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Journal articles on the topic 'Soxhlet'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Ul Islam, Khursheed, Benazir Chishti, Atul Kulkarni, H. Fouad, Mohamed Hashem, H. K. Seo, and Z. A. Ansari. "Bacterial Inhibition and Oxidative Stress Remedial Properties of Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3764.

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Bacterial resistance towards the use of synthetic drugs has created a havoc in the modern era of health sciences. Medicinal plants may pave the way for alternative source of medicines that can overcome bacterial resistance. In this regard, employing three different extraction procedure (Maceration, Decoction and Soxhlet) aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica were prepared and observed for bacterial inhibition and antioxidant properties. Phytochemical screening results revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, reducing sugars and saponins. Percentage scavenging activity primarily DPPH assay shows Moringa oleifera Soxhlet 6th (MOS 6th) with the highest percentage scavenging activity. Similarly, total flavonoid content estimation results rendered Moringa oleifera Decoction (MOD) as the highest flavonoid containing sample (68.97 ± 0.9) mg RUE/ml. Antibacterial efficiency of the extracts was monitored against Streptococcus mutans (gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (E. Coli) DH5 (gram-negative) bacteria, 96-well microtiter two-fold dilution reveals lowest MIC of 625 μg ml–1 for Neem soxhlet 6th cycle (NS 6th) against Streptococcus mutans while Moringa oliefera soxhelt 2nd cycle shows a low toxicity pattern (MIC 5000 μg ml–1). However, only three extract (Neem Soxhlet 2nd cycle, Moringa oleifera Soxhlet 2nd cycle and Neem Soxhlet 6th cycle) shows inhibitory potential against E. coli. Furthermore, zone of inhibition acquired via agar-well diffusion assay well corroborates with the results of 96-well pate. Based on extraction procedure, Soxhlet method establishes a good toxicity profile against the studied organism.
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2

SINGLETON, G. A., and L. M. LAVKULICH. "USE OF A SOIL CHRONOSEQUENCE TO CALIBRATE SOXHLET GENERATED CHRONOFUNCTIONS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-022.

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A calcium-bound phosphate (PCa) chronofunction from a Vancouver Island soil chronosequence was compared mathematically with a chronofunction produced by leaching parent materials from the soil chronosequence with 0.3 M acetic acid for up to 24 wk in modified soxhlet extractors. The equivalent of approximately 13 yr of PCa weathering in the surface 10 cm of the chronosequence soils was achieved by one week of leaching in the soxhlets. After 24 wk of soxhlet leaching, the parent material samples lost approximately 20% of their original 220 g weight and resembled Ae horizon samples from the soil chronosequence. Equations derived from the change in elemental composition of the soxhlet-leached parent material samples were used with the elemental composition of the top 10 cm of the youngest soil (127 yr) in the chronosequence to predict the elemental composition of the top 10 cm of the oldest soil in the chronosequence (550 yr). The predictive equations were useful for elements such as Ca, Na, K, Al, Si and PCa, whereas the amount of Mg and Fe remaining in the soil chronosequence was overestimated, due to the inability of the acetic acid solution to attack ferro-magnesian minerals. An equation relating the weight of soil residues to soxhlet leaching time predicted that the chronosequence soils would experience a lowering landscape rate of 0.05 mm yr−1. The soxhlet leaching and field-time calibration technique described is considered by the authors to be useful for other applications, such as predicting loss of soil buffering constituents due to acid rain or predicting rates of release of elements from contaminated soils. Key words: Soil chronofunctions, soil chronosequence, soxhlet weathering, leaching
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3

Pargiyanti, Pargiyanti. "Optimasi Waktu Ekstraksi Lemak dengan Metode Soxhlet Menggunakan Perangkat Alat Mikro Soxhlet." Indonesian Journal of Laboratory 1, no. 2 (April 6, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijl.v1i2.44745.

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Lemak dan minyak terdapat pada hampir semua jenis bahan pangan dan masing-masing mempunyai jumlah kandungan yang berbeda-beda. Oleh karena itu analisis kadar lemak suatu bahan pangan sangat penting dilakukan untuk menghitung kalori suatu bahan makanan. Penentuan kadar lemak menggunakan metode Soxhlet memerlukan waktu ekstraksi antara 4 sampai 6 jam untuk mencapai 5 - 6 sirkulasi. Pada penelitian ini analisis lemak menggunakan perangkat alat ekstraksi mikro soxhlet sehingga untuk mencapai 1 kali sirkulasi membutuhkan waktu yang lebih pendek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan lama waktu ekstraksi sehingga analisis lemak dapat dilaksanakan dengan efektif dan efisien. Sampel yang dianalisis adalah jagung, kedelai dan wijen dengan variasi waktu ekstraksi selama 0,5; 1; 1,5; dan 2 jam, dibandingkan dengan 4 jam. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa analisa lemak sampel jagung memerlukan waktu selama 1 jam (3,62 ±0,05%), sampel kedelai memerlukan waktu 1,5 jam (19,40 ±0,11%) sedangkan untuk sampel wijen memerlukan waktu 2 jam (19,40 ±0,11%) untuk mendapatkan hasil yang sama dengan lama ekstraksi 4 jam. Lama ekstraksi lemak pada sampel bisa dilakukan selama 2 jam.
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4

Sofyan, Sofyan, Eneh Maesaroh, Ratih Windyaningrum, and Brahmadhita Pratama Mahardhika. "The comparison of crude fat analysis between separated soxhlet method and one extractor soxhlet method for several feed ingredients." Jurnal Temapela 3, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/temapela.3.2.60-64.2020.

