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1
Ventevogel, Peter, Ruhullah Nassery, Sayed Azimi, and Hafizullah Faiz. "Psychiatry in Afghanistan." International Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (April 2006): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600001594.
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Afghanistan's historic strategic position between the great civilisations of India, Persia and Central Asia has made it from the very beginning both a crossroads for trade and cultural exchange and an almost continuous battlefield. In the years since the Soviet invasion in 1979 the country has become the stage of an ongoing complex humanitarian emergency. The period of Soviet occupation was characterised by massive human rights violations. The Soviet army and its allies were involved in indiscriminate bombardments and targeted executions, while the mujahedeen were involved in guerrilla warfare. The USSR was forced to withdraw in 1989 and the remnants of Afghanistan's communist regime were defeated in 1992.
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AL-MUGHAIRI, Alghalia Salim. "POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOVIET UNION AND AFGHANISTAN SOVIET OCCUPATION OF AFGHANISTAN 1979-1989 AD AS A MODEL." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 07 (September 1, 2021): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.7-3.19.
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The research deals with the study of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan during the period from 1979 to 1989 as an example of the political relations between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, where the world witnessed the outbreak of the Cold War between the two poles: the Soviet Union and the United States of America after the end of World War II in 1945 AD, and both of these two great powers were keen to highlight Its dominance in various aspects, especially the military, and this war received strong and strict international reactions, and the United States of America was one of the most prominent countries that condemned this war and demanded the withdrawal of the Soviet Union. The research aims to shed light on the roots of the interest of Russia and then the Soviet Union in Afghanistan and focus on the reasons that prompted the Soviet Union to launch war on Afghanistan and follow the events of the war and its escalation between 1979 and 1989 and focus on some international attitudes towards the war, especially the United States of America, and also clarify the reasons for the withdrawal of forces The Soviet Union of Afghanistan and its consequences. The research adopts the descriptive historical method, which was employed in deriving historical facts and talking about all aspects covered by the study, and the analytical method that was used in analyzing the information of documents and texts, and comparing them to reach information related to the subject of the study.
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Kovalkov, Oleksandr Leonidovych. "Institute of the Soviet Advisors in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan." Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, no. 1 (June 2, 2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261715.
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А role and place of soldiery and civil advisers as an important instrument of soviet politics in the Democratic republic of Afghanistan are investigated in the article. It is well-proven that on a quantity, scales of activity and sphere of plenary powers the institute of soviet advisers in Afghanistan did not have analogues in history of the "cold war". The attempt of determination of degree of efficiency of realization of orders of soviet guidance by advisers is realizable. Factors that influenced on their activity are found out. Question about responsibility of soviet advisers for the failure of socialistic experiment in the Democratic republic of Afghanistan discussed in the article. Also heaved up the problem of interpretation of institute of the soviet advisers as an important instrument of the soviet occupation Afghanistan in 1979–1989. The researches based foremost on the memoirs of the soviet advisers. Like research is at first carried out in Ukrainian historiography.
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Baha, Soraya. "Saga of Love under the Hail of Fire." Feminist Dissent, no. 7 (March 25, 2024): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/fd.n7.2023.1512.
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This short story is excerpted from a memoir entitled Raha Dar Bad (Los Angeles: Ketab Corp., 2012), written by Soraya Baha. Ms. Baha was the sister-in-law of Mohammad Najibullah (1947–1996) who served as president of Afghanistan from 1986–1992. Najibullah became head of the secret police when the Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan in the December 1979. He was infamous for his brutality and ruthlessness. He became president of the country when the Soviet forces withdrew in 1989, and his widely despised government was considered a puppet regime of the Soviets. Ms. Baha was against the Soviet occupation, as well as the dictatorship of Najibullah. She ran away with her husband and their two children, Khaled, and Roya, and joined the war front in northern Afghanistan (Panjshir), where the famous partisan commander Ahmad-Shah Masoud had stationed his mujahedin forces. Masoud was fighting the Russians and led the largest war front in the mountains and valleys of Panjshir. Soraya Baha stayed there for some time in a small cabin with her two children. She later wrote her memoir and included this experience. The excerpted story below is based on true events that the author personally witnessed while in Panjshir.
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Ashraf, Ammad, Muhammad Saad Arshad, and Aneela Kiran. "Strategic Dynamics: An Analysis of the US War in Afghanistan." Global Strategic & Securities Studies Review IX, no. I (April 30, 2023): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2024(ix-i).07.
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Afghanistan has been in a state of perpetual civil war since the late 1970s, marked by foreign occupation in the form of two invasions: the Soviet invasion in 1979 and the US-led invasion in 2001 that overthrew the Taliban administration. Afghanistan's ability to affect neighboring countries' politics and societies has increased its significance. This study uses information gathered from secondary sources to examine the causes of the US war on terror in Afghanistan and how it has affected Pakistan.
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Payind, Alam. "Soviet – Afghan Relations From Cooperation to Occupation." International Journal of Middle East Studies 21, no. 1 (February 1989): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380003213x.
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In the field of international relations, the 1979 Soviet occupation of Afghanistan has raised major issues concerning regional security and superpower relations. By introducing Soviet military forces in a traditionally nonaligned country, the Kremlin initiated a more aggressive pattern in its foreign policies. This occupation was the Soviet Union's first territorial expansion by direct use of military power since World War II.
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Naazer, Manzoor Ahmad. "Determinants Of Pakistan’s Policy towards Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan." Journal of South Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.010.02.4264.
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Pakistan’s Afghan policy after Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December 1979 was not a simple reaction to that event. Soviet action had far reaching repercussions for Pakistan as well as for the region as a whole. Nor Pakistan’s reply to Soviet occupation of Afghanistan neither Soviet decision to send its troops in small neighborly country could be seen while separating it from changing regional as well as international scenario. It also could not be seen without taking into consideration the historical background of the events that had led to the destabilization of Southwest Asia.
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Milani, Mohsen M. "Iran's Policy Towards Afghanistan." Middle East Journal 60, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 235–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/60.2.12.
