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3
Science diplomacy: Antarctica, and the governance of international spaces. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2011.
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Place, migration, and development in the Third World: An alternative view : with particular reference to population movements, labor market experiences, and regional change in Latin America. London: Routledge, 1991.
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I͡A, Kondratʹev K., and Johannessen Ola M, eds. Arctic environment variability in the context of global change. Berlin: Springer, 2003.
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Davis, Margaret R. A practical guide to organization design. Menlo Park, Calif: Crisp Publications, 1996.
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Steinberg, Mark D. Emotions History in Eastern Europe. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038051.003.0005.
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This chapter examines a regional emotional culture in Eastern Europe and how it shaped attitudes about religion, morality, catastrophe, and loss. It argues that a regional approach opens a valuable space for examining what contexts mean in practice, but only if approached critically, with an awareness of the dangers of cultural essentialism as well as of the (also often dangerous) historical power of such imagery. Following newer approaches to regional geography, the chapter aims to view regions not as stable or homogeneous places but as spaces constituted by social relationships and thus marked by difference, conflict, and change interacting with common and stable features.
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Cook, Kerry H. Climate Change Scenarios and African Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.545.
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Accurate projections of climate change under increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas levels are needed to evaluate the environmental cost of anthropogenic emissions, and to guide mitigation efforts. These projections are nowhere more important than Africa, with its high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and, in many regions, limited resources for adaptation. Climate models provide our best method for climate prediction but there are uncertainties in projections, especially on regional space scale. In Africa, limitations of observational networks add to this uncertainty since a crucial step in improving model projections is comparisons with observations. Exceeding uncertainties associated with climate model simulation are uncertainties due to projections of future emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Humanity’s choices in emissions pathways will have profound effects on climate, especially after the mid-century.The African Sahel is a transition zone characterized by strong meridional precipitation and temperature gradients. Over West Africa, the Sahel marks the northernmost extent of the West African monsoon system. The region’s climate is known to be sensitive to sea surface temperatures, both regional and global, as well as to land surface conditions. Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases are already causing amplified warming over the Sahara Desert and, consequently, increased rainfall in parts of the Sahel. Climate model projections indicate that much of this increased rainfall will be delivered in the form of more intense storm systems.The complicated and highly regional precipitation regimes of East Africa present a challenge for climate modeling. Within roughly 5º of latitude of the equator, rainfall is delivered in two seasons—the long rains in the spring, and the short rains in the fall. Regional climate model projections suggest that the long rains will weaken under greenhouse gas forcing, and the short rains season will extend farther into the winter months. Observations indicate that the long rains are already weakening.Changes in seasonal rainfall over parts of subtropical southern Africa are observed, with repercussions and challenges for agriculture and water availability. Some elements of these observed changes are captured in model simulations of greenhouse gas-induced climate change, especially an early demise of the rainy season. The projected changes are quite regional, however, and more high-resolution study is needed. In addition, there has been very limited study of climate change in the Congo Basin and across northern Africa. Continued efforts to understand and predict climate using higher-resolution simulation must be sustained to better understand observed and projected changes in the physical processes that support African precipitation systems as well as the teleconnections that communicate remote forcings into the continent.
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1937-, Chatterji Manas, Kuenne Robert E, and Isard Walter, eds. Dynamics and conflict in regional structural change. New York: New York University Press, 1990.
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Barnhurst, Kevin G. News Traded Place for Digital Space. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0012.
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This chapter discusses how the cultural transformation that occurred by the early twenty-first century led to a new regime that tends to put less value on concrete place than on something more abstract, space. Several thinkers identified a change in spatial conceptions. The shifts parallel those a century earlier, and both periods of change linked to an emerging mode of production. The new regime contrasts with the old because place is a product of someone's firsthand experience, but space is the product of secondhand information. Walter Lippmann called space “a good clue” for detecting stereotypes, those oversimplified rubrics so handy for picturing inaccessible places. Space also makes less meaningful the place-based distinctions between authentic and inauthentic experience. Because the mind receives physical seeing and seeing pictures in much the same way, the armchair traveler will recognize the sights when arriving as a tourist or may choose not to travel at all. Recent changes in technology allow a “locational indifference” in the manufacture of things, so that economic activity can happen anywhere.
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Boschma, Ron, and Koen Frenken. Evolutionary Economic Geography. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.11.
