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1
Wunderlich, Julie, Martin Collette, Laurence Levy, and Lawrence Bodin. "Scheduling Meter Readers for Southern California Gas Company." Interfaces 22, no. 3 (June 1992): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.22.3.22.
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Langston, Michael T. "Case Study 2: Southern Union Going for Long-Term Contracts." Natural Gas 10, no. 2 (August 20, 2008): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410100206.
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Creegan, Joseph B., and Frank A. Monforte. "Southern California Gas Company Uses Special Ordered Sets to Model Regulatory Guidelines." Interfaces 20, no. 4 (August 1990): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.20.4.28.
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Ayvazyan, Diana. "Southern Gas Corridor as the instrument for the diversification of the gas import to the European Union." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran2201820.
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Baker, Sinan A. "Energy Losses Resulting from the Flaring of the Associated Gases of the (North&South) Jambour Oil Fields." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i2.193.
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This research includes a study of the components of the associated gases in Jambour fields (North and South) using Gas Chromatography instrument type (Varian cp-3800),The associated gases of The Southern Jambour contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) and it is a sweet gas, while the associated gasesof Northern Jambour field is much higher up to 4 % Mole according to the analysis that has done on the associated gas for both fields by (GC), also the results of the analysis show that methane ratio is 80% for both fields gases (north, south) and can take advantage of the associated gas of Southern Jambour fields to feed the operating units in North Oil Company, North Gas Company, and Mulla Abdulla Power plant. The productivity of Southern Jambour field at the present time of the associated gas is (130 MMSCF/day) while the production of Northern Jambour field is (60 MMSCF/day) and can take advantage of the associated gas of SouthernJambour field to operate gas stations, because it is asweetgas.The amount of the associated gas burned in (flare) of Jambour fields is (1-4 MMSCF / day), and assuming the density of the associated gas rate is 0.00086 gm / cm3) where (mgas = ρgas * vgas), the (1 MMSCF) of gas equivalent to (25 ton), the flaring associated gas rate in Jambour fields equivalent to (25 ton/ day).
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O'Rourke, T. D., and M. C. Palmer. "Earthquake Performance of Gas Transmission Pipelines." Earthquake Spectra 12, no. 3 (August 1996): 493–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585895.
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Over 61 years of earthquake performance of steel transmission and distribution supply pipelines operated by the Southern California Gas Company are reviewed. The seismic record includes 11 major earthquakes with ML ≥ 5.8 and epicenters within the transmission system. An evaluation is made of the most vulnerable types of piping, failure mechanisms, break statistics, threshold seismic intensity to cause failure, and damage induced by permanent ground displacement. The database assembled represents one of the most comprehensive and detailed records of seismic response in a large, complex gas transmission system.
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Misiągiewicz, Justyna. "The Southern Gas Corridor infrastructure project – implications for the energy security of the European Union." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, no. 4 (December 2019): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.4.4.
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Nowadays, energy security is a growing concern in state foreignpolicy. Interdependency in the energy field is a very important dimensionof contemporary relations between states and transnational corporations.Energy security is becoming a key issue for the European Union (EU). TheUnion is one of the world’s fastest-growing energy markets and the biggestimporter of energy resources. For the foreseeable future, Europe’s energydependence will probably increase. Facing a shortage of energy, Europe isdependent on imports and the EU member states need to diversify their energysupplies. The Caspian region contains some of the largest undevelopedoil and gas reserves in the world. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, thenewly independent Caspian states became open to foreign investment. Thegrowing energy needs have given the EU a strong interest in developing tieswith energy-producing states in the Caspian region to build the necessarypipeline infrastructure. In this analysis, the pipeline infrastructure that exists orwill be built in the near future will be presented. The analysis will concentrateon routes transporting gas from the Caspian region and the most importantproblems and solutions in designing the midstream energy system in the region.The key aim of the article is to analyse the Southern Gas Corridor (SGC)infrastructure project, which will inevitably contribute to the EU’s energy securityinterest.
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Suleman, Sabera. "Impact of Performance Appraisal on Employee Performance: A Critical Case Study of Sui Southern Gas Company Limited." Journal of Independent Studies and Research-Management, Social Sciences and Economics 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31384/jisrmsse/2008.06.2.7.
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Kot, Sebastian. "Cost Structure in Relation to the Size of Road Transport Enterprises." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 27, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i5.1687.
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The problem of cost management in road transport enterprises is one of the most crucial ones for their efficient functioning. The enterprises functioning on the market are very different so it is important to analyse their costs structure in relation to their size. The author provides a discussion on road transport costs identification and problems related to it. The considerations are based on the background of road transport importance in transport services in Poland and chosen European Union countries. Then, the research methodology consisting of elaborated questionnaire and the research sample are defined with special attention to the company size. The author provides research results on the costs structure in road transport enterprises in southern Poland and presents their components and differences. The author noticed the differences in costs structure in relation to the company size with domination of employment costs in micro and small road transport enterprises and costs of fuel in larger companies that result from better resource management.
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Faiz, M., L. Stalker, N. Sherwood, A. Saghafi, M. Wold, S. Barclay, J. Choudhury, W. Barker, and I. Wang. "BIO-ENHANCEMENT OF COAL BED METHANE RESOURCES IN THE SOUTHERN SYDNEY BASIN." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02033.
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Coals in the Sydney Basin contain large amounts of gas ranging in composition from pure methane (CH4) to pure carbon dioxide (CO2). These gases are derived from thermogenic, magmatic and biogenic sources and their present-day distribution is mainly related to geological structure, depth and proximity to igneous intrusions.A coal bed methane (CBM) study of the Camden area of the Sydney Basin has been jointly conducted by Sydney Gas Company NL (SGC) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The delineation of high production fairways is vital for any CBM project development to be commercially successful. An integrated research project employing various methods of reservoir characterisation, including geological, geochemical, geomechanical and gas storage analyses contribute to this delineation for the Camden area, where SGC is currently developing the 300-well Camden Gas Project.In particular, accurate determinations of gas content, saturation levels, composition and origin, as well as interpretations about distribution, are essential for identifying sweet spots for CBM production optimisation. The extent of gas saturation is a function of numerous factors, including amounts of gas generated between the Permian and Late Cretaceous, amounts expelled from the system during Late Cretaceous-Tertiary uplift and amounts of subsequent secondary biogenic methane generated and absorbed in the coals. The extent of this secondary biogenic gas generation appears to be greatest in coals proximal to the basin margins, where meteoric waters carrying bacteria and nutrients had ready access. Significant enhancement of methane content also occurs, however, in deeper parts of the basin where permeable structures exist.The integrated study shows that high production CBM wells drilled to date by SGC are located in zones of enhanced permeability. In these locations original thermogenic wet gases have been removed and additional secondary biogenic methane has been generated due to microbial alteration of coal, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. This process has replenished the coals by enhancing the methane contents of the respective seams and this phenomenon can be termed ‘bio-enhancement’ in the context of CBM production.
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Kalms, Shelley. "Building an innovation culture and digital skills." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19229.
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Woodside is a leading natural gas producer in Australia, operating 6% of the global supply of liquefied natural gas (LNG). From the first LNG plant in the Southern Hemisphere to the largest not-normally-crewed offshore platform, innovation is part of the company’s DNA. Now, Woodside is leading the industry’s digital transformation through an approach of ‘think big, prototype small and scale fast’ that puts people and company strategy firmly at the centre. This paper focuses on the importance of building trust and investing in people to establish a culture where digital transformation initiatives are adopted and can endure.
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Prontera, Andrea. "The new politics of energy security and the rise of the catalytic state in southern Europe." Journal of Public Policy 38, no. 4 (May 23, 2017): 511–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x1700006x.
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AbstractEuropean energy security has recently emerged as an important topic of scholarly attention. Many studies have scrutinised the political and institutional innovations triggered by the establishment of the European Union internal energy market and external energy policy. However, the literature indicates a particularly striking gap between growing research and concept development, and only recently have efforts been made to analyse this current dynamic more accurately. By focussing on the security of gas supply and liquefied natural gas development in France, Italy and Spain, and extending the model of the catalytic state to the energy-security realm, this article contributes to the empirical and conceptual debate. In particular, the article argues that the catalytic state model, which emphasises the active role of governments in a liberalised market structure and their wide participation in a networked pattern of energy diplomacy, is better equipped than the regulatory state model to capture the new European politics of energy security.
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Ozturk, H. Huseyin. "A techno-economical evaluation for energy exploitation of wastes from agro-processing industries: a case study of cotton processing wastes." World Journal of Engineering 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.12.1.61.