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Since 1979, Iran's objectives in Afghanistan have changed as Afghanistan's domestic landscape changed. Still, Iran has consistently sought to see a stable and independent Afghanistan, with Herat as a buffer zone and with a Tehran-friendly government in Kabul, a government that reflects the rich ethnic diversity of the country. Toward those and other goals, Iran has created “spheres of influence” inside Afghanistan. During the Soviet occupation (1979-88), Iran created an “ideological sphere of influence” by empowering the Shi'ites. Iran then created a “political sphere of influence” by unifying the Dari/Persian-speaking minorities, who ascended to power. Iranian policies added fuel to the ferocious civil war in the 1990s. Astonishingly slow to recognize the threat posed by the Taliban, Iran helped create a “sphere of resistance” to counter the “Kabul-Islamabad-Riyadh” axis by supporting the Northern Alliance. Since the liberation of Afghanistan, Iran has also established an “economic sphere of influence” by engaging in the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Today, Iran's goals are to pressure the Afghan government to distance itself from Washington, and for Iran to become the hub for the transit of goods and services between the Persian Gulf and Afghanistan, Central Asia, India, and China. While Iran has been guilty of extremism and adventurism in some critical aspects of its foreign policy, its overall Afghan policy has contributed more to moderation and stability than to extremism and instability.
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Hartung, Jan-Peter. "“He’s Just a Man!”: Pashtun Salafists and the Representation of the Prophet." Die Welt des Islams 60, no. 2-3 (May 27, 2020): 170–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700607-06023p02.
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Abstract Against the widespread understanding that Salafism in Pashtun religious circles owes its establishment to the close interaction with Arab representatives of that current since the resistance to the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan between 1979 and 1990, a theologically quite radical form had indigenously emerged already in the late 1940s. This current, originating in the small town of Panjpīr in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, stands out by a rigid Salafī epistemology.
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Oghli, Sardar Mohammad Rahman. "Strengthening of Friendship between Ukraine and Afghanistan." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XIX (2018): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2018-14.
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The interview is dedicated to the life and work of Sardar Mohammad Rahman Oghli, the Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan to Ukraine. It mentions the countries, in which the Ambassador served before his appointment to Ukraine, as well as the difficulties he had to deal with. The article provides an insight on the current state of cooperation between Ukraine and Afghanistan, identifies the priorities for the Embassy team, outlines the most promising areas of cooperation. The historical question of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979–1989 was discussed, and a parallel was drawn with the present-day war between Ukraine and Russia in the Donbass, as well as the occupation of Crimea. A lot of attention was paid to his years of study at the Vinnytsia Polytechnic Institute and experience gained during the student years, which helps him in his today’s work in Ukraine. According to the Ambassador, the Ukrainian people have great human capital and potential, particularly in scientific and technical field. The Ambassador sincerely wishes to strengthen friendship between the peoples of Ukraine and Afghanistan. After the establishment of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in Ukraine, the two states began to cooperate in the areas of politics, trade, economy, higher education, technical and military fields, consular assistance. Kabul and Kyiv have signed agreements on cooperation and exchange of scientific information between polytechnic universities, on transit, agreement between the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the one of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Regarding the priorities, the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan strives to intensify bilateral political relations, develop and strengthen trade cooperation, achieve simplification of investment conditions for Ukrainian entrepreneurs in Kabul. All of this indicates that the relations between the two countries are at a high level. Keywords. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Ukraine, Kabul, cooperation, high level of relations, Vinnytsia Polytechnic Institute.
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Smith, Shane A. "Afghanistan after the Occupation: Examining the Post‐Soviet Withdrawal and the Najibullah Regime It Left Behind, 1989–1992." Historian 76, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 308–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.12035.
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Novitskii, A. A., and M. G. Kobiashvili. "The role of the syndrome of chronic adaptive overstrain in the pathogenesis of wound disease." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 2 (June 22, 2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2019-0-2-53-61.
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Relevance. More than 13.2 million injuries are recorded every year in Russia. For example, in 2005–2015 the level of injuries among the population of Russia was 92 ‰. Severe and combined injuries can be complicated by traumatic disease, which often occurred in the military when conducting combat operations.Intention.To present the mechanism of chronic adaptive overstrain syndrome in the pathogenesis of wound disease.Methodology. Wound disease is a special case of a traumatic disease, with an open wound with disrupted integrity of the skin and adjacent internal organs due to traumatic factors. The basis of the material was the author’s research on the study of chronic adaptive overstrain syndrome in 2500 servicemen of the Soviet Army in combat operations in the Republic of Afghanistan in 1979–1989.Results and Discussion. In contrast to a traumatic disease of peacetime, wound disease in a war is accompanied by impaired functional reserves in the form of an adaptive (environmental-occupational) stress syndrome due to “disturbing” combat stress factors. The main manifestations of chronic adaptive overstrain syndrome in military personnel are decreased body resistance to banal infections; high infectious morbidity throughout the year, regardless of the season; the growth of areactive forms of infectious diseases against the background of allergization; chronic inflammatory and recurrent processes; low rates of wound and other injuries healing; high frequency of infectious complications in the treatment of wounds; a significant weakening of the bactericidal properties of the skin; frequent occurrence of reactive arthritis in diseases for which joint damage is not typical.Conclusion. Extreme military factors result in depletion of the functional and structural reserve of compensatory processes of the body, with a state of pre-disease and complicated wound healing. Thus, initial manifestations of chronic adaptive overstrain syndrome due to combat stress in soldiers should be corrected as soon as possible.
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Kovalkov, O. "Soviet Aggression in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and American – Pakistan Relanions." Problems of World History, no. 18 (November 8, 2022): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-18-6.
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The impact of the Soviet aggression in Afghanistan in 1979–1989 on US–Pakistan relations on the basis of predominantly American-Pakistani documents and memoirs has been examined in the article. Soviet intervention in Afghanistan led to the deterioration of Soviet-American relations, the curtailment of “détente” and the escalation of the Cold War. One manifestation of this was the United States’ full support for the Afghan opposition. The USA needed Pakistan as allies in this policy but it was sandwiched between Soviet-occupied Afghanistan and unfriendly India, so it needed reliable allies. In addition, the Afghan opposition parties’ headquarters, Mujahedeen training camps were located in Pakistan with almost 3 million settled refugees. The USA and Pakistan were mutually interested in close cooperation.
The conditionality of changing the format of US-Pakistani relations by the civil war in Afghanistan and the involvement of the USSR on the side of the ruling People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan have been proved. The relations between the USA and Pakistan in the 1980s developed in two directions: official and covert but under the Afghan crisis influence the United States gave in to its principles. Despite the dictatorial regime, violation of the conditions of nuclear non-proliferation the USA has significantly expanded its military-technical and economic assistance to Pakistan. This significantly strengthened the country's defense capabilities and position of M. Ziyaul-Haq’s regime and Pakistan has become in general one of the main allies of the USA in their support of the Afghan crisis opposition. The secret cooperation between the CIA and the Pakistani Interagency Intelligence in financing and supplying military property to the Afghan Mujahedeen, providing them with intelligence, assisting in the production and dissemination of propaganda materials was important. This had a marked effect on the Afghan war outbreak, greatly strengthened the Mujahedeen’s ability to resist Soviet troops, and significantly increased the disastrous consequences of the Afghan adventure for the USSR. After the Soviet troops’ withdrawal from Afghanistan, Pakistan lost strategic importance to the USA, and most programs of US-Pakistani cooperation were curtailed.