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The chapter gives a brief overview of the most recent, relevant literature on evolutionary economic geography. We describe how evolutionary economic geography has provided new and additional insights on a number of topics that belong to the core of the economic geography discipline: why do industries concentrate in space, how do clusters operate and evolve, how are innovation networks structured in space and how do they evolve over time, what types of agglomeration externalities induce urban and regional growth, how do regions diversify, and how do institutions and institutional change matter for the development of new growth paths in regions?
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(Editor), Manas Chatterji, and Robert E. Kuenne (Editor), eds. Dynamics and Conflict in Regional Structural Change: Essays in Honor of Walter Isard (Essays in Honour of Walter Isard). New York University Press, 1990.
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Georges, Benko, and Dunford Mick, eds. Industrial change and regional development: The transformation of new industrial spaces. London: Belhaven Press, 1991.
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Nelson, Margaret C., and Patricia A. Gilman. Mimbres Archaeology. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.14.
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The Mimbres cultural tradition once dominated southwestern New Mexico and adjacent areas, and is best known for intricate and beautiful pottery with black designs painted on a white background. The apex of population and tradition—1000–1130 ce—is labeled the Mimbres Classic period. Several major changes distinguish this period from earlier Pithouse periods, including the appearance of the first pueblos in the southern Southwest, increased population, change from enclosed to open ritual spaces, elaboration of black-on-white pottery, and a shift in pan-regional connections from west with the people of the Hohokam region to south into Mesoamerica. This chapter describes these trends and their implications. It then explores three research themes that have contributed to this cultural tradition and to broader understandings of society, ecology, and worldview: human-environment interactions; organizational variation of large pueblos, room layouts, ritual practices, and ceramic production; and the representational and geometric black-on-white pottery.
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Piet, Rietveld, and Shefer Daniel, eds. Regional development in an age of structural economic change. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
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Mofo, Liako. Future-proofing the plastics value chain in Southern Africa. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/905-1.
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Plastics are ubiquitous across the region and play an important role in multiple industries. Most plastic products are based on a value chain that is grounded in petroleum refining, posing an environmental challenge. Plastic manufacturing in South Africa suffers from the high cost of polymers as inputs. Mozambique is endowed with large natural gas deposits. This research assesses the potential for the sustainable development of a plastics value chain in Southern Africa, with the aim of future-proofing the industry against changes in the petroleum space while bolstering growth in plastics manufacture and fostering a more equitable regional distribution of plastics activities. This study found that there is strong regional value chain potential between South Africa and Mozambique, with Mozambique producing natural gas feedstock and South Africa providing labour, capital, and technology. South African plastic manufacturers could also benefit from better input prices derived from better priced natural gas from Mozambique.
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Ramadan, Yasmine. Space in Modern Egyptian Fiction. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427647.001.0001.
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In 1960s Egypt a group of writers exploded onto the literary scene, transforming the aesthetic landscape. Space in Modern Egyptian Fiction argues that this literary generation presents a marked shift in the representation of rural, urban, and exilic space, reflecting a disappointment in the project of the postcolonial nation-state in post-revolutionary Egypt. If the countryside ceased to be the idealized space of the nation, neither the Cairene metropolis nor the city of Alexandria took its place. Moreover, the transgression of borders to an exilic space served to unsettle categories of national and regional belonging. At the heart of this book is an argument about the disappearance of an idealized nation in the Egyptian novel. It provides a full examination of the emergence and establishment of a group of the most significant writers in modern Egyptian literature across six decades, while also attending to the social, economic, political, and aesthetic changes during a pivotal moment in Egypt’s contemporary history.
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Aleksandrova, Anna K., ed. Essays on the Political history of the Countries of Central and south-Eastern Europe. From the Late Twentieth to the Early Twenty-First Centuries. Nestor-Istoriia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2712-8342.2020.1.
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This collective monograph is a comprehensive study of the causes, evolution and outcomes of complex processes in the contemporary history of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, and aims in particular to identify common and special characteristics in their socio-economic and political development. The authors base their work on documentary evidence; both published and unpublished archival materials reveal the specifics of the development of the political landscapes in these countries. They highlight models combining both European and nationally oriented (and even nationalist) components of the political spheres of particular countries; identify markers which allow the stage of completion (or incompletion) of the establishment of a new political system to be estimated; and present analyses of the processes of internal political struggle, which has often taken on ruthless forms. The analysis of regional and country-specific documentary materials illustrates that the gap in the development of the region with “old Europe” in general has not yet been overcome: in the post-Socialist period, the situation of the region being “ownerless” and “abandoned”, characteristic of the period between the two world wars, is reoccurring. The authors conclude that during the period from the late twentieth to the early twenty-first centuries, the region was quite clearly divided into two parts: Central (the Visegrad Four) and South-Eastern (the Balkans) Europe. The authors explore the prevailing trends in the political development of Hungary and Poland related to the leadership of nationally and religiously oriented parties; in the Czech Republic and Slovakia the pendulum-like change in power of the left and right-wing parties; and in Bulgaria and Romania the domestic political processes permanently in crisis. The authors pay special attention to the contradictory nature of the political evolution of the states that emerged in the space of the former Yugoslavia. For the first time, Greece and Turkey are included in the context of a regional-wide study. The contributors present optimal or resembling transformational models, which can serve as a prototype for shaping the political landscape of other countries in the world. The monograph substantiates the urgency of the new approach needed to study the history and current state of the region and its countries, taking into account the challenges of the time, which require strengthening national and state identity. The research also offered prognostic characteristics of transformational changes in the region, the Visegrad Four, and the Balkans.