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The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining energy from cotton processing waste oil and heating demand in the cotton oil processing. For the techno-economical feasibility, Cukobirlik cotton union, located in Adana, Turkey was selected considering capacity per annum. The techno-economical feasibility of cotton processing wastes for fossil fuel substitution running three scenarios was examined. The case study constitutes of the following parts, background information and description of the company activities, the existing facilities and its energy requirements, the second the technical options for the exploitation of biomass and the results of their financial appraisal, environmental considerations, risks and assumptions and finally conclusions and recommendations. The economic and financial assessment of the investment for biomass utilization in Cukobirlik cotton union includes the calculation of the economic viability parameters and cash flow analysis table and investment return indices. An economical solution was determined to be scenario 2 for Cukurova cotton union. The values of discounted payback period, net present value, internal rate of return and benefit to cost ratio were calculated as 3.28 years, 2 832 421 €, 34.07% and 3.31 for scenario 2. Based on the results of the pre-feasibility study, it seems that the installation of a 5 MW biomass boiler to Cukobirlik for substitution of fuel oil (scenario 2) is a very attractive investment and is still favorite in comparison with the installation of a natural gas boiler to meet the same needs when the natural gas price is higher than 0.37 €/Nm3.
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Hussain, Sadam, and Arifa Bano Talpur. "Impact of Ethical Leadership and Mediating Effect of Organization Culture on Employees Performance: A Case of SSGC Zonal Office District Jacobabad Sindh, Pakistan." European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.2.810.
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Ethical Leadership plays a vital role in every organization and is always seen as a positive perspective both in research and in practice and predicts the relation of employee performance and mediating role of organizational culture.
The present research is conducted in a domestic public listed company named Sui Southern Gas Company (SSGC). The research was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the role of ethical leaders, followers who act and behave ethically, this paper presumes the high and low levels of ethical leadership and would show the positive and negative aspects of executives over employee performance and how organizational culture mediates and is affected by ethical leaders. In this paper primary resources were used, for the primary purpose, the questionnaire was spread to know the impacts of ethical leadership on employee performance and how organization culture mediates within SSGC.
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Liever, Peter A., Clifford E. Smith, and Geoffrey D. Meyers. "Fluid Modeling vs. Pollution." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 01 (January 1, 1999): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-jan-5.
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This article reviews how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis provides an enhanced understanding of a low-emission combustion system. When AlliedSignal Engines in Phoenix wanted its ASE40 industrial gas turbine to meet tough new standards for nitrogen oxide emissions, the company decided to try a design that injected water into the combustion zone so the system would burn cooler. AlliedSignal combined full-scale engine tests and computer models to study the effect of water injection on the ASE40. CFD provided detailed flow field information not available from engine tests. This information allowed engineers to verify the effectiveness of the numerous design changes made in axial air swirlers, mixing jets, and cooling flows. Work is also in progress on a dual-fuel system with water injection, using the same gas/water manifold and combustor. Oil fuel will be introduced through the original water circuit, with water being introduced into the gas side. This system will be distributed for the European market by AlliedSignal’s partner, Motoren-und Turbinen-Union (MTU) of Friedrichshafen, Germany.
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Bizeau, Marie-Laure. "Sofregaz v. NGSC (CA Paris)." International Legal Materials 60, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2020.68.
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On June 3, 2020, the International Commercial Chamber of the Paris Court of Appeal (the Court or the Court of Appeal) dismissed the annulment application brought by the Société Française d'Etudes et de Réalisation d'Equipements Gaziers (Sofregaz, now called TCM FR) of an arbitral award rendered in Paris on December 27, 2018, in favor of the Iranian Natural Gas Storage Company (NGSC), pursuant to the Rules of Arbitration of the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC Rules). The Court ruled in particular that U.S. sanctions against Iran do not form part of French international public order but that European Union (EU) and United Nations (UN) sanctions do. This ruling provides useful guidance on the interaction between international sanctions and international arbitration.
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Ali, Yazen Munaf, Dr Saad Nahi Saleh, Wameed Abdulhassan Ayash, Saramd Zaki Ghani, and Sudad Adil Salih. "Design and CFD Simulation of Knockout Drum." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 10, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v10i4.377.
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Recently, the emission of black smoke over local area of Basra Oil Company from flare system represents a big problem facing the company and causing huge pollution in the surrounding environment. The main reason of emission black smoke is carryover of droplets of the rest hydrocarbons such as condensate and droplets of crude oil by gases which are came from degassing stations facility in the north Rumelia field, southern Iraq. In this study, a design methodology was developed for designing the knockout drum, and different design criteria were used in sizing and selecting the drum based on the specification of the inlet fluid mixture. Three designs of knockout drums with respect to the gas conditions were performed. The horizontal knockout drum with a diameter of 2.5 m and length of 5.5 m was simulated using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model (ANSYS FLUENT 15.0). The CFD model predicted very well the two-phase flow behavior and proved the need for a vortex breaker at the liquid outlet. The CFD simulation revealed quantitatively that the design configuration of the knockout drum performed the separation of condensate droplets from natural gas with excellent efficiency.
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Ibrayeva, Aigerim, Raikhan Tashtemkhanova, Aigerim Ospanova, Baubek Somzhurek, and Aiman Azmukhanova. "Energy Export Potential in the Caspian Region and Its Impact on EU Energy Security." Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 25, no. 2 (June 14, 2017): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppso.10644.
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Energy security has emerged in recent years as one of the cornerstones of the European Union’s (EU’s) foreign policy. The EU is highly dependent on imports of oil and gas, 35 per cent of which comes from Russia. Diversification of energy supplies is thus a key goal for the EU. The Caspian region contains some of the largest undeveloped oil and gas reserves in the world. The intense interest shown by the major international oil and gas companies testifies to its potential. Although the area is unlikely to become “another Middle East”, it could become a major oil supplier at the margin, much as the North Sea is today. As such it could help increase world energy security by diversifying global sources of supply. Development of the region’s resources still faces considerable obstacles. This study focuses on the countries along the southern rim of the former Soviet Union that are endowed with significant oil and gas resources: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia, and Azerbaijan in Transcaucasia. The Southern Energy Corridor (SEC), which aims to link Caspian Basin and potentially Middle East gas supplies to Europe, is one of the EU’s six priority axes of energy infrastructures. Drawing on the external governance literature, this article provides an analysis of the EU’s efforts in the wider Black Sea area to increase its energy security. It concludes that despite difficult domestic and geopolitical obstacles, the EU is pushing forward its objective to establish the SEC.
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Tsoutsos, Theocharis, Stavroula Tournaki, Zacharias Gkouskos, Orlando Paraíba, Filippo Giglio, Pablo Quero García, João Braga, Haris Adrianos, and Monica Filice. "Quality Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Used Cooking Oil in Southern Europe." ChemEngineering 3, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering3010019.
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The potential of households’ used cooking oil (UCO) recycling for biodiesel production is massive. This study aims to promote the shift from UCO inappropriate disposal to sustainable recycling. UCO is classified as municipal waste under the code 20 01 25 (edible oils and fats), according to the European Waste Catalogue. Inappropriate UCO disposal increases the operating cost of wastewater treatment, the risk of groundwater contamination, as well as the greenhouse gas emissions that are associated with its biodegradation. Recycling UCO-to-biodiesel offers a sustainable solution in the exploitation of a problematic waste and its transformation into an energy resource, thus contributing to the reduction of environmental pollution and fossil fuel dependence. This paper includes critical recommendations in order to overcome bottlenecks to successfully promote the UCO-to-biodiesel chain. Quality control of the biodiesel—produced exclusively from UCO—was performed according to the European Standard EN 14214 and the results are presented in the paper. The analysis studies the outcomes from four Southern European countries (Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece), which hold the top four places in annual per capita olive oil consumption in the European Union (EU).
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Crusan, Jason. "Advancing technology in oil and gas: collaboration and comparison with the space sector." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19227.
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Woodside led the development of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry in Australia, operating 6% of global supply in 2019. From the first LNG plant in the southern hemisphere, to the largest ‘not-normally crewed’ offshore platform, innovation is part of Woodside’s DNA. Woodside was the first Australian oil and gas company to start working with global space agencies on remote operations challenges. Through exchanging people, knowledge, experiences and ideas, the collective impact of individual responses to these challenges is enhanced. From a direct, collaborative partnership with the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Australian Space Agency, to cross-sector collaborations such as the Australian Remote Operations for Space and Earth, the company’s approach to innovation is to adopt an open way of problem solving that does not presume that all the answers are in one place, nor that all solutions have only one application. This paper reviews experiences in collaborative partnerships within and beyond the space sector, documenting insights into the key ingredients for impactful collaboration.
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Kona, Albana, Fabio Monforti-Ferrario, Paolo Bertoldi, Marta Giulia Baldi, Georgia Kakoulaki, Nadja Vetters, Christian Thiel, et al. "Global Covenant of Mayors, a dataset of greenhouse gas emissions for 6200 cities in Europe and the Southern Mediterranean countries." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 7 (July 26, 2021): 3551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3551-2021.