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Determination of crude fat content (ether extract) using a separate Soxhlet method requires an extraction time of 4 to 6 hours to achieve 5-6 circulation for 1 sample of material. Given the fact that the analysis and extraction time are not time efficient, therefore an alternative method is needed with good accuracy and faster testing time. One alternative is the single-extractor Soxhlet method. The aims of this study were to evaluate the comparison of crude fat extraction results in the separated Soxhlet method and the Soxhlet method in one extractor for several feed ingredients. For the fat testing, this study used two methods, namely the separate method and the Soxhlet method of testing single extractor. The experiments were done by a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 3 replications. The data was analyzed using the Student T-test. The results showed that the separate Soxhlet method and the single extractor Soxhlet method had no significant difference to the crude fat content of the concentrate feed ingredients with T> 0.05. The use of single extractor Soxhlet showed significant result with T< 0.01 which lower ​​than the separate Soxhlet method in forage samples on the crude fat concentration. Given the outcomes, the use of single extractor Soxhlet is more efficient than the separate Soxhlet method in terms of analysis time of a large number of samples.
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5

Virot, Matthieu, Valérie Tomao, Giulio Colnagui, Franco Visinoni, and Farid Chemat. "New microwave-integrated Soxhlet extraction." Journal of Chromatography A 1174, no. 1-2 (December 2007): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.067.

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6

Tesfaye, Bereket, Tilahun Tefera, Misikir O, and Tsegaye G. "EXTRACTION AND COMPARISON OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM NEEM SEED BY USING SOXHLET EXTRACTION AND SIMPLE DISTILLATION METHODS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 9 (March 21, 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i9.2018.291.

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Extraction of essential neem oil from neem seed were carried by soxhelt extraction and simple distillation method using different types of solvents and parameters. Physico-chemical characteristics of the extracted oil were also determined by using classical wet chemical method. Results were generated in both techniques. Soxhlet extraction using hexane has 40.35%, using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% volume proportions have 43.71%, using ethanol 42.65% and using methanol 42.89%. In simple distillation method results reveal that using hexane 42.35%, in methanol 39.5%, using ethanol 40.72% and using ethanol-hexane mixture of 60:40% has 41.26 %. For all solvent type particle size has 355μm, extraction time 1hr up to 3hrs and applied constant and varies temperatures. At smaller extraction time, hexane produced oil yield greater than from ethanol and methanol. In soxhlet extraction, ethanol not produced oil at one-hour extraction time. Thus, by effective determination of factors like particle sizes, solvent type, temperature, and time it is possible to investigate the result on the quality and quantity of neem oil.
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7

Hayes, D., and R. D. Cody. "Gypsum dissolution using a soxhlet extractor." Journal of Sedimentary Research 57, no. 4 (July 1, 1987): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.57.772.

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8

Jensen, William B. "The Origin of the Soxhlet Extractor." Journal of Chemical Education 84, no. 12 (December 2007): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed084p1913.

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9

Sullins, D. W., T. T. Denton, and E. J. Eisenbraun. "Soxhlet Apparatus and Chromatography Columns Combined." Journal of Chemical Education 73, no. 4 (April 1996): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed073p380.

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10

Jenkins, Thomas F., and Marianne E. Walsh. "Instability of tetryl to Soxhlet extraction." Journal of Chromatography A 662, no. 1 (February 1994): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)85308-8.

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11

Luque de Castro, M. D., and F. Priego-Capote. "Soxhlet extraction: Past and present panacea." Journal of Chromatography A 1217, no. 16 (April 2010): 2383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.027.

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12

Rahkadima, Y. Tri, Anggun Fitria Laila Ningsih, and Medya Ayunda Fitri. "Aplikasi Microwave Hydrodistillation pada Ekstraksi Biji Kapulaga." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 4, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v4i2.169.

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Minyak Atsiri dari kapulaga memiliki banyak manfaat dibidang industri maupun kesehatan. Metode alternatif diperlukan untuk mengoptimalkan kualitas dan kuantitas minyak atsiri yang dihasilkan karena metode konvensional memiliki banyak kelemahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan hasil minyak atsiri dari proses ekstraksi konvensional menggunakan soxhlet dan ekstraksi microwave hydrodistilation . Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan serbuk biji kapulaga seberat 40 gram yang telah dipisahkan dari bahan impuritiesnya . Pada metode ekstraksi Soxhlet , n-heksan digunakan sebagai pelarut, sementara itu pada metode ekstraksi Microwave Hydrodistilation menggunakan aquadest sebagai pelarutnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persen yield tertinggi diperoleh saat menggunakan metode ekstraksi soxhlet yaitu sebesar 3,608% dengan volume pelarut 250 ml , waktu ekstraksi 6 jam. Penggunaan aquades dalam metode microwave hydro-distilation tidak memberikan hasil yang maksimal jika dibandingkan metode konventional ekstraksi soxhlet dengan pelarut n-heksan.Essential oils from cardamom have many benefits in the field of industry and health. Alternative methods are needed to optimize the quality and quantity of essential oils produced because conventional methods have many disadvantages. This study aims to compare the results of essential oils from conventional extraction processes using Soxhlet and Microwave Hydrodistilation extraction. The study was conducted using cardamom seed powder weighing 40 grams which had been separated from the impurities. In the Soxhlet extraction method, n-hexane is used as a solvent, while in the Microwave Hydrodistilation extraction method uses aquadest as the solvent. The results showed that the highest percent yield was obtained when using the Soxhlet extraction method which was 3.608% with a volume of solvent of 250 ml, extraction time of 6 hours. The use of distilled water in the microwave hydro-distillation method does not give maximum results when compared to the conventional method of extracting Soxhlet with n-hexane solvent.
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13

Sahad, Naimah, Ayub Md Som, and Alawi Sulaiman. "Review of Green Solvents for Oil Extraction from Natural Products Using Different Extraction Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 661 (October 2014): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.661.58.

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This paper provides an overview of the use of green solvents for oil extraction from natural product using soxhlet extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods. In terms of qualitative and quantitative determinations on the extracted oils, the use of green solvents was comparable with n-hexane. For soxhlet extraction method, the integration of microwave application into the soxhlet at their optimum conditions has shown improvement in oil yield, oil quality, solvent consumption and extraction time. SFE using CO2also revealed promising results as soxhlet extraction but apparently it involved high operating cost and difficult to control. Despite of that, all the studies successfully demonstrated the suitability of green solvent as an alternative to petroleum driven solvents for extraction of oils from natural products.
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14

Dinesha, B. L., Udaykumar Nidoni, C. T. Ramachandra, Nagaraj Naik, and K. B. Sankalpa. "Effect of extraction methods on physicochemical, nutritional, antinutritional, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1619.

