To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Soybean – Diseases and pests – Zimbabwe.
Journal articles on the topic 'Soybean – Diseases and pests – Zimbabwe'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Soybean – Diseases and pests – Zimbabwe.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Hobbs, Houston A., Theresa K. Herman, Tara L. Slaminko, Yi Wang, Binh T. Nguyen, Nancy K. McCoppin, Leslie L. Domier, and Glen L. Hartman. "Occurrences of Soybean Viruses, Fungal Diseases, and Pests in Illinois Soybean Rust Sentinel Plots." Plant Health Progress 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-0827-01-br.
Full textAbstract:
After soybean rust was confirmed in soybean in the USA, sentinel plots were established in 26 states to monitor its spread. Funding for establishing, sampling, and monitoring the plots came from the USDA, national, regional, and state soybean commodity boards, and state departments of agriculture, extension services, and universities. The presence of sentinel plots for soybean rust monitoring provided the potential for reducing the time and expense of extensive statewide travel for collection of soybean leaf samples for monitoring the incidence of other foliar diseases of soybean in Illinois. Accepted for publication 27 July 2010. Published 27 August 2010.
2
Krut, M. "Innovations on scientific support of grain crop breeding for resistance to diseases and pests." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 66 (December 24, 2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2020.66.137-145.
Full textAbstract:
Goal. Database formation of innovations in the scientific provision of breeding crops for resistance to pathogens and pests — grounds for creating sustainable varieties.
Methods. Analysis of innovative development of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and other institutions of the Scientific and Methodological Center «Protection of Plants» for 2001—2020. Isolation of those relating to the problem of grain crops’ resistance to pests and pathogens.
Results. Methods of selection of wheat and barley for resistance to basic pathogens of diseases and methodology for assessing the stability of winter wheat stability to pests to create complex resistant varieties are developed. A database for the resistance of corn hybrids against main pests was created. Methods of determining the stability of grain crops to high and low temperatures are developed. A collection of samples of wild relative of wheat Aegilops biuncialis L. that are sources of new genes for plant resistance to diseases and pests was created. Genes of resistance of soft winter wheat to diseases by DNA markers have been identified. A set of varieties of winter wheat with group and complex resistance to diseases and pests has been formed. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of soybean resistance to pathogens of diseases are established. Collection of soybean lines is created on the basis of complex resistance to white rot and anthracnosis. The varieties and selection numbers of spring barley, oats, resistant to basic diseases, as well as rice varieties that are resistant to pathogens of diseases and pests were identified. Resistance to viral diseases has been found in barley plants.
Conclusions. The established innovations can be widely used by breeding centers and other scientific institutions of the agrarian profile when of output sustainable grain and leguminous grain crops. In this case, the timing of the selection process can be accelerated by 40—60%.
3
Prayogo, Y., MSYI Bayu, GWA Susanto, and SW Indiati. "Impact of biopesticide inundation on the diversity of soybean pests and diseases." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 743, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/743/1/012003.
Full text
4
Katsaruware-Chapoto, Rumbidzai Debra, Paramu L. Mafongoya, and Augustine Gubba. "Farmer Knowledge of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in the Management of Vegetable Insect Pests in Zimbabwe." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p194.
Full textAbstract:
Farmer knowledge of insect pests’ risks in a changing climate is important in managing insect pests’ incidence. A total of 250 vegetable farmers from 5 wards in Zimbabwe were sampled using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge on climate change risk, its impact on vegetable insects pests and management strategies to reduce the increased incidence of insect pests. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were also used. Droughts and elevated temperatures were perceived to have the greatest impact on vegetable insect pests resulting in their increased incidence. Aphids, cutworms and whiteflies were identified among the major pests that have increased. The majority (53%) of the farmers cited high vegetable losses from insect pests attack. All the respondents (100%) revealed the use of chemical insecticides during production of vegetables. A higher proportion (60%) perceived effective control, 34% perceived reduced efficacy and 6% were not sure of effectiveness of chemical insecticides. Management strategies to cope with the increasing insect pests and diseases on vegetable production also included planting insect resistant cultivars, certified seeds, increased frequency of application of synthetic insecticides, insecticide mixtures, use of more hazardous chemical insecticides and increasing the rates of application resulting in insecticide overuse. There is need for government to facilitate development and adoption of Integrated Insect Pest Management (IIPM) and raise awareness on avoiding overdependence on chemical insecticides. Modelling tools that support adaptation planning needs to be developed to forecast climate change risk and the resultant incidence of insect pests.
5
Nkomo, Gabriel Vusanimuzi, MM Sedibe, and MA Mofokeng'. "Farmers’ production constraints, perceptions and preferences of cowpeas in Buhera district, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 20, no. 06 (October 31, 2020): 16832–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.94.19795.
Full textAbstract:
Many smallholder farmers face crop production constraints, especially under rapidly changing climatic conditions. A survey was carried out to assess farmers’ production constraints, traits, and preferred cowpea varieties. A semi-structured questionnaire was used in a survey of Buhera District, Zimbabwe, in March and April of 2018. Women farmers dominated the survey as they were 52% of the surveyed population, while men occupied 48% of the total population. Eighty-three percent of farmers cited the shortage, unavailability, and cost of fertiliser. Sixteen per cent of farmers acknowledged that they do not have access to quality seeds, and 1% cited labour as the major constraint in cowpea production. Cowpea yield varied from 100 to 500 kg/ha. However, 48% of farmers harvested 200 kg/ha.As for abiotic factors, farmers ranked heat (86%), drought (10%), and soil fertility (4%) as the most important abiotic factors.Ninety-one percent of farmers ranked rust as the most destructive disease, while 2% ranked storage rot, 1% ranked anthracnose, and 1% ranked downy mildew. Eighty-one percent of farmers cited aphids as the main pests, while 3% ranked thrips, 3% ranked legume borers, and 2% ranked pod borers as other pests.Fifty-two percent of farmers preferred varieties that are resistant to diseases such as rust, whereas 48% were not concerned about diseases.As for qualitative traits, 50% of farmers had no specific colour preference, 32% preferred white colour, 14% preferred brown colour, 3% preferred red colour, and 1% preferred tan colour. For quantitative traits, such as grain size, pod size, plant height, and head size, the preferences of farmers varied. Ninety-nine percent of the farmers interviewed preferred cowpea varieties that are bred for drought tolerance, as Buhera District is frequented by intermittent droughts. Farmers’ experience in growing cowpeas ranged from 5 to 30 years. The top ranked accessions were CBC1, IT 18, and Chibundi Chitsvuku,while the least ranked was Kangorongondo. Identified constraints to cowpea farming included lack of education,insect pests, diseases, drought, weeds, harvesting difficulties and a lack of agriculture extension advice. The survey showed that there is a need to breed for biotic factors such as pests and diseases and abiotic factors such as drought and moisture stress.
6
CAMARGO, LENIO CESAR MORAES DE, DANILO DE BRITO GARCIA, OTÁVIO JORGE GRÍGOLI ABI SAAB, AMARILDO PASINI, DANILO AUGUSTO SARTI, and CARLOS TADEU DOS SANTOS DIAS. "INSECTICIDE APPLICATION SPEED IN THE CONTROL OF LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS IN SOYBEAN1." Revista Caatinga 33, no. 1 (March 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n108rc.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT During the chemical control of pests, diseases and weeds, great importance is given to the phytosanitary product and little attention to the application technology. The control of soybean pests did not escape the general rule and, therefore, some pests known as secondary, and even nonexistent, became responsible for great damage to the soybean crop. The objective of this work was to test the application of insecticide at different speeds (5 and 16 km h-1) by varying the rates of application in 108 to 110 and 199 to 216 L ha-1 to quantify the difference in the coverage percentage of the applied insecticide in the canopy of soybean plants, and to verify the interaction of these factors with efficacy parameters for the control of caterpillars (Helicoverpa armigera and Chrysodeixis includens). In general, the highest leaf coverage by the insecticide was observed in the upper part of the canopy, regardless of the rate and speed of application, resulting in lower leaf damage. For the middle and lower thirds of the plant, the decrease in speed influenced more the decrease in leaf damage by the caterpillars than the increase in the spray volume.
7
Engelbrecht, Gerhard, Sarina Claassens, Charlotte M. S. Mienie, and Hendrika Fourie. "South Africa: An Important Soybean Producer in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Quest for Managing Nematode Pests of the Crop." Agriculture 10, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060242.
Full textAbstract:
With an increase in the global population, a protein-rich crop like soybean can help manage food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The expansion of soybean production in recent years lead to increased land requirements for growing the crop and the increased risk of exposing this valuable crop to various pests and diseases. Of these pests, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN), especially Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp., are of great concern. The increase in the population densities of these nematodes can cause significant damage to soybean. Furthermore, the use of crop rotation and cultivars (cvs.) with genetic resistance traits might not be effective for Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus control. This review builds on a previous study and focuses on the current nematode threat facing local soybean production, while probing into possible biological control options that still need to be studied in more detail. As soybean is produced on a global scale, the information generated by local and international researchers is needed. This will address the problem of the current global food demand, which is a matter of pressing importance for developing countries, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa.
8
Zadorozhnyi, V. S., V. V. Karasevych, S. M. Svytko, A. V. Labunets, and A. V. Kniaziuk. "Effectiveness of bio-agents in soybean." Feeds and Feed Production, no. 87 (June 7, 2019): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/kormovyrobnytstvo201987-11.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of the scientific research (2016—2018), it was established that in the conditions of the right-bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine it is appropriate to treat seeds with the agents Microhumin (200 mg per hectare seeding rate) + Biophosphorin (1.5 l/t) and spray crops with Gaupsin (4.0 l/ha) in the budding phase or treat seeds with Rhizobophite (2.0 l per hectare seeding rate) + Phytodoctor (1.0 l/t) and spray crops with Triсhodermine (2.0 l/ha), which ensures the rate of preserved soybean yield by 13—14 %, to improve mineral nutrition of soybean plants with nitrogen and phosphorus on gray forest soils and complex biological control of crops against major diseases, e.g. Peronospora manshurica Sydow., Septoria glycines T. Hemmi, Ascochyta sojaecola Abramov., and pests, e.g. Etiella zinckenella Tr., Adelphocoris linearolatus Goeze.
9
Whalen, Joann K., Shiv O. Prasher, and Hicham Benslim. "Monitoring corn and soybean agroecosystems after establishing no-tillage practices in Québec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06023.