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Abstract. The Paris Agreement has underlined the role of cities in combating climate change. The Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy (GCoM) is the largest international initiative dedicated to promoting climate action at a city level, covering globally over 10 000 cities and almost half the population of the European Union (EU) by end of March 2020. The fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report notes that there is a lack of comprehensive, consistent datasets of cities' greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories. In order to partly address this gap, we present a harmonised, complete and verified dataset of GHG inventories for 6200 cities in European and Southern Mediterranean countries, signatories of the GCoM initiative. To complement the reported emission data, a set of ancillary data that have a direct or indirect potential impact on cities' climate action plans were collected from other datasets, supporting further research on local climate action and monitoring the EU 27 (the 27 member states of the EU) progress on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 on climate action. The dataset (Kona et al., 2020) is archived and publicly available with the DOI https://doi.org/10.2905/57A615EB-CFBC-435A-A8C5-553BD40F76C9.
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Ebrahimian, Mojtaba. "The Coup." American Journal of Islam and Society 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1038.
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In his most recent work, The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of ModernU. S.-Iranian Relations, Ervand Abrahamian (Distinguished Professor of Iranianand Middle Eastern History, Baruch College of the City University, NewYork) recounts a definitive moment of modern Iranian history that overshadowsIranian-American relations to this day. Drawing on a remarkable varietyof sources – accessible Iranian official documents, the Foreign Office andState Department files, memoirs and biographies, newspaper articles publishedduring the crisis, recent Persian-language books published in Iran, aCIA report leaked in 2000 known as “the Wilber document,” and two contemporaryoral history projects (the Iranian Oral History Project at HarvardUniversity and the Iranian Left history project in Berlin) – the author providesa detailed and thorough account of the 1953 coup.Challenging the dominant consensus among academicians and politicalanalysts that the coup transpired because of the Cold War rivalries betweenthe West and the Soviet Union, he locates it within the paradigms of the clashbetween an old imperialism and a burgeoning nationalism. He then traces itsorigins to Iran’s struggle to nationalize its oil industry and the Anglo-Americanalliance against this effort.The book is divided into four chapters. The first chapter, “Oil Nationalization,”narrates the history of Iran’s oil industry and various encounters betweenthe Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and the Iranians. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), an English company founded in 1908 followingthe discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman in southern Iran, wasrenamed AIOC in 1935. AIOC gradually turned into a vital British asset andprovided its treasury with more than £24 million a year in taxes and £92 millionin foreign exchange in the first decades of the twentieth century ...
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Hornungová, Jana, and František Milichovský. "Evaluations of Financial Performance Indicators Based on Factor Analysis in Automotive." Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences 27, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppso.11328.
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The automotive industry is one of the most significant contributors to the economy of the European Union. This industry employs the largest number highly skilled labors and is a key driver of Europe’s innovation and knowledge so it is an interesting area for research work. Data from 422 subjects in four parts of Europe (include twenty-five countries) have been analyzed. Authors used the factor analysis to eliminate information duplication and reduce dimensionality. At the same time, Pearson’s chi-square test was used to find possible dependencies between observed factors and company size and region of the company. The research brings the conclusion that an alternative hypothesis is applied – all four defined connection between observed indexes and corporate size and region reach accurate values and there is confirmed dependency between them. At the end of the paper, the corresponding map was constructed for graphical representation of both row and column categories and variables. Western companies are at the top of the performance level. Vice versa, southern companies incline to the first quartile, what means they are not focused on performance measurement. The research is focused on the area of performance in the automotive industry in Europe region during last five years. The main aim of this paper is to find key indicators in grouped factors in the field of financial performance of automotive companies because performance is a crucial issue for all individuals and organizations.
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Bouzarovski, Stefan, and Sergio Tirado Herrero. "The energy divide: Integrating energy transitions, regional inequalities and poverty trends in the European Union." European Urban and Regional Studies 24, no. 1 (July 26, 2016): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776415596449.
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Energy poverty can be understood as the inability of a household to secure a socially and materially necessitated level of energy services in the home. While the condition is widespread across Europe, its spatial and social distribution is highly uneven. In this paper, the existence of a geographical energy poverty divide in the European Union (EU) provides a starting point for conceptualizing and exploring the relationship between energy transitions – commonly described as wide-ranging processes of socio-technical change – and existing patterns of regional economic inequality. We have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of spatial and temporal trends in the national-scale patterns of energy poverty, as well as gas and electricity prices. The results of our work indicate that the classic economic development distinction between the core and periphery also holds true in the case of energy poverty, as the incidence of this phenomenon is significantly higher in Southern and Eastern European EU Member States. The paper thus aims to provide the building blocks for a novel theoretical integration of questions of path-dependency, uneven development and material deprivation in existing interpretations of energy transitions.
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Brigham, Lawson W. "The Northern Sea Route, 1998." Polar Record 36, no. 196 (January 2000): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400015941.
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AbstractBy any measure, 1998 was a year of conflicting domestic and international interests regarding Russia's Northern Sea Route (NSR). The European Union sponsored an international demonstration project using a Finnish tanker during an April and May voyage to the Kara Sea. Russian icebreakers escorted the tanker, which carried a cargo of gas condensate from the Ob estuary to Europe. The International NSR Programme (INSROP) continued during a fifth year of interdisciplinary research concentrating on the integration of previous results and NSR voyage simulations. Lukoil and Gazprom forged ahead with building their own tanker fleets, while advertisements appeared in the Russian press protesting the use of foreign carriers in the Russian Arctic. In November Lukoil-affiliate companies acquired more than 50% interest in Murmansk Shipping Company, making Lukoil owner of 13% of the Russian merchant marine. Difficult escort operations through heavy ice were conducted late in the year so that Pevek would be supplied with adequate fuel to survive the coming winter.
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Renton, J. F. A., J. H. S. Black, and A. M. Grainge. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIDES GASFIELD, PAPUA NEW GUINEA." APPEA Journal 30, no. 1 (1990): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj89014.
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The Hides gasfield was discovered by BP, and its Joint Venture Partner Oil Search Ltd, in Petroleum Prospecting Licence No.27 in Southern Highlands Province in late 1987 by the exploration well Hides-1. The well tested gas at rates of up to 15.9 mmscf/d with small volumes of associated condensate from four separate intervals within the Toro Sandstone.Negotiations with Placer Dome, a Vancouver-based mining company, led to an agreement to sell gas to supply electrical power for the Porgera gold mine in Enga Province 70 km North East from Hides. Approximately 10 mmscf/d of gas will be produced from two wells, one being the original Hides-1 discovery well, via an 8 km pipeline, to a gas processing plant in the nearby Tagari valley. The processed gas will be fed to turbines to generate approximately 42 M W of electrical power which will be fed to the Porgera mine by overhead transmission lines.BP has undertaken technical studies relating to the feasibility of producing the gas from Hides. In association with the technical work BP has also undertaken an environmental study of the impact of development and has embarked upon a survey of various local and land-related issues. It is anticipated that construction operations will start in early 1990, leading to first gas production in mid-1991, only 3½ years after the discovery. The Hides gasfield development will constitute the first commercial hydrocarbon production in PNG.
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Zamasz, Krzysztof, Radosław Kapłan, Przemysław Kaszyński, and Piotr W. Saługa. "An Analysis of Support Mechanisms for New CHPs: The Case of Poland." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 5635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215635.
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The increasing demand for energy on a global scale, as well as the social pressure related to counteracting the effects of climate change, has created favourable conditions for the transformation of energy sectors towards the possession of low-emission generation sources. This situation, however, requires investment actions in order to modernise the existing power and CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plants and construct new units. These issues, together with the climate and energy policy pursued by the European Union, are the main reasons for the emergence of various governmental mechanisms supporting the replacement of old coal power units with highly efficient cogeneration units based on gas turbines and other units. The support may take different forms. This article discusses two examples of mechanisms available on the Polish market, i.e., (i) the capacity market and (ii) promoting electricity from high-efficiency cogeneration in the form of individual cogeneration premium. The purpose and novelty of the analysis was to identify the pros and cons and the key parameters which determine the advantage of a given mechanism. Both these mechanisms have been characterised and then compared via the example of a planned cogeneration gas unit (an open cycle gas turbine—OCGT). This assessment was made using discount methods based on the FCFF (free cashflow to company) approach. The analysis did not bring forward an unequivocal answer as to the absolute advantage of any of the solutions, but it was able to point out significant problems related to their practical use.
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Habibbayli, S. "ENERGY PROJECTS CONNECTING AZERBAIJAN AND GEORGIA." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 139 (2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.139.05.