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Khristoforov, V. S. "The Afghan Events of 1979–1989: From Knowledge to Understanding and Recognition." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S1 (March 2022): S1—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622070048.
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Abstract The circumstances that led to the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan are analyzed, and the international and domestic political situation in Afghanistan after the coup d’état and the announcement by the new authorities of the course towards building socialism, as well as contradictions between the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) factions, are examined. The development of the combat actions of the Soviet troops is studied, and the difficulties that the military had to face in the conditions of resistance from a significant part of the country’s population are considered. The support of the actions of the troops by official Soviet propaganda, including hushing up real losses, is considered in detail. Of considerable interest are data on an ideological confrontation: attempts by the Western allies of the Mujahideen to influence the Soviet military contingent.
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Lesiewicz, Elżbieta. "Afghanistan in the face of the Soviet invasion 1979–1989." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 1 (May 9, 2024): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2024.29.1.2.
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Historia Afganistanu jest nieprzerwanym pasmem napięć i konfliktów, które kształtowały ten region. Afganistan jest miejscem głębokiej wewnętrznej niestabilności politycznej, będącej skutkiem jego heterogeniczności etniczno-religijnej, a także regionalnych i międzynarodowych konfrontacji geopolitycznych na jego terytoriach. Wśród nich wyróżnia się inwazja ZSRR na terytorium Afganistanu w latach 1979–1989, temu problemowi poświęcone są poniższe rozważania, w których odniesiono się do historycznych i geopolitycznych uwarunkowań konfliktu. Przeanalizowano przyczyny, przebieg i znaczenie inwazji ZSRR na Afganistan. W konkluzji autorka stwierdza, iż inwazja radziecka na Afganistan była wydarzeniem złożonym i wieloaspektowym, na które wpływały czynniki historyczne, geopolityczne i ideologiczne. Afganistan stał się polem bitwy w szerszych zmaganiach zimnej wojny między ZSRR a USA. Interwencja radziecka została zakwestionowana przez szereg wzajemnie powiązanych sił – lokalnych afgańskich, regionalnych i międzynarodowych w tym USA, które ufundowały miliardy dolarów na pomoc, broń i szkolenia dla mudżahedinów, skutecznie zamieniając konflikt w Afganistanie w wojnę zastępczą między supermocarstwami. Konflikt ten przyczynił się do zniszczenia infrastruktury państwa i zwiększenia poziomu ubóstwa. Co więcej, wojna w Afganistanie posłużyła jako punkt wyjścia do wzmocnienia islamskiego fundamentalizmu.
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Ali, Imran, and Xiaochuan Dong. "The New Battlefield: The Hidden History of U.S Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan." Asian Social Science 12, no. 8 (July 7, 2016): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n8p18.
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<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">The United States foreign policy has been characterized as a long and zigzag history since the beginning of America in the late eighteenth century. This vital study is a part of this long history. During 1979 Soviets invaded Afghanistan and a Soviet-Afghan War was born, American’s major influence was to be towards this region and reforms in their foreign policy to expel the Soviets from Afghanistan. It took place between 1979 and 1989 about a decade. This study seeks to answer the following questions: “Which were the U.S key foreign policy in the context of Afghan-Soviet War during 1979 and 1989 under Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan Presidencies and how these Administrations provoked hard decisions against Soviet Union and established their own doctrines?” “How the U.S got the Afghan Mujahedeen’s confidence and funneled the billions of dollars and global dangerous weapons to them chest through Pakistani ISI to punish the Soviets in Afghanistan?” “How the U.S hidden actor’s played the key role in this war?” Results based on U.S recently declassified material regarding this war from 1979-89 and found that soon after the Soviets intervention of Afghanistan, U.S begun hidden supply to Afghan Mujahedeen chest through Pakistani ISI and both the U.S Presidents, Carter and Reagan, took hard decisions including established their doctrines to protect the Persian Gulf Region and its interests. In this game, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Charlie Wilson, William Casey, Howard Hart and Stansfield M Turner played the hidden role and finally expelled out the Soviets from Afghanistan.</span></p>
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Grass, Kacper. "Military Conflicts Between Communist States: Geopolitical Realities and the Realization of a Communist Peace." Studia Historyczne 62, no. 3 (247) (March 18, 2022): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.62.2019.03.04.
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Despite historical perceptions of systemic communist-capitalist bipolarity in the Cold War world order, the international communist system was nevertheless affected by the same geopolitical realities that influenced the international system as a whole. By examining the seven cases of military conflicts between communist states from 1945 to 1991 – the Soviet invasion of Hungary (1956), the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), the Sino-Soviet border conflict (1969), the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia (1978-1989), the Chinese invasion of Vietnam (1979), the Somali invasion of Ethiopia (1977-1978), and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979-1989) – this article challenges both the notions of Cold War bipolarity between communist and capitalist systems as well as the Marxist theory of peaceful coexistence between communist states.
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HALLIDAY, FRED. "Soviet foreign policymaking and the Afghanistan war: from ‘second Mongolia’ to ‘bleeding wound’." Review of International Studies 25, no. 4 (October 1999): 675–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210599006750.
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The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, lasting from 1979 to 1989, was one of the major chapters in the Cold War. Analysis of how Soviet policy was made has, hitherto, focused on the decision to intervene, in December 1979. Equally important, however, as an episode in the final stages of the Cold War, and as an example of Soviet policy formulation, was the decision to withdraw. Basing itself on declassified Soviet documents, and on a range of interviews with former Soviet and Afghan officials, this article charts the protracted history of the Soviet decision and sets it in context: as with the decision to invade, the withdrawal reflected assessment of multiple dimensions of policymaking, not only the interests and calculation of Soviet leaders, but also relations within the Afghan communist leadership on the one hand, and strategic negotiation with the West on the other.
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Taisiуa Vladimirovna, Rabush. "The Role of the Afghan Armed Conflict of 1979–1989 in the Radicalization of Islam in Soviet Central Asia." Islamovedenie 14, no. 4 (January 15, 2024): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2077-8155-2023-14-4-5-17.
