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Academic literature on the topic 'Soviet Coins'
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Journal articles on the topic "Soviet Coins"
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Shustek, Zbyshek. "Interesting documents on the convertibility of the Soviet currency during 1924 –1937." Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2017-1-165-172.
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In the framework of the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the currency reform of 1922-1924 the USSR currency was introduced, which was fully convertible into gold. Actually, the reform was supposed to re-introduce the old gold currency, which was in circulation in the Russian Empire before the beginning of the WWI. New Soviet copper and silver coins had the same metrological parameters as the corresponding coins before the war. Banknotes were really convenient abroad duringr 1924-1927 years and freely exchanged for other currencies, but promised to free convertibility of banknotes for gold coins has never been implemented. The reason of that was the golden blockade of the USSR and the refusal to accept these coins in the West. For this reason, the old 10-ruble coins with the portrait of Tsar Nicholas II had to continue to be minted. However, there are also internal reasons which prevented the planned exchange rate of the gold coins. The regulatory quota for issuing government bills for 500 million gold rubles was soon exceeded twice, which triggered the development of inflation. On October 1, 1926, the free export of banknotes abroad was prohibited, and in 1928 – also free entry into the USSR. Thus, the free convertibility of the new Soviet currency was abolished, and the Soviet currency became only internal. In this article we review and analyze internal instruction, which stated quite openly that the promised guarantees on new bank notes convertible into gold is in reality only a tactical maneuver relatively to other countries. From August 1, 1926, free export of the Soviet currency was prohibited in foreign countries and in 1928 it’s import from abroad. The Soviet government at that time has made some effort to foreigners who were in the USSR and were carrying Soviet money legally, they can freely convert. At the same time, this effort can be seen as an indication of the responsibility of the Soviet authorities for those who in a very short time provided free convertibility of the Soviet currency. This is evident from the passports of Czechoslovak citizens who have been visiting the USSR for 30 years. Whether its owners are not in the USSR, they were close to Soviet entry visa with a special stamp, followed by the Czech text: "Import and transfer of Soviet currency on the territory of the USSR provided to August 1, 1926". From the results obtained to date from the old passports it is not clear how the Soviet embassy began to give these stamps in the passports. Trips in the USSR were quite rare for foreigners in the interwar period. Exchange of foreign currencies in the USSR was very unprofitable for foreigners in the second half of the 1930's. However, the amount of the money received in rubles, had a much lower purchasing power than the equivalent amount in exchange currency abroad. Accordingly, in the Polish border areas of the USSR, the Soviet currency was offered much cheaper on the black market. But modern authors have noted that any purchase of Soviet money was very risky, as black markets were well controlled by the Soviet secret services. Consequently, all these documents show that the Soviet currency was very uncertain in the interwar period.
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Scarborough, Daniel. "Turkestan Diocese and Folk Orthodoxy: The Case of Life-Giving Spring." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-68-76.
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Construction of the Church of the Icon of the Mother of God, “The Life-Giving Spring,” was completed in 2008. The church was built next to a small spring that has been venerated by the local population since the 19th century. A large number of coins from the 19th and 20th centuries were discovered in the bed of this spring. These coins serve as evidence that local people have venerated this spring throughout the imperial and Soviet periods. In the 19th century, the official Church imposed strict control over popular Orthodox traditions. Yet, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Turkestan Diocesan Committee decided to recognize the veneration of the spring. In the Soviet period, very little documentary evidence of this tradition was preserved, but this evidence suggests that popular Orthodox practices were far more widespread than commonly assumed.
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Rashitov, Danil Damirovich. "Coins as decoration and element of the Tatar traditional costume in the XIX – XX centuries." Человек и культура, no. 5 (May 2021): 66–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.5.33350.