Full textAbstract:
The conversion to no-tillage (NT) may seem risky to some producers who rely on tillage to control weeds, some insect pests and disease-causing pathogens that can reduce crop yield. Weeds, arthropods, and disease incidence were monitored in silage corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) agroecosystems with CT and newly established NT plots in Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec. During the first 2 establishment years, there were more annual grass and fewer annual broadleaf weeds in NT than in CT plots, but the surface area covered by weeds (broadleaf,grasses and perennials) was greater in CT than NT plots. Foliar arthropods were more numerous in soybean than corn plots in both years, but were unaffected by tillage. There were more ground-dwelling generalist predators, especially Coleoptera and Carabidae, in CT than NT plots, while spiders and harvestmen (Araneae and Opiliones) were dominant in NT plots. Crop damage from insect pests and diseases was below economic thresholds, but 5 yr of yield monitoring (2000–2004) revealed a trend of greater silage corn and soybean yields in CT than NT plots. The reduction in crop yield after establishing NT practices at this site was probably due to rooting constraints from inadequate seedbed preparation in the NT system, rather than from weed competition, insect damage or crop diseases. Key words: Arthropods, crop disease, silage corn, soybean, tillage, weed control
10
Krut’, M. V. "An overview of innovative developments from the scientific provision of plant selection to resistance to diseases and pests." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 5, no. 1 (2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0154.
Full textAbstract:
The Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS developed methods of plant selection for resistance to major pathogens and assessment methodology the resistance of winter wheat, potatoes, clover and alfalfa to pests to create complex resistant varieties. Donors of potato resistance to cancer, Alternaria, Phomosis and cyst-forming nematodes were identified. Methods for determining the resistance of cereals to high and low temperatures were developed. A collection of the Aegilops biuncialis L. wild wheat samples as sources of new resistance genes to plant diseases and pests was compiled. The soft winter wheat resistance genes to diseases by DNA markers were identified at the Institute of Plant Production named after V. Ya. Yuriev. The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat formed a set of winter wheat cultivars with group and complex resistance to diseases and pests. The Institute of Oilseed Crops of NAAS established physiological and biochemical mechanisms of resistance of sunflower, soybean, crown flax to pathogens. Collections of sunflower lines based on complex resistance to sunflower broomrape, dry rot, downy mildew and soybean lines based on complex resistance to white rot and Anthracnose were also created. In the National Scientific Center "Institute of Agriculture of NAAS", the fodder lupine resistance to the most important pathogens was investi-gated. The Institute of Agriculture in the Carpathian Region of NAAS revealed the spring barley, oat, rape, fiber flax varieties and selection numbers resistant to basic diseases; and the Institute of Rice of NAAS – rice cultivars resistant to diseases and pest pathogens. The resistance to main phytophagous insects of the modern genotypes of hemp, fiber flax and crown flax was assessed by the Institute of Agriculture of the North-East of NAAS. The assessment method of breeding value for the initial material of the main vegetables on the basis of disease resistance was developed by the Institute of Vegetables and Melons Growing of NAAS. Scientists of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS and V. M. RemesloMyronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS revealed the cucumber and barley resistance to viral diseases. Key words: crops, pests, pathogens, resistance, resistance gene, resistance source.
11
Maciel, Rodrigo Mendes Antunes, Junio Tavares Amaro, Fernanda Caroline Colombo, Pedro Manuel Oliveira Janeiro Neves, and Adeney de Freitas Bueno. "Mixture compatibility of ChinNPV baculovirus with herbicides and fungicides used in soybean." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 5 (July 2, 2021): 2629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n5p2629.
Full textAbstract:
Chrysodeixis includens Walker, 1858 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), commonly known as soybean looper, is one of the main pests that reduces soybean yield due to its defoliation capacity. Population outbreaks of this pest can occur in the vegetative stage of the crop, together with the occurrence of weeds or in the reproductive stage, at the same time as that of diseases. This often requires the use of pesticides against pests and weeds, or fungi at the same time. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of baculovirus ChinNPV with different synthetic chemical herbicides and fungicides used in soybean. Four bioassays were carried out, with or without the addition of ChinNPV to different herbicides and fungicides. The artificial diets were immersed in the solutions of the pesticides and their mixture and supplied to the caterpillars of C. includens, immediately and after one and two hours of mixing. The evaluation was performed by quantifying the number of dead caterpillars. The results showed that the ChinNPV baculovirus is compatible for mixing with all studied herbicides and fungicides, even after two hours of mixing. In all the studied scenarios, baculovirus mixed with chemical pesticides triggered the same mortality as sprayed with baculovirus alone, and values of over 80% mortality of C. includens have always been recorded.
12
Gambiza. "Permaculture: Challenges and benefits in improving rural livelihoods in South Africa and Zimbabwe." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082219.
Full textAbstract:
Feeding a growing global population using conventional agricultural practices is leading toadverse environmental impacts. There is a call for alternative forms of agriculture that address social,economic, and environmental aspects of sustainability. Permaculture is a holistic design frameworkthat incorporates sustainable agricultural practices, potentially improving livelihoods. This studylooked at the challenges and benefits of permaculture in improving rural livelihoods in Zimbabweand South Africa. We used semi-structured interviews to collect data. Permaculture contributed over40% to total income for participants in both countries. However, permaculture was not the dominantsource of income and periodically straddled multiple livelihood strategies. The main benefits ofpermaculture were identified as improved human health, increased resilience to environmentalchanges, and reduction of input costs. The key challenges included high labour input, infestationof pests and diseases, and lack of knowledge on permaculture practices. Although permaculturepresents significant challenges, its integration with other forms of sustainable agricultural practicescan contribute to improved rural livelihoods.
13
OERKE, E. C. "Crop losses to pests." Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 1 (December 9, 2005): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005708.
Full textAbstract:
Productivity of crops grown for human consumption is at risk due to the incidence of pests, especially weeds, pathogens and animal pests. Crop losses due to these harmful organisms can be substantial and may be prevented, or reduced, by crop protection measures. An overview is given on different types of crop losses as well as on various methods of pest control developed during the last century.Estimates on potential and actual losses despite the current crop protection practices are given for wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton for the period 2001–03 on a regional basis (19 regions) as well as for the global total. Among crops, the total global potential loss due to pests varied from about 50% in wheat to more than 80% in cotton production. The responses are estimated as losses of 26–29% for soybean, wheat and cotton, and 31, 37 and 40% for maize, rice and potatoes, respectively. Overall, weeds produced the highest potential loss (34%), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16%). The efficacy of crop protection was higher in cash crops than in food crops. Weed control can be managed mechanically or chemically, therefore worldwide efficacy was considerably higher than for the control of animal pests or diseases, which rely heavily on synthetic chemicals. Regional differences in efficacy are outlined. Despite a clear increase in pesticide use, crop losses have not significantly decreased during the last 40 years. However, pesticide use has enabled farmers to modify production systems and to increase crop productivity without sustaining the higher losses likely to occur from an increased susceptibility to the damaging effect of pests.The concept of integrated pest/crop management includes a threshold concept for the application of pest control measures and reduction in the amount/frequency of pesticides applied to an economically and ecologically acceptable level. Often minor crop losses are economically acceptable; however, an increase in crop productivity without adequate crop protection does not make sense, because an increase in attainable yields is often associated with an increased vulnerability to damage inflicted by pests.
14
Lutfi, Muhamad, Purnama Hidayat, and Nina Maryana. "Correlation between Epidermis Thickness, Leaf Trichome Length and Density with the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Population on Five Local Soybean Cultivars." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 23, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.34498.
Full textAbstract:
Soybeans compsumsion in Indonesia is about 2.7 million ton, while the national production is only about 0.7 million ton per year. There are some problems in the soybean production in Indonesia, including pests and diseases. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the important pests in soybeans causes a significant loss of yields. Developing soybean cultivars resistant to whitefly is one of method to reduce the production loss. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the physical characteristics of lower surface leaves and B. tabaci population on five local soybean cultivars. The experiments were conducted in the IPB greenhouse by Completely Randomized Design (RCD) using five soybean cultivars (Anjasmoro, Dena-1, Detam-3, Devon-1, and Wilis) with 3 replicates. Three plants of each cultivar were planted in a polybag, put under a cage, and after one week then infested with 5 female whiteflies. The parameters observed in this study were leaf epidermal thickness; density and length of trichome on lower leaf surface; and the number of egg, nymph, and adult of the whitefly. Observations were carried out every week, from 1−7 weeks after the plant was infested with the whitefly. The population of whitefly was affected by trichome density and length, as well as by the epidermal thickness of the lower leaf surface. The infestation of B. tabaci was higher in the soybean cultivars with denser and longer leaf trichomes, and thinner epidermal of the lower leaf surface. This result of this research suggests that it is necessary to include the characteristics of leaf trichome and epidermal thickness in the breeding program to produce soybean cultivars that are superior in productivity and resistant to whitefly.
15
Omarov, F., A. Aytemirov, M. Magomedova, and U. Magomedov. "Quality of soybean seeds depending on herbicides applied to various plant grounding." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/39/20.
Full textAbstract:
On meadow–chestnut soils of Dagestan, in irrigated conditions, in a multifactorial experience, the dependence of the quality characteristics of soybean seeds on sowing methods, seeding rates and the systematic use of herbicides has been studied. It was established that physical qualities of seeds were better on variants with the use of herbicides treflan and permethrin, in pure form and in a mixture. A decrease in the physical qualities of soybean seeds is observed during the transition to more thickened, narrow–row seeding. Systemic use of herbicides: bazagran on the background treflan + prometrin increases germination energy, laboratory and field. On the same background of herbicides in thickened crops, these figures are significantly reduced. The herbicides tested did not affect the damage to seeds by pests and diseases and did not have a significant negative effect on the accumulation of protein in soybean seeds.
