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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Soxhlet extraction'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Virot, Matthieu. "Soxhlet assisté par micro-ondes : conception et application à l'extraction des matières grasses." Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0236.

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De manière générale, la préparation d'échantillon peut être décomposée en deux étapes distinctes : extraction et analyse. Alors que l'étape analytique requiert quelques minutes, l'étape d'extraction nécessite plusieurs heures (ou jours). C'est le cas de la méthode de Soxhlet, inventée en 1879 qui est aujourd'hui la procédure de référence pour l'extraction solide-liquide. Depuis la découverte des effets thermiques des micro-ondes par Spencer en 1946, l'impact des micro-ondes sur la matière a été largement caractérisé et validé par la communauté scientifique. Rapidement, les micro-ondes ont été

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2

Getachew, Mesaye. "Analysis of Organohalogen Pollutants in Pine Needles Comparison of Soxhlet and Ultrasonic Extraction Methods." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58208.

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3

Smith, Scott. "Comparative extraction techniques for environmental pollutants." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022008-063220/.

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4

Pospíchalová, Lucie. "Adaptogeny v rostlině Shizandra chinensis." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401845.

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This diploma thesis deals with plant adaptogens (bioactive substances) in the plant Schisandra chinensis. The theoretical part is focused on characterization of the Schisandra genus, characterization of the Schisandra chinensis as a plant, its properties, occurrence and growing possibilities in the climate zone. Furthermore, The effects of these adaptogens on the organism and the prediction of possible use in food supplements are described. The experimental part deals with the extraction of fruits and leaves from plant Schisandra chinensis. Further, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b in the leaves e

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5

Anthony, Renil J. "Solvent Extraction of Lipids from Microalgae." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1280854965.

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6

Mafalda, Micheline de Fátima Valle. "Rendimento e ação fungitóxica dos extratos de folhas e cascas da Guazuma ulmifolia." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/498.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo, determinar o rendimento dos extratos de folhas e cascas da espécie florestal Guazuma ulmifolia, identificar os principais componentes químicos dos extratos obtidos, e analisar a ação fungitóxica ao fitopatógeno Fusarium sp. Para a determinação da umidade, inseriu-se as amostras em formas de alumínio, posteriormente colocadas na estufa a 50ºC por 4 dias. Para avaliar o rendimento das amostras na extração com Soxhlet, utilizou-se os cones de filtros secos em estufa a 50ºC, e na maceração à frio avaliou-se o peso dos recipientes. Na representatividade das extraçõ

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Gonçalves, Linda Maria Nobre. "Avaliação de processos de redução/eliminação de TCA em amostras de cortiça." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18381.

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O principal objectivo deste trabalho consistiu na avaliação de processos de redução/eliminação de TCA em amostras de cortiça, nomeadamente rolhas e discos. Os processos de redução/eliminação de TCA em amostras de cortiça foram avaliados com recurso a sistemas de extracção simples e exaustiva sólido-líquido (Soxhlet), em diferentes condições experimentais (sistema extractor de H20/EtOH (88:12 e 80:20)), com e sem substituição de solvente, presença e ausência de adsorvente. O aumento da percentagem de etanol no sistema extractor revelou-se de extrema importância, pois além de permitir a extracçã

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8

Ayala, Rosanna Iris. "Fermentation and Supercritical Extraction Studies of Açaí Berry." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3961.

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The açaí berry has grown in popularity for dieters and the health conscious. The berry contains high levels of antioxidants. The main anthocyanins are cyanidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. The berries also contain vitamins and nutrients that help boost energy and alertness, and fatty acids that help maintain normal cholesterol levels. As a result of the health benefits of the constituents, the berries are chosen for obtaining the active ingredients by extraction. The solids left over after extraction still contain nutrients and useful components. There is a possibility of fermenting

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9

Okop, Imeh. "Development of methods for the analysis of petroleum contaminated soils." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-methods-for-the-analysis-of-petroleum-contaminated-soils(2934eaf6-8c3c-408a-ad5a-0b14016fb02e).html.