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This article discusses the historical-culturological component of coins in jewelry and women's costume of the Volga Tatars in the XIX – XX centuries. The subject of this research is the coins of the tsarist, Soviet and modern Russian periods, which in one way or another were used as a decorative element in the Tatar national costume and jewelry. Research methodology is comprised of the general scientific and private scientific, such as culturological analysis, empirical experience of the author in jewelry restoration, and interview. The article relies on iconographic materials, jewelry, as well as essays and testimonies of the eyewitnesses. The scientific novelty lies in the thematic selection of sources and information, analysis and comparison of the facts. The author touches upon previously unstudied technical and technological aspects in preparation and processing of coins for their use as decoration. The article reveals the specificity of using coins for decorative purposes, provides information and hypotheses based on the sources that describe the use of coins in costume decoration. The author is first to carry out the classification of coins depending on the method of fixation, perforation and elements of the costume. The article describes the method of historical dating based on the technical and technological methods of processing of coins for application in jewelry.
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Etkind, Alexander. "Stories of the Undead in the Land of the Unburied: Magical Historicism in Contemporary Russian Fiction." Slavic Review 68, no. 3 (2009): 631–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003767790001977x.
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Combining ideas from cultural studies, psychoanalysis, and literary criticism, this essay proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the emerging field of post-Soviet memory studies. Sociological polls demonstrate that approximately one-fourth of Russians remember that their relatives were victims of terror, yet the existing monuments, museums, and rituals are inadequate to commemorate these losses. In this economy of memory, ghosts and monsters become a prominent subject of post-Soviet culture. The incomplete work of mourning turns the unburied dead into the undead. Analyzing Russian novels and films of the last decade, Alexander Etkind emphasizes the radical distortions of history, semihuman creatures, fantastic cults, manipulations of the body, and circular time that occur in these fictional works. To account for these phenomena, Etkind coins the concept “magical historicism” and discusses its relation to the magical realism of postcolonial literatures. The memorial culture of magical historicism is not so much postmodern as it is, precisely, post-Soviet.
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Zraziuk, Z. "HISTORY OF COINS-CABINET COLLECTION OF UNIVERSITY OF ST. VOLODYMYR (1920's – 1930's)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.5.
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The article is dedicated to the history of one of the largest and most well-known academic numismatic collection of Russian Empire - the Coins cabinet of the University of St. Volodymyr. It was created in 1834 by combining collections from educational institutions closed after the Polish uprising of 1830-31. Over the years this institution gathered a collection of more than 60,000 coins and medals. During its existence, it was overseen by: P. Yarkovsky, M. Yakubovich, A. Krasovsky, Ya. Voloshinsky, K. Strashkevich, V. Ikonnikov, V. Antonovich, Y. Kulakovsky, P. Smirnov. The collection was studied by such famous numismatists as H. Mazurkevich, E. Gutten-Chapsky, B. Dorn, A. Kunnik, I. Tolstoy, Y. Iversen, M. Bilyashevsky, K. Bolsunovsky and others. The work on the collection of the Coins cabinet produced a number of numismatic scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of numismatic science - Y. Voloshinsky. K. Strashkevich, V. Antonovich, M. Bilyashevsky, K. Bolsunovsky. Because of the work of these scientists Kyiv became one of the centers of numismatic research. They have a credit for a considerable amount of fundamental works on numismatics, the discovery of new coins. During Soviet times in the 1920's, University of St. Volodymyr was reorganized into the Institute of People's Education. The outstanding numismatic collection was considered unnecessary for this institution. Since 1924 the collection was under the control of Ukrainian Archeological Commission at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. For 20-30 years Ukrainian Archeological Commission has been trying to find a place for coin repositories and create a numismatics museum based on this collection. Unfortunately, these plans have not been implemented. After a decade of transfers and calamities, the numismatic collection of the university was given to the Central Historical Museum. As a separate collection - the Mints cabinet of the University of St. Volodymyr ceased to exist.
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Kotsur, Viktor, and Andrii Boiko-Haharin. "The state policy against counterfeiting in the Russian Empire in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries." Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190208.