16
Kershanskaya, Olga Ivanovna, Darya Sergeevna Nelidova, Gulvira Lemesovna Yessenbaeva, and Sergey Nikolaevich Nelidov. "Improving crops genome through genetic engineering of the key metabolic pathways." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (August 24, 2020): e52272. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.52272.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean loss due to pests and pathogens is a serious problem worldwide. Soybean producers have few options to manage diseases caused by general pathogens where major genes for full resistance have not been discovered. The innate defense of soybean plants could be enhanced by improving content and composition of lignin by genetic engineering of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We used a novel technique of germ-line genetic transformation of soybean plants via natural pollen tubes as vectors. This technique uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to mediate transfer of genes of interest to the zygote to introduce the key lignification genes (PtMYB4, PAL5, F5H, CAD1) into soybean genome. We observed 5.6% average transformation efficiency in the first generation of transgenic plants and in the second generation the presence of the transgene constructs was confirmed in more than 50% (for CsVMV/PtMYB4sens, 35SVTM/PAL5, C4H/F5H, CsVMV/CAD1 constructs) transgenic soybean lines. We confirmed the expression of the introduced genes at transcriptional level using RT-PCR and Northern blot. Functional analysis using lignin content determination and the activity of PAL5 and CAD1 enzymes demonstrated that the transgenes perform their function in planta. The proposed technique is effective and inexpensive and can be used to create novel stress and disease resistant soybean genotypes.
17
Prasetiaswati, Nila, Dian Adi Anggraeni Elisabeth, Ruly Krisdiana, and Fachrur Rozi. "Farmers’ preference on the characteristics of improved variety and prospective lines of soybean seed in acidic dry-land (a case study in South Kalimantan and East Lampung)." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602004.
Full textAbstract:
National soybean consumption in 2018 was not in balance with its production. One of factors affecting soybean production is location-specific improved varieties utilization. The research aimed to identify farmers’ considerations in responding improved soybean varieties and prospective lines. The research was conducted in KP Taman Bogo, East Lampung and BP3T at Tambak Ulang, South Kalimantan. Data collected presented into tables. A descriptive analysis used by calculating means and percentage value. The results showed that crop height, seed shape, drought resistance, and fall resistance were the dominant considerations for East Lampung farmers. South Kalimantan farmers chose growth type, flowering age, harvest age, pod color, non-breaking pod, leaf shape, seed color, wilting symptoms, pests and diseases resistance, fall resistance, and ease of sale variables. Of the ten lines and four Iletri’s improved soybean varieties, East Lampung farmers chose Grobogan for crop phisycal performance as priority I (37.9%) and II Tgm/933 (24,2%); while South Kalimantan farmers chose Tanggamus (23.3%), Tgm/Anj-910 (26,7%) and Tgm/Anj-933 lines (30%). For seed characteristics, 51.7% of East Lampung farmers chose Grobogan as priority I, while South Kalimantan farmers chose Tgm/Anj-931 line (30.0%). It is expected that by selecting location-specific improved varieties, farmers can increase soybean production, thereby increasing their income.
18
Adegbite, Ayodele. "Screening of edible soybean varieties for resistance to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, under field conditions." Nematology 9, no. 5 (2007): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854107782024848.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn spite of the economic potential of edible soybean, the crop is attacked by pests and diseases, including the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, which is the most troublesome plant-parasitic nematode in the tropics. Field studies were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to assess the reaction of 34 varieties of soybean for resistance to natural infestation of M. incognita. Ten weeks after planting, ten randomly selected plants were observed for root galls and nodules. Plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, 100 seed weight and yield were also recorded. Root galling varied significantly among soybean varieties. Root galling correlated negatively with number of pods and leaves; however, there was positive correlation between root gall and stem girth when all 34 varieties were considered. Of the 34 varieties, TGM 344, TGM 1784 and TGX 1448-2E were the most resistant with reproduction factors of 0.54, 0.56 and 0.54, respectively. Ten varieties exhibited tolerance, four were hyper-susceptible while the rest were susceptible to root-knot nematode.
19
Neto, Sebastião Soares de Oliveira, Jesion Geibel da Silva Nunes, Murilo de Souza, and Juliano Carlos Calonego. "Soybean Crop: A Review on the Biotechnological Advances and Expectation for Modern Cultivars." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i1.15777.
Full textAbstract:
The soybean crop is extremely important for Brazilian agribusiness, generating millions of dollars in the country’s exports. Since its introduction in Brazil, soybean has undergone a process of technological modernization, receiving in the recent year’s new technologies that have provided a revolution in the production system, increasing mainly grain yield, as well as facilitated phytosanitary managements (pests, diseases, and weeds) and edaphoclimatic adaptation. Brazilian soybean producers yearn for new genotypes that make it easier to manage the crop and reduce input expenditures. New technologies are emerging or being improved to meet this demand. This review explores the technologies that are already available to soybean producers, inserted by the molecular breeding, such as Inox, Intacta, Cultivance, Libert Link and Enlist E3. It also brings the news that will be available to the market in a few years, such as Intacta 2 Xtend, Hb4, and other technologies to increase phenotyping and genotyping in breeding programs and insertion of characteristics to increase plant efficiency. Biotechnology is advancing at a frenetic pace and year after year, new techniques and tools are being made available for breeding programs around the world, which result in the production of new productive cultivars, conventional or transgenic, that are resistant to abiotic and biotic factors.
20
Thu Hien, Le Thi, Pham Le Bich Hang, Nguyen Tuong Van, Le Thi Minh Thanh, Dao Thi Hang, Nguyen Hai Ha, Ha Hong Hanh, et al. "Research and development of genetically engineered soybean using insect-resistance genes derived from Bacillus thuringiensis." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 1 (July 11, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/1/15257.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the crops which have high economic value and serve for food, feed and process of many countries around the world. However, there are many factors affecting the productivity of soybean, of which insect pests and diseases are the most harmful agents. Therefore, an application of biotechnology to transfer insect resistance genes derived from a species of bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis can contribute to increase soybean yield and significantly reducing pesticide use. Currently, there are many insecticidal proteins detected from B. thuringiensis such as Cry, Cyt and Vip with a broad and specific spectrum belonged to several orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Homopera, and Nematoda. Numerous studies have been implemented over the world to transfer genes encoding these proteins in combination or modified forms to increase their toxicity. Several events of genetically engineered soybean with stacked traits of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance are commercialized and approved to be cultured in many countries such as MON 87701 × MON 89788 or DAS-81419-2. In Vietnam, studies on genetically engineered soybean with insect resistance trait has been carried out. Moreover, the exploitation, screening and selection of high biodiversity and indigenous B. thuringiensis strains which habors specific genes capable of killing targeted insects and serve as materials for plant transformation are great scientific meaning and potential practical application. This will be an important source of materials to create many soybean cultivars with good ability of insect resistance in order to meet specific needs.
21
Nichols, P. G. H., R. A. C. Jones, T. J. Ridsdill-Smith, and M. J. Barbetti. "Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 2. Breeding for disease and pest resistance." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 11 (2014): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14031.
Full textAbstract:
Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is the most widely sown pasture legume in southern Australia and resistance to important diseases and pests has been a major plant-breeding objective. Kabatiella caulivora, the cause of clover scorch, is the most important foliar fungal pathogen, and several cultivars have been developed with resistance to both known races. Screening of advanced breeding lines has been conducted to prevent release of cultivars with high susceptibility to other important fungal foliar disease pathogens, including rust (Uromyces trifolii-repentis), powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), cercospora (Cercospora zebrina) and common leaf spot (Pseudopeziza trifolii). Several oomycete and fungal species cause root rots of subterranean clover, including Phytophthora clandestina, Pythium irregulare, Aphanomyces trifolii, Fusarium avenaceum and Rhizoctonia solani. Most breeding efforts have been devoted to resistance to P. clandestina, but the existence of different races has confounded selection. The most economically important virus diseases in subterranean clover pastures are Subterranean clover mottle virus and Bean yellow mosaic virus, while Subterranean clover stunt virus, Subterranean clover red leaf virus (local synonym for Soybean dwarf virus), Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Beet western yellows virus and Bean leaf roll virus also cause losses. Genotypic differences for resistance have been found to several of these fungal, oomycete and viral pathogens, highlighting the potential to develop cultivars with improved resistance. The most important pests of subterranean clover are redlegged earth mite (RLEM) (Halotydeus destructor), blue oat mite (Penthaleus major), blue-green aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis). New cultivars have been bred with increased RLEM cotyledon resistance, but limited selection has been conducted for resistance to other pests. Screening for disease and pest resistance has largely ceased, but recent molecular biology advances in subterranean clover provide a new platform for development of future cultivars with multiple resistances to important diseases and pests. However, this can only be realised if skills in pasture plant pathology, entomology, pre-breeding and plant breeding are maintained and adequately resourced. In particular, supporting phenotypic disease and pest resistance studies and understanding their significance is critical to enable molecular technology investments achieve practical outcomes and deliver subterranean clover cultivars with sufficient pathogen and pest resistance to ensure productive pastures across southern Australia.
22
Shabaldas, Olga, Konstantin Pimonov, Olga Vlasova, and Vera Perederieva. "Experience of growing soybeans (Glycine max (L) merryll) on irrigation in the unstable moisture zone of the Stavropol Territory." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128502026.
Full textAbstract:
To obtain a stable harvest of high quality grain, Agrosakhar LLC, located in the Stavropol Territory, used soybean growing technology, which included: the use of modern energy and resource-saving equipment for soil cultivation, sowing and harvesting, cultivation of adapted varieties bred in Russia and Canada - Selecta 302, Vilana, Furio, Kofu, Kyoto, Kanata; introduction of complex fertilizer - azophoska for main soil cultivation, pre-sowing seed treatment with a fungicidal dressing agent Delit Pro and the inoculant Highcoat Super Soy. The system of protective measures included a combination of agrotechnical measures using chemical plant protection products based on monitoring of harmful objects. To combat monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species of weeds, sowing was treated with Pledge herbicide before germination, followed by a tank mixture of herbicides Bazagran with Harmony in the phase of the first true leaf in soybean plants. The use of the fungicide Akanto Plus together with Karate Zeon and Ampligo Plus ensured effective protection of soybean plants from diseases and pests during the growing season. The technology used for growing soybeans on the farm enables you to consistently get a large and high-quality grain yield. The maximum yield of 2.92 t/ha was obtained by sowing the Kofu variety using the developed cultivation technology. On average, the yield of protein amounted to 0.98, and vegetable fat amounted to 0.59 t/ha. The profitability of soybean grain production on the farm using this cultivation technology is 44.2%.