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Soil contamination from petroleum spills is a frequent environmental problem in the world. It is obvious that petroleum exploration has contributed immensely to the economic growth of Nigeria, but over the last few decades, the Niger Delta of Nigeria has suffered grave human health risk and ecosystem degradation resulting from oil spillages, petroleum products leakages and other involuntary effluent discharges from oil exploration activities. This research seeks to develop and optimize GC-FID methods for the analysis of Petroleum hydrocarbons. Crude oil spillage contamination of soil from the

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10

Prado, Fernanda Guilherme do. "Avaliação de compostos bioativos produzidos por fungos do gênero Rhizopus sp. por fermentação em estado sólido utilizando diferentes substratos agroindustriais." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1047.

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A soja e seus produtos são ricos em isoflavonóides, estes possuem a concentração aumentada após a fermentação microbiana, devido à liberação de fenólicos, através da conversão das formas glicosídicas em agliconas. O processo fermentativo em estado sólido por fungos filamentosos tem sido amplamente empregado como uma estratégica biotecnológica na busca de agregar valores aos produtos e subprodutos agroindustriais, principalmente elevando os teores de compostos bioativos. No presente estudo, foram avaliados o aumento dessas propriedades, como antioxidante e anti-inflamatória em diferentes

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11

Al-Bety, Salwa. "Bioraffinering av bark: En jämförelse mellan två extraktionsmetoder." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299638.

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Intresset för användningen av material från förnybara råvaror ökar. Produktionen av vedmassa och material i skogsindustrin genererar dagligen stora mängder biprodukter, särskilt bark. Barken innehåller många värdefulla komponenter som kan förädlas och öka värdet för barken, men först måste de separeras. Målet med denna undersökning var att separera dessa genom att jämföra två olika typer av extraktionsmetoder. Den första metoden använde programmerbar utrustning som namnges accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) och den andra använde manuell teknik som namnges Soxhlet ex

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12

Holasová, Petra. "PSE extrakce rostlinného materiálu pro potravinářské účely." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216538.

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Flavonoids were identified and quantified in samples of dry leaves of plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Content of flavonols (kaempherol, quercetin, myricetin, rutin) and flavons (apigenin, luteolin) were compared in three samples (standard leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni origin from Ukraine and from Czech republic), that were extracted by three extraction methods (PSE, ultrasonic extraction, Soxhlet extraction) with two polar solvents, methanol and ethanol, in combination with non-polar hexane. Extracts were analyzed by HPLC with detection UV-VIS. Antioxidant act

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13

Nait, Sidi Ahmed Amina. "Mise en place d’un procédé d’extraction et de pré-purification de molécules bioactives à partir d’une culture énergétique «Salix miyabeana SX67»." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10603.

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Le but de cette étude est de mettre en oeuvre une nouvelle méthode de prétraitement de la biomasse afin d’isoler les métabolites secondaires qui peuvent inhiber la fermentation des glucides pour la production d’éthanol cellulosique. Avec la tendance grandissante vers la production de cultures énergétiques, potentiels intrants pour d’éventuelles bioraffineries, il importe de vérifier la composition et le potentiel des extractibles provenant de ces plantes. Les processus d’extraction actuels s’opèrent en discontinu, par alternance de grandes quantités de solvants organiques puis aqueux, et néc

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14

El, Kaddouri Assma. "Mise en évidcence de la dégradation du liant ionomère dans les électrodes de pile à combustible." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI014/document.

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Ce travail de thèse a pour but de suivre le comportement du liant ionomère après vieillissement en condition réelle d'utilisation de la pile. Dans un premier temps, diverses techniques de caractérisation en phase solide ont été utilisées afin d'étudier le ionomère présent dans les électrodes. La majeure partie de ces techniques se sont avérées insatisfaisantes pour le suivi du vieillissement du ionomère. Seule l'analyse par diffraction rayon X (DRX) a mis en avant un changement d'organisation structurale du ionomère dans les électrodes. Par la suite, nous avons choisi de caractériser le ionomè

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15

Audo, Mariane. "Evaluation du potentiel rhéologique d'huiles issues de microalgues pour des applications en tant que matériaux de substitution aux bitumes." Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT2038.