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The purpose of the article is the analysis of the main parts of the state protecting politics over the process of the coins and banknotes counterfeiting in Russian Empire. Research methods: analytical, synthetic, logical, retrospective, mathematical and illustrative. Main results. The article reveals the processes of coins and banknote counterfeiting in the Russian Empire referred to the material from state historical archives, official government laws and pre-Soviet periodicals (newspapers). The authors paid main attention to the question of state policy against money counterfeiting that includes legislative analyses of that time, in particular Conclusion of Criminal Punishment and Penitentiary, issues of 1845s and 1866s, Monetary Statute, issue of 1857 as well as nominal imperial edicts, regulations and manifestos of Senate as to forgery counteractions and coins protection, published in Complete Edition of Collected Laws in the Russian Empire. Practical significance. The material presented in the article will allow a thorough analysis of the aspect of counterfeiting money in Ukraine in the imperial period. Originality. The corpus of analyzed sources allowed us to form conclusions as to efficiency state in fighting politics against money forgery in Russian Empire in the 19th and the beginning of 20th century. The perspective of the further research we see in the widening of sources base that will help us to conduct deeper aspect analyses on money forgery in Ukraine as part of Russian Empire. Scientific novelty. The basic constituents of public policy are considered in relation to a fight against forgery counteractions, which is population informing of imitations appearance with the list of their signs; implementation of investigation features based upon population encouragement to the malefactors’ exposure; state expert assessment implementation of suspicious and forged money extracted during the investigation; legal procedure and punishment for committed crimes in money and banknotes counterfeiting; in investigation cases of State Archives Fund some unknown before facts within state fight against money counterfeiting have been found and a new stamp on physical evidence has been implemented into the scientific circulation, the absence reasons for money and loan-bills forgery in the Fund of State Museums have been estimated. The research is based upon unknown sources, most of which have been implemented into the scientific circulation for the first time. Analyses of legislative system of that time against money forgery, peculiarities of investigation, trial and sentence helped us to find out some misconceptions in factual decisions from those, fixed in laws and layouts. Article type: analytical.
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Skupniewicz, Patryk, and Katarzyna Maksymiuk. "The Warrior on Claps from Tillya Tepe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.215.
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Among the objects excavated in 1978 at the site of Tillya Tepe (Northern Afghanistan) by the Soviet-Afghan archaeological expedition led by Victor I. Sarianidi, the twin golden clasps from Burial III attract special and instant attention of any military historian or a researcher of ancient arms and armour. The identity of the personage(-s) on the Tillya Tepe clasps has quite rarely been studied. Scholars are usually satisfied with a generic term a “warrior”. Kazim Abdullaev has identified the personage as Ares-Alexander. Jeannine Davis-Kimball has identified the personage as Enaree, the castrated priest of one of the epiphanies of Great Goddess. Patryk Skupniewicz supported the latter identification associating the personages from Tillya Tepe clasps with the North Indian, mainly Gandharan iconography of Skanda Kartikeya who, as a war-god, was an Indian equivalent of Ares. This article establishes the correspondence between the images on Tillya Tepe clasps with the representations of enthroned and armed goddesses which are quite common in the iconography related to the discussed clasps. The armed and enthroned goddess has been identified as the Iranian goddess Arshtat on Kushan coins. The warrior depicted on the golden clasps from Tillya Tepe should be interpreted as a portrayal of Arshtat, whose image was borrowed from the iconography of Athena. The goddess is shown seated on the throne with griffin-shaped legs known already in the Achaemenid times in the pose developed in the images in the late Hellenistic period, which is in line with the date of the entire site.
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Grodziska, Karolina. "„Rękopisy kozackie”. Z dziejów zasobu rękopiśmiennego Biblioteki Naukowej PAU i PAN w Krakowie." Rocznik Biblioteki Naukowej PAU i PAN 67 (December 30, 2022): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25440500rbn.22.010.17365.