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Comentale, Edward P. Thought I Had Your Heart Forever. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037399.003.0003.
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This chapter shows how country music provided emotional bearing for an entire region gripped by processes of change. It presents country song as a dynamic phenomenon of space and time, one that provides an affective link between home and away as well as past and present. In the commercial ballads of the late 1920s and early 1930s, the chapter shows how the ground slips away and time moves forward, and the listener is propelled backward and forward on a current of uneasy but thrilling affect that comes to stand in for regional experience itself. The chapter develops this argument through four different moments in the early history of country music: the popularity of Fiddlin' John Carson; the underexplored influence of the Vagabonds and the Delmores; the Carter Family, the “First Family of Country Music;” and country radio.
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Chhibber, Pradeep K., and Rahul Verma. Statism, Recognition, and Party System Change in India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623876.003.0009.
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Data drawn from the National Election Studies going back to 1967 and two surveys of political elites conducted in 1971 and the 1993 show that the ideological divide is quite stable. Activists, members, and supporters of the main political parties hold clearly distinct views on the two ideological dimensions that define the party system in India. The changes in the Indian party system since independence have occurred with movement of political parties within the ideological space defined by statism and recognition. This led to the end of the Congress led one party dominant system, its replacement by the rise of regional parties in many states and finally to a BJP led fourth party system.
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Brüll, Christoph, Christian Henrich-Franke, Claudia Hiepel, and Guido Thiemeyer, eds. Belgisch-deutsche Kontakträume in Rheinland und Westfalen, 1945-1995. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748906834.
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This volume analyses Belgian garrisons in the Rhineland and Westphalia after the Second World War. They are analysed as contact zones that clearly indicate the political, economic, societal and military consequences of European integration for daily coexistence. The book’s contributions focus on mechanisms and catalysts of entanglement, dissolution and coexistence in local spaces, which did not relocate transnational contacts within Europe to national borderlines, but permanently (re-) configured them in a confined space. How do transnational contacts take place? How have they changed in the face of different geopolitical and geostrategic circumstances? This volume intends to give European integration history new impetus by rediscovering European regional history. With contributions by Christoph Brüll, Christian Henrich-Franke, Claudia Hiepel, Jonas Krüning, Marc Laplasse, Pierre Muller, Vitus Sproten, Guido Thiemeyer
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Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Asia and the Pacific Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.70.
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This GSoD In Focus Special Brief provides an overview of the state of democracy in Asia and the Pacific at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in 2020. Key fact and findings include: • Prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries across Asia and the Pacific faced a range of democratic challenges. Chief among these were continuing political fragility, violent conflict, recurrent military interference in the political sphere, enduring hybridity, deepening autocratization, creeping ethnonationalism, advancing populist leadership, democratic backsliding, shrinking civic space, the spread of disinformation, and weakened checks and balances. The crisis conditions engendered by the pandemic risk further entrenching and/or intensifying the negative democratic trends observable in the region prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. • Across the region, governments have been using the conditions created by the pandemic to expand executive power and restrict individual rights. Aspects of democratic practice that have been significantly impacted by anti-pandemic measures include the exercise of fundamental rights (notably freedom of assembly and free speech). Some countries have also seen deepened religious polarization and discrimination. Women, vulnerable groups, and ethnic and religious minorities have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic and discriminated against in the enforcement of lockdowns. There have been disruptions of electoral processes, increased state surveillance in some countries, and increased influence of the military. This is particularly concerning in new, fragile or backsliding democracies, which risk further eroding their already fragile democratic bases. • As in other regions, however, the pandemic has also led to a range of innovations and changes in the way democratic actors, such as parliaments, political parties, electoral commissions, civil society organizations and courts, conduct their work. In a number of countries, for example, government ministries, electoral commissions, legislators, health officials and civil society have developed innovative new online tools for keeping the public informed about national efforts to combat the pandemic. And some legislatures are figuring out new ways to hold government to account in the absence of real-time parliamentary meetings. • The consideration of political regime type in debates around ways of containing the pandemic also assumes particular relevance in Asia and the Pacific, a region that houses high-performing democracies, such as New Zealand and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), a mid-range performer (Taiwan), and also non-democratic regimes, such as China, Singapore and Viet Nam—all of which have, as of December 2020, among the lowest per capita deaths from COVID-19 in the world. While these countries have all so far managed to contain the virus with fewer fatalities than in the rest of the world, the authoritarian regimes have done so at a high human rights cost, whereas the democracies have done so while adhering to democratic principles, proving that the pandemic can effectively be fought through democratic means and does not necessarily require a trade off between public health and democracy. • The massive disruption induced by the pandemic can be an unparalleled opportunity for democratic learning, change and renovation in the region. Strengthening democratic institutions and processes across the region needs to go hand in hand with curbing the pandemic. Rebuilding societies and economic structures in its aftermath will likewise require strong, sustainable and healthy democracies, capable of tackling the gargantuan challenges ahead. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.