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Dans le domaine de la construction routière, la recherche de liants alternatifs au bitume constitue un enjeu tout particulier. En effet, issu de l’industrie pétrolière, le bitume est une matière première dont les ressources sont appelées être épuisées dans plusieurs dizaines d’années. Ce mémoire traite donc de l’évaluation d’une nouvelle bio-ressource pouvant se substituer au bitume : les microalgues. Une preuve de concept a été apportée par le travail mené sur Scenedesmus sp. . D’une part, les fractions lipidiques extraites à partir de cette espèce de microalgues (22% en poids de la biomasse,

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16

Aleksandra, Tepić. "Karakteristike oleorizina mlevene začinske paprike dobijenog klasičnom i ekstrakcijom superkritičnim ugljen-dioksidom." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 2009. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=71273&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Cilj istraživanja u ovom radu bilo je ispitivanje uticajarazličitih vidova ekstrakcije (konvencionalna ekstrakcijaorganskim rastvaračem i superkritična ekstrakcija ugljendioksidom)na kvalitet oleorizina začinske paprike u pogledukvalitativnog i kvantitativnog sadržaja bojenih materija,sastava masnih kiselina i antioksidativnih svojstava. Po&scaron;to uVojvodini postoje značajni kapaciteti za proizvodnju i preraduzačinske paprike, smatramo da će rezultati ovih ispitivanjadati uvid u kinetiku različitih tipova ekstrakcije i pružitiinformacije o uslovima potrebnim za dobijanje proizvodavrhunskog

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17

Santos, Ana Claudia Cabral dos. "Análise da estabilidade termo-oxidativa do biodiesel de soja na presença de antioxidantes naturais obtidos por diferentes técnicas de extração." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1800.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:59:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Claudia Cabral dos Santos.pdf: 1804875 bytes, checksum: 59accd259357d955c055e44645dee662 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Biodiesel is a fuel that can be obtained from renewable sources and due to its chemical composition is sensitive to oxidation. To increase their oxidative stability is necessary to add antioxidants, which are compounds capable of avoiding or delaying oxidation reactions and can be synthetic or natural, from the natural, we

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18

Aksamija, Amra. "Etude chimique des matériaux résineux : oliban, dammar et mastic : application à des prélèvements artistiques et archéologiques." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872166.

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Ce travail porte principalement sur l'étude de la partie triterpénique de trois résines végétales naturelles et commercialement disponibles, l'oliban, la dammar et la mastic, par diverses techniques analytiques (IRTF, CLHP/UV, CLHP/UV/Fluorimétrie etCPG-SM). Une étude fluorimétrique a été réalisée sur ces trois résines via réaction de greffage d'un marqueur de fluorescence(chlorure de dansyle), ce qui a permis de détecter les molécules triterpéniques par fluorimétrie, de diminuer leur seuil de détection et d'obtenir une empreinte digitale fluorimétrique spécifique pour chaque résine étudiée. C

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19

Jordaan, Ilse. "Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) associated with a platinum mine in the Limpopo Province, South Africa / Ilse Jordaan." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/995.

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South Africa ratified the Stockholm Convention (SC), which became legally binding on 17 May 2004. This Convention targets 12 particularly toxic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for virtual elimination. The Convention also requires parties to reduce the release of organochlorine pesticides and the intentionally- and unintentionally-produced POPs such as dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (referred to as dioxin-like chemicals). Dioxins are a heterogeneous mixture of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) congeners. These substances were never intentionall

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20

Krist, Tomáš. "Sekvenční frakcionace organické hmoty huminové kyseliny izolované z Leonarditu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445142.

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The aim of the diploma thesis was to optimize the sequential fractionation method of organic matter to be used for physico-chemical characterization of extracted fractions. Humic acid isolated from oxidized brown coal of Leonardite was used as a source matrix of organic matter. An eluotropic series was assembled and sequential fractionation was performed by extraction on a Soxhlet apparatus. The original humic acid and fractions were characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), followed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), molecular absorption sp

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Thakur, Sandeep. "Cleaning flax fibre; extracting and identifying antimicrobials and measuring water absorption of plant stems." ASABE-CSBE Joint conference 2014, Montreal, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30686.

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Decorticated flax contains a significant amount of shive content, which limits applications of flax fibre. Separation of shives from the fibre is essential to improve the quality of flax fibre. Pneumatic method and a Sorter were implemented to meet the above objective. Terminal velocities of individual flax fibre and shive particles were investigated and their width, length, and mass were recorded. A sorting method was used for separation of short and long fibre for two grades of fibre: Grade 1 and Grade 2, with initial fibre purities of 51% and 15%, respectively. The ranges of terminal veloci

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Pilon, Guillaume. "Étude de production et de caractérisation de biocharbons de Panic Érigé (Panicum virgatum L.) obtenus par pyrolyse." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6138.