23
Ferreira, Luiz Leonardo, Paulo Ricardo Viana de Carvalho, Marilaine de Sá Fernandes, Jonathan Goulart Silva, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, and Francine Lautenchleger. "Neural network and canonical interrelationships for the physiological aspects of soybean seedlings: effects of seed treatment." Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 6 (March 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.r116.v6.2020.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this work was to analyze the performance of soybean seedlings in different seed treatments, with multivariate profiles and canonical interrelationships. The experiment was conducted in the county of Mineiros-GO. The soil was classified as a Quartzarenic Neosol. The experimental design used was a randomized block in a 5x4 factorial, corresponding to the seed treatments (WAT, CRU, FIP, FOR and STA) in 4 soybean cultivars (Bônus, Ultra, Extra and BKS7830), in 4 repetitions. Before sowing, pre-plant burndown was performed. The fertilizer used was 450 kg ha -1 of fertilizer 05-25-15 applied in the furrow and in a single dose next to the seeding. During the conduct of the experiment, the control of pests, diseases and weeds were carried out as they became necessary, respecting good practices and integrated management. The data obtained were submitted to the assumptions of the statistical model, verifying the normality and homogeneity of the residual variances, as well as the additivity of the model. Uni and multivariate tools were applied. The analyzes were performed on Rbio from R and Genes interfaces. The interaction of soybean cultivars and types of seed treatment led to variations in all analyzes evaluated in soybean seedlings. The best performances were found among the BRS 7380RR cultivars that expressed the highest shoot fresh mass when subjected to seed treatment with Cruiser, whereas the greatest root length was expressed in cultivar Ultra in the Fortenza seed treatment.
24
Mhishi, Misheck, Crispen Erinos Bhukuvhani, and Abel Farikai Sana. "Science teacher training programme in rural schools: An ODL lesson from Zimbabwe." International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i1.1058.
Full textAbstract:
<p>This case study looked at 76 randomly selected preservice science teachers from Mbire and Guruve districts who were learning at the Mushumbi Centre in Zimbabwe and assessed their motivations for enrolling under the Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE)’s Virtual and Open Distance Learning (VODL) programme. It also looked at the challenges they faced, their views on how instruction under the programme can be improved, and their deployment preferences after graduation. The districts are located in the remote Zambezi Valley, which is characterized by poor infrastructure, pests and diseases, frequent attacks by wild animals on people, domestic animals, and crops, harsh climatic conditions, and seasonal floods, which make it very difficult to attract and retain qualified teachers. Through targeted recruitment, BUSE’s VODL programme sought to train relief teachers already serving in the area in the hope that personal history and family connections would entice them to continue teaching in these areas after attaining their teacher certification. Data was collected using a questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions. Results obtained indicate that despite a lack of funding, a shortage of reading materials, and the nonavailability of e-learning facilities, the students were motivated to join the programme for personal and professional motives and that the students, the majority of whom had taught for two or more years in the districts, would prefer deployments in the area after graduation. The study therefore recommends that deliberate efforts be directed toward the targeted recruitment of school leavers and relief teachers from disadvantaged rural areas who possess the requisite minimum entry qualifications to train as science teachers in order to improve teacher retention in remote areas. Further research into the intrinsic problems in BUSE’s VODL programme and a close scrutiny of its course development techniques are also encouraged in order to overcome some of the problems encountered by both the students and the institution.</p>
25
Marquez, Nathalie, María L. Giachero, Adrien Gallou, Humberto J. Debat, Sylvie Cranenbrouck, Julio A. Di Rienzo, María J. Pozo, Daniel A. Ducasse, and Stéphane Declerck. "Transcriptional Changes in Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Soybean Plants upon Infection with the Fungal Pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 31, no. 8 (August 2018): 842–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-17-0282-r.
Full textAbstract:
Macrophomina phaseolina is a soil-borne fungal pathogen with a wide host range that causes charcoal rot in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Control of the disease is a challenge, due to the absence of genetic resistance and effective chemical control. Alternative or complementary measures are needed, such as the use of biological control agents, in an integrated approach. Several studies have demonstrated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing plant resistance or tolerance to biotic stresses, decreasing the symptoms and pressure caused by various pests and diseases, including M. phaseolina in soybean. However, the specific contribution of AMF in the regulation of the plant response to M. phaseolina remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate, under strict in-vitro culture conditions, the global transcriptional changes in roots of premycorrhized soybean plantlets challenged by M. phaseolina (+AMF+Mp) as compared with nonmycorrhizal soybean plantlets (−AMF+Mp). MapMan software was used to distinguish transcriptional changes, with special emphasis on those related to plant defense responses. Soybean genes identified as strongly upregulated during infection by the pathogen included pathogenesis-related proteins, disease-resistance proteins, transcription factors, and secondary metabolism–related genes, as well as those encoding for signaling hormones. Remarkably, the +AMF+Mp treatment displayed a lower number of upregulated genes as compared with the −AMF+Mp treatment. AMF seemed to counteract or balance costs upon M. phaseolina infection, which could be associated to a negative impact on biomass and seed production. These detailed insights in soybean-AMF interaction help us to understand the complex underlying mechanisms involved in AMF-mediated biocontrol and support the importance of preserving and stimulating the existing plant-AMF associates, via adequate agricultural practices, to optimize their agro-ecological potential.
26
Dolijanovic, Zeljko, Snezana Oljaca, Dusan Kovacevic, Milena Simic, Nebojsa Momirovic, and Zivota Jovanovic. "Dependence of the productivity of maize and soybean intercropping systems on hybrid type and plant arrangement pattern." Genetika 45, no. 1 (2013): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1301135d.
Full textAbstract:
Intercropping systems could improve utilization of the most important resources (soil, water and nutrients), provide a better control of weeds, pests and diseases, and finally higher productivity, especially under rain-fed growing conditions. This study aimed to determine the effects of three maize (Zea mays L.) prolific hybrids (FAO 500, 600 and 700) and the spatial intercrop patterns on the above-ground biomass and grain yields of maize and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), on chernozem soil type at Zemun Polje, Belgrade, in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replications and three treatments: 3 rows of maize and 3 rows of soybean in strips for each maize hybrid (three variants, 3 rows of maize and 3 rows of soybean in alternate rows for each hybrid (another three variants) and monocrops of both maize and soybeans. To optimize the ecological and economic benefits of maize/soybean intercrop in terms of yield, variety selection and compatibility of the component crops should be made using established agronomic management practices involving the two crops. Suitable maize varieties for maize/soybean intercrop systems are varieties that have less dense canopy. These varieties would therefore have lesser shading effect to the understory beans. However, establishment of an appropriate spatial arrangement of the component crops would be essential to alleviate negative effects especially on the less competitive crop. The intercropping system in alternate rows showed significantly higher above-ground biomass and grain yields in comparation with both the strip intercropping system and maize monocrops in 2004. Soybean gave significantly lower above-ground biomass and grain yield in intercrops than in monocrops. Maize prolific hybrid growing in intercropping with soybean as legume crop, increased productivity of cropping system, especially in favourable agroecological conditions. Maize and soybean yields reduction could have also been due to interspecific competition for resources such as nutrients and water. Moreover, performance of the currently grown varieties in the semi-arid regions depends on the amount of rainfall received during the growing season.
27
Wardhana, April Hari. "Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as an Alternative Protein Source for Animal Feed." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 26, no. 2 (February 2, 2017): 069. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v26i2.1327.
Full textAbstract:
<p class="awabstrak2">Increasing demand of protein source for animal feed, particularly fish meal and soybean meal has led to a problem in the future. It is a need to look for an alternative protein source, in order to meet amino acid requirements maintaining livestock production level. Insects possesing high quality, efficient dan rich protein content at all life stages such as Black Soldier Fly (BSF, <em>Hermetia illucens</em>) could be used as one of the alternatives. The flies grow and reproduce easily, have high feed efficiency and can be reared on bio-waste streams. These are neither pests nor vectors of diseases. Insect meal generally possesses levels of chemical contaminants which are below recommended maximum concentrations. The larvae have antibacterial (<em>Escherichia coli</em> O15:H7, <em>Salmonella enterica</em> serovar <em>Enteritidis</em>) and antiviral (enterovirus and adenovirus ) properties. Larvae of BSF could be scaled up easily and possess 40-50% protein content, including some essential amino acids that can be used to replace both fish meal and soybean meal in feed.</p>
28
Díaz-Cruz, Gustavo A., Charlotte M. Smith, Kiana F. Wiebe, Sachi M. Villanueva, Adam R. Klonowski, and Bryan J. Cassone. "Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing for Large-Scale Pathogen Diagnoses in Soybean." Plant Disease 103, no. 6 (June 2019): 1075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-18-0905-re.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean (Glycine max) has become an important crop in Manitoba, Canada, with a 10-fold increase in dedicated acreage over the past decade. Given the rapid increase in production, scarce information about foliar diseases present in the province has been recorded. In order to describe the foliar pathogens affecting this legume, we harnessed next-generation sequencing (NGS) to carry out a comprehensive survey across Manitoba in 2016. Fields were sampled during the V2/3 (33 fields) and R6 (70 fields) growth stages, with at least three symptomatic leaves per field collected and subjected to RNA sequencing. We successfully detected several bacteria, fungi, and viruses known to infect soybean, including Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea, Septoria glycines, and Peronospora manshurica, as well as pathogens not previously identified in the province (e.g., Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, Cercospora sojina, and Bean yellow mosaic virus). For some microorganisms, we were able to disentangle the different pathovars present and/or assemble their genome sequence. Since NGS generates data on the entire flora and fauna occupying a leaf sample, we also identified residual pathogens (i.e., pathogens of crops other than soybean) and multiple species of arthropod pests. Finally, the sequence information produced by NGS allowed for the development of polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostics for some of the most widespread and important pathogens. Although there are many benefits of using NGS for large-scale plant pathogen diagnoses, we also discuss some of the limitations of this technology.