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Catherine, Gorgeon, Laudier Isabelle, and Réseau des praticiens de recherche SHS en entreprise et organisation (France), eds. Territoires et identités en mutation. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.
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Catherine, Gorgeon, Laudier Isabelle, and Réseau des praticiens de recherche SHS en entreprise et organisation (France), eds. Territoires et identités en mutation. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.
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Catherine, Gorgeon, Laudier Isabelle, and Réseau des praticiens de recherche SHS en entreprise et organisation (France), eds. Territoires et identités en mutation. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008.
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Auerswald, Philip E., and Lokesh M. Dani. Economic Ecosystems. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.47.
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In this chapter the concept of ecosystems as applied to economic geography is reviewed. It is argued that economic systems taking the metaphor of the ecosystem more literally than has been done in the past may advance understanding of economic systems at the regional scale are, literally, ecosystems. An ecosystem is defined as a dynamically stable network of interconnected firms and institutions within bounded geographical space. It is proposed that representing regional economic networks as ‘ecosystems’ provides analytical structure and depth to theories of the sources of regional advantage, the role of entrepreneurs in regional development, and the determinants of resilience in regional economic systems. The chapter frames regional economic change in terms of ecosystem dynamics, with reference to ecologically derived concepts of succession, speciation, diversity, resilience, and adaptation.
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Kennel, Charles F. Convection and Substorms. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085297.001.0001.
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The magnetosphere is the region where cosmic rays and the solar wind interact with the Earth's magnetic field, creating such phenomena as the northern lights and other aurorae. The configuration and dynamics of the magnetosphere are of interest to planetary physicists, geophysicists, plasma astrophysicists, and to scientists planning space missions. The circulation of solar wind plasma in the magnetosphere and substorms have long been used as the principle paradigms for studying this vital region. Charles F. Kennel, a leading scientist in the field, here presents a synthesis of the convection and substorm literatures, and an analysis of convection and substorm interactions; he also suggests that the currently accepted steady reconnection model may be advantageously replaced by a model of multiple tail reconnection events, in which many mutually interdependent reconnections occur. Written in an accessible, non-mathematical style, this book introduces the reader to the exciting discoveries in this fast-growing field.
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Johnston, Jean-Michel. Networks of Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856887.001.0001.
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This book offers a fresh perspective on the history of Germany by investigating the origins and impact of the ‘communications revolution’ that transformed state and society during the nineteenth century. It focuses upon the period 1830–80, exploring the interactions between the many different actors who developed, administered, and used one of the most important technologies of the period—the electric telegraph. Drawing upon evidence from Prussia, Bavaria, Bremen, and a number of towns across Central Europe, it reveals the channels through which knowledge circulated across the region, stimulating both collaboration and confrontation between the scientists, technicians, businessmen, and bureaucrats involved in bringing the telegraph to life. It highlights the technology’s impact upon the conduct of trade, finance, news distribution, and government in the tumultuous decades that witnessed the 1848 revolutions, the wars of unification, and the establishment of the Kaiserreich in 1871. Following the telegraph lines themselves, it weaves together the changes which took place at a local, regional, national, and eventually global level, revisiting the technology’s impact upon concepts of space and time, and highlighting the importance of this period in laying the foundations for Germany’s experience of a profoundly ambiguous, networked modernity.