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Dans le cadre de cette recherche, la production de biocharbon par pyrolyse est étudiée à des conditions visant sa valorisation comme biochar (amendement pour le sol), tout en considérant son potentiel comme charbon vert (pour bioénergie ou transformations subséquentes). La production du charbon de biomasse s'est effectuée à l'aide de deux réacteurs à lits fixes de types batch, d'une capacité de 1 et 25 gb.hlbatch, respectivement. Le panic érigé (Panicum virgatum) est la biomasse lignocellulosique qui a été utilisée dans le cadre des tests. Les facteurs de production étudiés sont principalement

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23

Ciou, Wei-Bin, and 邱維彬. "EXTRACTION OF BIOCOMPOUNDS FROM LIMNOPHILA AROMATICA BY SERIAL EXHAUSTIVE SOXHLET EXTRACTION METHOD." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21825976511430988424.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>化學工程系<br>104<br>Limnophila aromatcia is commonly used as a spice and a medicinal herb in Southeast Asia. In this study, Limnophila aromatic was extracted by serial exhaustive Soxhlet extraction methods. Hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol (non-polar to polar) were used as the solvents in the serial exhaustive extraction method. Maceration by aqueous ethanol was carried out as the comparison. The total antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and HPLC-DAD analyses of the extracts from the maceration using 75% aqueous ethanol

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Diz, Patrícia do Carmo Claro. "Ultrasound-assisted extraction of mycosterols from Agaricus bisporus L. vs conventional Soxhlet extraction." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/12426.

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Ergosterol is the most abundant mycosterol in Agaricus bisporus L. (cultivated mushroom most consumed worldwide) and has high commercial value since, among other applications; it is used by the pharmaceutical industry in the preparation of several drugs. To replace common conventional extraction techniques (e.g. Soxhlet), the present study reports the optimal ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for ergosterol. After preliminary tests, the results showed that the type of solvent, extraction time and ultrasound power alter notably the extraction efficiency. Using response surface me

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Hwang, Biing-Shiun, and 黃柄勳. "Comparison of Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fly Ash." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79563763544923811310.

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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>水資源及環境工程所<br>83<br>(一)比較超臨界流體萃取法和索氏萃取法－飛灰之多苯環芳香族碳氫化合物之研究多苯環芳香族碳氫化合物 ( 簡稱 PAHs)。大部分由碳氫化合物不完全燃燒及裂解所產生。因具有致癌性危險，故在環境中含量之多寡對人體健康影響甚大。研究目的為萃取飛灰中之 PAHs，並探討超臨界流體萃取和索氏萃取法方法之比較。由初步的實驗結果得到超臨界流體系統之最佳化操作參數。在比較不同基質的 PAHs 萃取回收率，以石英砂為基質的萃取效果均高於飛灰基質。探討添加方式，得到直接添加法的 PAHs萃取回收率大於均勻混合化添加方式。索氏萃取法中，以不同的萃取溶劑 ( 苯、二氯甲烷 ) 萃取，苯的 PAHs 萃取回收率優於二氯甲烷溶劑。 (二)以高效能液相層析儀分離四氯酚同分異構物之研究氯酚化合物早期曾廣泛使用於工業用途，及農業殺生物劑上，如木材防腐劑、消毒劑等。因其具有毒性及擴散性，且為致癌物，加上不易分解

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Chang, Chang-Lung, and 詹昌龍. "Effects of soil water contents and pH on the Naphthalene and Phenanpthrene extraction efficiencies with Soxhlet extraction and ultasonication extraction." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28251415685976062876.

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碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>環境工程學系所<br>94<br>Abstract The main purpose of this research was to study soil polluted by naphthalene and phenanthrene, using traditional Soxhlet extraction and ultrasonic extraction to compare the recoverable efficiency with the following cases. (1) Using different soil moisture content, in order to compare the extraction efficiency. (2) Choose two kinds of soil in Taiwan, and use different extraction processes to discuss the influence by chosen soil. (3) Adjust with anhydrous potassium hydrogen phosphate and anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate to different pH of soil, to

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Cheng, Chi-Ming, and 鄭志明. "Comparison of Microwave Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction of PCBs in Fly Ash and Bottom Ash From MSW Incinerator." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66025505985918570912.