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The effect of three different extraction methods, namely supercritical CO2, soxhlet and solvent methods on the yield, efficiency, physico-chemical properties, nutritional, anti-nutritional composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil was investigated in this study. Oil extraction for SC-CO2 were 37.76 g/100g and 98.43%, observed to be higher than those of soxhlet extraction (29.12 g/100g and 76.29%), and significantly lower than solvent extraction (22.12 g/100g and 57.99%). The physico-chemical composition of the oils showed considerable variation among the extraction methods. The SC-CO2 extracted oil was found to be of superior quality, showing negligible thermal degradation and exhibited significantly (p<0.01) higher nutritional and antioxidant activity and lower anti-nutritional composition than the soxhlet and solvent extracted oils. Oils produced by SC-CO2 and soxhlet extraction methods had antimicrobial activities higher than solvent extracted oil. SCCO2 extracted oil was found to have maximum number of bioactive compounds (14 compounds) followed by solvent (8 compounds) and soxhlet (4 compounds) extracted oil. The results of the study demonstrated that SC-CO2 would be a promising process for the extraction of moringa seed kernel oil of premium quality.
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15

Adam, D. J., J. Mainwaring, and Michael N. Quigley. "Soxhlet Extraction of Caffeine from Beverage Plants." Journal of Chemical Education 73, no. 12 (December 1996): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed073p1171.

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16

Pedersen, Jörgen R., and Jim O. Olsson. "Soxhlet extraction of acrylamide from potato chips." Analyst 128, no. 4 (2003): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b212623k.

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17

Okpo, Samson Onoriode, and Ipeghan Jonathan Otaraku. "Modelling of Soxhlet Extraction of Lemongrass Oil." International Journal of Chemical Engineering Research 7, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23945370/ijcer-v7i2p103.

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18

Fakirov, S. "Modified Soxhlet apparatus for high-temperature extraction." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 102, no. 2 (2006): 2013–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.23397.

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19

Smith, C. R., and W. R. Tschinkel. "Ant Fat Extraction with a Soxhlet Extractor." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): pdb.prot5243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5243.

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20

Paukkeri, Ritva, and Arja Lehtinen. "Fractionation of polypropylenes using Soxhlet extraction methods." Polymer 35, no. 8 (April 1994): 1673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90841-9.

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21

Popescu, Mariana, Malina Desliu Avram, Florin Oancea, Carmen Lupu, and Calina Petruta Cornea. "Bioassisted azeotropic Soxhlet extraction of mustard oilseeds." Journal of Biotechnology 256 (August 2017): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1146.

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22

Brown, Ron H., and Irene Mueller-harvey. "Evaluation of the Novel Soxflo Technique for Rapid Extraction of Crude Fat in Foods and Animal Feeds." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 1369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1369.

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Abstract The new Soxflo instrument was evaluated for the determination of crude fat in foods and animal feeds. Samples are packed into small columns and extracted with petroleum ether at room temperature. The Soxflo yielded accurate data from foods, ranging from 0.4 to 73.2% crude fat, compared with Soxhlet extractions and Certified Reference Materials, for which recoveries averaged 99.7 and 100.7%, respectively. Relative standard deviations (1.81 %) were approximately half those of Soxhlet extractions (3.68%). Regression analysis of the data suggested that there was no proportional bias. A small but acceptable constant bias was measured. Soxflo extractions are easy to perform and take approximately 1 h to complete. The main difference between the Soxflo and Soxhlet techniques lies in the extraction procedure. Estimated savings during extractions are in time (85% reduction), energy (95%), cooling water (100%), and solvents (50%). Soxflo extractions are, therefore, more environmentally friendly than Soxhlet extractions.
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23

Silva, Tiago Roque Benetoli da, Rhaizza Lana Pereira Ducheski, Gessica Daiane da Silva, Lucas Ambrosano, Affonso Celso Gonçalves-Jr, Deonir Secco, Charline Zaratin Alves, and Reginaldo Ferreira Santos. "Use of mufla oven calcination method in oil quantification of chia seeds." Acta Iguazu 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48075/actaiguaz.v9i1.22256.

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Chia (Salvia hispanicaL.) is an annual herbaceous plant considered as natural omega-3 fatty acids source. To quantify this oil in seeds, a time-consuming method involving financial costs with chemical reagents is used. The objective of this work was verifying existence of correlation between the quantification of oil in chia seeds by means of the Soxhlet method with the ash mass of these seeds obtained by calcination in a muffle oven. For this, samples of chia seeds and the oil quantified by Soxhlet were collected. The same samples were calcined in ash. The simple correlation test was performed, obtaining linear regression. To method validation, a completely randomized design experiment was carried out. The treatments were to quantify the oil by the Soxhlet method and calcination in the muffle using the equation obtained. The objective was to verify the existence of correlation between the oil content of chia seeds, obtained by the Soxhlet method with ash content obtained after burning in the muffle and, therefore, the validation of this method of determination. There is a significant positive correlation between the oil content obtained by Soxhlet method and the ash mass of chia seed. By equation Y = -2.5319x + 16.518, it was noted that it is feasible to quantify the oil content
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24

Flores, Rejane, Fernando Teixeira Nicoloso, Daniela Brondani, Joseila Maldaner, Verciane Cezarotto, and Sandro Rogério Giacomelli. "Extração de ecdisterona em raízes de ginseng brasileiro." Ciência Rural 39, no. 4 (July 2009): 1223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782009000400042.

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Este estudo teve como objetivo otimizar a extração de ecdisterona em raízes de ginseng brasileiro. Primeiramente, para se avaliar a eficiência do solvente extrator, amostras de raízes dois acessos (BRA e JB-UFSM) de P. glomerata foram extraídas em Soxhlet com metanol e clorofórmio, separadamente, durante 4 horas. No segundo ensaio, com o intuito de se escolher o método extrator, a extração foi conduzida em Soxhlet e em ultrassom, utilizando metanol como solvente. Em P. tuberosa, as amostras foram extraídas com metanol, e a extração foi conduzida em Soxhlet e em banho ultrasônico. O conteúdo de ecdisterona foi determinado em Cromatógrafo Líquido de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Em ambas as espécies, um maior conteúdo de ecdisterona foi detectado nas amostras extraídas com metanol e em Soxhlet. A metodologia proposta mostrou-se eficaz para a quantificação da ecdisterona a partir das raízes de P. glomerata e P. tuberosa, podendo ser aplicada no controle de qualidade de drogas vegetais e/ou fitoterápicos.
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25

Özbek, H. N., D. Koçak Yanık, S. Fadıloğlu, H. Keskin Çavdar, and F. Göğüş. "Microwave-assisted extraction of non-polar compounds from pistachio hull and characterization of extracts." Grasas y Aceites 69, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0217181.