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After the restoration of the state independence of Azerbaijan, one of the main goals was to use natural resources freely, in the interests of the Azerbaijani people and state. Since the early 1990’s, several western companies have begun to show interest in the energy sources of the Caspian region. In the first years of independence, certain steps were taken to obtain energy resources and bring them to the world market. The “Contract of the Century” concluded on September 20, 1994, with 11 transnational oil companies worldwide, which laid the foundation of the oil strategy proposed by national leader Heydar Aliyev, allowed Azerbaijan to play an important role in the Caucasus and Caspian Sea region, turning it into one of the international centers for the production of energy resources. After the signing of the “Contract of the Century”, the key issue was finding favorable ways for oil and gas transit. The choice of Georgia as a transit country would meet the interests of Azerbaijan. Starting from 1999, the first oil was transported via the Baku-Supsa pipeline, and from 2006 on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan main export oil pipeline. Transportation of gas, along with oil, is carried out through Georgia. Gas is transported to Georgia by the end of 2006 through the Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum gas pipeline and from June 2007 to Turkey. The Southern Gas Corridor, which is probably the largest gas pipeline project put forward by Azerbaijan, involving Georgia, delivers the Shahdeniz Phase 2 gas from the Caspian Sea to Europe. The South Caucasus Pipeline Project Expansion, part of this project, encompasses the construction of new pipelines and associated facilities in both Azerbaijan and Georgia. The opening ceremony of the first phase of the Southern Gas Corridor project was held at Sangachal Terminal on May 29, 2018. Within the framework of the AGRI (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania Interconnector) project, which is one of the energy projects connecting Azerbaijan and Georgia, it is planned to transport natural gas through the pipeline to the Black Sea shores of Georgia, where it will be liquefied and transported by tankers to the terminal in Romania’s Constanta port and then to the gas infrastructure of Romania and other European countries in the form of natural gas. Georgia is not only a transit country for Azerbaijan, but also one of the largest consumers of hydrocarbon reserves. The State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) has been operating in Georgia since 2006. SOCAR's activities in Georgia are carried out through “SOCAR Georgia Petroleum”, “SOCAR Gas Export-Import”, “SOCAR Georgia Gas”, “SOCAR Georgia Gas Distribution”, “Black Sea Terminal” and others.
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Brooks, D. M., A. K. Goody, J. B. O'Reilly, and K. L. McCarty. "BAYU/UNDAN GAS-CONDENSATE DISCOVERY: WESTERN TIMOR GAP ZONE OF COOPERATION, AREA A." APPEA Journal 36, no. 1 (1996): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj95009.
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The Bayu/Undan Gas-Condensate Field straddles the boundary between the ZOCA 91-12 and ZOCA 91-13 PSC areas, within the Timor Gap Zone of Cooperation Area A (ZOCA). The field is located approximately 450 km northwest of Darwin, NT, and 350 km east-southeast of Kupang, Timor. The closure is the culmination of the Flamingo High, a major structural element within the northern Bonaparte Basin. This structure has been viewed as having significant hydrocarbon potential since Flamingo-1 recovered gas from Berriasian sandstones in 1971.The discovery well, Bayu-1, was drilled by the ZOCA 91-13 contract operator, Phillips Petroleum Company ZOC, in early 1995. Bayu-1 intersected a gross 155m gas-condensate column within Middle Jurassic sandstones at a depth of 2,954.5 mSS. The ZOCA 91-12 joint venture then drilled Undan-1,10 km northwest of Bayu-1, on a separate culmination within the closure defined by the Bayu-1 gas-water contact. Undan-1 and subsequent wells have confirmed the existence of one large gas-condensate field, with a most likely areal extent of over 160 km2.The sandstone reservoir consists of late Oxfordian to Callovian shallow marine, deltaic to shoreface, coarsening upward parasequences, overlying Callovian to Bajocian marginal marine to coastal plain sediments. The trap is an east-west oriented horst block bounded by en-echelon normal faults to the north and south, with dip closure to the east and west. Seal is provided by Tithonian to Barremian marine claystones. A likely hydrocarbon source is contained within the Barremian to Callovian interval, some of which are mature for condensate and wet gas expulsion in the southern Sahul Syncline and Malita Graben.
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Barnard, M. "SADC’s response to climate change – the role of harmonised law and policy on mitigation in the energy sector." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 1 (March 23, 2014): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i1a2685.
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The negligible levels of energy-related GHG emissions attributable to the Southern African sub-region translates into the sub-region contributing relatively little towards global climate change. Notwithstanding, the member states comprising the Southern African Development Community (SADC) are among the most vulnerable to the trans boundary effects of global climate change. Existing SADC climate change policy documents highlight the important role of the energy sector in climate change mitigation. Furthermore, various international, African Union and SADC legal instruments stress the crucial role of harmonised law and policy as climate change adaptive measure. It is the central hypothesis of this paper that harmonised sub-regional law and policy aimed at regulating SADC member states’ mitigation efforts in the energy sector is a crucial climate change adaptive strategy. This hypothesis is based on the mandates for the formulation of a SADC climate change action plan and for mitigation in the energy sector. These mandates are contained in the texts of the SADC-CNGO Climate Change Agenda, 2012 and the Southern Africa Sub - Regional Framework on Climate Change, 2010 respectively. It is the main aim of this paper to investigate recent developments in the formulation of harmonised SADC law and policy on climate change in general and law and policy pertaining to mitigation in the energy sector specifically. In achieving the stated aim, themes to be investigated by means of a literature study are those of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change and harmonised sub-regional policy on mitigation in the energy sector as adaptive measure in the SADC.
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Bem, Henryk, Magdalena Długosz-Lisiecka, Daria Mazurek-Rudnicka, and Piotr Szajerski. "Occurrence of 222Rn and 226,228Ra in underground water and 222Rn in soil and their mutual correlations for underground water supplies in southern Greater Poland." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 43, no. 8 (January 28, 2021): 3099–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00792-z.
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AbstractEuropean Union Council Directive 2013/51/EURATOM recently sets out so-called indicator parameters for: radon, tritium and indicative dose of water intended for human consumption. The aim of this research was to elaborate an effective procedure for determination of radon and radium 226,228Ra isotopes (which are potentially the main contributors to the internal dose from drinking and cooking water) and to find the possible relationships between these radionuclides in underground water reservoirs and 222Rn concentration in the soil gas in their vicinity. The research was performed by applying a non-volatile and water-immiscible scintillation cocktail based on a pure diisopropylnaphthalene (Ultima Gold F: UGF), which allow for efficient radon extraction from 0.5 dm3 of water samples to 20 cm3 of scintillation phase and its direct determination with a detection limit of 5 × 10–3 Bq dm−3. The further preliminary concentration of 3 dm3 of crude water samples by evaporation to 0.5 dm3 samples led to the removal of all unsupported 222Rn activity and allowed the 226Ra determination via equivalent 222Rn detection after one-month samples storage using a low-background Triathler liquid scintillation counter in the α/β separation counting mode. Together with determination of 226Ra isotope in water samples, the simultaneous measurements of 228Ra and 222Rn radionuclides concentrations in water as well as 222Rn activity in the soil gas around the water supply sites were performed. The achieved limit of 226Ra detection was at a very low level of 10–3 Bq dm−3. The measured values of 226Ra concentration in 50 public underground water supply units for the Kalisz district of Poland were relatively low and ranged from below detection limit to 28.5 × 10–3 Bq dm−3 with arithmetic mean and median values of 12.9 and 12.2 × 10–3 Bq dm−3, respectively. Weak correlations were observed between activity concentrations of 226Ra and 222Rn in the crude water samples (R2 = 0.31) and 222Rn in water and its concentration in the nearby soil gas (R2 = 0.48).
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Makarov, Igor A., and Evgeniya E. Muzychenko. "On the possibilities of launching a regional pilot project for the development of a low-carbon economy in the Republic of Tatarstan." Georesursy 23, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.3.4.
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Decarbonization is one of the main trends in global development of the last decade. More than 120 countries have already announced plans to achieve net-zero emissions by the middle of the century. Among them are Russia’s largest trading partners, including the European Union, China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Kazakhstan, as well as the United States. These ambitions are supported by a tightening carbon regulation: carbon pricing has already been set up in 64 countries and regions. In the largest emissions trading system – the European one – carbon price has already exceeded 50 euros per ton of emissions. Significant effort in decarbonization has been taken in many industries (e.g., civil aviation, maritime transport, oil and gas industry), companies (which set up carbon neutrality targets and introduce internal carbon pricing) and the financial sector. Standards for corporate information disclosure about emissions and strategies for their reduction, in particular CDP and TCFD, are being developed and adopted. At the same time, ways to put pressure on competitors who do not want to bear the costs associated with reducing greenhouse gas emissions are being developed. For example, the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) will be launched by the European Union in 2023. All these trends mean that products with low carbon footprint become not just a competitive advantage for a company, but also an inevitable condition for its presence on the international market. Companies with a high carbon footprint face less favorable conditions of borrowing, as well as trading barriers and growing pressure from customers both corporate and individual. In this regard, the development of low-carbon economy in Russia is inevitable to minimize the costs associated with tightening regulation. It is becoming particularly relevant for export-oriented regions with large emissions, including the Republic of Tatarstan. In our opinion, the launch of a pilot project to regulate greenhouse gas emissions in this region is important not only for GHG reduction itself, but also for increasing competitiveness of Tatarstan companies on international markets and attracting investment from both Russian and foreign investors. In this paper, we explain the need to launch such a pilot and relying on the existing Russian and international experience on the one hand and taking into account the characteristics of Tatarstan’s economy on the other, we demonstrate a scheme by which such a project can be organized.