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Jakob, Michael, Ottmar Edenhofer, Ulrike Kornek, Dominic Lenzi, and Jan Minx. Governing the Commons to Promote Global Justice: Climate Change Mitigation and Rent Taxation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0003.
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Climate change mitigation means restricting the use of the atmosphere as a disposal space for greenhouse gas emissions, which would create a novel scarcity rent. Appropriating this rent via fiscal policies, such as taxes, together with already existing scarcity rents of land and natural resources, could be an economically efficient source of public revenues to advance human development objectives. This chapter discusses how an international climate agreement would turn the atmosphere into a common property regime and describes equity principles that determine how the resulting climate rent is distributed. It then estimates how carbon pricing in combination with appropriate revenue recycling could advance human development goals. It also considers equity aspects of distributing land and natural resource rents as well as the potential of these rents to promote global justice. Finally, it assesses the political feasibility of combining rent taxation with targeted investment, drawing conclusions for the potential implementation of such an approach.
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Eckert, Astrid M. West Germany and the Iron Curtain. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190690052.001.0001.
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West Germany and the Iron Curtain takes a fresh look at the history of Cold War Germany and the German reunification process from the spatial perspective of the West German borderlands that emerged along the volatile inter-German border after 1945. These border regions constituted the Federal Republic’s most sensitive geographical space, in which it had to confront partition and engage its socialist neighbor, East Germany, in concrete ways. Each issue that arose in these borderlands—from economic deficiencies to border tourism, environmental pollution, landscape change, and the siting decision for a major nuclear facility—was magnified and mediated by the presence of what became the most militarized border of its day, the Iron Curtain. In topical chapters, the book traces each of these issues across the caesura of 1989–1990, thereby integrating the “long” postwar era with the postunification decades. At the heart of this deeply-researched study stands an environmental history of the Iron Curtain that explores transboundary pollution, landscape change, and a planned nuclear industrial site at Gorleben that was meant to bring jobs into the depressed border regions. As Eckert demonstrates, the borderlands that emerged with partition and disappeared with reunification did not merely mirror larger developments in the Federal Republic’s history but actually helped shape them.
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Mueller, Valerie, and James Thurlow, eds. Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848059.001.0001.
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Theories underlying the relationship between urbanization and transformation are being challenged by trends in Sub-Saharan African countries, since many have yet to observe their own “green” or industrial revolutions, despite moderate urbanization. Africa’s trajectory is very different than those of other developing regions, a main reason for which is the region’s significant “youth bulge” and the lack of a labor market outlet for this growing subpopulation. In many countries, the youth are driving the (albeit slow) movement out of agriculture, yet rather than migrating to urban areas, many are finding (usually informal) work in secondary cities, their peri-urban spaces, and the rural nonfarm economy. This book examines the overall trends in youth migration, policies, and political activism, then looks specifically at five African case studies to identify key trends and provide recommendations on encouraging youth to spur structural change. Conclusions reached in this book include that the rate of structural transformation varies among countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, but in most cases, it is the youth who are driving these changes. Education, access to financial services, and agricultural productivity contribute to this structural transformation and can act as pushes or pulls out of agriculture for the youth. However, when structural transformation policies are not pro-poor or inclusive, it can result in higher levels of youth under- and unemployment. Thus, the conclusions point to recommendations focusing on agricultural productivity, the rural nonfarm economy and informal sectors especially along agriculture value chains, access to finance and savings, infrastructure, and education.
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Brook, Barry W., Erle C. Ellis, and Jessie C. Buettel. What is the evidence for planetary tipping points? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0008.
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This chapter critically evaluates the likelihood that planet Earth will cross one or more global environmental tipping points, resulting in a degraded state that would be difficult to reverse. Ecological tipping points occur when components of a system change rapidly due an initial forcing that is amplified by positive feedbacks, resulting in a regime shift. The chapter examines the evidence in support of biological and geophysical boundaries that clearly delimit a “safe operating space” for people and biodiversity. For individual ecosystems, abrupt state transitions have been documented. However, apart from the climate system, there is scant evidence (or theoretical justification) to support the view that global aggregates like biodiversity, chemical cycles, or resource extraction have planetary thresholds that define the boundaries of a global safe operating space. Acknowledging the absence of clear evidence for thresholds or boundaries at the global level does not diminish the seriousness of anthropogenic impacts. It does, however, imply that local-scale mitigation actions will be most effective.
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Sen, Kunal, Sabyasachi Kar, and Jagadish Prasad Sahu. The Stroll, the Trot, and the Sprint of the Elephant. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.003.0009.