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Soxhlet and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) methods were used to obtain non-polar compounds from pistachio hull. MAE parameters (liquid to solid ratio, microwave power, and extraction time) were studied to obtain maximum extraction yield. The optimal conditions were found to be liquid to solid ratio of 15:1 (v/w), microwave power of 250 W and extraction time of 12.5 min. The extraction yields were 9.81 and 9.50% for MAE and Soxhlet methods, respectively. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and tocopherol content of the extract obtained by MAE was found to be significantly higher than those of the Soxhlet extract (p < 0.05). The results showed that the extract contained α-tocopherols (567.65 mg/kg) and oleic acid (48.46%) as the major tocopherols and fatty acids. These findings propose that hull extracts can be considered as a good source of natural bioactive compounds and MAE can be a good alternative to the traditional Soxhlet method.
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Wu, Shijian, Huanyan Zhang, Beibei Chen, Ming Liu, Yanjun Shen, Qichao Sha, Yuee Zhi, and Pei Zhou. "Multiresidue Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Solid Waste Environmental Samples by Gas Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 1463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-185.

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Abstract The method for the determination of 12 organophosphorus pesticides in solid waste was established. The organophosphorus pesticides were analyzed by Soxhlet extraction or accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)-SPE cartridge-flame photometric detector (FPD), and leaching solution by rotary oscillation-positive pressure filtration-liquid–liquid extraction-SPE cartridge-FPD. The differences of extraction efficiencies between Soxhlet and ASE were compared. Solvent of Soxhlet extraction, purification and recovery of organophosphorus pesticides in leaching conditions were also studied. The recoveries were 54.2–119.8%, and the average recovery was 87.7%. The RSD was 1.89–9.10% (n = 6), the average RSD was 6.88%, and the detection limit was 0.27–0.69 μg/kg.
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27

Nandan, M. Parvathi, and Vangalapati Meena. "Extraction, Modelling and Purification of Flavonoids from Citrus Medica Peel." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i4.13360.

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Soxhlet extraction technique is widely employed for the extraction and separation of chemical constituents in the medicinal plants. Citrus medica L commonly called as Citron belongs to family Rutaceae, is a slow-growing shrub. It is mainly cultivated for the production of edible fruits which are sour in taste like lime and lemon and the main content of a citron fruit is the thick rind, which is very adherent to the segments. From the phytochemical analysis the peel extract is rich source of phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids. The objective of present work is to develop a modelling equation for quercetin, rutin and kaempferol and the crude extract obtained by soxhlet extraction was further purified by solvent-solvent extraction and Column chromatography. Extraction was carried out by 80% methanol as a solvent Soxhlet extractor. Soxhlet extraction with methanol was carried out with varying time intervals, to evaluate modelling equation. The proposed modelling equation was Es = 0.0849(t) + 7.0286 for Quercetin and Es = 0.0912(t) + 25.971 for rutin, and Es = 0.0267(t) + 7.3714 for Kaempferol. High yield was obtained for 180min of Soxhlet extraction with 80% methanol. Yield of quercetin, rutin and kaempferol after solvent-solvent extraction and column chromatography was 22.6µg/ml, 43.7µg/ml and 10.8µg/ml respectively. The proposed model showed good agreement with the experimental data. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(4): 588-591
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28

Dunnivant, Frank M., and Alan W. Elzerman. "Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediments, Using Sonication Extraction and Capillary Column Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection with Internal Standard Calibration." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, no. 3 (May 1, 1988): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.3.551.

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Abstract A sonication technique is presented for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from sediments. In addition, a quantitation scheme is described which allows peak-specific and, in many cases, congener-specific determination of PCBs. PCBs are quantitated by capillary column gas chromatography-electron capture detection, with internal standard calibration. Results utilizing sonication extraction were compared with those obtained by Soxhlet and steam distillation extractions of 3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) quality control sediment samples and 3 lake sediments known to be contaminated with PCBs. Environmental lake sediments were extracted wet, with no drying prior to extraction. Recoveries by each technique varied depending on the sediment sample being extracted and degree of chlorination of PCB congeners. With proper selection of extraction solvent, the sonication technique can recover amounts of PCBs equivalent to and sometimes greater than recoveries by the Soxhlet or steam distillation techniques. A 24-h quiescent period in the extraction solvent between 2 sonications improved extraction efficiency for 2 freeze-dried sediments but did not affect results obtained for 3 environmentally contaminated sediments that were extracted without drying. Replacement of Soxhlet extraction with the sonication technique results in reduced sample preparation time, decreased volumes of solvents and sample, and substitution of common laboratory glassware in place of fragile, expensive Soxhlet glassware. Sonication extraction can also improve precision compared with Soxhlet extraction
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29

Ðurović-Pejčev, Rada D., Vojislava P. Bursić, and Tijana M. Zeremski. "Comparison of QuEChERS with Traditional Sample Preparation Methods in the Determination of Multiclass Pesticides in Soil." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0296.