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The Afghan War of 1979–1989 with the participation of the USSR became one of the significant factors in strengthening the influence of Islam throughout the world. The political leadership of the Soviet Union was concerned about the potential influence of the situation in Afghanistan on the radicalization of Islam in the Soviet Central Asian republics, with three of them having a land border with Afghanistan. Using American declassified documents, the author examines the plans and their execution by the foreign supporters of Afghan anti-government armed organizations regarding the Soviet Central Asian republics, as well as the religious situation in these republics. The author con-cludes that the situation in Afghanistan in the 1980s, although it had little impact on the position of Islam in Soviet Central Asia, created a basis for Islam’s further radicalization as early as in the post-Soviet period.
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Bibi, Ruqaiya, Anfal Afridi, and Javeria Noor Sawal. "Cold War and its Effects on Developing Countries: The Case of Afghanistan." Global Political Review VII, no. III (September 30, 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2022(vii-iii).05.
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Afghanistan is one of the emerging nations still feeling the effects of the cold war. The Soviet invasion, which lasted from 1979 to 1989, had a significant impact on Afghanistan. In response, the United States the Cold War opponent of the Soviet Union supported the rebel mujahedeen organizations to force the Soviet soldiers to withdraw. Not only Afghanistan but also its neighbors, Iran and Pakistan in particular, have been impacted by numerous internal and external crises. As a result of finding asylum in these nations, many Afghans committed crimes. This study examines how the Cold War affected developing nations. What difficulties did Afghanistan encounter both before and after the Soviet troops invaded? What impact it had on the dynamics of Afghanistan’s relations with the United States, Russia (formerly known as the Soviet Union), and Pakistan? The following paper provides a detailed discussion of the costs and benefits of the Cold War period.
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Kovalkov, O. "THE ATTITUDES OF AFGHAN STUDENTS IN THE UKRAINIAN SSR TO THE SOVIET INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN AND WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS (1979 – 1989)." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 145 (2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2020.145.6.
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The article examines the political views of Afghan students studying in the Ukrainian SSR and their attitude towards the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and the withdrawal of Soviet troops from that country. The sources of the study were KGB analytical reports from the Branch Archive of the Ukrainian Security Service, documents of educational institutions in Kirovohrad where Afghans studied, from the State Archives of Kirovohrad region, texts of the Soviet-Afghan educational cooperation agreements, notices and diary records of the USSR ambassador in Afghanistan and other Soviet officials on meetings and conversation with Afghan politicians. It was proven that the studying of Afghans in the USSR was one of the means of the Soviet policy toward Afghanistan aimed at its forced socialist modernization. The studying of Afghans in the Soviet Union led to emergence of a large pro-Soviet stratum of the Afghan society. The factors that determined the different attitudes of Afghan students studying in the Ukrainian SSR to the armed Soviet intervention in the Afghan crisis in December 1979 were identified. Most Afghans endorsed the USSR's military intervention in the "Afghan crisis". They believed that this was necessary to protect the achievements of the "April Revolution" and to counter "world imperialism". Some of them expressed concern, fear, and even negative attitudes toward the USSR policies. These sentiments were influenced by a factional affiliation: supporters of the "Parcham" and the "Hulk" group associated with N. M. Taraki endorsed the Soviet intervention, while supporters of H. Amin condemned it. The Afghan students in the Ukrainian SSR largely rejected the withdrawal of the Soviet troops from Afghanistan in February 1989. Most of them viewed it as a betrayal by the Soviet Union. They were convinced that this would lead to the fall of M. Najibullah's regime and the defeat of the "April Revolution" in Afghanistan.
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Krishnaiah, Jothik, Nancy Signorielli, and Douglas M. McLeod. "The Evil Empire Revisited: New York Times Coverage of the Soviet Intervention in and Withdrawal from Afghanistan." Journalism Quarterly 70, no. 3 (September 1993): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909307000315.
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This study examines the New York Times coverage of the Soviet intervention and withdrawal from Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989. Changes in coverage are examined in the context of easing tensions between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union. Findings indicate that the treatment of major story elements was consistent with Herman and Chomsky's propaganda framework. However, changes in the tone of coverage may imply a slight weakening in the explanatory power of the propaganda framework as anti-Soviet ideology diminished.
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Dziwisz, Marcin. "Elementy kultury trzeciej oraz realia wojny afgańskiej w rosyjskim w przekładzie utworu Żmija Andrzeja Sapkowskiego." Acta Polono-Ruthenica 3, no. XXIV (September 30, 2019): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/apr.4665.
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This text focuses on the issue of war in Afghanistan from 1979–1989 and its realities. The lexicon associated with the everyday life of Afghanistan civilians and Soviet soldiers was analysed. The observations indicate that additional information appears more often in the translated text, which makes it much more transparent for the final recipient. This fact was confirmed by the statistical data, only one footnote can be found in the Polish text and 173 in the Russian text.
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Ali Mustafa, Aram, and Goran Ibrahim Salih. "The Impact of Ocupation and Soviet-American Conflict On Afghanistan (1979-1989)." Halabja University Journal 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10298.
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Behrends, Jan Claas. "“Some call us heroes, others call us killers.” Experiencing violent spaces: Soviet soldiers in the Afghan War." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 5 (September 2015): 719–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1048674.
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Using memories of and interviews with Soviet soldiers, the article discusses their experience of combat and physical violence during the Soviet War in Afghanistan (1979–1989). With Afghan statehood rapidly dissolving and little interest on the side of the Soviet military to enforce international law, Afghanistan quickly turned into a space where violence became the most important social resource. The soldiers and other Soviet personnel had to adapt to these conditions, which differed immensely from the late socialist society in the USSR. The article traces their immersion into the violent space and discusses their behavior while in Afghanistan. It points to the brutality of counterinsurgency combat and to the atrocities committed by both sides. In addition, it sheds light on the experience of serving in the Soviet Army during the last decade of the USSR. Many of the dysfunctions of the late socialist society were also prevalent – even amplified – while serving in the Soviet Army in Afghanistan. These problems were often exacerbated during the war and impeded the abilities of the Soviet Army. Upon their return from Afghanistan, many veterans found it difficult to return to civilian life in the USSR. Their immersion into the violent space was more rapid and formative than their return to socialist “normality.”
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Рабуш, Т. В. "“Don't Give, Fatherland, to be Silent”: Books of Memory as a Commemoration form of the Afghan War 1979–1989 in the Post-Soviet Republics." Диалог со временем, no. 79(79) (August 20, 2022): 252–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.016.
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Участие в афганской войне 1979–1989 гг., продлившейся почти все последнее десятилетие существования СССР, принимали все советские республики. Одна из коммеморативных практик, принятых в память об афганской войне – это издание книг Памяти, посвященных соотечественникам, погибшим в Афганистане. В настоящей статье автор рассмотрит, как эта практика реализуется в государствах постсоветского пространства и является ли она в целом востребованной и распространенной. All Soviet republics took part in the Afghan war 1979–1989, which lasted almost the entire last decade of the existence of the USSR. One of the commemorative practices adopted in memory of the Afghan war is the publication of Books of Memory dedicated to compatriots who died in Afghanistan. In this article, the author will consider how this practice is implemented in the states of the post-Soviet space and whether this practice is in demand and widespread.