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Feder, Judy. "Commitment to Responsible Water Management in the Peruvian Amazon." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0064-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 199429, “Road to the Blue Certificate for Production Activity in the Peruvian Amazon: Committed to Responsible Water Management,” by Carlos Ahumada Morales, Fernando Gutierrez Mesías, and Ruth Celina Zorrilla Salazar, Repsol, prepared for the 2020 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability, originally scheduled to be held in Bogota, Colombia, 28-30 July. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper discusses the steps taken by Repsol in Peru in accordance with its environmental strategy to become certified for the Blue Certificate granted by the State National Water Authority (ANA) to companies that efficiently manage water in their operations and manage shared-value projects with their stakeholders. According to the authors, Repsol is the first company in Peru’s hydrocarbon sector to apply for this certification. The complete paper details the company’s methods of compliance with the three steps necessary to apply for the certificate, limitations of objectives and scope, results of the water-footprint assessment, and further steps toward certification. Background: Peru’s Blue Certificate Obtaining the certificate requires compliance with the three following steps: 1. Assessment of the water footprint for the area of operation 2. Reduction of water footprint in the area 3. Development of a shared-value project Benefits of holding the certificate include contribution to business sustainability and improved relationships with key stakeholders such as the State and the communities in the area of influence. As part of its candidacy for the certificate, the company stated that its main objective was to analyze the water footprint of the annual production of natural gas in Block 57 in the Urubamba River basin in the forests of the low jungle of southern Peru. Block 57 is located in the Department of Cusco. The company prepared a water-footprint report on the effect and amount of water consumption associated with the annual production of natural gas in the block. Block 57 is in an area of high biodiversity and overlaps the buffer zone of the Machiguenga Communal Reserve. It includes the following projects: Development project in the south area of the Kinteroni field Transport of multiphase gas/liquid flow from the production platform of the Kinteroni field through a 16-in., 14.5-km flow line to the facilities of the New World location Sagari field-development project Based on the results of the water-footprint assessment, Repsol intends to implement actions to reduce its water footprint and develop value-sharing projects to mitigate its effects.
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Jovic-Lazic, Ana, Sanja Jelisavac-Trosic, and Aleksandar Jazic. "In the light of bilateral relations of OSCE Minsk group member countries." Medjunarodni problemi 63, no. 4 (2011): 583–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1104583j.
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This paper analyses confrontation that occurred between Armenia and Azerbaijan concerning Nagorno Karabakh territory, as well as the many attempts to finally get this conflict resolved. The war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the territory of Nagorno Karabakh ended with the ceasefire agreement under the auspices of the OSCE Minsk Group, which is empowered for final resolvment of this issue. This process has been going on for years, but a solution is yet to come. The European Union in recent years is trying to reduce dependence on Russian natural gas and orients to new suppliers, primarily in the southern Caucasus region. Western countries are interested in resolving conflicts in South Caucasus due to its economic and political interests in the region and the fact that these conflicts pose a risk to investment. The authors of the paper will bring forth the views of all stakeholders in addressing the problem of Nagorno Karabakh and analyze their interests in an attempt to predict the possible final solution to the conflict.
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Rakel, Eva. "IX. Paradigms of Iranian Policy in Central Eurasia and Beyond." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 2, no. 3 (2003): 549–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915003322986398.
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AbstractIran and CEA have historically close links going back as far as the sixth century BC when the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region. For a long time, Persian was the main language of the elite in CEA. Since the disintegration of the USSR, Iran has been determined to re-strengthen its position in CEA, particularly in economic and security terms. Iran is an active player in the Economic Co-operation Organization (ECO). It also promotes the construction of southern pipelines from CEA to export the region's oil and gas resources as it hopes to profit from it for its own oil and gas export. However, it has to be noted that Iran in no way is a dominant player in the region. The rivalry between the various political factions of the Iranian political elite - the Conservative Traditional Right (Rast-e Sonati), Traditionalist left (Chap-e Sonati), Revolutionary or New Left or Hizbollah, Conservative Modern Right Rast-e Modern - leads to incoherence in Iran's foreign policy and makes Iran an unreliable actor to cooperate with not only the countries of CEA but also for other countries interested in the region (i.e., the United States, European Union, Turkey, Russia, China, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, the great national economic problems in Iran are an obstacle for Iran to become more active economically in CEA.
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McCulloch, Michael Ernest. "The Defeat of Imperial Urbanism in Québec City, 1840–1855." Articles 22, no. 1 (June 28, 2013): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016719ar.
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In 1840, the City of Québec regained formal corporate status under an ordinance of the Special Council of Lower Canada. This article argues that the ordinance expressed a particular concept or urbanism. Based on concept of the role of cities developed in Great Britain during the Age of Reform, it sought to create non-partisan municipal structures that would encourage local development and 'improvement' while at the same time ensuring the dominance of the anglophone commercial elites. In this, the ordinance expressed in local terms the grand objectives of Governor Charles Poulett Thomson (Lord Sydenham) for the entire colony. Ultimately, this imperial urbanism was a failure. While the essential structure of municipal governance remained intact until 1855, local issues became immediately entangled in provincial party politics. Major business leaders were replaced by professional and small retailers as the dominant group on the City Council. The very ethos of improvement ensured that the under-financed city government became dwarfed by other agencies, such as the banks, the Gas Company and of course railroads. The case of Québec City in the first years of the Union illustrates the failure of attempts to transplant Utilitarian approaches to state formation into a colonial context.
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Botlíková, Milena, Josef Botlík, and Jana Stuchlíková. "Applying socially responsible entrepreneurship in tourism businesses." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207404001.
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The current global world is recording and progressively developing tourism industry by the expansion of hotels and catering facilities. The development of tourism is inextricably linked with positive impacts such as growth of employment, increase in business activities, etc. On the other hand, the connection between tourism and global problems has been actively discussed in recent years. With the development of tourism occurs to the congestion of destinations, globalization brings degeneration of national cultures, grow gas emissions, soil erosion and increased waste production. The research revealed that Czech citizens consider the accumulation of waste as one of the global problems right after the lack of drinking water. One possibility of effective management of corporate waste is the implementation of waste management strategy in the management of the company. Businesses should aim to reduce, sort and recycle. The aim of the article was to compare the development of waste production in the European Union and the Czech Republic in connection with tourism and to evaluate the approach of Czech hotel companies to the issue of waste management. On the basis of the analysis, it can be stated that the amount of waste is gradually increasing and the hotels have some reserves.
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Pongráczné Barancsi, Ágnes, and Zoltán Győri. "Research on rheological characteristics of winter wheat varieties." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 26 (July 16, 2007): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3085.
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The gluten examination test is dominant in Hungary, comparing it to the qualification system of other countries. The determination of alveographic parameters is a basic criterion of winter wheat specifications in some western and southern European countries.In the Hungarian and foreign winter wheat qualification systems, in the standards, there is no limit for extensographical parameters. Customers dictate the limits and make their claims as to the specifications.We analyzed the alveographic and extensographical parameters of 19 winter wheat varieties grown by the Cereal Research Non-Profit Company in Hungary, and we made a comparison between the results in the challenges of the European Union expectations.Examining the information of alveographic and extensographical values, we found that the experimental varieties provide high base to flour types suitable for baking bread and baker’s ware. The GK Élet, GK Petur, GK Memento, GK Csillag, GK Kapos and GK Marcel varieties can meet the market of paste flour needs, too.In the variety series, the GK Kalász represents the highest values and the GK Garaboly shows the lowest parameters regarding the alveographic W and the resistance to extension.On the basis of relation, we can establish that we can estimate the following little known and used quality indexes: the extensographical resistance to extension with extensographical energy and the alveographic W value, the extensographical energy with the alveographic W value and the alveographic P and L values with the other alveographic parameters.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (December 2020)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0016-jpt.