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Abstract Background: The increased use of pesticides leads to permanent pollution of soil, and there is a need for continuous monitoring of these agrochemicals in soil. Objective: Three methods for the simultaneous determination of 12 pesticides belonging to eight chemical groups in soil samples were tested and compared based on analytical parameters. Methods: The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS); traditional solid–liquid extraction (SLE); and Soxhlet extraction were used for soil sample preparation, while detection and quantification of pesticides were performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The tested methods featured good sensitivity, and with the exception for carbofuran (Soxhlet method, LOD = 29 μg/kg), for the rest of the pesticides, the studied LODs were less than 12 μg/kg. Except for simazine and carbofuran, LODs obtained by Soxhlet extraction were lower than values obtained by other two methods, whereas QuEChERS gave lower LODs than the traditional SLE method for all compounds except atrazine and acetochlor. The recoveries obtained applying QuEChERS, traditional SLE, and Soxhlet methods for multiple analyses of soil samples fortified at 10, 75, and 200 μg/kg of each pesticide were in the ranges 54–103, 40–91, and 12–92%, respectively. Except for chlorothalonil, the highest recoveries were obtained by the QuEChERS method. Soxhlet was better than traditional SLE method for chlorothalonil, heptachlor, and aldrin; organophosphorus pesticides (fenitrothion and diazinon) and trifluralin, gave similar recoveries for both methods. All three methods were proven to be repeatable, with RSDs lower than 19%. Conclusions: Although all tested methods showed as satisfactory regarding most analytical parameters, QuEChERS method showed much better results in terms of confidence, indicating that traditional SLE and Soxhlet extraction still need improvements for determination of multiclass pesticides in soil samples.
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30

Surma-Zadora, M., K. Topolska, E. Cieślik, and K. Sieja. "The application of different methods for the determination of fat content in selected animal - origin products." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 4 (2011): 1851–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1104851s.

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The aim of the study was to assess the fat content in selected animal-origin products (ie. black pudding, luncheon, wiener, bacon) as well as certified reference material (MUVA RM700 Boiled Sausage) using two analytical methods. One of them was the fat extraction using a Soxhlet technique, and the other one - the extraction using carbon dioxide in supercritical state. Methods based on Soxhlet extraction have been and are at present used as reference. This conventional method is cheap and accurate, and this is why it has been the most used extraction technique worldwide for a number of decades. On the other hand some modern methods of fat determination are needed. Supercritical Fluid Extraction is quick, safe, and it eliminates any hazardous chemicals or solvents used in traditional extraction methods. For this purpose we used TFE 2000 fat analyzer (LECO Corporation). For the methods used the following validation parameters were determined: accuracy, precision, intermediate precision, correctness. The fat content in black pudding and luncheon meat ranged from 11.5 ? 4.5 g/100g (TFE) to 12.1 ? 0.0 g/100g (Soxhlet) and from 13.2 ? 0.5 g/100g (Soxhlet) to 13.8 ? 0.7 g/100g (TFE), respectively. For wiener samples we received values between 15.7 ? 0.4 g/100g (TFE) to 17.8 ? 0.1 g/100g (Soxhlet). The fat content in bacon samples ranged from 48.2 ? 2.5 g/100g (TFE) to 48.7 ? 0.7 g/100g (Soxhlet). The results received remain consistent with the values given in the Polish ?Food Composition Tables?. The application of the methods described above for the determination of fat content in animal - derived products is dependent ie.: on the purpose of analysis, the amount of fat in food product sample and the time for receiving the results.
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31

Nintasari, Rinne, and Djoko Purwanto. "Ekstraksi Zat Warna dari Kulit Kayu Galam (Melaleuca leucadendron Linn) dan Evaluasi dalam Pewarnaan Kain Satin (The Extraction of Natural Dyes from Galam (Melaleuca leucadendron Linn) Bark and The Evaluation on Satin Dye Application)." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v8i2.2197.

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Galam bark has not been widely used, it was only stacked and burned. Tree bark usually contains lignocellulose and natural dye. This study aimed to evaluate the application of galam bark for natural dyes on fabric. Galam bark was extracted using soxhlet and maceration methods, with time and solvent extraction variations. The obtained natural dye was used for dyeing using lime and alum for fixation. The results showed that the soxhlet extraction with water as the solvent for 5 hours produced dye with pH value 7 (neutral) and color sharpness 21 PtCo. The soxhlet extraction with water as the solvent for 7 hours produced dye with pH 5 (acid) and the highest color sharpness 68 PtCo. The most favorable color (value 3.3) was obtained from the soxhlet extraction technique with alum fixation. The highest color adsorption value (1.95%) was obtained from the lime fixation process. The natural dye extracted from Galam bark produced color sharpness, dyes and color absorption that had not met the expected result.Keywords: galam bark, extraction, dye, fabric dyeing
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32

Roslan, Nur Salsabila Ahmad, Seema Zareen, and Normaiza Zamri. "Comparative Studies of Chemical Constituents of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Using Different Extraction Techniques." Materials Science Forum 981 (March 2020): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.981.296.

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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis which belongs to the family Malvaceae, is a national flower of Malaysia. This glabrous tree can usually grow around 1 to 3 meters tall. The objective of present study was to categorize the essential oil constituent of flowers and leaves extract using different extraction method namely Soxhlet and hydrodistillation. The essential oil obtained from Soxhlet (10.75%) and hydrodistillation (11.40%) were subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for determination of bioactive compounds. The GC-MS analysis was carried out by Agilent 7980A series GC instrument and DB-1MS capillary column with the dimensions of 30 m × 0.25 mm. A total of 21 and 20 compounds were identified for Soxhlet and hyrodistillation technique, respectively. Major compound found in essential oil for Soxhlet apparatus method was (Z,Z,Z)-9-12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester (23.59%) while for hydrodistillation was 1-Methylene-2b-hydroxymethyl-3,3-dimethyl-4b-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-cyclohexane (16.57%). The presence of numerous bioactive compounds provides insights to the potential of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in pharmaceutical industry.
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Vidović, Senka, Siniša Simić, Aleksandra Gavarić, Milica Aćimović, and Jelena Vladić. "Extraction of sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) by supercritical carbon dioxide." Lekovite sirovine, no. 40 (2020): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/leksir2040022v.