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Kalinovsky, Artemy. "Decision-Making and the Soviet War in Afghanistan: From Intervention to Withdrawal." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 4 (October 2009): 46–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.4.46.
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The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sparked acute Cold War tensions. The war soon became an undesirable distraction and burden for Soviet leaders, who did not expect to spend most of the 1980s propping up a client regime in Kabul. Drawing on archival sources and interviews, this article traces Soviet decision-making from the intervention in late 1979 to the final withdrawal in early 1989. The article shows that the supporters of the Soviet intervention believed that Soviet military and economic aid efforts were making progress and should not be aborted early. They warned that a premature withdrawal would undermine Soviet prestige in the Third World. Before Mikhail Gorbachev came to power and to some extent afterward, the supporters of intervention were usually able to silence or sideline their critics through deft political maneuvering.
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Fitzgibbon, Jacqueline. "Justifying Jihad: US politics, propaganda and the Afghan Mujahedeen, 1979-1989." Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, no. 2011 (January 1, 2011): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2011.14.
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‘I believe that our public diplomacy represents a powerful force, perhaps the most powerful force at our disposal, for shaping the history of the world.’ (Ronald Reagan) The Afghan resistance to the Soviet occupation began in 1979 and culminated in the withdrawal of Soviet forces a decade later and was, many believe, instrumental in the disintegration of the Soviet Union shortly after. The administration of President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989), many influential members of Congress and vocal right-wing groups, wholeheartedly supported the anti-government and anti-Soviet resistance efforts of the Afghan mujahedeen. These insurgents were recast as ‘freedom fighters’ and supplied with military hardware, training and economic aid by the US, Pakistan, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the Reagan administration undertook a major public diplomacy programme to promote this view of the mujahedeen to justify American support and ensure that the rest of the world, including Afghanis, saw the rebels in ...
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Ostrovyk, Dmytro. "Appeals of Afghanistan during war of 1979-1989: view of the soviet soldier." Skhid, no. 6(152) (February 2, 2018): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2017.6(152).122347.
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Artwińska, Anna. "Ołowiane żołnierzyki, cynkowe trumny. Swietłany Aleksijewicz opowieść o wojnie w Afganistanie i granice świadectwa." Narracje o Zagładzie, specjalny (June 21, 2021): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/noz.2021.dhc.11.
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The novel Zinky Boys (1989; Polish editions in 2007 and 2015) by Belarusian author Svetlana Alexievich is more than just a story of the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan (1979–1989) told from the perspective of the soldiers who participated in it. It also confronts readers with the contractual nature of the line that separates “artistic” and “documentary” prose and probes the complexities of the discourse on memory in Russian culture. This article discusses the key motifs of Zinky Boys: “zinc coffins” and “lead soldiers”. It also examines and ponders the reasons for the lawsuit against the author for the publication of passages from the novel. Drawing on Michael Rothberg, Anna Artwińska argues that, in order to be able to understand the drama of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, one needs to assume the position of an “implicated subject”, i.e., of a person who understands the need for shared ethical responsibility for traumatic past events, even though they neither participated in those events nor witnessed them.
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Meharry, J. Eva. "The archaeology of Afghanistan revisited." Antiquity 94, no. 376 (July 17, 2020): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.96.
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The discipline of archaeology in Afghanistan was at a turning point when the original editions of The archaeology of Afghanistan and the Archaeological gazetteer of Afghanistan were published in 1978 and 1982, respectively. The first three decades of modern archaeological activity in Afghanistan (1920s–1940s) were dominated by French archaeologists who primarily focused on the pre-Islamic past, particularly the Buddhist period. Following the Second World War, however, Afghanistan gradually opened archaeological practice to a more international community. Consequently, the scope of archaeological exploration expanded to include more robust studies of the prehistoric, pre-Islamic and Islamic periods. In the 1960s, the Afghan Institute of Archaeology began conducting its own excavations, and by the late 1970s, national and international excavations were uncovering exciting new discoveries across the country. These archaeological activities largely halted as Afghanistan descended into chaos during the Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989) and the Afghan Civil War (1989–2001); the Afghan Institute of Archaeology was the only archaeological institute continuing operations. The original editions of the volumes under review were therefore timely and poignant publications that captured the peak of archaeological activity in twentieth-century Afghanistan and became classic texts on the subject.
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Miroshnichenko, Yuri V., Alexander B. Perfiliev, and Natalya L. Kostenko. "Medical supply system peculiarities for the troops (force) during the Afghanistan territory armed conflict (1979–1989)." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 24, no. 3 (October 15, 2022): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma109458.
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Medical service activity in organizing medical equipment provisions to a limited contingent of Soviet troops (forces) during the armed conflict in Afghanistan (19791989) was presented. It was established that thanks to the medical supply specialists competent work in the most difficult conditions in the shortest possible time during the creation and build-up of Soviet troops (forces) grouping, a medical supply system adapted to the specific conditions of activity was formed, functioning in three, largely isolated areas. The work medical supply units and institutions to provide troops (forces) with medical equipment during the armed conflict is shown, as well as the problematic issues of their functioning, which were successfully resolved thanks to the involvement of students from the faculty of Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. It reflects the priority tasks facing the medical supply system during the withdrawal period of a group of Soviet troops (forces) from Afghanistan, including providing local population assistance and its armed forces by transferring not only buildings, structures, medical service units, but also part of the medical property. The features of certain drug provision for the medical evacuation and military hospitals stages were presented, particularly injection and infusion solutions, as well as medical oxygen. The operational experience of the troops (forces) medical supply system during the armed conflict in Afghanistan was analyzed, and a number of contradictions were identified, which were later successfully eliminated. The medical supply specialists role was emphasized, whose professionalism and dedication made it was possible to solve all the tasks facing them in providing troops (forces) with medical equipment. In general, military units and military medical organizations that were part of a limited contingent of Soviet troops were provided with medical equipment within their actual need, which contributed to the timely provision of medical care and treatment of the wounded and sick, as well as maintaining a high level of the troops (forces) combat capability.
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DUȚU, Daniel-Mihai. "THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICES IN AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY. CASE STUDY: THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN (1979-1989)." Strategic Impact 79, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1841-5784-21-09.