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China Shale-Gas Field Sets Production Record Sinopec recorded China’s highest daily output of shale gas at 20.62 million cubic meters (Mcm) at its Fuling shale-gas field in Chongqing, China, a key gas source for the Sichuan-East gas pipeline. The first major commercial shale-gas project in China, Fuling has continuously broken records for the shortest gasfield drilling cycle while significantly increasing the drilling of high-quality reservoirs covering more than 3 million m, according to Sinopec. Gasfield production construction was also expanded to raise production capacity. The company said the field maintains a daily output of 20 Mcm, producing an estimated 6.7 Bcm per year. Apache and Total Plan Suriname Appraisals Apache filed appraisal plans for its Maka and Sapakara oil discoveries in block 58 offshore Suriname. The company said another submission is expected for Kwaskwasi, the largest find in the block, by the end of the year. Operations continue for Keskesi, the fourth exploration target. There are plans to drill a fifth prospect at Bonboni in the North-Central portion of the concession. Partner company Total is assuming operatorship of the block ahead of next year’s campaigns. BP Emerges as Sole Bid for Offshore Canada Parcels BP was the only operator to place a bid in the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB) Call for Bids NL20-CFB01, which offered 17 parcels (4,170,509 hectares) in the eastern Newfoundland region. The successful bid was for Parcel 9 (covering 264,500 hectares) for $27 million in work commitments from BP Canada Energy Group. Subject to BP satisfying specified requirements and receiving government approval, the exploration license will be issued in January 2021. No bids were received for the remaining 16 parcels, which may be reposted in a future Call for Bids. Criteria for selecting a winning bid is the total amount the bidder commits to spend on exploration of the parcel during the first period of a 9-year license, with a minimum acceptable bid of $10 million in work commitments for each parcel. Beach Energy To Drill Otway Basin Well Beach Energy plans to drill at its Artisan-1 well about 32 km offshore Victoria, Australia, in the Otway basin, before the end of 2021. The well, located on Block Vic/P43, was to be spudded in 1H 2020 but was delayed due to COVID-19. The timeframe for drilling was confirmed by the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority, which also said Beach is keeping open the option to suspend the well and develop it, pending reservoir analysis. Anchors, mooring chains, and surface buoys have already been laid for the well, which is in a water depth of approximately 71 m. The well is expected to take approximately 35–55 days to drill, depending on the final work program and potential operational delays. Diamond Offshore’s semisubmersible Ocean Onyx was contracted for the drilling program. Artisan is the first of Beach’s planned multiwell campaigns, which also include development wells at the Geographe and Thylacine fields. Hess Completes Sale of Interest in Gulf of Mexico Field Hess completed the sale of its 28% working interest in the Shenzi Field in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to BHP, the field’s operator, for $505 million. Shenzi is a six-lease development structured as a joint ownership: BHP (operator, 44%), Hess (28%), and Repsol (28%). The acquisition would bring BHP’s working interest to 72%, adding approximately 11,000 BOE/D of production (90% oil). The sale is expected to close by December 2020. Hess CEO John Hess said proceeds from the sale will help fund the company’s investment in Guyana. Greenland Opens New Offshore Areas Greenland opened three new offshore areas for application of oil and gas exploitation licenses off West Greenland. The areas are Baffin Bay, Disko West, and Davis Strait. The country also said it is working on an oil strategy to reduce geological uncertainty by offering an investment package to companies that engage in its Open Door Procedures. The procedures are a first-mover advantage to remove national oil company Nunaoil, as a carried partner, reducing turnover and surplus royalties. It is estimated to reduce the government take by 51.3% to 40.6%. Shell and Impact Oil & Gas Agree to South Africa Farmout Africa Oil announced Impact Oil & Gas entered into two agreements for exploration areas offshore South Africa. The company has a 31.10% share-holding in Impact, a privately owned exploration company. Impact entered into an agreement with BG International, a Shell subsidiary, for the farm-out of a 50% working interest and operatorship in the Transkei and Algoa exploration rights. Shell was also granted the option to acquire an additional 5% working interest should the joint venture (JV) elect to move into the third renewal period, expected in 2024. Algoa is located in the South Outeniqua Basin, east of Block 11B/12B, containing the Brulpadda gas condensate discovery and where Total recently discovered gas condensate. The Transkei block is northeast of Algoa in the Natal Trough Basin where Impact has identified highly material prospectivity associated with several large submarine fan bodies, which the JV will explore with 3D seismic data and then potential exploratory drilling. Impact and Shell plan to acquire over 6,000 km² of 3D seismic data during the first available seismic window following completion of the transaction. This window is expected to be in the Q1 2022. After the closing of the deal, Shell will hold a 50% interest as the operator and Impact will hold 50%. Impact also entered into an agreement with Silver Wave Energy for the farm-in of a 90% working interest and operatorship of Area 2, offshore South Africa. East and adjacent to Impact’s Transkei and Algoa blocks, Area 2 complements Impact’s existing position by extending the entire length of the ultradeepwater part of the Transkei margin. Together, the Transkei and Algoa Blocks and Area 2 cover over 124,000 km2. Area 2 has been opened by the Brulpadda and Luiperd discoveries in the Outeniqua Basin and will be further tested during 2021 by the well on the giant Venus prospect in ultradeepwater Namibia, where Impact is a partner. Impact believes there is good evidence for this Southern African Aptian play to have a common world-class Lower Cretaceous source rock, similar excellent-quality Apto-Albian reservoir sands, and a geological setting suitable for the formation of large stratigraphic traps. Following completion of the farm-in, Impact will hold 90% interest and serve as the operator; Silver Wave will hold 10%. Petronas Awards Sarawak Contract to Seismic Consortium The seismic consortium comprising PGS, TGS, and WesternGeco was awarded a multiyear contract by Petronas to acquire and process up to 105,000 km2 of multisensor, multiclient 3D data in the Sarawak Basin, offshore Malaysia. The contract award follows an ongoing campaign by the consortium in the Sabah offshore region, awarded in 2016, in which over 50,000 km2 of high-quality 3D seismic data have been acquired and licensed to the oil and gas industry to support Malaysia license round and exploration activity. The Sarawak award will allow for a multiphase program to promote exploration efforts in the prolific Sarawak East Natuna Basin (Deepwater North Luconia and West Luconia Province). The consortium is planning the initial phases and is engaging with the oil and gas industry to secure prefunding ahead of planned acquisition, covering both open blocks and areas of existing farm-in opportunities. Total Discovers Second Gas Condensate in South Africa Total made a significant second gas condensate discovery on the Luiperd prospect, located on Block 11B/12B in the Outeniqua Basin, 175 km off the southern coast of South Africa. The discovery follows the adjacent play-opening Brulpadda discovery in 2019. The Luiperd-1X well was drilled to a total depth of about 3,400 m and encountered 73 m of net gas condensate pay in well-developed, good-quality Lower Cretaceous reservoirs. Following a coring and logging program, the well will be tested to assess the dynamic reservoir characteristics and deliverability. The Block 11B/12B covers an area of 19,000 km2, with water depths ranging from 200 to 1800 m. It is operated by Total with a 45% working interest, alongside Qatar Petroleum (25%), CNR International (20%), and Main Street, a South African consortium (10%). The Luiperd prospect is the second to be drilled in a series of five large submarine fan prospects with direct hydrocarbon indicators defined utilizing 2D and 3D seismic data. BP Gas Field Offshore Egypt Begins Production BP started gas production from its Qattameya gasfield development offshore Egypt in the North Damietta offshore concession. Through BP’s joint venture Pharaonic Petroleum Company working with state-owned Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Co., the field, which is expected to produce up to 50 MMcf/D, was developed through a one-well subsea development and tieback to existing infrastructure. Qattameya, whose discovery was announced in 2017, is located approximately 45 km west of the Ha’py platform, in 108 m of water. It is tied back to the Ha’py and Tuart field development via a new 50-km pipeline and connected to existing subsea utilities via a 50-km umbilical. BP holds 100% equity in the North Damietta offshore concession in the East Nile Delta. Gas production from the field is directed to Egypt’s national grid.
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Rhodes, Anton, and Romain Chancerel. "Oil Spill Preparedness and Response Capability in West, Central and Southern Africa: Sustaining momentum in a changing world of oil spill risks." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1364–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1364.
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ABSTRACT The Global Initiative for West, Central and Southern Africa (GI WACAF Project) is a partnership between the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and IPIECA - the global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues, to enhance the capacity of countries to prepare for and respond to marine oil spills. The GI WACAF Project was launched in 2006 and is jointly funded by IMO and eight oil company members in order to strengthen national oil spill response capability in 22 countries of West, Central and Southern Africa through the establishment of local partnerships between the oil industries and the national authorities in charge of oil spill preparedness and response at the national level. This paper will describe how the GI WACAF Project cooperates with local stakeholders in order to develop a structure for preparedness and response in the region, and to detail what are the challenges lying ahead in order to make this structure fully operational taking into account the changes in the region in terms of risk profiles, industry representation and national and regional governance. The analysis of the exercises organised under the umbrella of the GI WACAF Project in Congo, Nigeria (2011), Gabon (2012), Cameroon, and Mauritania (2012) emphasises the needs in terms of international cooperation, integration of response capabilities at the national and regional levels and the development of effective incident management structures. In conclusion, we will present how the GI WACAF Project has evolved in order to maintain its momentum for the continuous development of preparedness and response capabilities in the region.