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In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide was applied for the extraction of Artemisia annua L. Moreover, the impact of different parameters of supercritical extraction on total yield was investigated and the obtained yields were compared to the ones obtained by conventional procedures, hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction. Supercritical fluid extraction at 40 °C and different pressures (100, 200, and 300 bar) resulted in extraction yields that were in the 2.23-5.18 % range, while the yields at 60 °C and the same pressures were in the range 2.43-3.35 %. The yields obtained by the Soxhlet extraction and hydrodistillation were 10.28 % and 0.10 %, respectively. Although supercritical fluid extraction is inferior to Soxhlet extraction in terms of the recovery of lipophilic components of A. annua, the Soxhlet extraction is not the method of choice for obtaining sweet wormwood extracts due to its numerous disadvantages that include the use of toxic solvents, extended extraction time, health safety of the product, the need for further processing, the impossibility of adjusting the selectivity and thus the composition of the product.
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Negoita, Mioara, Adriana Laura Mihai, Alina Adascalului, Enuta Iorga, and Nastasia Belc. "Comparison of the Fatty Acid Composition of Peanut Butter by Applying Different Fat Extraction Procedures." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 11 (December 15, 2018): 3023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.11.6675.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of different fat extraction procedures on the fatty acids composition (FAs) of a NIST standard reference material, peanut butter (SRM�2387). Extraction of fat was made with petroleum ether by applying six extraction procedures: Soxhlet automatic with B�chi B-811 unit: Soxhlet standard (SS); Soxhlet warm (SW); Hot extraction (HE) and Continuous flow (CF), repeated extraction with solvent (SR) and Soxhlet traditional extraction (ST), by using a Soxhlet extractor. Identification of FAMEs was based on retention time (RT) and the ratio of characteristic ions (m/z) of the reference standards F.A.M.E. Mix C4-C24 and SRM�2377. FAMEs determination was realized by using internal standards (IS) and applying relative response factors (RRFi), and without IS by applying correction factors (Fi). Determination of FAMEs was performed on a GC-MS. Triglyceride of pentadecanoic acid (TAG-IS C15:0) was used as an IS to assess the analyte losses during FAMEs preparation steps, and tricosanoic acid methyl ester (FAME-IS C23:0) was used to evaluate the analyte losses on GC injection. Values of fat content and fatty acids composition determined by the 6 extraction procedures were compared with the NIST certified values of SRM�2387. All 4 procedures of extraction made with B�chi unit B-811 were effective in fat extraction and analysis of fatty acids composition compared to standard methods. Between the experimentally determined values and the certified values there were no significant differences.
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Gunawan, Setiyo, and Yi Hsu Ju. "Pemisahan squalene dan fatty acid sterol esters dari soybean oil deodorizer distillate." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 7, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2008.7.2.3.

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Depending on conditions in the refining process, soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) contains 42-51% free fatty acids (FFA) and 16-25% triacylglycerol (TAG). Bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, free phytosterols, fatty acid steryl esters (FASE) and squalene also make up a significant portion of SODD. The efficient removal of FFA and TAG is a crucial step in the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from SODD. In this work, a modified soxhlet extraction technique was developed and its optimal operation conditions were determined for the efficient removal of FFA and TAG from SODD. Starting with SODD that contains 3.53% FASE and 1.99% squalene, it was possible to obtain a fraction enriched with FASE (22.0%, recovery 91.3%) and squalene (8.63%, recovery 100%) by this modified soxhlet extraction under the following operation conditions: SODD/(silica gel) = 1/3 (w/w), extraction temperature = -6°C, number of extraction/h = 8.7. FFA remained in this FASE and squalene enriched fraction is 38.7% and there was no detectable TAG. The percentage removal of FFA and TAG for this FASE and squalene enriched fraction are 84.29% and 100%, respectively. The advantages of modified soxhlet extraction over open-column chromatography are that less solvent usage, larger sample size per batch and shorter operation time.Keywords: Fatty acid steryl ester; free fatty acid; modified soxhlet extraction; soybean oil deodorizer distillate; squalene; triacylglycerol AbstrakDalam proses pemurnian minyak kedelai, produk samping dari proses penghilangan bau (soybean oil deodorizer distillate, SODD) mengandung 42-52% free fatty acids (FFA) dan 18-28% triacylglycerols (TAG). Komponen bioaktif seperti tocopherols, free phytosterols, fatty acid steryl esters (FASE) dan squalene juga mempunyai kontribusi yang besar dalam komposisi SODD. Efisiensi penghilangan FFA dan TAG adalah langkah yang sangat penting dalam pemisahan dan pemurnian komponen bioaktif dari SODD. Dalam penelitian ini, modifikasi soxhlet ekstraksi telah ditemukan dan optimisasi kondisi operasi ditentukan berdasarkan efisiensi penghilangan FFA dan TAG dari SODD. Fraksi lemak non polar (nonpolar lipid fraction, NPLF) dengan kandungan FASE (22.0%, recovery 91.3%) dan squalene (8.63%, recovery 100%) telah diperoleh dengan menggunakan modifikasi soxhlet ektraksi dengan kondisi operasi: SODD/(silica gel) = 1/3 (w/w), dan suhu ekstraksi = -6°C. FFA dan TAG yang tersisa di NPLF secara berurutan adalah 38.7% dan 0%. Persentase penghilangan FFA dan TAG di NPLF secara berurutan adalah 84.29% and 100%. Keuntungan menggunakan modifikasi soxhlet ekstraksi dibandingkan dengan silica gel column chromatography adalah sedikitnya pelarut yang digunakan, besarnya sampel per unit batch yang digunakan, dan pendeknya waktu operasi.Kata kunci: Free fatty acid, fatty acid steryl ester, modifikasi soxhlet ekstraksi, soybean oil deodorizer distillate, squalene, triacylglycerols
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36

SINGLETON, G. A., and L. M. LAVKULICH. "USE OF ACETIC ACID IN SOXHLET WEATHERING PROCEDURES." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss87-054.

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Modified soxhlet extractors using 0.3 M acetic acid were used to leach parent material from a sandy soil. Three extractors were run at a low leaching rate of 2.2 L d−1 and three others at a high leaching rate of 4.3 L d−1 for a total of 8 wk. Soil residues, leachates, suspended sediments and adhered precipitates on the sides of the collection flasks were analyzed for basic cations and Fe, Al and Si. Leaching reduced original sample weights 2.1% and 6.0% for the low and high rates, respectively, and resulted in podzolic weathering for both treatments. Although the low and high leaching rates did not differ in their ability to remove Mg and Fe from the soil samples, the extract-ability of these elements was greater in residues for the low versus the high leaching-rate treatments. It was concluded that extractable measures may not always predict the teachability of elements. In conjunction with routine soil chemical analyses, this acetic acid procedure shows promise for predicting behavior of soil materials that are to be placed in podzolic soil environments where fluctuating water tables are present. Key words: Soxhlet, podzolization, soil weathering, leaching studies
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37

Luque-Garcı́a, J. L., and M. D. Luque de Castro. "Focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet extraction: devices and applications." Talanta 64, no. 3 (October 2004): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.03.054.