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This chapter shows three distinctive growth episodes in India’s recent history. First, a period of slow growth from 1950 to 1992, due to the presence of a dominant political party, a prevalence of powerbrokers, and a disordered closed deal environment which slowly changed in the 1980s. The second period of growth from 1993 to 2002 was spurred by a move to a competitive political settlement, a growing trust between economic and political elites which opened up the deal space, and a move towards more magicians within the economy. The third period of mixed growth was caused by the rise of regional parties, the increased influence of the magicians and powerbrokers within the economy, and a shift to a more closed deals space. This analysis highlights the influence of feedback effects in India, both positive and negative, and how each distinctive period helped shape the next stage of growth.
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Gertler, Meric S. Institutions, Geography, and Economic Life. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.12.
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Institutional approaches to understanding economic activity have become widespread in recent years. Both economists and economic geographers have embraced the idea that institutions shape, constrain, and enable economic behaviour, and that the nature of this relationship will vary according to the institutional architecture of particular geographical spaces. While much work has focused on national institutions, geographers have shown interest in the role and influence of regional institutions in shaping economic behaviour. Economists have largely confined their analysis to how formal national institutions shape aggregate outcomes of nation states. While geographers have begun to focus on the question of how regional institutions interact with national institutions, the analysis still remains preliminary and tentative. Equally pressing questions pertain to the processes of institutional change—both regional and national, the role and influence of individual agency, and the extent to which the path and direction of institutional evolution are predictable.
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Papadopoulos, Alex G. Becoming “Boystown” in Neoliberal Chicago. Edited by Larry Bennett, Roberta Garner, and Euan Hague. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040597.003.0008.
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The chapter studies the circumstances under which, Boystown, Chicago’s iconic LGBT community/village, emerged in the 1960s, as well as the changing urban forms and structures that have defined it. It situates the Boystown phenomenon within broader urban development events in Chicago in the post WWII era, and explores linkages between local change and urban and financial regulatory frames at the city, regional, state, and national scales. The study focuses on the geographic core of Boystown, which is identified as the North Halsted Street-Broadway Corridor. It traces urban morphological change in the Corridor (its town plan of lots, blocks, streets, and open spaces, built forms, and building- and land-uses), as a means of illuminating the causes, agents, and structural forces that have produced Boystown.
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Tasar, Eren. Soviet and Muslim. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652104.001.0001.
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Long associated with its aggressive promotion of atheism, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union adopted a nuanced, flexible, and often contradictory approach toward Islam in the USSR’s largest Muslim region, Central Asia. “Soviet and Muslim” demonstrates how the Soviet state unwittingly set in motion a process of institutionalization during World War II that culminated in a permanent space for Islam in a society ruled by atheists. Central Asia was the sole Muslim region of the former Russian empire to lack a centralized Islamic organization, or muftiate. When the Soviet leader Stalin created such a body for the region as part of his religious reforms during World War II, he acknowledged that the Muslim faith could enjoy some legal protection under Communist rule. From a skeletal and disorganized body run by one family of Islamic scholars out of a modest house in Tashkent’s old city, this muftiate acquired great political importance in the eyes of Soviet policymakers, and equally significant symbolic significance for many Muslims. This book argues that Islam did not merely “survive” the decades from World War II until the Soviet collapse in 1991, but actively shaped the political and social context of Soviet Central Asia. Muslim figures, institutions, and practices evolved in response to the social and political reality of Communist rule. Through an analysis that spans all aspects of Islam under Soviet rule—from debates about religion inside the Communist Party, to the muftiate’s efforts to acquire control over mosques across Central Asia, changes in Islamic practices and dogma, and overseas propaganda targeting the Islamic World—Soviet and Muslim offers a radical new reading of Islam’s resilience and evolution under atheist rule.
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Cochrane, Ethan E., and Terry L. Hunt. The Archaeology of Prehistoric Oceania. Edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199925070.013.001.
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The archaeological record of Oceania stretches over one-third of the earth’s surface with the first humans entering Oceania 50,000 years ago and with the last major archipelago settled approximately a.d. 1300. Oceania is often divided into the cultural-geographic regions of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia, but these divisions mask much variation, and they do not always accurately characterize the historical relationships among Oceania’s populations. Since the 1950s, archaeological researchers have investigated Oceania’s human and environmental past and have focused on colonization chronologies and the origins of different populations, the intensity and spatial scale of interaction between groups, and changes in social complexity through time and space with a particular concern for the development of chiefdoms. Oceanic archaeologists often use historical linguistics, human genetics, and cultural evolution models to structure their research on ancient Pacific island populations.