29
Krisdiana, Ruly. "Penyebaran Varietas Unggul Kedelai dan Dampaknya terhadap Ekonomi Perdesaan." Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 33, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v33n1.2014.p61-69.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Improved soybean varieties are generally possessing high yield, resistant to major pests and diseases, and carrying other important properties. Until 2013 more than 70 improved varieties had been released, but not all are planted by farmers. The present research objectives were: (1) to identify the distribution and farmers preferences of improved soybean varieties, (2) to identify the adoption barrier of new soybean varieties, and (3) to estimate the economic contribution of the new soybean varieties. The study was conducted on soybean production centers in Indonesia, covering East Java, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, West Java, and South Sulawesi. The research was carried out using survey method, where samples of farmers were used as sources of the primary data. There were total of 600 farmer respondents. Analyses of the data applied the tabulation analysis, principal components analyses, and contributions analyses. The results showed that soybean varieties most widely adopted by farmers in order of the highest were: Anjasmoro (32.1% farmer users, covering area of 190,567 ha), Willis (17.9% farmer users, area of 93,187 ha), Mahameru (9.1% farmer users, area of 78,190 ha), Grobogan (11.2% farmer users, area of 71,576 ha). Farmer’s preferences to soybean variety, included the following characters: flowering at 35-40 days after planting, harvesting 70-75 days after planting, stem with many branches, yellow seed coat color, round seed shape, large seed size, and the grains sold easily. The reason of varieties was not being adopted by farmers include: unavailability of seeds at planting time, seed size was too small, seed price is too expensive, and the distance from farmers’ home to the seed kiosk was too far away. The economic contribution of improve soybean varieties was as followed: Anjasmoro (Rp 1.3 trillion), Mahameru (Rp 0.61 trillion), Grobogan (Rp 0.61 trillion), Willis (Rp 0.56 trillion), Baluran (Rp 0.25 trillion), while the other improved varieties (Argomulyo, Bromo, Orba, Kipas Merah, Galunggung, Kipas Putih, Davros, Gepak kuning, Gepak Hijau, Malabar, Burangrang, Mitani, Kaba, Lokon, Sinabung) each contributed to the rural economy in a total of Rp 0.57 trillion. The total economic contribution of all improved soybean varieties was estimated at Rp 3.9 trillion.</p>
30
Pretorius, Z. A., F. J. Kloppers, and R. D. Frederick. "First Report of Soybean Rust in South Africa." Plant Disease 85, no. 12 (December 2001): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.12.1288c.
Full textAbstract:
In February 2001, rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. was detected for the first time on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) near Vryheid in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. As the season progressed, the disease was also observed in other parts of the province, and epidemic levels were reached in the Karkloof, Cedara, Howick, and Greytown production regions. In affected areas, infection foci gradually increased in size and caused premature yellowing and defoliation of soybean crops, usually after the flowering stage. Typical rust symptoms (3) were produced predominantly on the lower surface of soybean leaves. Soybean rust subsequently spread to Amsterdam and Ermelo in the Highveld region of South Africa. Following emergency registration of triazole compounds, fungicides were commonly used to control soybean rust, especially in the more humid eastern production areas. Available yield data suggested a reduction in kernel mass between 4 and 23%, depending on the cultivar and host growth stage at the time of infection. Urediniospores from the original collection (isolate PREM 57280, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa) were 23 to 33 × 15 to 22 μm, indicating that spore dimensions fell within the known range for P. pachyrhizi (3). To confirm pathogenicity, 10 to 15 plants of each of the South African soybean cvs. Pan 589, Pan 780, Pan 854, Octa, and Prima were inoculated with isolate PREM 57280. Primary leaves were sprayed with a suspension of spores in light mineral oil (approximately 1 mg of spores per ml) before incubating plants in the dark in a dew chamber for 16 h. Large, sporulating uredinia, producing typical soybean rust urediniospores, developed on all inoculated plants. Classical and real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assays as well as sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions verified the identity of isolate PREM 57280 as P. pachyrhizi (2). Since the disease is known to occur in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and several other African countries (1,3,4), inoculum was most likely introduced by air currents from countries to the north of South Africa. It is highly probable that soybean rust will successfully overwinter in South Africa based on experience in other southern African countries. References: (1) O. A. Akinsanmi and J. L. Ladipo. Plant Dis. 85:97, 2001. (2) R. D. Frederick et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 90 (suppl):S25, 2000. (3) G. L. Hartman et al. eds. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (4) J. B. Sinclair and G. L. Hartman, eds. Soybean Rust Workshop, Publ. 1 College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, National Soybean Research Laboratory, Urbana, IL. 1996.
31
Білявська, Л. Г. "НОВИЙ РАННЬОСТИГЛИЙ СОРТ СОЇ АНТРАЦИТ." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 2 (June 28, 2012): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2012.02.10.
Full textAbstract:
Висвітлено сучасні напрями та завдання в селекціїсої, що безпосередньо пов’язані з ґрунтово-кліматичними умовами, сортовою адаптивністюта значним генетичним потенціалом. Проведеніпошук і виявлення джерел адаптивності сої донесприятливих факторів навколишнього середо-вища. Створено новий сорт сої Антрацит. Наво-дяться дані господарсько цінних ознак та насіннє-вої продуктивності цього сорту. Новостворенийвисокопродуктивний сорт Антрацит занесений додержавного Реєстру сортів рослин України. Сортсої Антрацит відрізняється стійкістю проти за-хворювань і шкідників, не вилягає. При дозріваннінасіння боби не розтріскуються. Особливістюсорту є швидка віддача вологи на час дозріваннянасіння, високий вміст протеїну та олії.
The new modern tasks in soybean selection, which are connectedwith soil-climatic conditions, varietal adaptability and considerablegenetic culture potential are presented. Using sources ofadaptability to limiting factors of environment by hybridizationsome new material has been created. This helped raise newsoybean variety Anthracite. Early ripening highly productivevariety Anthracite has been registered in the State Register ofplants variety of Ukraine. Morphological description and economicaptitude of this sort are presented. The sort differs with itsresistance to diseases and pests. The beans don’t burst. Highcapacity of protein and oil in seeds, quick moisture efficiencyduring ripening are particular qualities of the variety.
32
PELTONEN-SAINIO, P., A. HANNUKKALA, E. HUUSELA-VEISTOLA, L. VOUTILA, J. NIEMI, J. VALAJA, L. JAUHIAINEN, and K. HAKALA. "Potential and realities of enhancing rapeseed- and grain legume-based protein production in a northern climate." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 3 (April 19, 2012): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961200038x.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYCrop-based protein self-sufficiency in Finland is low. Cereals dominate the field cropping systems in areas that are also favourable for legumes and rapeseed. The present paper estimated the realistic potential for expanding protein crop production taking account of climatic conditions and constraints, crop rotation requirements, field sizes, soil types and likelihood for compacted soils in different regions. The potential for current expansion was estimated by considering climate change scenarios for 2025 and 2055. By using actual regional mean yields for the 2000s, without expecting any yield increase during the expansion period (due to higher risks of pests and diseases), potential production volumes were estimated. Since rapeseed, unlike grain legumes, is a not a true minor crop, its expansion potential is currently limited. Thus, most potential is from the introduction of legumes into cropping systems. The current 100000 ha of protein crops could be doubled, and areas under cultivation could reach 350000 and 390000 ha as a result of climate warming by 2025 and 2055, respectively. Such increases result mainly from the longer growing seasons projected for the northern cropping regions of Finland. Self-sufficiency in rapeseed could soon increase from 0·25 to 0·32, and then to 0·50 and 0·60 by 2025 and 2055, respectively. If legume production expands according to its potential, it could replace 0·50–0·60 of currently imported soybean meal, and by 2025 it could replace it completely. Replacement of soybean meal is suitable for ruminants, but it presents some problems for pig production, and is particularly challenging for poultry.
33
Fedoruk, I. V., and O. N. Bakhmat. "Productivity of soybean varieties in the conditions of Podillia." PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 12, no. 1 (2021): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.01.007.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the analysis of literary sources and publications, the features of soybean varieties for cultivation in Podillia were studied. The key directions of increasing the productivity of soybean varieties are considered. Advantages are given and substantiated, and the main disadvantages and problems of growing soybean varieties in Podillia conditions are indicated The features of soybean varieties, the influence of the inoculation process and the efficiency of micronutrient fertilization have been investigated, which made it possible to develop methods of growing technology taking into account plant biology on changes in climatic conditions. The growth processes and development of soybean varieties have been investigated: Maxus, Cordoba, Saska, depending on the treatment of seeds with an insecticidal-fungicidal preparation Standak Top, inoculant Hai Kot Super Hai Kot Super Extender and seed treatment with micronutrient fertilizer Como 15, as well as foliar dressing with micronutrient fertilizers Vuksal Boron and Bospholiar during the growing season of plants. Having carried out research on various groups of ripeness from such varieties of soybeans as Maxus, Cordoba, Saska, positive results were obtained on the yield from the introduction of micronutrient fertilizers, inoculants, treatment of the inoculum of soybean seeds with an inoculant and a microelement, the preparation Vuxal Como 15. And also from the treatment of seeds with the preparation Standak Top 1 l t, which in turn prevents the development of such diseases as fusarium, anthracnose, seed mold, promotes rooting of plants in the soil due to the accelerated development of the root system, an increase in the assimilation surface of the leaf apparatus, promotes the activation of nitroreductase, which in turn activates the work processes of photosynthesis, manifested in the so-called AgCelence effect, plants have an intensely saturated dark green color, control of soil pests. Carrying out experiments on the effect of seed inoculation on soybean yield, we combined an inoculant, VuksalKoMo preparation and Sdandak Top insecticidal fungicide preparation with a sowing period of up to 5-7 days in a tank mixture. One of the main requirements is the use of high-quality inoculants with a high content of viable nitrogen-fixing bacteria for processing soybean seeds, today there is a need, since it fully reveals and realizes the genetic and varietal potential of modern varieties, and this, in turn, will ensure high yields soybeans with optimal costs and the fastest return on investment, especially in today's conditions. In the study results, new technological aspects are presented, in which the processes of analysis and hardening of micro-manure and infectious-fungicidal preparation in the technological development and quality improvement of the production process are revealed. It should also take into account the relative humidity and reserves of productive soil moisture. The research results are aimed at solving urgent problems in the technology of growing leguminous crops, namely: developing a version of the technology for growing soybeans for the selection of varieties adapted to a given climatic zone, the use of inoculants and micronutrients in the conditions of climate change in Podillia.