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38

SINGER, A. "QUARTZ SYNTHESIS BY SOXHLET LEACHING OF BASALTIC ROCK." Soil Science 150, no. 3 (September 1990): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199009000-00009.

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39

Thomas, David A., Tommi Virtanen, and Marilyn G. Wiebe. "Soxhlet extraction of mucic acid from fungal biomass." Separation Science and Technology 53, no. 6 (November 27, 2017): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2017.1407789.

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40

Scholsky, Kevin M., David A. Rittenhouse, and Stephen Woodward. "Cycle‐counting device for high‐pressure soxhlet extraction." Review of Scientific Instruments 64, no. 6 (June 1993): 1641–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144040.

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41

Suits, L. D., T. C. Sheahan, Jean-Pierre Bardet, and Joseandres Sanchez. "Soxhlet Extraction Determination of Composition of Synthetic Soils." Geotechnical Testing Journal 34, no. 3 (2011): 102751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj102751.

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42

Zhu, Bing Qing, Li Jing Lin, Ji Hua Li, Guo Ti Lv, and Mao Fang Huang. "Comparison of Four Different Extraction Methods of Oil from Macadamia integrifolia." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3382.

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Four different extraction methods, solvent extraction, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction, were used to extract oil from Macadamia integrifolia, which also named Macadamia nut oil. Fatty acid compositions of Macadamia nut oil were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the highest extraction rate was 74.63% via Soxhlet extraction, while supercritical CO2 extraction was 70.53%, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction was 57.19% and Solvent extraction was 50.37%. Six unsaturated fatty acids, including Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid, E-11-Hexadecenoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, E-9-Octadecenoic acid and 9-eicosenoate, were identified in the oil by GC-MS．The relative extraction rate of unsaturated fatty acids were 36.53%, 44.21%, 60.62%, 56.81%, respectively. Though the extraction rate was the highest via Soxhlet extraction, the relative content of Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid were both higher extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction than Soxhlet extraction, which were 15.38% and 1.55%,. As supercritical CO2 extraction has no solvent residual problem, it would be the trend of the development inSubscript text the future to extract Macadamia nut oil.
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43

Pham, Loc Thanh, and Thach Ngoc Le. "USING MICROWAVE-SOXHLET EXTRACTOR TO EXTRACT SOME NATURAL PRODUCTS." Science and Technology Development Journal 12, no. 7 (April 15, 2009): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i7.2264.

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Domestic microwave oven was modified into Soxhlet-Microwave Extractor for extracting of natural products. The study of its extracted capacity was realized on: - caffein from Camellia sinensis L., - stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Hemsl., - artermisinin from Artemisia annua L.; - rutine from Sophora japonica L.; - fruit oil from Illicium verum Hook. f.; - seed oil from Anethum graveolens L.. These extracted results were compared with the Soxhlet-conventional heating on the time, yield and quality.
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44

Siddique, Tariq, P. Michael Rutherford, Joselito M. Arocena, and Ronald W. Thring. "A proposed method for rapid and economical extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-075.

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Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) are common soil contaminants. A number of methods have been used to extract PHCs from soil prior to quantification by gas chromatography (GC). These methods often require long extraction times and expensive, specialized equipment. A shaking method was assessed for simple, rapid removal of PHCs from contaminated soils. Shaking spiked and aged contaminated soils for 4 h with acetone:hexane (1:1) at a soil:solvent ratio of 1:30 (g:mL) recovered 74 to 108% of PHC, compared with a Soxhlet extraction, yielding a good correlation (4 h = −93.7 + 0.99 Soxhlet r = 0.99, P < 0.001). Preliminary results show that this 4-h procedure has potential for the quick, inexpensive extraction of PHCs from contaminated soils. Key words: Petroleum hydrocarbons, soil analysis, extraction method, gas chromatography, Soxhlet extraction
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45

Ismail, Jefriyanto, Max R. J. Runtuwene, and Feti Fatimah. "PENENTUAN TOTAL FENOLIK DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA BIJI DAN KULIT BUAH PINANG YAKI (Areca vestiaria Giseke)." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.12.2.2012.557.

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PENENTUAN TOTAL FENOLIK DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA BIJI DAN KULIT BUAH PINANG YAKI (Areca vestiaria Giseke)ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menentukan kandungan total fenolik dan menguji aktivitas antioksidan pada biji dan kulit buah pinang yaki. Ekstrak biji dan kulit buah pinang yaki diperoleh dengan maserasi tanpa sokletasi dan maserasi setelah sokletasi. Total fenolik diuji dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dan uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, kandungan total fenolik Maserasi Biji Setelah Sokletasi, Maserasi Kulit Setelah Sokletasi berturut-turut memiliki nilai sebagai berikut : 85,92 mg/kg, 3,16 mg/kg. sedangkan aktivitas antioksidan Maserasi Biji Setelah Sokletasi, Maserasi Kulit Setelah Sokletasi berturut-turut memiliki nilai sebagai berikut : 88,16%, 54,11%. Kata kunci : Antioksidan, Areca vestiaria Giseke, DPPH, Total Fenolik TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE SEED AND SKIN OF PINANG YAKI (Areca vestiaria Giseke) FRUITS ABSTRACT This research has been conducted to measure the total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the seed and skin of pinang yaki fruits. The samples of the seed and skin were prepared separetely by maceration and soxhlet extraction followed by maceration. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to measure the total phenolic compounds of while DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil) method was used to measure the antioxidant activity. The total phenolic compounds of the seed by soxhlet extraction followed by maceration, skin by soxhlet extraction followed by maceration and were 85,92 mg/kg, 3,16 mg/kg respectively. The antioxidant activity of the seed by soxhlet extraction followed by maceration, skin by soxhlet extraction followed by maceration and were 88,16%, 54,11% respectively. Keywords : Antioksidant, Areca vestiaria Giseke, DPPH, Total Phenolic Compounds
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46

V. Le, Anh, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, and Paul D. Roach. "Physicochemical Properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) Seeds and Their Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Methods." Technologies 6, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies6040094.