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Liu, Liansheng, Qing Guo, Lulu Wang, and Datong Liu. "In-situ remaining useful life prediction of aircraft auxiliary power unit based on quantitative analysis of on-wing sensing data." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 3 (March 2020): 168781402091147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020911475.
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The in-situ prognostics and health management of aircraft auxiliary power unit faces difficulty using the sparse on-wing sensing data. As the key technology of prognostics and health management, remaining useful life prediction of in-situ aircraft auxiliary power unit is hard to achieve accurate results. To solve this problem, we propose one kind of quantitative analysis of its on-wing sensing data to implement remaining useful life prediction of auxiliary power unit. Except the most important performance parameter exhaust gas temperature, the other potential parameters are utilized based on mutual information, which can be used as the quantitative metric. In this way, the quantitative threshold of mutual information for enhancing remaining useful life prediction result can be determined. The implemented cross-validation experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The real on-wing sensing data of auxiliary power unit for experiment are from China Southern Airlines Company Limited Shenyang Maintenance Base, which spends over $6.5 million on auxiliary power unit maintenance and repair each year for the fleet of over 500 aircrafts. Although the relative improvement is not too large, it is helpful to reduce the maintenance and repair cost.
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Kawa, Szymon. "Analiza ryzyka a skuteczność realizacji gazowniczych projektów inwestycyjnych finansowanych przy udziale funduszy UE." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 6 (June 2021): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.06.07.
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Managing a gas investment project is a very complicated process, both from the technical and organizational side. The technical and technological preparation and implementation of such a project is the domain of engineers who use the available methods, tools and materials as well as technology and are able to prepare and carry out the investment process. This aspect should be complemented by the entire organization and management of the process, i.e. organizing and directing each of the listed elements so that the project is carried out in accordance with the assumed schedule and there are no collisions of tasks, bottlenecks or unnecessary downtime. To this end, appropriate planning is needed, and within it, a risk analysis of the investment project implementation. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the significance of the ex-ante analysis of all premises for the occurrence of risk and the risk itself in the activities of a company implementing a project with the participation of European Union (EU) funds for the success of such an investment. The significance is so high, that before starting the investment process itself, it is necessary to anticipate and establish mechanisms preventing the occurrence or eliminating the effects of risk fulfillment at every stage of the process: planning, review, implementation monitoring and evaluation. The very awareness of decision-makers of the existence of various threats over time allows them to make decisions whether or not to undertake investments, even with access to non-refundable EU funding. The analysis was carried out on the basis of investment projects in the gas sector submitted for co-financing from the European Regional Development Fund under the Infrastructure and Environment Programme 2014–2020.
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Kernaghan, James S. D. "Early social impact management of an oil and gas development in a NT Aboriginal society—a case study." APPEA Journal 48, no. 1 (2008): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj07018.
Full textAbstract:
In 2005 a draft Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP) for the Blacktip Project was prepared by James Kernaghan on behalf of the Blacktip Joint Venture. The SIMP was prepared for the purpose of providing a basis for consultation with the communities that would be potentially affected by the project and the means through which social impacts could be managed. After Eni Australia became 100% owner and operator of the project in December 2005, the SIMP was revised to reflect the values and practices of Eni globally. This paper presents a case study of the early development of social impact management practice for the Blacktip Project in the southern Bonaparte Gulf, northern Australia, in the period from discovery to the middle of the construction phase (end 2001 to end 2007). The primary outcomes, so far, of the social impact management process for the Blacktip Project have largely been positive and work continues to ensure that this remains the case. From a management perspective, the key outcomes have been a Social Impact Assessment (SIA) report, a Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP) and the establishment of an Social Impact Advisory Committee incorporating representatives from the key external stakeholder groups. The paper starts with descriptions of the project and affected communities and the law and policy context in which the project sits. This is followed by a detailed account and discussion about the land acquisition process and the social impact assessment and management plan development, including the scope, methodology and analytical framework used in the SIMP. The paper then provides an account and discussion of the nexus between project development and social impact management. The conclusion gives some observations about the experiences had in the SIMP implementation to date, during the first two construction phases of the project. Often there are a very wide range of social and economic issues that get touched upon in the development of a social impact management plan for a resource project. The resolution of these broader issues is naturally beyond the scope and capability of any company or project and there are often misconceptions in communities about what can be done. The best that a company can do is to approach the management of social impact in a way that tries to build a practical foundation for community development, through consultation with stakeholders in an open and participatory process. The people and organisations that live and work in a region are responsible for the social and economic development of that region, as a part of that community. Some contributions can be made by resource developers, however it is up to the people themselves, the individuals and the families in any community to choose and then pursue their individual and collective destiny. Others cannot do it for them. The paper attempts to provide some insight into the cultural, political, social and commercial realities associated with the development of the project in the particular society involved. In doing so, it is hoped that a useful early case study in the field of social impact management will emerge that may be useful for oil and gas developments and developing communities elsewhere in Australia and the world.
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Kaklauskaitė, Ulijona, and Jekaterina Navickė. "Eco-social State in the European Union: the Relationship Between the Social and Climate Policy of the Member States." Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 22 (July 29, 2021): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2021.32.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes the relationship between the social and climate policies of the European Union member states and examines the concept of the eco–social state. In the climate crisis era, the need for a close link between social and climate policies is particularly acute. The European Green Deal and other EU strategies reflect a political agenda with a specific interest in social and ecological goals. We aim to answer whether more significant state efforts in the social field are related to a similarly more substantial commitment in climate policy or whether a greater focus on one means less attention on another.
On a theoretical level, we discuss the challenges of climate change for social policy and present the concept of climate justice. The similarities and differences between the ecological and the welfare state are also examined. We argue that the concept of climate justice highlights the phenomenon of a double and even triple injustice on a global level, which requires joint efforts in spheres of social and climate policy. Eco-social state combines social and environmental institutions intending to ensure welfare and sustainability and thus complements the traditional concept of the welfare state. The Koch-Fritz (2014) classification, which distinguishes between the established, deadlocked, emerging, and failing eco-social states, is presented in the paper and used for the empirical analysis.
The empirical part of the paper employs non-parametrical correlation and hierarchical cluster analysis. The former allows for exploring the links between the ecological and social indicators. The latter enables countries to be grouped according to social and climate indicators and compared to the traditional classification of welfare states and Koch-Fritz models of eco-social states. The analysis is based on social and climate indicators of the Europe 2020 strategy. The study found that countries that provide relatively more significant funding for traditional social problems also perform better in climate change adaptation and mitigation policies by reducing greenhouse gas emissions in an effort–sharing sectors and final energy consumption. We show that clusters of the EU member states in terms of social and climate indicators (eco–social state models) are very similar to their membership in the traditional welfare states’ classification.
Moreover, social democratic welfare states are better prepared to address climate change than countries representing other types of welfare states. Thus the analysis confirms the social democratic welfare states as established eco–social states, while the conservative-corporate and liberal welfare states can indeed be called deadlocked eco–social states with average results. We show, however, that Lithuania, together with other Eastern European and Southern European countries, fluctuates on both the best and the worst social and climate change mitigation outcomes. Hence those should be attributed to a group with the mixed results and can be named as failed-emerging eco-social states.
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Hunter, P. C. "PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN BHPP." APPEA Journal 37, no. 1 (1997): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj96046.
Full textAbstract:
BHP is a leading global resources company which comprises four main business groups: BHP Copper, BHP Minerals, BHP Steel and BHP Petroleum. BHP Petroleum (BHPP) global operations are divided into four Regions and Australia/Asia Region is responsible for exploration, production, field development and joint ventures in the Asia-Pacific region. In Australia, the Company's largest producing assets are its shares of the Gippsland oil and gas fields in Bass Strait and the North West Shelf project in Western Australia.BHPP operates three Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels-Jabiru Venture, Challis Venture and Skua Venture-in the Timor Sea and one FPSO, the Griffin Venture, in the Southern Carnarvon Basin. Stabilised oil is offloaded from all four FPSOs by means of a floating hose to a shuttle tanker. Gas from the Griffin Venture is compressed and transferred through a submarine pipeline to an onshore gas treatment plant.BHPP's Asian production comes from the Dai Hung oil field offshore Vietnam where BHPP is the operator and from Kutubu in Papua New Guinea.In Melbourne, BHPP operates a Methanol Research Plant and produced Australia's first commercial quantities of methanol in October 1994.BHPP is an extremely active offshore oil and gas explorer and has interests in a number of permits and blocks in the Australian-Indonesian Zone of Co-operation.This paper discusses BHPP's approach to safety management, both for its worldwide operations and specifically in Australia/Asia Region. It explains how BHPP's worldwide safety management model takes regional regulatory variations into account. It shows, specifically, how this has been done in Australia/Asia Region using what BHPP considers to be a best practice approach.The paper describes how BHPP Australia/Asia Region benchmarked its performance against other operators in Australia and the North Sea. It explains how the findings of the benchmarking study were used to plan the preparation of a safety management system (SMS). The structure of the SMS is described along with the legal requirements in Australia.The paper concludes that implementation of the SMS is progressing according to plan and points out that safety cases for the FPSOs have been submitted to the Regulators. Implementation of the SMS and the drive for world class safety standards is having a substantial effect and safety performance is improving. One measure of safety performance, the Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR) is down from around 15 at the end of 1994 to under 3 in December 1996.