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This paper aims to present the role of intelligence services in the American foreign policy using as a case study the Afghan conflict from 1979-1989. Thus, this paper underlines the actions (or inactions) of the American intelligence services, highlighting their limitations from this period. It is important to describe the context that contributed to the start of the soviet invasion in Afghanistan and the two perspectives (American and Soviet) over the conflict. In this regard, we considered necessary an analysis on the Soviet point of view regarding the conflict and, most importantly, concerning the American involvement, having in mind the purpose of objectiveness while presenting the context and events. Using the relevant documents, testimonies and statements of former CIA officials from that period, the paper underlines the way foreign policy decisions were taken by the Administrations from Washington, during the Soviet-Afghan war, and how American intelligence services influenced the foreign policy decision-making process and the evolution of the conflict.
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Eldholm, Vegard, John H. O. Pettersson, Ola B. Brynildsrud, Andrew Kitchen, Erik Michael Rasmussen, Troels Lillebaek, Janne O. Rønning, et al. "Armed conflict and population displacement as drivers of the evolution and dispersal ofMycobacterium tuberculosis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 48 (November 21, 2016): 13881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1611283113.
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The “Beijing”Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) lineage 2 (L2) is spreading globally and has been associated with accelerated disease progression and increased antibiotic resistance. Here we performed a phylodynamic reconstruction of one of the L2 sublineages, the central Asian clade (CAC), which has recently spread to western Europe. We find that recent historical events have contributed to the evolution and dispersal of the CAC. Our timing estimates indicate that the clade was likely introduced to Afghanistan during the 1979–1989 Soviet–Afghan war and spread further after population displacement in the wake of the American invasion in 2001. We also find that drug resistance mutations accumulated on a massive scale inMtbisolates from former Soviet republics after the fall of the Soviet Union, a pattern that was not observed in CAC isolates from Afghanistan. Our results underscore the detrimental effects of political instability and population displacement on tuberculosis control and demonstrate the power of phylodynamic methods in exploring bacterial evolution in space and time.
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Nabat, Maria M. "Soviet Project of Nation-State-Building in Afghanistan." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.201.
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The article examines the Soviet Union’s policy in Afghanistan during the period of its military presence there (1979–1989) as a set of measures corresponding to the modern interpretation of the concepts of nation-building and state-building. It also analyzes modern theories of nation- and state-building and highlights their main trends, forms, and problems. The author also proposes a unique approach that combines these two concepts as “nation-state-building” in relation to the Soviet project in Afghanistan. The article elaborates on the main tasks of the Soviet policy in the 1980s in Afghanistan as well as their implementation and results. Due to the combination of “nation-building” and “state-building” concepts in a complex structure of “nation-state-building”, the article draws conclusions, first, about the applicability of this approach to the specific Soviet project of state-building in Afghanistan, and, second, about the complexity of the project itself, which included ideological, political, economic, and military components. On the basis of archive documents, memoirs of military and diplomatic actors, and a wide scope of academic research, the author substantiates the idea of large-scale tasks of nation-state-building in Afghanistan in Soviet foreign policy, and also indicates that the implementation of the project encountered great difficulties from the unfolding civil war to the inability of the Afghan leaders to consolidate the political life of the country. Soviet leadership quickly realized the unreadiness of the Afghan society for the proposed systemic social transformations. Despite the fact that the goals of the Soviet project were not achieved, this does not diminish its scale and historical significance.
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A.A. VOSTROKNUTOV. "Command and Control of the Soviet Air Force during Combat Actions in Afghanistan (1979-1989)." Military Thought 26, no. 001 (March 31, 2017): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/mth.48907737.
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Daugherty, Leo J. "The bear and the scimitar soviet central asians and the war in Afghanistan 1979–1989." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8, no. 1 (March 1995): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049508430178.
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McIntosh, Scott E. "Leading with the Chin: Using Svechin to analyze the Soviet incursion into Afghanistan, 1979–1989." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8, no. 2 (June 1995): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518049508430193.
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Ivanenko, Aleksey I. "Semiotic Aspects of Afghan Tattoos." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 4 (October 15, 2022): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v192.
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This article presents a semiotic analysis of Afghan tattoos done by Soviet soldiers in memory of their service in Afghanistan, when the Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces was deployed there (1979– 1989). As the material the author used photos of tattoos posted on six thematic websites. These tattoos were compared with similar sailor, prison and foreign military tattoos. The research found an essential difference between Afghan and prison tattoos and a strong influence of Western tattoo art on the former. At the same time, Afghan tattoos have unique forms of visual representation of the Soviet– Afghan War, which consist in using Islamic calendar, Arabic script, images of Soviet military vehicles and numerous Afghan toponyms. Interestingly, Afghan tattoos contain no official Soviet (hammer and sickle) or Eastern Orthodox (cross, angel, church, icon) symbols. Instead, we can see various animalistic images (eagle, tiger, wolf) and regimental identity insignia. Standing out among unofficial Soviet symbols represented in Afghan tattoos is the image of an eternal flame. Additionally, the research identified different modalities of perception of this war in tattoo art and Soviet/Russian cinematography: as a rule, films demonstrate the fatality of the Soviet–Afghan War, while in soldiers’ tattoos we observe a pronounced commemorative aspect and pride in their service in Afghanistan. On the whole, Afghan tattoos are an important cultural projection for understanding Soviet spiritual culture.
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Timofejev, Aleksej. "The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan from the point of view of Yugoslav military science in the initial phase of the war." Vojno-istorijski glasnik, no. 2 (2022): 156–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vig2202156t.
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The paper analyses the attitude of Yugoslav military science to the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in the initial phase of the war based on the materials developed at the Department of Strategy of the School of National Defense at the Center of Higher Military Schools of the YPA "Marshal Tito". The authors of the classified learning material "The military intervention of the USSR in Afghanistan, 1979-1989" sacrificed the informational and analytical side to the needs of propaganda. At the beginning of the 1980s Yugoslav military science expressed no vision in this material, they neglected the analysis of tactics of anti-partisan operations in the mountainous areas and did not notice modern phenomena in the guerilla operations of the Afghan insurgents. The predictions were obvious.Also, they did not mention the existence of militant fundamentalism as a factor in the guerrilla operations in the East.
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Bazan, Yuliia. "Diplomatic Settlement Projects of the “Afghan Issue” (1980–1981)." Kyiv Historical Studies 12, no. 1 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2021.14.
