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Journal articles on the topic 'Space geodetic surveys'
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1
Pantushin, V. A., and A. A. Andreev. "Coordinate binding of images for designing phototrangulation." Geodesy and Cartography 972, no. 6 (July 20, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-972-6-47-54.
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The technology of the schemes development automation for areal coverage with aerial and space photography materials is proposed. Within its framework, a method for automatic coordinate referencing of images on the Earth’s ellipsoid surface with the subsequent determination of nomenclature sheets of topographic maps on a composite table was substantiated and implemented. The proposed method is based on the algorithms for calculating the azimuths and lengths of lines connecting the projections of the photographing points (inverse geodetic problem) and the coordinates of the images corner points’ projections (direct geodetic problem). The formulas for solving the geodetic tasks of the images coordinate referencing over long distances are obtained as a result of transforming and integrating the equations of geodetic lines described by the Claireau equation though F. Bessel’s method. It can be used when planning and performing aerial and space surveys, as well as to determine the cartographic base in order to select the starting points for photogrammetric condensation of the geodetic network. The technology is focused on the automation of phototriangulation technical design procedures and is good for linking images to the corresponding sections of electronic and digital maps.
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Ilyushina, T. V. "Necessity and regularity of geodetic knowledge development. Eckers as “earth-dividing” tools." Geodesy and Cartography 968, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-968-2-38-48.
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The article deals with studying the historic design development of the eckers as landseparating tools, depending on the theoretical and practical matters of peasant land tenure, surveying forest areas, and those adjacent to the waters. The authors show that dividing lands of different practical use and establishing their boundaries is an important and necessary part of the land Fund state accounting, and its success depends on the qualified geodetic support possibilities. It is considered that the need to divide the land space can be traced in the laws of the knowledge development, performing geodetic works and improving the instruments’ design. As a result of the study, it was revealed that eckers make the only group of “earth-separating” tools; they are currently conventionally referred to as angle-measuring ones. Their main function is to divide space at fixed angles. The absence of a scale makes us think about their “non-measuring” purpose. The authors show that the features of the first “earth-separating” technical devices are basic for more complex designs of geodetic instruments, enabling to conduct diverse geodetic surveys in a certain historical era, depending on the application purpose and the tools using method.
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Roland, J., C. Gattano, S. B. Lambert, and F. Taris. "Multiple black hole system in 4C31.61 (2201+315)." Astronomy & Astrophysics 634 (February 2020): A101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834740.
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Modeling trajectories of radio components ejected by the nucleus of 4C31.61 (2201+315) and observed by very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) in the frame of the MOJAVE survey suggests that they are ejected from three different origins that possibly host three different supermassive black holes. These origins correspond to three stationary components, one of which one is the VLBI core. Most of the mass of the nucleus is associated with a supermassive binary black hole system whose separation is ≈0.3 milliarc second, that is, a distance of ≈1.3 parsec and the mass ratio is ≈2. In contrast, the mass ratio with respect to the third black hole is ≈1/100. The three origins lie within 0.6 milliarc second, or a distance of ≈2.6 parsec. Based in this structure of the nucleus, we explain the variations observed in the astrometric coordinate time series obtained from VLBI geodetic surveys. This study shows that it is possible to exploit large MOJAVE-like VLBI databases to propose more insights into the structure of the extragalactic radio sources that are targeted by VLBI in geodetic and astrometry programs.
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Bazanowski, Maciej, Anna Szostak-Chrzanowski, and Adam Chrzanowski. "Determination of GPS Session Duration in Ground Deformation Surveys in Mining Areas." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2019): 6127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216127.