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Gac seeds are high in oil, but there are few studies on its extraction and characteristics. This study aimed to characterise Gac seeds and investigate the physicochemical properties of Gac seed oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and hexane (Soxhlet). The Gac seed kernel accounted for 66.4 ± 2.7% of the seed weight, and 53.02 ± 1.27% of it was oil. The SC-CO2 oil had a higher quality than the Soxhlet oil for important criteria, such as peroxide (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 1.80 ± 0.01 meq O2/kg oil), free fatty acid (1.74 ± 0.12 vs. 2.47 ± 0.09 mg KOH/g oil) and unsaponifiable matter (33.2 ± 1.5 vs. 52.6 ± 2.4 g/kg) values, respectively. It also had a better colour (light yellow vs. dark greenish brown) and a higher antioxidant capacity measured with the DPPH (52.69 ± 0.06 vs. 42.98 ± 0.02 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) and ABTS (2.10 ± 0.12 vs. 1.52 ± 0.06 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) assays. However, a higher yield (53.02 ± 1.27 vs. 34.1 ± 0.8%) was obtained for the Soxhlet oil. Unless refined, the oils would not be edible due to their high unsaponifiable matter, but the SC-CO2 oil would need less refining. Alternatively, the high unsaponifiable matter in the oil, especially in the Soxhlet oil, may make it useful for medicinal purposes.
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47

Ghosh, Probir Kumar, Paramita Bhattacharjee, Souvik Mitra, and Mousumi Poddar-Sarkar. "Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analyses of Copra and Oil ofCocos nuciferaL. (West Coast TallVariety)." International Journal of Food Science 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/310852.

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Coconut copra fromWest coast tallvariety, cultivated in Kerala, India, was subjected to aqueous and solvent extractions (usingn-hexane). Additionally, oil was extracted from the copra in Soxhlet assembly using petroleum ether (b.p. 60–80°C). Physicochemical and phytochemical analyses were conducted for the extracts and the oil, with commercial coconut oil as the experimental control. The physicochemical analyses showed that the aqueous extract of copra was milky-white in color with a sweet odor, while the solvent extract was pale yellow and odorless. The commercial oil had0.08±0.02% oleic acid and a TOTOX value of7.73±0.78, lower than the Soxhlet extracted oil. Among all the extracts and oils, best phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity (DPPH activity, IC50value0.04±0.01 mg/mL), total phenol (0.96±0.04 mg gallic acid eq./g dry copra), reducing power (40.49±1.84 mg BHT eq./g dry copra), and anti-inflammatory activity (NO activity, IC50 value0.77±0.06 mg/mL) were obtained in the commercial coconut oil, followed by the Soxhlet extracted oil, aqueous extract, and solvent extract. Fatty acid composition analyses showed mainly medium chain fatty acids in the copra oil with lauric acid as the predominant fatty acid (51.88% and 44.84% in Soxhlet extracted and commercial oils, resp.).
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48

Bi, Wen Yan, Hong Yang, Juan Miao, Yu Gui Zhang, and Jian Feng Wan. "Research on Solvent Extraction Process of Coal for Direct Carbon Fuel Cells." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.862.

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Two different extraction methods, microwave extraction and traditional soxhlet extraction, were used to evaluate the optimal extraction process of coal for direct carbon fuel cells through enrichment efficiency of the organic components and extraction time required under the same extraction rate. The experimental results showed that the extraction rate of microwave extraction was 9.7368% when adopted tectonic coal of 8th coal mine as sample, selected 80mL pyridine as solvent, set 95W as microwave power and 3min as extraction time. Under the same extraction rate condition, soxhlet extraction time is 35.73h, and the extraction efficiency of the microwave extraction was 714.6 times that of the soxhlet extraction. The microwave extraction was a simplify and promising working for coal, which was used as raw fuel for direct carbon fuel cells, with fast extraction speed, large sample capacity, energy saving and environmental friendly.
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49

Rohmah, Jamilatur, Ida Agustini Saidi, Luthfiyah Rofidah, Fia Novitasari, and Frida Amelia Margareta. "Phytochemical Screening of White Turi (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) Leaves Extract in Various Extraction Methods." Medicra (Journal of Medical Laboratory Science/Technology) 4, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/medicra.v4i1.1395.

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One of the Fabaceae family that has potential as medicinal plant is the white Turi plant (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.).The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites which can be extracted using a various extraction methods.The extraction method used are digestion, percolation, reflux, soxhlet, infusion, and decoction extraction. The Turi plants used come from Mojosari, Mojokerto.The results of the initial phytochemical screening of white Turi leaf extract (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) Were extracts in six extraction methods containing alkaloids, saponins and tannins.In extracts using the digestion, soxhlet, and reflux method containing steroids.Meanwhile, the four extracts from the digestion, percolation, soxhlet, and reflux methods contain phenolic.And the infusion and decoction method extracts containing flavonoids and triterpenoids. The similarity of the phytochemical test results for each extract but with different intensity results.
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50

Yang, Hong, Wen Yan Bi, Hou Xiang Chen, and Yu Gui Zhang. "Contrastive Studies of Coal between Direct Ultrasonic Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.616.

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Abstract:
To compare the extraction rate of the organic components of coal between direct ultrasonic extraction and traditional soxhlet extraction, samples were selected from tectonic coal and original bituminous coal in Pingdingshan 8th coal mine and 5th coal mine. Compared the extraction time of two different extraction methods under the same extraction rate, the experimental results showed that the direct ultrasonic extraction rate was 3.6942% under the condition that coal was 8th coal mine tectonic coal, solvent was pyridine, extraction time was 6min and solvent volume was 60mL, while soxhlet extraction time was 14.59h in the same extraction rate. The extraction efficiency of the direct ultrasonic extraction was 145.9 times that of the soxhlet extraction. The ultrasonic extraction was a simplify working with fast extraction speed, sample capacity, energy saving, economy and environmental friendly. It also didn’t require heating which could avoid the influence of high-temperature on components extracted.
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