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The Soviet war in Afghanistan lasted for over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989. The Afghan conflict became the largest military campaign of the Cold War. The continuing war in Afghanistan actually began to threaten peace and stability not only in Central Asia but in the whole world. It became a dead end for the occupiers, too. The international community perceived Soviet aggression as a significant threat to international peace and security. In the early 1980s the search for a diplomatic settlement to the situation around Afghanistan began. The purpose of the article is to investigate the ways of diplomatic settlement of the “Afghan issue” in 1980—1981 (before the Geneva Peace Talks) on the basis of official documents of the United Nations and the US National Security Archive. At the core of the research methodology there are typological, comparative аnd problem-chronological methods. In 1980–1981 a number of countries and international organizations initiated projects for a diplomatic settlement of the Afghan conflict. These countries were the following: the United States, Great Britain, France, Pakistan and others. The United Kingdom proposed a two-stage international conference to discuss the ending of foreign interference in Afghanistan and withdrawing foreign troops. According to the plan proposed by Pakistan, Soviet troops were to leave the DRA and be replaced by “international peacekeepers”. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing (the President of France) proposed to convene an international conference with the participation of countries suspected of interfering in the internal affairs of the DRA in order to develop commitments on non-interference and refusal to supply weapons to Afghanistan. These projects were rejected by the USSR and the DRA. They argued that the official government of Afghanistan had not been invited to the proposed international conferences. The world community did not recognize the official government of Afghanistan. The authority of the USSR in the international arena fell significantly. Thus, the main reason for the delay in the negotiation process was the Soviet leadership’s adherence to the force line of conduct in relation to Afghanistan and the transfer of all responsibility for the Afghan crisis to its ideological opponents in the Cold War.
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Rabush, Taisiya V. "Regional Russian Books of Memory as a Form of Preservation and Transfer of Cultural-Historical Memory about the Afghanistan War of 1979-1989." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-247-257.
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The historical memory of the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan (1979-1989) is studied through the prism of memory books dedicated to the participants of the war and those who died in it. The present paper is the first study of the Afghan books of memory that were published over the past decades in different regions of Russia. The first part of this paper analyzes the regional books of memory published in various regions of the Russian Federation from 1991 to the present day; the second part analyzes the books of memory published in small cities of Russia as a separate cultural phenomenon. In conclusion, the author describes the main features of regional Afghan books of memory, emphasizing that the memory books are published with the active participation of various regional organizations - from local archives to representatives of municipalities - revealing that the publication of these books is part of cultural policy in the regions. Many memory books have been reprinted, which indicates the continued collection and processing of information about the military casualties in Afghanistan. The regional books of memory are one of the most important forms of preserving and transmitting the historical memory of the Afghanistan war.
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Rabush, Taisiya. "Role of the United States and the Soviet Union in Settling the Regional Armed Conflict in Afghanistan (1979–1989)." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series "Humanitarian and Social Sciences", no. 6 (December 20, 2017): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2227-6564.2017.6.27.
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Krinko, Evgeny F., and Utash B. Ochirov. "Участие жителей Калмыкии в позднесоветских и постсоветских вооруженных конфликтах: статистический и военно-антропологический аспекты." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 15, no. 3 (December 8, 2023): 396–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2023-3-396-418.
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Introduction. The article is the first scholarly attempt to comprehensively summarize the experiences of Kalmykia’s residents in armed conflicts of the mid-twentieth to early twenty first centuries. In the study, special attention is given to the military-anthropological aspect, as well as to the analysis of statistics on the participation of the region’s residents in hostilities. Materials and methods. The work examines official data from the Military Commissariat of the Republic of Kalmykia, field data (interviews with participants of combat operations in Afghanistan and the North Caucasus), a few media publications, and collected memories by Kalmykia’s residents about fallen combatants. The study focuses on some systematic and comprehensive approaches, employs various research methods, including the comparative historical, statistical ones, and that of oral history. Results. The paper shows residents of Kalmykia have taken part in many wars and armed conflicts of the country, both in the late Soviet and post-Soviet periods. The vast majority of combatants participated in military operations in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and the North Caucasus (1994–2000s). As for the combatants proper, the majority of them were obligatory conscripts. The study also discusses some military-anthropological aspects, such as peculiarities of adaptation of Kalmykia’s natives to military service during hostilities, circumstances of their transformation into combatants, articulated memories and eyewitness accounts of experienced conditions and military service proper, relations with locals, specifics of returning to civilian life, and rethinking of one’s participation in war.
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Idrees, Muhammad, and Manzoor Ahmad Naazer. "The dynamics of Pak-Afghan relations: an analysis of (mis)trust between the two countries from 2001-2018." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/3.1.36.
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Pakistan and Afghanistan share the contiguity of neighbourhood and bonds of Islam. Despite linguistic, cultural and traditional similarities, their relations have remained in a spin. Pakistan and Afghanistan are geographically so dependent on each other that the effects of war and peace could be felt on both sides of the borders. Many factors are involved in upsetting these relations: the hostility of Afghan rulers and their tilt towards India since Pakistan’s independence; Durand Line and Pakhtunistan issues and Pakistan's role during the Soviet-Afghan war (1979-1989) in supporting the Afghan Jihadists. Pak-Afghan relations remained exemplary during the Taliban rule (1996-2001). The paper explores: a) Pak-Afghan relations during President Hamid Karzai's rule; b) the relations under President Ashraf Ghani; c) India's role in sabotaging the relations; and d) Pakistan's efforts in Afghanistan’s rebuilding and reconstruction process. The study finds that the dynamics of relations in the post-9/11 era were not cordial and there was a great trust deficit between the two countries during different US-led regimes. The paper is based on historical legacies and an analytical understanding of them. The previous research on the subject did not fully explore the era between 2001-2018, which this study aims to fulfil.
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Zimin, I. "The Stages of Armed Forces Formation: Unlearned Lessons of Afghanistan." Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, no. 4 (2022): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2022-4-97-107.
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In this article, the author looks into the stages of formation of the military organization and the transformation of the armed forces’ role in the political system of the Afghan state from the moment the country gained independence to the present day. The goals that were assigned to the army by the leaders of Afghanistan at different periods of time, the degree of their implementation, as well as the methods of reformation and ideological motivation of the armed forces are analyzed. The interdependence between the formation of the armed forces of Afghanistan and the strengthening or weakening of statehood is examined. The issues of forming the national armed forces are studied in the context of three main stages in the development of the modern Afghan state, each of those determined the special role of the army as a political institution and at the same time reflected the impact of the military organization of the army on political development. The first period refers to the formation of the modern Afghan state starting from 1919, when the country gained independence as a result of the Third Anglo-Afghan War, and ending with the events of 1978 (the ‘Saur Revolution’). The second one represents the time spent in Afghanistan by a limited contingent of Soviet troops from 1979 to 1989, as well as the time the Marxist government was in power and introduced their reforms. The third period is marked by the destruction of previously established institutions under the influence of deepening civil conflict and the consequences of the US military operation ‘Enduring Freedom’ (2001–2014) and NATO-led ‘Resolute Support’ mission (2014–2021).
