capacities to meet the foreign market’s demand. Furthermore, associations, cooperatives and SMEs are not able to maintain constant levels of production quality, except the family-based business. Knowledge and techniques provided by subnational governments and private organizations are not fully used or implemented by the associations’ members. This low level of knowledge application can be explained by cultural factors and also because the producers receive multiple and sometimes contradictory information from various providers of technology extension services. This leads to inadequate use or non-implementation of productivity improvements, thus generating a virtuous circle in which production and quality of the goods remain at low levels, which hinders their entry into demanding and profitable markets. Research limitations/implications This paper has been developed with a qualitative approach considering an exploratory and descriptive scope. Chazuta case was selected because it is representative of the region in terms of eradication achievements and it is located between two regions of high biodiversity. A rubric is an evaluation method of individuals or organizations performance, taking into consideration the evaluator’s pre-established criteria to determine if the objectives and goals are being met. Based on these criteria, evidence and performance information is collected. Following, performance is graded based on the researcher’s predetermined criteria and finally a merit-based judgment is made on the performance. Practical implications The results contribute to enrich decision making of political authorities and public officials from San Martin subnational governments. They provide information, according to Peruvian national requirements, on the perceptions needed to rethink and improve provided government services, especially in rainforest area productive activities. This adds up to improvement or creation of new extension services to increase the quality of Chazuta’s cocoa and chocolate products, and to facilitate their entry into more demanding and profitable markets. Social implications The situation of San Martín region and Chazuta district is contextualized and emphasis is given to socioeconomic conditions and the value of cocoa as an alternative crop to coca. From 1980 to early 2000, Peru lived a period of generalized violence due to narcoterrorism, which had large-scale outreach in southern highland and rainforest areas. To deal with this situation, subnational governments in collaboration with international cooperation decided to consolidate agro-industrial value chains in order to generate legal income for rural populations. For this purpose, alternative crop policies were implemented and San Martin region achieved the best results. Originality/value This fieldwork was carried out as part of the undergraduate thesis but after fieldwork, with the use of online software tool WebQDA, codes were created to systematize and quantify the collected information in the content manager. The codes were created taking into account assessment and evaluation variables. Each value represented a code referred to a performance level as perceived by Chazuta cocoa and chocolate value chains stakeholders.
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Brown, Carolyn, and Marcel van der Linden. "Shifting Boundaries between Free and Unfree Labor: Introduction." International Labor and Working-Class History 78, no. 1 (2010): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000086.
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In 1905, Henry Nevinson, at the time a well-known British journalist, visited Angola. He discovered that the slave trade was still going on in secret in that region, many years after it had officially been abolished. Deep inside Southern Africa slaves were caught; they were forced to walk hundreds of miles to the coast until they arrived at Katumbella, where “the slaves were rested, sorted out, dressed, and then taken on over the fifteen miles to Benguela, usually disguised as ordinary carriers.” In Benguela's main street, there is a government office where the official representative of the “Central Committee of Labor and Emigration for the Islands” (having its headquarters in Lisbon) sits in state, and under due forms of law receives the natives, who enter one door as slaves and go out of another as serviçaes. Everything is correct. The native, who has usually been torn from his home far in the interior, perhaps as much as eight hundred miles away, and already sold twice, is asked by an interpreter if it is his wish to go to [the island of] San Thomé, or to undertake some other form of service to a new master. Of course he answers, “Yes.” It is quite unnecessary to suppose, as most people suppose, that the interpreter always asks such questions as, “Do you like to fish?” or “Will you have a drink?” though one of the best scholars in the languages of the interior has himself heard those questions asked at an official inspection of serviçaes on board ship. It would be unnecessary for the interpreter to invent such questions. If he asked, “Is it your wish to go to hell? ” the serviçal would say “yes” just the same. In fact, throughout this part of Africa the name of San Thomé is becoming identical with hell, and when a man has been brought hundreds of miles from his home by an unknown road and through long tracts of “hungry country”—when he also knows that if he did get back he would probably be sold again or killed —what else can he answer but “yes”? Under similar circumstances the Archbishop of Canterbury would answer the same. The serviçal says “yes,” and so sanctions the contract for his labor. The decencies of law and order are respected.
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Izumi, Keiko. "Spatial Distribution of Local Forest Products at the End of the 19th Century: A Case Study of Former Villages in Iwate Prefecture." Forests 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101044.
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Recent research in Japan has investigated how local people historically utilized natural resources, using geographic information systems (GIS). These works have helped to clarify the role of forest provisioning services in the past, and have shown how modern landscapes were formed. The aim of this study was to elucidate the utilization of plant resources in forest landscapes of both fields and mountains, in the late 19th century in Iwate Prefecture, located in northeastern Japan. This study focused on a different area and a larger scale than previous studies, and included information from 642 villages. This study specifically focused on what kinds of forest products were historically used and shipped, which species were used, and how these uses were distributed around the prefecture. A combination of historical documents and GIS mapping, named MANDARA, was employed. The primary historical document was “The topography of Iwate Prefecture” that was published from 1876 to 1885, and recorded the products used in each village. A wide range of forest products were recorded, which contained both edible and inedible plants further split into 10 primary categories: edible wild plants, mushrooms, nuts and berries, medical herbs, timber, agricultural and construction materials, fuel, tree sap, bark, and others. Many villages also produced various secondary processed goods. Fifty-two species were specified as forest products, which included some estimation, and were composed of 19 herbaceous and 23 arboreal species. GIS mapping of each village indicated that firewood and charcoal were shipped to towns located in southern Iwate, from around Kesen County. People might trade these fuel woods on markets. On the other hand, chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z.) and acorn were produced in the low-density populated area all around Iwate.