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Nitonye, Virginia I. P., Michael Horsfall Jnr, and Mark O. Onyema. "Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in electric grilled foods commonly consumed in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Distribution and contamination profiles." Scientia Africana 20, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sa.v20i1.6.
Full textAbstract:
United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in electric grilled (EG) foods: plantain (EG-PN), meat (EG-MT), yam (EG-YM) and fish (EG-FH), commonly consumed in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, southern Nigeria. Distribution and concentrations of PAHs in the EG food samples were obtained by gas chromatography (GC) nalyses, after extraction using hexane/dichloromethane (1:3 v/v) and clean up by column chromatography. GC analyses identified 13 to 16 PAHs in the food samples with 10 observed to occur in all. Fluoranthene, pyrene (4-ring PAHs) and benzo(a)pyrene (5-ring PAH) were the most abundant, while the 2- and 3-ring PAHs were generally minor constituents or absent. Concentrations of PAHs in the EG foods ranged from 15.73 to 67.13 µg/kg and was observed to decrease in the order EG-PN>EG-MT > EG-YM > EG-FH with increase in grilling time. Ratios used as diagnostic indices of PAH formation processes indicate a combustion source for PAHs in the food samples and revealed electric grilling generated PAHs which contaminated the foods. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), used as a marker for PAH contamination in foods, had concentrations of 7.51 μg/kg, 2.68 μg/kg, 2.33 μg/kg and 1.85 μg/kg in EG-PN, EG-MT, EG-YM and EG-FH respectively. These values were above the maximum limit of 2 μg/kg set by the European Union, except for EG-FH which was slightly lower.
Keywords: Food, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Electric grill, Concentration, Diagnostic ratio, Nigeria.
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Siemek, Jakub, Jan Macuda, Łukasz Łukańko, Jakub Nowak, and Tadeusz Zając. "The Possibility of Using Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L. var. Napus) for Energy Purposes." Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.1.18.
Full textAbstract:
Biomass is an important element in the energy balance in the world and plays a large role in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and by this is a sustainable source of energy. One method of using biomass is through co-firing with hard coal and lignite in order to generate electricity. An important factor promoting the use of biomass in European Union countries is the fact that CO2 emissions from combustion are not included in the sum of emissions from fuel combustion, in accordance with the principles established in the emission trading system EU ETS. The aim of our research was to examine the possibility of using winter oilseed rape for energy purposes, grown in three research centres located in southern Poland. Two varieties of winter oilseed rape, Adam and Poznaniak, were used during laboratory tests. Analyses were carried out for siliques, seeds, and the main and lateral stem. As part of the study, the calorific value and heat of combustion were determined for 20 samples of winter oilseed rape. The highest values were obtained for seeds, while the lowest were obtained for stems. The calculated values of carbon dioxide emissions factor for the analysed samples were in most cases above 100 kg/GJ and were much higher than the emission during hard coal combustion. In addition, as part of the study, the biomass moisture, amount of ash generated in the combustion process, and the content of volatile compounds as well as carbon and sulphur were determined.
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Bettmann, Greg T., H. Harish Ratnayaka, William T. Molin, and Tracy M. Sterling. "Physiological and antioxidant responses of cotton and spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) under nitrogen deficiency." Weed Science 54, no. 4 (August 2006): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-05-186r.1.
Full textAbstract:
Spurred anoda is a major competitor with cotton in the southern United States. Physiological and antioxidant responses of two species of cotton (Gossypium barbadenseL. cv. ‘Pima S-7’ andGossypium hirsutumL., Delta and Pine Land Company cv. ‘Delta Pine 5415’) and two accessions of spurred anoda [New Mexico (NM) and Mississippi (MS)] were investigated under nitrogen (N) -sufficient and -deficient conditions in the greenhouse. Pima S-7 had the highest leaf N content of all the plants regardless of treatment. Biomass decreased in all species when N was withheld, with Pima S-7 exhibiting the least reduction and MS the greatest. Plant height decreased in cotton but not spurred anoda under N stress. Height:node ratio increased 9% in MS, but decreased 8% in DP 5415 when they were deprived of N. Withholding N reduced photosynthesis 45% regardless of species. Comparable decreases were found in stomatal conductance and transpiration, suggesting strong stomatal regulation of gas exchange under N stress. The quantum efficiency of photosystem II (dark-adaptedFv/Fm) decreased 4% under N deficiency. Alpha-carotene decreased for all species when N was withheld, except for the NM accession, in which the levels increased. Total chlorophyll and lutein decreased under N stress regardless of species, but alpha-tocopherol and the xanthophyll cycle conversion state increased. Pima S-7 had the most chlorophyll and lutein, and both cotton species had more alpha-tocopherol, anthocyanins, and free-radical scavenging capacity than spurred anoda. These enhanced pigment and antioxidant profiles of cotton, particularly Pima S-7, may contribute to cotton's ability to compete for N with spurred anoda.
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Shamuratova, N. B., Y. S. Baitilenova, A. N. Narenova, Zh A. Nazikova, and A. A. Kamerova. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOFUELS WITH A FEEDSTOCK FUEL COMPLEX." BULLETIN 3, no. 391 (June 12, 2021): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.109.
Full textAbstract:
Biofuels are viewed as a possible fuel of the future. Concerning energy for cars there is intense “competition” stemming from electricity and rising in popularity due to modern research is also hydrogen. In general, biofuels are nowadays strongly supported in the European Union as well as in the United States of America and many other regions of the world. Active management in the oil and gas industry needs to take in account knowledge not only about fossil fuels but also various types of alternative fuels like biofuels. This thesis goal is to analyze the economics of producing Bio-Crude oil from a plant called Jatrophae curcadis, (or also known as “purging nut”). It is nowadays growing around subtropical regions of the North American continent, especially in Mexico, and southern Asia, and with lower yield can grow even in arid wastelands of Central Asia (in arid Mali it is grown to hold wildlife from plants). It is the very undemanding plant so the biofuel produced from it can be very cheap compared to other biofuels. The oil produced from this plant is not being traded on commodities markets yet but is viewed as biofuel of the future as currently sold soybean oil and palm oil are according to my analysis more expensive in many areas of the world. Production of the plant seeds (nuts) when pressed leads to bio-crude oil which can be processed to biocrude. Economic analysis showed that given irrigation and good genetic selection of the plants to give higher production of seeds (price of the kg would be determining factor), the biocrude produced from the seeds has the potential to successfully compete with alternative fuels made from soybean or palm oils.
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Shamuratova, N. B., L. Zh Karimova, R. Dosmukhanbetova, L. Zh Kudaibergenova, and L. G. Mazhitova. "EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF BIOFUEL IN THE ENERGY MARKET." BULLETIN 2, no. 390 (April 15, 2021): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.67.
Full textAbstract:
Active management in the oil and gas industry needs to take in account knowledge not only about fossil fuels but also various types of alternative fuels like biofuels. This thesis goal is to analyze the economics of producing Bio-Crude oil from a plant called Jatrophae curcadis, (or also known as “purging nut”). It is nowadays growing around subtropical regions of the North American continent, especially in Mexico, and southern Asia, and with lower yield can grow even in arid wastelands of Central Asia (in arid Mali it is grown to hold wildlife from plants). It is the very undemanding plant so the biofuel produced from it can be very cheap compared to other biofuels. Biofuels are viewed as a possible fuel of the future. Concerning energy for cars there is intense “competition” stemming from electricity and rising in popularity due to modern research is also hydrogen. In general, biofuels are nowadays strongly supported in the European Union as well as in the United States of America and many other regions of the world. The oil produced from this plant is not being traded on commodities markets yet but is viewed as biofuel of the future as currently sold soybean oil and palm oil are according to my analysis more expensive in many areas of the world. Production of the plant seeds (nuts) when pressed leads to bio-crude oil which can be processed to biocrude. Economic analysis showed that given irrigation and good genetic selection of the plants to give higher production of seeds (price of the kg would be determining factor), the biocrude produced from the seeds has the potential to successfully compete with alternative fuels made from soybean or palm oils.