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“Manusripts of the Cossacks”. The history of the manuscripts collection of the Scientific Library of the PAAS and the PAS in Cracow The article discusses an unknown episode from the history of our library, related to the donation of several dozen 17th and 18th c. documents on Cossacks done in 1954 by the Polish Academy of Sciences on the request of the Ministry of Culture and Arts of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. These were the proclamations by Bogdan Chmielnicki and his son Jerzy (Jurek) as well as priviliges bestowed to Cossacks by empress Anna and empress Elisabeth. The original documents were included in manuscripts no. 270, 1678 and 1679. The first one was donated in 1866, the other two in the years 1906–1912. The manuscript no. 270 was donated in 1866 to the then existing Cracow Scientific Society. It was provided by Stanisław Filip Krzyżanowski (1841–1881), the owner of an estate in the former Bracław voivodeship, collector of paintings, old coins, manuscripts and old prints, a historian and publisher of writings, a member of the Cracow Scientific Society. The group of scriptures donated by him contained 49 manuscripts and 20 parchment diplomas. Its valuable and homogeneous part are the so-called Manuscripts of the Cossacks, including among others 17th-19th proclamations issued by subsequent Cossack hetmans, court files and numerous documents on the political, economic, social and church history of eastern Poland – the Podolian, Volhynian and Bracław voivodeships. The entire donation was described in the catalogue of manuscripts issued in 1906 by Jan Czubek, the Academy librarian, and has been present in scientific literature since then. The manuscripts with shelf marks 1678 and 1679 were donated to the Academy after the publication of the catalogue, therefore they were described in the second volume published in 1912. Unfortunately, their descriptions do not contain the provenance or the donor’s name. They include 25 and 34 original ukases of the Russian empresses addressed to the Hetmans of Zaporizhian Cossacks: Danylo Apostol (from the years 1730– 1733) and Kyrylo Razumovsky (from the year 1751–1753). After the second volume of Czubek’s catalogue was published, they also became widely known to the historians. In 1947, in new political circumstances, the Polish–Soviet Friendship Society on behalf of the Academy of Sciences of the UkrSSR requested the Polish Academy of Art and Science to take photographs of Chmielnicki’s proclamations. The PAAS management gave its consent. A few years later, the PAAS assets and collections were taken over by the newly created Polish Academy of Sciences, which was recognised as a politically correct unit by the Communist authorities. In 1954, the PAS Printing Houses and Libraries Office in Warsaw, on behalf of the Ministry of Culture and Art, took the original documents from the above mentioned manuscripts away from the Library (then the PAS Library in Cracow). They were donated to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The only trace of this forced “donation to the fraternal nation” to be found in sources is the correspondence related to the handover of the photocopies of taken documents by the PAS Printing Houses and Libraries Office that is included in the Library archives. It took place in December 1954 and the photocopies (of good quality) are still kept in the Library collection. However, the order to hand over the originals is absent. According to the library oral tradition, a message about the order was issued on the phone. The exact date, author of the idea, the names of political principals or Polish implementers of these notorious endeavour remain unknown. A detailed query in the archives of the Ministry of Culture and Art and the chief authorities of the Polish United Workers’ Party may possibly give an answer to these questions.
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Bovsunivska, N. "PEDAGOGICAL AND ARTISTIC IDEAS OF MODEST LEVYTSKYI." Zhytomyr Ivan Franko state university journal. Рedagogical sciences, no. 1(108) (June 7, 2022): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/pedagogy.1(108).2022.5-11.
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The article is dedicated to the outstanding public figure, doctor, patriot, writer and composer Modest Levytskyi. Without exaggeration, his activity became a service to the people of Ukraine. Paradoxically, but dialectically, society (and pedagogy in particular) mostly turns its attention to titans, those who have left dozens of volumes of works behind. They were praised for years, and the inheritance became the subject of careful and scrupulous analysis. Nevertheless, the history of the state is rich in the names of those whose selfless work has become the key to educating generations of young people by Ukrainians. They had no place in the Soviet pantheon of education, because they were located in territories that fell under the jurisdiction of other states. Modest Levytskyi lived and worked in Volyn. And this territory was under Polish rule for many years. He was a Ukrainian, but he could not fully feel like one, because those who were not polonized after hundreds of years of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth were disparagingly called "lower rank". The processed literature gives an idea of the events of the beginning of the last century: constant wars, revolutions, coups. All these cataclysms swept across the land on which Levytskyi lived. He was well aware of the danger of assimilation of Ukrainians on his own native, but captured land. Although Modest was called "father ..." "and grandfather of Volyn" during his lifetime, sometimes it seems that for modern science (literature, medicine, pedagogy, art) he is a representative of those who were called "shadows of forgotten ancestors". Nevertheless, it is within our reach to tell the public about this unique personality. Now the nuclear globalized era gives us heroes for one day, but Modest did not give us an inheritance in hard coins. One of the writers wrote that human life becomes hell and torment there where two days, two cultures, two religions intersect. In front of Modest, the nineteenth century replaced the twentieth, the First World War took place, several coups, and the bloodiest tyrants in the history of mankind rushed to power. And only a few hundred intellectuals had hope for the independence of Ukraine in their hearts. This is probably a feat to defend the dream of reviving a nation that has been trampled into oblivion for centuries, when it seemed like he whole world was against it. And the memory of a courageous and honest person, teacher, artist, even if not in thick luxurious folios, is in the quiet truth, and in this mention of the life given to Ukraine.