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碩士<br>淡江大學<br>水資源及環境工程學系<br>84<br>(1) Comparison of Microwave Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction of PCBs inFly Ash and Bottom Ash form MSW Incinerator Because the physical and chemicalproperty of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are very stable, not resolved bymicroorganism, and they have accumulative toxicity, the EPA announeced thatPCBs is the first place of toxic chemicals, applied and producted areprohibited. But the large number use of PCBs in the early time, they w

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Tsai, Jenghung, and 蔡政宏. "Comparison of Soxhlet Extraction and Microwave Assisted Extraction From Cestrum nocturnum L.Studies on Basic Chemistry Abilities Index in Technology Colleges." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57692936078506809141.

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碩士<br>正修科技大學<br>化工與材料工程研究所<br>100<br>The purpose of this research was to discuss what different between floral scent from Cestrum nocturnum L of day and night and extraction method ( Soxhlet Extraction and Microwave Assisted Extraction ). Ethanol is used as extraction solvent in this experiment process. Compare with unlike floral from Cestrum nocturnum L of day and night, extraction solvent extraction method is via gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the database, than the ingredients on extraction results.Comparative analysis of the pistil day and night and flowering by emitting a fragran

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陳冠憲. "Soxhlet and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Stability Studies of Lycopene from Tomato Juice Waste." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19825505070396051079.

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碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>化學系<br>89<br>Abstracts In recent years studies showed lycopene was one of the important carotenoids , and the function of lycopene was better than β-carotene in many aspect . In this study , we extracted commercially valuable lycopene via soxhlet and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction methods from waste of processed tomato . When extractive solvent hexane：methane：acetone＝6：1：1 was used by soxhlet extraction method , the highest lycopene yield could be got to . Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was tried to look for the best condition of the yiel

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Govender, Hogantharanni. "A comparative study of solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction, steam distillation, headspace analysis and headspace solid phase microextraction for the extraction of volatile terpenoid compounds in the curry leaf plant (Murraya koenigii)." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5425.

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A comparative study was undertaken of different extraction methods for the isolation of volatile organic compounds from Murraya koenigii (curry leaf plant). The techniques studied included the traditional methods of extraction, namely, Soxhlet and solvent extraction as well as steam distillation. The solvent–free extraction techniques of headspace analysis and headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) were also investigated. In the evaluation of SPME, two different fibre coatings, poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(acrylate), were compared. Preliminary work to determine the effect of extra

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Xiao, Liping. "Evaluation of extraction methods for recovery of fatty acids from marine products." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/10737.

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The extraction efficiency of Soxhlet, acid hydrolysis and Bligh and Dyer were evaluated by using direct methylation on extracts and residues for calculating the mass balance of fatty acids for eight marine powders (fishmeals, krillmeals, cod filet, salmon filet and herring roe). The results show that Soxhlet gave lowest extracted fatty acid content, especially for the samples which contain a high amount of phospholipid. Acid hydrolysis and Bligh and Dyer extract gave comparable extracted fatty acid contents with direct methylation. The mass balance of fatty acids in extract and residue

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YiLing, Tsai, and 蔡依伶. "Soxhlet Extraction and Microwave-assisted Extraction and Analysis of Resveratrol From the Peels of Red Grapes(Vitis Kyoho L.) and Water Chestnut(Trapa taiwanensis Nakai)，Studies on The Effectiveness of Remedial Teaching of Freshmen Chemistry by Teachin." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67790847807634621587.

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Abstract:

碩士<br>正修科技大學<br>化工與材料工程研究所<br>100<br>Part A Resveratrol is a phytoalexin, presence in grape and peanut, etc. Its polyphenolic structure imparts eximious antioxidant activity. Numerous studies also have shown that consumption of resveratrol conducive to good health. The studies use Soxhlet Extraction and Microwave-assisted Extraction and analysis of resveratrol from the peels of red grapes from Wufen and water chestnut from Nanzih, and qualitative and quantitative detection of resveratrol by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (UV) and High-Performance Liquid Chromato- graphy (HPLC), and attempt to effect

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