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Extraction of underground minerals causes subsidence of the ground surface due to gravitational forces. The subsidence rate depends on the type of extracted ore, as well as its shape, thickness, and depth. Additionally, the embedding and overburden rock properties influence the time needed for the deformations to reach the surface. Using the results of geodetic deformation monitoring, which supply the information on pattern and magnitude of surface deformation, the performance of the mine may be evaluated. The monitoring can supply information on the actual rock mass behaviour during the operation and in many cases during the years after the mining operations have ceased. Geodetic methods of deformation monitoring supply information on the absolute and relative displacements (changes in position in a selected coordinate system) from which displacement and strain fields for the monitored object may be derived. Thus, geodetic measurements provide global information on absolute and relative displacements over large areas, either at discrete points or continuous in the space domain. The geodetic methods are affected by errors caused by atmospheric refraction and delay of electromagnetic signal. Since geodetic measurements allow for redundancy and statistical evaluation of the quality of the data, they generally provide reliable results. Usually, the designed accuracy of deformation measurements should allow for the detection of at least one third of the expected maximum deformations over the desired time span at the 95% probability level. In ground subsidence studies in mining areas, 10 mm accuracy at 95% level in both vertical and horizontal displacements is typically required. In the case of salt mines, the process of ground subsidence in viscous rock is slow; therefore, subsidence monitoring surveys may be performed once a year. In subsidence determination, two techniques are commonly used: leveling and satellite positioning. The satellite positioning technique is used to determine the 3D (horizontal coordinates and height) or 2D position of monitored points (only horizontal coordinates). When comparing the heights determined from satellite and leveling surveys, it has to be noted that the leveling heights are referred with respect to the geoid (orthometric heights), while heights determined from satellite surveys are referred with respect to the ellipsoid (ellipsoidal height). In the case of satellite surveys, the accuracy of horizontal position is typically 2–3 times better than vertical. The analysis of the optimal session duration lead to the conclusion that in order to achieve the sub-cm accuracy of horizontal coordinates at 95% confidence level, the satellite positioning session length using Global Positioning System (GPS) should be at least three hours long. In order to achieve the sub-cm accuracy of height coordinate at 95% confidence level in a single observation session, the GPS session length should be at least twelve hours long.
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Mintourakis, I., G. Panou, and D. Paradissis. "Evaluation of ocean circulation models in the computation of the mean dynamic topography for geodetic applications. Case study in the Greek seas." Journal of Geodetic Science 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2019-0015.
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Abstract Precise knowledge of the oceanic Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) is crucial for a number of geodetic applications, such as vertical datum unification and marine geoid modelling. The lack of gravity surveys over many regions of the Greek seas and the incapacity of the space borne gradiometry/gravity missions to resolve the small and medium wavelengths of the geoid led to the investigation of the oceanographic approach for computing the MDT. We compute two new regional MDT surfaces after averaging, for given epochs, the periodic gridded solutions of the Dynamic Ocean Topography (DOT) provided by two ocean circulation models. These newly developed regional MDT surfaces are compared to three state-of-theart models, which represent the oceanographic, the geodetic and the mixed oceanographic/geodetic approaches in the implementation of the MDT, respectively. Based on these comparisons, we discuss the differences between the three approaches for the case study area and we present some valuable findings regarding the computation of the regional MDT. Furthermore, in order to have an estimate of the precision of the oceanographic approach, we apply extensive evaluation tests on the ability of the two regional ocean circulation models to track the sea level variations by comparing their solutions to tide gauge records and satellite altimetry Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) data. The overall findings support the claim that, for the computation of the MDT surface due to the lack of geodetic data and to limitations of the Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) in the case study area, the oceanographic approach is preferable over the geodetic or the mixed oceano-graphic/geodetic approaches.
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Petrov, Leonid, Chris Phillips, Alessandra Bertarini, Adam Deller, Sergei Pogrebenko, and Ari Mujunen. "Use of the Long Baseline Array in Australia for Precise Geodesy and Absolute Astrometry." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 26, no. 1 (2009): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as08030.
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AbstractWe report the results of a successful 12-hour 22-GHz VLBI experiment using a heterogeneous network that includes radio telescopes of the Long Baseline Array (LBA) in Australia and several VLBI stations that regularly observe in geodetic VLBI campaigns. We have determined positions of three VLBI stations, atca-104, ceduna and mopra, with an accuracy of 4–30 mm using a novel technique of data analysis. These stations have never before participated in geodetic experiments. We observed 105 radio sources, and amongst them 5 objects which have not previously been observed with VLBI. We have determined positions of these new sources with the accuracy of 2–5 mas. We make the conclusion that the LBA network is capable of conducting absolute astrometry VLBI surveys with an accuracy better than 5 mas.