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stakhov, dmitrii. "The Prose (and Cons) of Vodka." Gastronomica 5, no. 1 (2005): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2005.5.1.25.
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The Prose (and Cons) of Vodka Drawing extensively on his own first-hand experience as someone who came of age during the prolonged “stagnation” of the Brezhnev years, and then witnessed the upheavals of perestroika and the breakup of the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the wild-West capitalism of the 1990s under Yeltsin, the writer and journalist Dmitrii Stakhov explores the changing fortunes of vodka, Russia’s “alcoholic drink No. 1,” and its enduring significance as a symbol, “cultural yardstick,” and economic unit of exchange over the last quarter of a century in this hard-drinking and hard-pressed nation. Stakhov’s essay details Russians’ long love affair with vodka, as well their sometimes dangerous dalliances with various vodka substitutes (often of unknown or highly dubious origin) and their more recent infatuation, in a new era of seemingly unlimited consumer choice, with other, more manifestly “Western” alcoholic drinks (whiskey, beer, wine). Stakhov suggests that the recent shifts in drinking habits in Russia (with Russians developing more discriminating and highbrow tastes) has in certain important ways entailed a loss of cultural values and a diminished sense of community and camaraderie. No one looks after the local drunk any more, and no one is interested any longer in going in on the proverbial “threesome” of Soviet times (a bottle of vodka split three ways): now it is a Darwinian world of “every man for himself.” For better or worse the old poetry and mythos of vodka, Stakhov concludes, has died, replaced instead by the harsher (and less interesting) prose of the free market.
Books on the topic "Soviet Coins"
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Rylov, I. Monety Rossii i SSSR: Katalog = Russian and Soviet coins : catalogue. Moskva: Interprint, 1993.
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Rylov, I. Monety Rossii i SSSR: Katalog = Russian and Soviet coins : catalogue, 1700-1993. Moskva: Pruf, 1994.
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Zhiravov, A. E. (Aleksandr Evgenʹevich), author, ed. Atlas monet Sovetskogo Khorezma, 1338-1340 gg.kh. (1918-1920 gg.): Atlas of coins of the Soviet Khwarezm, 1338-1340 AH (1920-1922 AD). Moskva: [publisher not identified], 2015.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Permitting the importation of gold coins from the Soviet Union: Report (to accompany H.R. 3347) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.
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Osokina, Elena. Stalin's Quest for Gold. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501758515.001.0001.
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This book tells the story of Torgsin, a chain of retail shops established in 1930 with the aim of raising the hard currency needed to finance the USSR's ambitious industrialization program. At a time of desperate scarcity, Torgsin had access to the country's best foodstuffs and goods. Initially, only foreigners were allowed to shop in Torgsin, but the acute demand for hard-currency revenues forced Stalin to open Torgsin to Soviet citizens who could exchange tsarist gold coins and objects made of precious metals and gemstones, as well as foreign monies, for foods and goods in its shops. Through analysis of the large-scale, state-run entrepreneurship represented by Torgsin, the book highlights the complexity and contradictions of Stalinism. Driven by the state's hunger for gold and the people's starvation, Torgsin rejected Marxist postulates of the socialist political economy: the notorious class approach and the state hard-currency monopoly. In its pursuit for gold, Torgsin advertised in the capitalist West, encouraging foreigners to purchase goods for their relatives in the USSR; and its seaport shops and restaurants operated semi-legally as brothels, inducing foreign sailors to spend hard currency for Soviet industrialization. Examining Torgsin from multiple perspectives — economic expediency, state and police surveillance, consumerism, even interior design and personnel — the book radically transforms the stereotypical view of the Soviet economy and enriches our understanding of everyday life in Stalin's Russia.