34
Mlynarek, Julia J., and Roselyne M. Labbé. "Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a species long present but never officially recorded in Canada." Canadian Entomologist 150, no. 4 (May 25, 2018): 532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.26.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTrialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is known to have been present in Canada since 1973. Despite this, the species has until now not been officially recorded; a surprising fact considering the close association of the species with economically important crops. The historic distribution expands from Mexico to southern New York and Michigan in the United States of America. In 2016, all life stages of T. abutiloneus were collected again on soybean (Glycine max (Linnaeus) Merrill; Fabaceae) plants grown in research greenhouses in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Specimens were morphologically and genetically identified to confirm their identity as T. abutiloneus. Thereafter, the barcode sequence for this species was also identified from the barcode of life data system, informing on the prior detection of this species from specimens collected at Point Pelee National Park, Ontario, Canada in 2012 during a barcode of life collection. Although this species is not considered a major pest on crops in Canada, it is related to other common pests within the same genus and can potentially transmit similar plant diseases. We provide the barcode COI sequence for the species, give an overview of the documented host range pertinent to Canada, and provide information concerning its natural enemies.
35
Costa, Estevam M., Bruno M. Nunes, Matheus V. A. Ventura, Roberto K. Mortate, Muriel S. Vilarinho, Rafael M. da Silva, Jaíza F. R. Chagas, et al. "Physiological Effects of Insecticides and Fungicide, Applied in the Treatment of Seeds, on the Germination and Vigor of Soybean Seeds." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p318.
Full textAbstract:
The initial protection of plants through the use of insecticides and fungicides has been shown to be efficient for a good management of pests and diseases, however the molecules used in seed treatment have demonstrated a physiological effect on germination and initial vegetative development. The present work had as objective the evaluation of the physiological effect caused by two insecticides and a fungicide on the germination and vigor of the seeds. A randomized block design with six treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were: T1-water; T2-Rocks® insecticide; T3-Insecticide Cruiser 350 FS®; T4-Maxim XL® fungicide; T5-Rocks® + Maxim XL® and T5-Cruiser 350 FS® + Maxim XL®. The application of the treatments was performed according to the manufacturers’ recommendations and the percentage of germination of the seeds was evaluated, on paper and sand roll substrates, the rate of emergence, the total length of seedlings, the electrical conductivity of the imbibition and aging solution accelerated, with a later pattern of germination. The data were submitted to Analysis of Variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences for all variables except paper germination. The treatments that received the application of the Maxim XL fungicide demonstrated superiority, both in the evaluation of germination in sand substrate, and in the vigor evaluations of seeds and seedlings, while the treatments that received application of Rocks insecticide were inferior to the other.
36
Silveira, Lucas da, Deonir Secco, Luiz Antônio Zanão Júnior, Luciene Kazue Tokura, Reginaldo Ferreira Santos, Bruna de Villa, Pablo Chang, et al. "Nitrogen Fertilization on a Soybean Crop Grown on Black Oat and Forage Pea Straw in a Clayey Latosol in Western Paraná." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 7 (May 31, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n7p196.
Full textAbstract:
The beneficial effects to the soil, when using cover crops, are numerous, such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, breaking of the cycle of pests and diseases, soil structuring and addition of dry matter. This makes the subsequent crop better able to express its productive potential. The nitrogen is a key element for any plant, especially in the early stages of crop development. In this way, the purpose of this study work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen doses on the grain yield of soybeans grown on black oat and forage pea straw in a clayey Latosol in the western region of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), in the regional hub of Santa Tereza do Oeste. The local soil is classified as a typical Dystrophic Red Latosol. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with five replicates. The treatments consisted of nitrogen doses of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 applied in a broadcasting cover, without incorporation, using urea as a nitrogen source, at 20 days after emergence when the plants were in stage V3. The soil physical attributes were bulk density, total porosity, microporosity, and macroporosity. In the soybean crop, the production components evaluated were: plant height, 100-grain weight, and grain yield of grains. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, in which, for the quantitative factors, a regression analysis was performed and, for the qualitative characteristics, the Tukey test (p < 0.05) was performed. The mineral addition of nitrogen did not lead to an increase in grain yield of the cultivated soybean on the species of oat or forage pea cover. Thus, it can be stated that in well-structured clayey Latosols with high fertility, the nitrogen present in the soil organic matter and what was fixed symbiotically is sufficient to supply the nitrogen demand for the soybean crop.
37
Pepe-Ranney, C., C. Keyser, J. K. Trimble, and B. Bissinger. "Surveying the Sweetpotato Rhizosphere, Endophyte, and Surrounding Soil Microbiomes at Two North Carolina Farms Reveals Underpinnings of Sweetpotato Microbiome Community Assembly." Phytobiomes Journal 4, no. 1 (January 2020): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-07-19-0038-r.
Full textAbstract:
Farmers grow sweetpotatoes worldwide and some sub-Saharan African and Asian diets include sweetpotato as a staple, yet the sweetpotato microbiome is conspicuously less studied relative to crops such as maize, soybean, and wheat. Studying sweetpotato microbiome ecology may reveal paths to engineer the microbiome to improve sweetpotato yield, and/or combat sweetpotato pests and diseases. We sampled sweetpotatoes and surrounding soil from two North Carolina farms. We took samples from sweetpotato fields under two different land management regimes, conventional and organic, and collected two sweetpotato cultivars, ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’. By comparing small subunit rRNA gene amplicon sequence profiles from sweetpotato storage root skin, rhizosphere, and surrounding soil, we found the skin microbiome possessed the least composition heterogeneity among samples, lowest alpha-diversity, and was significantly nested by the rhizosphere in amplicon sequence variant (ASV) membership. Many ASVs were specific to a single field and/or only found in either the skin, rhizosphere, or surrounding soil. Notably, sweetpotato skin enriched for Planctomycetaceae in relative abundance at both farms. This study elucidates underpinnings of sweetpotato microbiome community assembly, quantifies microbiome composition variance within a single farm, and reveals microorganisms associated with sweetpotato skin that belong to common but uncultured soil phylotypes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
38
Білявська, Л. Г., Ю. П. Васецький, Ю. В. Білявський, and А. О. Діянова. "Скоростиглий сорт сої Авантюрин." Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2018.02.10.
Full textAbstract:
Головною метою досліджень було створення скоростиглих і високоврожайних сортів сої для всіх зон України з високою технологічністю, тривалістю періоду веґетації 80–95 днів, урожайністю насіння 3,0–4,0 т/га, вмістом протеїну 40–43 %, вмістом жиру 22–26 %. Для створення сортів і впровадження їх у Полтавській, Харківській, Сумській, Дніпропетровській областях використано джерела адаптивності до лімітуючих факторів (шляхом гібридизації) з метою оцінки на посухостійкість, стійкість проти хвороб, до кислих ґрунтів і комплексу кліматичних чинників. Базуючись на довготривалому практичному досвіді в селекції сої, методом гібридизації джерел адаптивності до стресових чинників довкілля виведено скоростиглий сорт з підвищеним базовим потенціалом – Авантюрин. Сорт занесено до Державного реєстру сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні. Представлено окремі вимоги до елементів агротехніки даного сорту.
Soybean, its uses, genetic potential, customer and processer requirements are considered in the study. Growth of soybean demand has been stated. Ways of increasing soybean output in Ukraine in accordance with climatic zones of Ukraine are defined. Thereafter, ways and perspectives of formation of soybean variety resources in the country are considered. A great number of various soybean varieties, most of which with narrow environmental and geographical adaptation have been recorded into the State Register of plant varieties adaptable to distribution in Ukraine. According to the modern requirements soybean variety has to be high-yield, adaptive, possess high genetic potential and appropriate degree of resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors as well. The part of early ripening high-yielding soybean varieties has been growing. This crop is an excellent preceding crop for winter wheat.
Nowadays the variety is a mean of yield growth as well as a factor of increasing economic efficiency of production.
The main research objective was to select early ripening and high-yield soybean varieties for all zones of Ukraine with high processability degree, the duration of vegetation period of 80–95 days, seed yield of 3.0–4.0 t/hа, protein content of 40–43 % and fat content of 22–26 % as well.
In order to select and introduce the varieties in Poltava, Kharkiv, Sumy and Dnipropetrovs’k regions sources of adaptability to limiting factors (by hybridization) have been used with the aim to estimate drought-resistance, disease resistance, resistance to acid soil and complex of climatic factors as well. Field and laboratory-field experiments, phenological observations have been carried out in accordance with the State Standards of Ukraine and methodical recommendations of the state variety trial. Morphological and biological characteristics during the vegetation period have been described according to the unified classifier of the kind Glycine.
Early ripening variety with increased basic potential has been selected by the method of hybridization of adaptability sources to stress environmental factors on the basis of many years' practical experience in the soybean selection field. Avantiuryn variety has been recorded into the State Register of plant varieties adaptable to distribution in Ukraine.
Some requirements to the agrotechnics elements have been given.
Plant height is 71–90 centimeters. Height of attachment of bottom bean is 12–15 сm. Weight of 1000 seeds is 180–200 grams. Protein content of seed is 38 %, fat content is 22 %. Potential grain yield in the conditions of Ukraine is 3.0–3.5 t/hа. The variety is characterized by increased adaptability to unfavourable growing conditions including growing on acid soil (pH 4.5–5.5).
The variety grown for grain production is resistant to lodging and bean splitting. The variety is resistant to bacterial and virus diseases and slightly damaged by pests. Agrotechnics of Avantiuryn variety is standard. Seeding rate is 550–650 thousand germinable seeds per one hectare. The variety is well responsive to fertilization and presowing seed inoculation with biological preparations. This variety is recommended to be grown for grain production in Steppe and Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Size equality of seed is 95 %.
39
Horodyska, Inna Mykolaivna, Yurii Ternovyi, Artem Chub, Alla Lishchuk, and Maryana Draga. "Technologies of Protection and Nutrition in Agrophytocenoses of Legumes for Organic Seed Production." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 77, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.77.1.23459.
Full textAbstract:
According to the legislation of Ukraine, one of the requirements of organic crop production is the use of organic seeds and organic planting material. High productivity and quality of sowing material for organic production of agricultural products can only be obtained with the full supply of plants and soil to nutrients and the protection of plants from diseases, pests and weeds. The purpose of the work was to study the technologies of protection and nutrition of legumes (peas and soybean) with the use of domestic biopreparations in seminal organic agrophytocenoses. The research was carried out in the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine. The influence of technologies of the use of complexes of biological products of natural origin on the productivity of the seed material of peas and soybeans, its seed quality and phytosanitary condition of crops were studied. The study evaluated the potential of legume crops by main economic characteristics in the conditions of use of organic production technologies in different phases of ontogenesis of plants. Positive influence of technologies of complexes of biological preparations on growth and development of cultivated plants, which was reflected on their biometric indices, is established, finally forming the yield of peas and soybeans and high crop quality. In general, the use of all investigated technologies using biopreparations on peas and soybeans ensured obtaining quality organic seed material that meets the requirements of DSTU 2240-93 for reproductive seed.