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Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning. Investment and Human Rights Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663392.003.0009.
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This chapter provides a selective reading of the Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, which amounts to an attempted regime capture where human rights lawyers occupy and colonise space within the intellectual property (IP) system, using its tools to achieve their goals. It attempts to connect international investment and human rights law in their approaches to IP protection. By using IP tools, human right lawyers can offer World Trade Organisation (WTO)/IP lawyers with acceptable arguments to integrate and take into account human rights objectives within their own system, relying on their own tools. Given that there has been no meaningful international forum to litigate compliance with creator’s and access rights, it is understandable that those in charge of these rights take them into fora where they hope for better, even if indirect, compliance. Whether the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) can provide a meaningful alternative within the human rights system remains to be seen.
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Dallmayr, Fred. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190670979.003.0001.
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Tocqueville asserted that the principle of democratic equality is a “providential fact.” In its actual unfolding, however, the “providential” aspect was replaced by a strictly empirical, humanly engineered process or development, and the spirit of “equality” gave way to the unleashing of unlimited self-interest, which produced growing inequality. This chapter traces the transformation from a qualitative conception into a purely quantitative, empirical, and “minimalist” definition of democracy. Apart from violating equality, the transformation also ignores the “paradigm shift” of democracy (vis-à-vis monarchy): that popular sovereignty cannot be occupied, but remains (in the terms of Claude Lefort) an “empty space.” The chapter also discusses the steady globalization of this definition, meaning the transfer of liberal minimalism from the Western “center” to the non-Western “periphery,” often through policies of “regime change.” In this manner, the domestic rise of inequality is paralleled by the rise of global elitism and hegemonic domination.
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Cardon, Nathan. A Dream of the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190274726.001.0001.
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A Dream of the Future examines how southerners at the end of the nineteenth century worked through the major questions facing a nation undergoing profound change. In an age of empire and industry, southerners grappled with what it meant to be modern. At Atlanta’s 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition and Nashville’s 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition, white and black southerners endeavored to understand how their region could be industrial and imperial on its own terms. On a local, national, and global stage, African Americans, New South boosters, New Women, and Civil War veterans presented their own dreams of the future. White southerners at the fairs exhibited a way of life that embraced racial segregation and industrial capitalism, while African Americans accommodated, engaged, and contested this vision. The Atlanta and Nashville expositions are representative of a developing Jim Crow modernity through which white and black southerners constructed themselves as the objects and subjects of modernity during the formative years of segregation. Ultimately, the Atlanta and Nashville fairs were spaces in which southerners presented themselves as modern and imperial citizens ready to spread the South’s culture and racial politics across the globe.
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Donoso Macaya, Ángeles. The Insubordination of Photography. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401117.001.0001.
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The Insubordination of Photography studies the documentary practices of photography devised by different collectives (relatives of the detained-disappeared, church organizations, visual artists, and photographers), organizations, and independent media, which resisted, defied, and participated in the downfall of the dictatorial regime in Chile. Given a milieu saturated by disinformation and cover-ups of all kinds and restricted by repression and censorship, how does one demand and make visible the truth about the (denied) crime of forced disappearances under Pinochet’s Chilean dictatorship? At a moment when resistance was gaining more prevalence on the streets and in the independent media, how could one ensure the safety of independent photographers and challenge censorship? How does one convey denunciation when images are prohibited? The objects studied in this book emerged as answers to these pressing questions. Different documentary practices of photography were devised to make visible the crime of forced disappearances in the public space (chapter one), to produce a credible visual record of forensic evidence in a paramount legal case (chapter two), to denounce and resist precarity and protect the work of independent photographers and reporters (chapter three), and to challenge—and ridicule—censorship and the limitations imposed on freedom of the press (chapter four). These practices not only changed the depth of field, which the dictatorship attempted to control by all necessary means, but also, and perhaps more importantly, strengthened the ideology and the public space of the opposition while expanding the photographic field.
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Lewis, Robert. Chicago's Industrial Decline. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752629.001.0001.