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Department of Defense. Helicopters in Irregular Warfare: Roles in Algeria, Vietnam, and Afghanistan - Report on Counterinsurgency, COIN, American, French, Soviet Militaries, Airmobility and Political Goals in Combat. Independently Published, 2017.
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Department of Defense. America's Conditional Advantage: Airpower, Counterinsurgency, and the Theory of John Warden - Report on COIN, Airpower, French-Algerian War, Vietnam, Soviet Afghan War, and Enemy As a System. Independently Published, 2017.
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Postoutenko, Kirill. "Public Print (2): Coins and Bank Notes." In Media and Communication in the Soviet Union (1917–1953), 207–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88367-6_12.
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Osokina, Elena. "Introduction." In Stalin's Quest for Gold, 1–10. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501758515.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter presents an overview of Torgsin, which provided one-fifth of the expenses for industrial imports during the first half of the 1930s, the decisive years of Stalin's industrialization. Torgsin — initially a small bureau and then the All-Union Association for Trade with Foreigners — was a state trade agency with a chain of hard-currency stores, the supplier of food and goods in the country. Initially, only foreigners were allowed to make purchases in its stores, but the need to finance an ambitious industrialization program forced the Soviet government to search for new sources of hard currency. Starting in 1931, the government allowed Soviet citizens to make purchases in Torgsin in exchange for tsarist Russian gold and silver coins, and objects made of precious metals and gemstones. Ultimately, the story of Torgsin and Stalin's drive for gold reveals an unknown side of Soviet industrialization and Soviet social history and illuminates new facets of Stalinism.
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Osokina, Elena. "A Golden Idea." In Stalin's Quest for Gold, 23–40. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501758515.003.0003.
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This chapter examines how the currency interventions of the New Economic Policy (NEP) are important for Torgsin's story because they allowed Soviet people to enhance their gold and foreign currency savings significantly, and some of these valuables ended up in Torgsin. In 1930, when Torgsin was born, the Soviet population already lived on scarce rations, and mass famine was looming. On June 14, 1931, Narkomfin finally allowed Torgsin to accept tsarist gold coins in payment for its goods. The government needed hard currency and gold, but driven by hunger, it was the people who took the initiative. In this respect, Torgsin, the enterprise to drain people of their wealth, was no less the brainchild of the people who fought to survive than it was a product of resolutions of the country's leadership seeking for currency valuables. However, the true currency revolution happened when the government allowed Torgsin to accept personal and household items made of gold. The chapter then provides a comparison between Torgsin and the state rationing system of the same period.
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Taruskin, Richard. "Two Serendipities." In Russian Music at Home and Abroad. University of California Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520288089.003.0011.
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The relationship between Soviet power and the musical life of the nation is usually viewed in terms of the domination of the latter by their former. This paper considers the other side of the coin: how Soviet power could act as an enabler to those whose predilections and personalities made for a propitious adaptation to the regime and its affordances.
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O’Rourke, Lindsey A. "Rolling Back the Iron Curtain." In Covert Regime Change, 125–57. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501730658.003.0006.
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This chapter explores the causes, conduct, and consequences of the understudied American covert operations in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. It first explains why these cases were selected. Next, the chapter describes the collective context and objectives of these missions. Third, it asks why the Truman and Eisenhower administrations opted for covert — rather than overt — conduct. The chapter then offers a comparative historical analysis of three cases: Albania, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and Yugoslavia. It considers why the United States intervened in the first two cases, but not in Yugoslavia, even though all were communist regimes. The case studies also address the reasons the missions in Albania and Ukraine failed, and discusses the pros and cons of covert conduct. Finally, the chapter concludes by drawing out the theoretical lessons of these cases.
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"ABOUT NIGRO RISINGS—THE WOLF AND THE LAMB—SIGNS OF THE END—WAS IT A RACE CONFLICT—PREACHING STATE SOVER-EIGNTY AND PRACTICING THE OPPOSITE—SPECIMENS OF SUPERIAH STRATEGY AND STATESMANSHIP—COONS IN THE CANE BRAKES—A HUNDRED SCALPS-A PEACE—MEETING-RESOLUTIONS." In Yazoo; or, On the Picket Line of Freedom in the South, 436–43. University of South Carolina Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2382dht.64.
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