40
Mesterházy, Ákos, Judit Oláh, and József Popp. "Losses in the Grain Supply Chain: Causes and Solutions." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062342.
Full textAbstract:
Global grain production needs a significant increase in output in the coming decades in order to cover the food and feed consumption needs of mankind. As sustainability is the key factor in production, the authors investigate global grain production, the losses along the value chain, and future solutions. Global wheat, maize, rice, and soybean production peaked at 2.102 million tons (mt) of harvested grain in 2018. Pre-harvest losses due to diseases, animal pests, weeds, and abiotic stresses and harvest destroy yearly amount to about 35% of the total possible biological product of 3.153 mt, with 1051.5 mt being lost before harvest. The losses during harvest and storage through toxin contamination are responsible for 690 mt, with a total of 1.741 mt or 83% of the total newly stored grain. Limited cooperation can be experienced between scientific research, plant breeding, plant protection, agronomy, and society, and in addition, their interdependence is badly understood. Plant breeding can help to reduce a significant part of field loss up to 300 mt (diseases, toxins, water and heat stress) and up to 220 mt during storage (toxin contamination). The direct and indirect impact of pest management on production lead to huge grain losses. The main task is to reduce grain losses during production and storage and consumption. Better harvest and storage conditions could prevent losses of 420 mt. The education of farmers by adopting the vocational school system is a key issue in the prevention of grain loss. In addition, extension services should be created to demonstrate farmers crop management in practice. A 50% reduction of grain loss and waste along the value chain seems to be achievable for the feeding 3–4 billion more people in a sustainable way without raising genetic yields of crop cultivars.
41
Shchukin, N. N. "ADAPTABILITI AND ECONOMIC BIOLOGICAL EVLUATION OF INTENSIVE VARIETIES OF GRAIN CROPS ON SOD _ PODZOLIC SOILS OF NON - BLACK EARTH REGION." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2018-0-3-127-137.
Full textAbstract:
The study of ecological adaptability of different economic and biological indicators of intensive varieties of grain and leguminous crops for use in feed grain-grass crop rotation is aimed at increasing the production of high-quality concentrated feed. Objects of research: intensive varieties of spring wheat, barley, lupine (yellow, narrow - leaved and white), peas (sowing and field-PELs) and soybeans. In 3 experiments 13 varieties of spring wheat, 7 varieties of spring barley and 16 varieties of 6 types of legumes were studied. It was found that the adaptability of spring wheat, barley and peas against the background of intensive technology on a set of indicators above other cultures. The main stressor wheat varieties in the experiments, the deficiency of moisture and heat in the initial period of the growing season, spring barley - diseases (rust, leaf spot) pea pests (pea moth), Lupin, weeds and diseases, soy - sensitivity, lack of heat, weeds and disease.. On intensive soil fertility varieties of spring wheat «Lyubava», «Kamenka», «Madam», «Zlata» and «Rook» shaped grain crop at 7.3-8.0 t/ha, spring barley «Reliable» - 7.0 t/ha and peas «Before-100”-3,4 t/ha. the results of the comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional value of grain of different crops varieties have confirmed a special feeding value of soybean (14.5 and 15.3 MJ of energy; of 37.8-42.8 % of crude protein; The 17.8 was 23.0 crude fat in 1 kg DM), high contents of certain nutrients in the grain, other kinds: crude protein in yellow lupine (41,0 %) and white (of 37.3 and 39.9 %, respectively), starch - in cereals and peas (38,5 vs. 50.6 %), crude fiber - blue lupine (14,5-22,1 %), especially in determinantal varieties (of 20.9-22.1 per cent). Leguminous cultures were allocated by the greatest maintenance in grain of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and grain cultures - carrying out them with a crop. The grain of all kinds of lupine calcium content of the highest (3.8-5.5 g/kg), the lowest - in peas and wheat (0.8-1.1 g/kg BW).
42
Santoso, Agung Budi. "Pengaruh Perubahan Iklim terhadap Produksi Tanaman Pangan di Provinsi Maluku." Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 35, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v35n1.2016.p29-38.
Full textAbstract:
This study was aimed to determine the impact of climate change on food crops performance in the Maluku province, based on the climatological data from 1995 to 2012, and to find out crop commodities that are adaptable to climate change. This study used four models of trend analysis: linear least square pattern, quadratic, exponential, and moving averages. The results of forecasting were used to estimate food crop production in the year of climate change to determine the impact of climate change on crop production. Results showed that soybean was the most sensitive crop to climate change, it had the biggest impact on production, yield declined on both El Nino (10.7%) and La Nina (11.4%). Paddy which is generally cultivated on the wetlands, El Nino had the smallest effect on a decrease of production of 2.9% and 2.4% increased on the La Nina. Corn production decreased 7.4% on the El Nino and 3.9% increased during the La Nina. Sweet potatoes was the most resistant crop to climate change, the impact was increased production by 2.5% during El Nino. To reduce the impacts of climate changes could be done through some efforts, namely: (1) to identify areas of potential drought, floods, pests and diseases endemic based on climate and soil conditions, (2) to develop prediction techniques, based on weather and climate forecasts to provide early warning to farmers, (3) to prepare and disseminate a package of technology which is able to withstand the adverse conditions of the El Nino and La Nina, including varieties, pest and disease prevention, and production inputs which are easily obtained by farmers, (4) to improve irrigation and drainage channels, mainly on the paddy fields to increase production capacity and to prevent crop failure during the dry season.
43
Subrahmanyam, P. "New Hosts of the Parasitic Flowering Plant, Alectra vogelii, in Malawi." Plant Disease 85, no. 4 (April 2001): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.4.442c.
Full textAbstract:
Alectra vogelii Benth. (Family: Scrophulariaceae) is a vascular hemiparasite of various leguminous crops in Africa, including peanut (Arachis hypogaea), bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybean (Glycine max), and mung bean (Vigna radiata) (1). It is a common parasite of peanut in Angola, Burkina Faso, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (2). During April and May 2000, A. vogelii was observed parasitizing several wild Arachis species in a field at the Chitedze Agricultural Research Station near Lilongwe, Malawi. These species were part of a germ plasm enhancement program that included A. appressipila (ICRISAT Groundnut Accession number [ICG] 8127), A. batizocoi (ICG 8124), A. benensis (ICG 13215), A. cardenasii (ICG 13164 and 13166), A. correntina (ICG 8918), A. duranensis (ICG 13200), A. helodes (ICG 8955 and 14917), A. hoehnei (ICG 13228), A. magna (ICG 8960), A. pintoi (ICG 13222 and 14914), A. stenosperma (ICG 13172 and 13223), and A. valida (ICG 13230). In addition, A. vogelii was observed on four unidentified Arachis species (ICG 13231, 14875, 14888, and 14907). Parasitized plants were less vigorous and connections between A. vogelii and host plants could be observed by carefully removing the soil in the root zone. Mature A. vogelii plants were 0.3 to 0.5 m and had multiple stems branching at the base. Subsoil plant parts were a deep orange color. Flowers were prominent lemon yellow with horseshoe-shaped stigmata and leaves were light green. This is the first report of A. vogelii parasitizing wild Arachis species. References: (1) C. Parker. Crop Prot. 10:6–22, 1991. (2) P. Subrahmanyam. 1997. Parasitic flowering plants. Pages 70–71 in: Compendium of Peanut Diseases, 2nd Ed. N. Kokalis-Burelle, D. M. Porter, R. Rodriguez-Kabana, D. H. Smith, and P. Subrahmanyam, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
44
Betancourt, Ricardo X. Chávez, Víctor Molina Barbotó, Jorge Franco Rivera, Joffre León Paredes, Maribel Vera Suarez, Rosa Elena Guillen Mora, and Darío Dueñas Alvarado. "Estudio De Poblaciones De Plantas En Cuatro Líneas Promisorias De Soya (Glycine Max.) En La Zona De Montalvo Provincia De Los Rios, Ecuador." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 6 (February 28, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n6p84.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this research is to determine the agronomic performance of cultivars of soybean lines with different densities. It also aims to establish its optimum performance based on its interaction with people in the town of Montalvo. The materials used in this study include S-864 lines, S- 840, IT-10 725, and 112-27 under different population densities of about 250 000, 300 000, 350 000, and 400000 plants per hectare. The split plot design were three treatments (lines), four subtreatments (populations), and three replications. For the evaluation and comparison of means, Tukey test was used at a probability of 5%. The data evaluated in the study include: incidence of disease and lodging, height at first pod and harvest, days to flowering, number of branches per plant, number of grains per pod, pod number per plant, seed weight, and yield 100 kg / ha. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the growing IT-112-27 recorded the highest average plant height at first pod. It, however, has a population of 400000 plants/ha which was obtained in the line IT-112-27 tallest crop plant, lines S-840, and line IT- 112-27. They recorded the best averages in days to flowering, with a population of 350000 plants/ha. The S-864 line achieved the highest average days to harvest. Also, the variable branches per plant did not show statistical significance in its lines, populations of plants, and the number of grains per plant. Consequently, the highest value was recorded by S-840 which interacted with 250 000 plants/ ha. Cultivar S-840 had the highest number of pods per plant with 38.9 pods. However, while interacting with populations of 250,000 plants/ha, 37.2 pods was obtained. Line IT- 112-27 with 19.1 grams presented the highest weight of 100 seeds. The highest grain yield was shown in line IT- 112-27 with a population of 350000 plants/ha. Since line IT-112-27 was presented as the best production, we recommend the use of a good fertilizer, weed control, and pests and diseases control when planting during the dry or rainy season.