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Müller, Mathias. "Signs of the Merciful." Journal of Religion and Violence 7, no. 2 (2019): 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jrv2019112668.
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This article explores how battlefield miracles were experienced, explained, and debated in jihadist literature in the period between 1982–2002. Competing with the secular histories written by foreign journalists, diplomats, and communists, the study argues that the influential jihadist scholar ’Abdullah ‘Azzam (d. 1989) endeavored to write an alternate sacred history of the Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989), the course of which was determined neither by military prowess or luck, but by the miracles granted by God. Perusing more than three hundred miracle stories compiled by ’Azzam, the article demonstrates that the wonderworking mujahidin were indebted to a longstanding and complex tradition that determined the varieties of miracles experienced in Afghanistan. Moreover, the mujahidin’s own miracle stories shed light on when and how miracles paralleled or diverged from past tradition while raising important questions about the threshold of the supernatural, the mujahidin’s spiritual rank, and their abilities to encounter miracles. However, both mujahidin and the general public occasionally doubted whether miracles had really occurred, and so the article attempts to replay the discussions that surrounded ‘Azzam’s miracle stories, paying attention to how they were published, circulated, and received in the Muslim world. In conclusion, the article remarks on how ‘Azzam’s writings have influenced the development of miracle stories in later jihadist literature by looking specifically at al-Qa’ida’s portrayal of 9/11.
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Domanskaitė-Gota, Vėjūnė, Danutė Gailienė, and Evaldas Kazlauskas. "POTRAUMINIO STRESO SUTRIKIMĄ TURINČIŲ LIETUVOS AFGANISTANO KARO VETERANŲ TRAUMINĖS PATIRTIES IR POTRAUMINĖS SIMPTOMATIKOS RYŠYS." Psichologija 39 (January 1, 2009): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2009.0.2598.
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Šio straipsnio tikslas yra nustatyti, su kokiais potencialiai trauminiais gyvenimo įvykiais ir patirtimis susijęs didesnis potrauminio streso sutrikimo (PTSS) pasireiškimas Lietuvos Afganistano karo veteranų grupėje (N = 174). Lietuvos Afganistano karo veteranų, kuriems buvo nustatytas potrauminio streso sutrikimas, ir veteranų, kuriems toks sutrikimas nebuvo nustatytas, karo veiksmų ir mūšių patirtis yra labai panaši, jų tarnybos trukmė taip pat nesiskiria. Afganistano karo veteranai, turintys potrauminio streso sutrikimą ir subklinikinio lygio potrauminio streso sutrikimą, yra patyrę daugiau trauminių įvykių ir išgyvenimų nei neturintys potrauminio streso sutrikimo. Turintys subklinikinio lygio PTSS ir PTSS Afganistano karo veteranai kur kas dažniau nei turinys PTSS išgyveno traumines patirtis, susijusias su šeima, bei smurtinius užpuolimus ir kovą už būvį. Lietuvių Afganistano karo veteranų grupėje potrauminio streso sutrikimo ir subklinikinio lygio potrauminio streso sutrikimo pasireiškimą geriausiai prognozavo psichikos ligos šeimoje, šeimos nario netektis ir patirtas smurtinis užpuolimas.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: PTSS, subklinikinio lygio PTSS, trauminė patirtis, Lietuvos Afganistano karo veteranai.Relation between traumatic experience and post-traumatic symptomatics in Lithuanian Afganistan war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorderVėjūnė Domanskaitė-Gota, Danutė Gailienė, Evaldas Kazlauskas SummaryThe aim of this paper is to assess what potential traumatic life-events and experiences are related to PTSD in the Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans (N = 174).Data in this study were collected from a questionnaire survey with a sample of 268 Lithuanian men aged 32 to 52, who were on military duty (compulsory military service) in the Soviet army in 1979–1989. Four regions (capital cities, cities, small cities, and countryside), with the sample allocation proportionate to the distribution of Lithuanian population, geographically stratified the sample; 174 men served in Afghanistan during the Soviet Union – Afghanistan war. They were divided into two groups according to the manifestation of posttraumatic stress disorder. One group consists of 108 men without PTSD and 46 men with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD (25 and 21 respectively). The following variables were investigated: demographics, traumatic life-events or conditions, PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (Mollica et al., 1992)).The Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD reported significantly more lifetime traumatic events and conditions. The average number of traumatic events per man with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD was 12.4 and 10 for those without PTSD (F = 1.58, df =152, p < 0.05). The average number of direct exposure events per Lithuanian Afghanistan war veteran with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD was 8 and 6 for veterans without PTSD (F = 10.2, df = 152, p < 0.002). There was a significant correlation between PTSD and the amount of direct exposure and particular traumatic experience: neglect in childhood, loss of a family member, mental illness in the family, absence of parents, violent assault, persecution, and struggle for existence.The Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and without PTSD had a very similar experience of military operations and combats and the duration of their service didn’t differ. Afghanistan war veterans with PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD experienced more traumatic life-events and conditions than did veterans without PTSD, Veterans with PTSD and a sub-clinical level of PTSD, more often than veterans without PTSD, experienced traumatic exposure related to the family, violent assault and struggle for existence. Mental illness in the family, loss of a family member and violent assault were predictive of PTSD and sub-clinical level of PTSD in the Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans. Keywords: PTSD, sub-clinical level of PTSD, traumatic experience, Lithuanian Afghanistan war veterans.
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Khristoforov, V. S. "«If a screw falls, then another will be screwed» (Review of the book: Memory from the flame of Afghanistan: Interviews with the internationalist soldiers of the Afghan war of 1979–1989. Book 4. Kyrgyzstan. Edited by Elmira Nogoibayeva and Eleri Bitikchi. The methodology of Marlene Laruel, Botagoz Rakisheva, Gulden Ashkenova was used. Bishkek, 2021, 252 p.)." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-3-143-151.
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The book Memory from the flame of Afghanistan: Interviews with the internationalist soldiers of the Afghan war of 19791989. Book 4. Kyrgyzstan is being reviewed as part of an international scientific project to study the historical memory of Soviet soldiers participants of the Afghan campaign. Presenting to the historian and the reader a complex of 21 in-depth interviews with participants, the book is analyzed from the point of view of its scientific and socio-political potential in the context of preserving historical memory about this war.
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Grau, Lester W. "Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–1989. London: Profile Books, 2011, $29.95 hardcover. Artemy M. Kalinovsky, A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011, $27.95 hardcover." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 4 (October 2012): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00295.
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