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This book charts the city's decline since the 1920s and describes the early development of Chicago's famed (and reviled) growth machine. Beginning in the 1940s and led by local politicians, downtown business interest, financial institutions, and real estate groups, place-dependent organizations in Chicago implemented several industrial renewal initiatives with the dual purpose of stopping factory closings and attracting new firms in order to turn blighted property into modern industrial sites. At the same time, a more powerful coalition sought to adapt the urban fabric to appeal to middle-class consumption and residential living. As the book shows, the two aims were never well integrated, and the result was on-going disinvestment and the inexorable decline of Chicago's industrial space. By the 1950s, the book argues, it was evident that the early incarnation of the growth machine had failed to maintain Chicago's economic center in industry. Although larger economic and social forces — specifically, competition for business and for residential development from the suburbs in the Chicagoland region and across the whole United States — played a role in the city's industrial decline, the book stresses the deep incoherence of post-World War II economic policy and urban planning that hoped to square the circle by supporting both heavy industry and middle- to upper-class amenities in downtown Chicago.
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Johannessen, Ola M., Leonid P. Bobylev, and Kiril Ya Kondratyev. Arctic Environment Variability in the Context of Global Change (Springer Praxis Books / Environmental Sciences). Springer, 2004.
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Yilmaz, Ali, and Anca Florian. Myocarditis: imaging techniques. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0367.
Full textAbstract:
The clinical presentation of myocarditis is multifaceted and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes as well as biomarkers tend to be non-specific. Therefore, the diagnosis of myocarditis can be challenging and should be based on an integrated approach including patient history, physical examination, non-invasive tests such as ECG and serum biomarkers, and non-invasive cardiac imaging. As myocarditis may lead to global ventricular dysfunction, regional wall motion abnormalities, and/or diastolic dysfunction, echocardiography should be routinely performed. However, hallmarks of acute myocarditis comprise structural changes such as cardiomyocyte swelling, an increase in extracellular space and water content, accumulation of inflammatory cells, potential necrosis or apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and myocardial remodelling with fibrotic tissue replacement that can be depicted by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Nuclear techniques are still not routinely recommended for the work-up of myocarditis—with the possible exception of suspected sarcoidosis—due to limited data, limited diagnostic specificity, limited availability, and risk from radiation exposure. This chapter focuses on those non-invasive cardiac imaging techniques that are used in daily clinical practice for work-up of suspected myocarditis. However, as research continues and novel imaging techniques become available, it is hoped that even more accurate and timely diagnosis of myocarditis will be possible in the near future.
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Roos, Hilde. La Traviata Affair. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520299887.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Opera, race, and politics during apartheid South Africa form the foundation of this historiographic work on the Eoan Group, a so-called colored cultural organization that performed opera in the Cape. The La Traviata Affair: Opera in the Time of Apartheid charts Eoan’s opera activities from its inception in 1933 until the cessation of its work by 1980. By accepting funding from the apartheid government and adhering to apartheid conditions, the group, in time, became politically compromised, resulting in the rejection of the group by their own community and the cessation of opera production. However, their unquestioned acceptance of and commitment to the art of opera lead to the most extraordinary of performance trajectories. During apartheid, the Eoan Group provided a space for colored people to perform Western classical art forms in an environment that potentially transgressed racial boundaries and challenged perceptions of racial exclusivity in the genre of opera. This highly significant endeavor and the way it was thwarted at the hands of the apartheid regime is the story that unfolds in this book.
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Lo, Dennis. The Authorship of Place. Hong Kong University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528516.001.0001.
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The Authorship of Place is the first monograph dedicated to the study of the politics, history, aesthetics, and practices of location shooting for Taiwanese, Mainland Chinese, and coproduced art cinemas shot in rural communities since the late 1970s. Lo argues that rural location shooting, beyond serving aesthetic and technical needs, constitutes practices of cultural survival in a region beset with disruptive social changes, including rapid urbanization, geopolitical shifts, and ecological crises. In response to these social changes, auteurs like Hou Xiaoxian, Jia Zhangke, Chen Kaige, and Li Xing transformed sites of film production into symbolically meaningful places of collective memories and aspirations. These production practices ultimately enabled auteurs to experiment with imagining communities in novel and contentious ways. Guiding readers on a cross-strait tour of prominent shooting locations for the New Chinese Cinemas, this book shows how auteurs sought out their disappearing cultural heritage by reenacting lived experiences of nation building, homecoming, and cultural salvage while shooting on-location. This was an especially daunting task when auteurs encountered the shooting locations as spaces of unresolved historical, social, and geopolitical contestations, tensions which were only intensified by the impact of filmmaking on rural communities. This book demonstrates how complex circumstances surrounding location shooting were pivotal in shaping representations of the rural on-screen, as well as the production communities, institutions, and industries off-screen. Bringing together cutting-edge perspectives in cultural geography and media anthropology, this work revises Chinese film history and theorizes ground-breaking approaches for investigating the cultural politics of film authorship and production.