45
Ngatimin, Sri Nur Aminah, Syatrawati Syatrawati, and Asmawati Asmawati. "Konservasi Kupu-kupu Papilio demoleus Linn. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) dengan Teknologi Makanan Buatan." Jurnal Hutan dan Masyarakat 12, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/jhm.v12i1.9981.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the research is to study and increase of lime butterfly (Papilio demoleus L.) population used artificial diets, then avoid endangered species status of butterfly in nature. For the future, result of research giving more information about mass rearing techniques of P. demoleus butterflies using artificial diet. P. demoleus larvae and pupae were collected from pomelo (Citrus maxima L.) in the yard of communities in the Pattunuang Resort, Maros district, South Sulawesi. The pomelo leaves as the main food source of P. demoleus larvae taken from the farm around Bontomate'ne village, Pangkep district, South Sulawesi. The experimental activities were conducted in the Pest Laboratory, Pests and Plant Diseases Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University from February to April 2019. The treatment for P. demoleus larvae were: P0 = fresh pomelo leaves (control); P1 = 35% red bean flour + 35% pomelo leaves + 30% vitamin, water agar, and other ingredients; P2 = 25% red bean flour + 25% soybean flour + 25% pomelo leaves + 25% vitamin, water agar, and other ingredients. Ten 2nd instar of P. demoleus larvae were placed in the plastic containers (diameter = 8 cm, height = 6 cm) covered with gauze, respectively. The fresh pomelo leaves given in whole form, while artificial diet in gel form given as much as 5 g for each larvae in the container. Every day the container was cleaned from food and larvae faeces. The experiments were arranged in Randomized Block Design with four treatments and ten replications. The result was showed P0 is the highest number increasing body weight of P. demoleus larvae. The second highest result increasing P. demoleus body weight was showed by P2 since 2nd instar (0.74 g) until four instar (0.87 g). Observation body length of P. demoleus, P0 was showed the highest number increasing the parameter. The second highest result of body length was showed at P2 started 2nd instar (0.24 cm) through four instar (1.72 cm). Findings at sex ratio and survival, P0 was showed the highest number adult of P. demoleus (8 individual), P2 (3 individual) and P1 (1 individual), respectively. The highest sex ratio of female P. demoleus resulted by P0 (3 individual), P2 (1 individual), respectively. The conclusion is : P2 made from red bean flour + soy bean flour + leaves of pomelo increasing body weight and length of P. demoleus larvae. P1 (red bean flour + leaves of pomelo) treatment was showed the lowest number in development of P. demoleus.
46
Li, Y. P., M. P. You, T. N. Khan, P. M. Finnegan, and M. J. Barbetti. "First Report of Phoma herbarum on Field Pea (Pisum sativum) in Australia." Plant Disease 95, no. 12 (December 2011): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-11-0594.
Full textAbstract:
Black spot disease on field pea (Pisum sativum) in Australia is generally caused by one or more of the four fungi: Mycosphaerella pinodes (anamorph Ascochyta pinodes), Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella (synonym Phoma pinodella), Ascochyta pisi, and Phoma koolunga (1,2,4). However, in 2010 from a field pea blackspot disease screening nursery at Medina, Western Australia, approximately 25% of isolates were a Phoma sp. that was morphologically different to Phoma spp. previously reported on field pea in Western Australia, while the remaining 75% of isolates were either M. pinodes or P. medicaginis var. pinodella. Single-spore isolations of 23 isolates of this Phoma sp. were made onto potato dextrose agar. A PCR-based assay with the TW81 and AB28 primers was used to amplify from the 3′ end of 16S rDNA, across ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 to the 5′ end of the 28S rDNA. The DNA products were sequenced and BLAST analyses were used to compare sequences with those in GenBank. In each case, the sequence had ≥99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence in GenBank for P. herbarum. Isolates also showed morphological similarities to P. herbarum as described in other reports (e.g., 3). The relevant information for a representative isolate has been lodged in GenBank (Accession No. JN247437). The same primers were used by Davidson et al. (2) to identify P. koolunga, but none of our 23 isolates were P. koolunga. A conidial suspension of 107 conidia ml–1 from a single-spore culture was spray inoculated onto foliage of 10-day-old Pisum sativum cv. Dundale plants maintained under >90% relative humidity conditions for 72 h postinoculation. Symptoms evident by 11 days postinoculation consisted of pale brown lesions that were mostly 1.5 to 2 mm long and 1 to 1.5 mm wide. Approximately 50% of lesions showed a distinct chlorotic halo extending 1 to 2 mm outside the boundary of the lesion. P. herbarum was readily reisolated from infected foliage. A culture of this representative isolate has been lodged in the Western Australian Culture Collection Herbarium maintained at the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (Accession No. WAC13499). Outside of Australia, P. herbarum, while generally considered a soilborne opportunistic pathogen, has been reported on a wide range of species, including field pea (3). Molecular analysis of historical isolates collected from field pea in Western Australia, mostly in the late 1980s, did not show any incidence of P. herbarum, despite this fungus being reported on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and soybean (Glycine max) in Western Australia in 1985 (Australian Plant Pest Database). In Western Australia, this fungus has also been recorded on a Protea sp. in 1991 and on Arabian pea (Bituminaria bituminosa) in 2010 (Australian Plant Pest Database). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. herbarum as a pathogen on field pea in Australia. These previous reports of P. herbarum on other hosts in Western Australia and the wide host range of P. herbarum together suggest the potential for this fungus to be a pathogen on a wider range of genera/species than field pea. References: (1) T. W. Bretag and M. Ramsey. Page 24 in: Compendium of Pea Diseases and Pests. 2nd ed. The American Phytopathologic Society, St Paul, MN, 2001. (2) J. A. Davidson et al. Mycologica 101:120, 2009. (3) G. L. Kinsey. Phoma herbarum. No 1501. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, 2002. (4) T. L. Peever et al. Mycologia 99:59, 2007.
47
Shava, Justify Gotami, Susan Richardson Kageler, Shorai Dari, Frank Magama, and Dzingai Rukuni. "Breeding for Flue – Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L) Foliar Pest and Disease Resistance in Zimbabwe: A Review." Agricultural Reviews, of (August 26, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ag.r-121.
Full textAbstract:
Since its introduction to Zimbabwean farmers in the early 20th Century, flue –cured tobacco has grown to become one of the most profitable field crops to cultivate in the country. However, pests and diseases have been reported as some of the major contributors to yield and quality loss in the business of tobacco farming in Zimbabwe and across the world reducing the profitability of the tobacco business. This has resulted in large sums of financial resources being invested in research aimed at controlling pests and diseases in different crops. In Zimbabwe millions of litres of pesticides have been pumped into the environment in an effort to control pests and diseases in flue-cured tobacco fields. There have also been efforts to incorporate inherent pest and disease resistance in the varieties of flue-cured tobacco developed in the country since the early 1940s. This paper is a review of the breeding efforts to incorporate pest and disease resistance in the elite flue-cured tobacco germplasm used to develop some of the popular varieties in Zimbabwe.
48
Singh, Gaurav, Garima Dukariya, and Anil Kumar. "Distribution, Importance and Diseases of Soybean and Common Bean: A Review." Biotechnology Journal International, December 31, 2020, 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bji/2020/v24i630125.
Full textAbstract:
The crops belonging to the family Leguminosae are the second to cereal crops of agricultural significance due to their high nutritional value. Soybean is native to East Asia and was originated in China while common bean is native to Central and Southern America originated in Peru. Both soybean and common bean are erect, bushy annual herbaceous plants growing up to 150 and 40 centimeters in height, respectively. They have enormous food and medicinal values. Soybean and common bean are important leguminous crops which are excellent source of high-quality proteins, minerals, vitamins, polyunsaturated fats, and other nutrients for both human and other animal feeds. Soybean is beneficial for weight loss, diabetics as dietary supplements, bone loss in women and minimizing cancer risks while common bean is useful for preventing constipation, lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of heart diseases. Pests, pathogens and weeds cause harmful effect resulting in low production of both the legume crops. The present review focuses on the overview, different importance and diseases of soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). In addition, attention has been paid on various aspects of these two legumes namely taxonomy, morphological features, origin and distribution along with their pests and diseases.
49
Obua, Tonny, Julius P. Sserumaga, Stephen O. Opiyo, Phinehas Tukamuhabwa, Thomas L. Odong, Josiah Mutuku, and Nasser Yao. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analysis of Tropical Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) using Single Nucleotide Polymorphic Markers." Global Journal of Science Frontier Research, July 31, 2020, 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34257/gjsfrdvol20is6pg35.
Full textAbstract:
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is among the most important crops worldwide due to its numerous uses in feed, food, biofuel, and significant atmospheric nitrogen fixation capability. To understand the genetic diversity and population structure of tropical soybean germplasm, 89 genotypes from diverse sources were analyzed using 7,962 SNP markers. The AMOVA results showed low diversity among and high within the populations, while the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.27. Both phylogenetic and principal component analysis grouped the 89 soybean genotypes into three major clusters, while population structure grouped the soybean genotypes into two subpopulations. On the other, the average Roger genetic distances within the study population was 0.34.The low diversity reported in the studied soybean germplasm pool is particularly worrying, considering the new trends of climate change and the emergence of new pests and diseases of soybean. Therefore, in order to address these challenges and develop soybean varieties with desirable traits, there is a need to broaden the genetic base of tropical soybean through the importation of germplasm from other countries.
50
Neupane, Achal, Izzet Bulbul, Ziyi Wang, R. Michael Lehman, Emerson Nafziger, and Shin-Yi Lee Marzano. "Long term crop rotation effect on subsequent soybean yield explained by soil and root-associated microbiomes and soil health indicators." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (April 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88784-6.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractCrop rotation is an important management tactic that farmers use to manage crop production and reduce pests and diseases. Long-term crop rotations may select groups of microbes that form beneficial or pathogenic associations with the following crops, which could explain observed crop yield differences with different crop sequences. To test this hypothesis, we used two locations each with four long-term (12–14-year), replicated, rotation treatments: continuous corn (CCC), corn/corn/soybean (SCC), corn/soybean (CSC), and soybean/corn (SCS). Afterwards, soybean was planted, and yield and soil health indicators, bulk soil microbiome, and soybean root-associated microbiome were assessed. Soybean yields, as well as soil protein, and POXC as soil health indicators were higher following CCC than in the other three treatments at both locations. A bacterial taxon in family JG30-KF-AS9 was enriched in CCC, whereas Microvirga, Rhodomicrobium, and Micromonosporaceae were enriched in SCS. Several ascomycetes explain lowered yield as soybean pathogens in SCS. Surprisingly, Tumularia, Pyrenochaetopsis and Schizothecium were enriched in soybean roots after CCC, suggesting corn pathogens colonizing soybean roots as nonpathogens. Our finding of associations between soil health indicators related to microbiomes and soybean yield has wide-ranging implications, opening the possibility of manipulating microbiomes to improve crop yield potential.