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El-Rabbany, Ahmed. "Assessment of Hydrographic Data Uncertainty for Seamless Reference Surface." Journal of Navigation 59, no. 2 (April 6, 2006): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463306003729.
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The development of a seamless vertical reference surface is accompanied by a number of challenges pertinent to the availability, volume and uncertainty of bathymetric and topographic data. Data uncertainty, which is by far the most difficult to deal with, is attributed to various sources of errors including those of geodetic and hydrographic origin. The uncertainties in the geodetic measurements originate mainly from the limitations in the geodetic technique employed, i.e. terrestrial or space. Old nautical charts and topographic maps were based on terrestrial techniques, which are far less accurate than modern space techniques. In addition, the distribution of the positioning uncertainty is not expected to follow a consistent pattern across the chart (map). This is mainly due to the inconsistent datum distortion as well as the discrepancies in the measuring techniques in the subsequent chart (map) versions. The existing paper (and digitized) charts in many areas of the world were also based on old hydrographic surveying methods, for example the lead-line, which are far less accurate than modern techniques such as multibeam echo-sounding surveys. This creates inconsistent depth uncertainty across the chart. As uncertainties are propagated into the estimated transformation parameters, estimated positions and their covariance matrix, it is of utmost importance that they are properly modelled. This paper addresses the issue of uncertainty in hydrographic data and suggests ways to account for it.
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Özyaşar, M., and M. T. Özlüdemir. "The contribution of engineering surveys by means of GPS to the determination of crustal movements in Istanbul." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2011): 1705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1705-2011.
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Abstract. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are space based positioning techniques and widely used in geodetic applications. Geodetic networking accomplished by engineering surveys constitutes one of these tasks. Geodetic networks are used as the base of all kinds of geodetic implementations, Co from the cadastral plans to the relevant surveying processes during the realization of engineering applications. Geodetic networks consist of control points positioned in a defined reference frame. In fact, such positional information could be useful for other studies as well. One of such fields is geodynamic studies that use the changes of positions of control stations within a network in a certain time period to understand the characteristics of tectonic movements. In Turkey, which is located in tectonically active zones and struck by major earthquakes quite frequently, the positional information obtained in engineering surveys could be very useful for earthquake related studies. For this purpose, a GPS (Global Positioning System) network of 650 stations distributed over Istanbul (Istanbul GPS Triangulation Network; abbreviated IGNA) covering the northern part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) was established in 1997 and measured in 1999. From 1998 to 2004, the IGNA network was extended to 1888 stations covering an area of about 6000 km2, the whole administration area of Istanbul. All 1888 stations within the IGNA network were remeasured in 2005. In these two campaigns there existed 452 common points, and between these two campaigns two major earthquakes took place, on 17 August and 12 November 1999 with a Richter scale magnitude of 7.4 and 7.2, respectively. Several studies conducted for estimating the horizontal and vertical displacements as a result of these earthquakes on NAFZ are discussed in this paper. In geodynamic projects carried out before the earthquakes in 1999, an annual average velocity of 2–2.5 cm for the stations along the NAFZ were estimated. Studies carried out using GPS observations in the same area after these earthquakes indicated that point displacements vary depending on their distance to the epicentres of the earthquakes. But the directions of point displacements are similar. The results obtained through the analysis of the IGNA network also show that there is a common trend in the directions of point displacements in the study area. In this paper, the past studies about the tectonics of Marmara region are summarised and the results of the displacement analysis on the IGNA network are discussed.
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Hashimoto, Manabu. "Crustal Deformation Associated with the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake: An Overview." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 1_suppl (March 2013): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000117.
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The 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake generated large displacements in and around the Japanese islands that were detected by the nationwide GPS network, sea-floor geodetic surveys, and space-borne radars. The east-west extension exerted on the Japanese islands by this event induced inland events of Mw6 or larger earthquakes. Coseismic subsidence of up to 1 m was observed along the coast where subsidence was found during the interseismic period. This observation contradicts expectations based on the concept of the recurrence of inter-plate earthquakes. Therefore, postseismic motions or other large events are expected to resolve this paradox.
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Andreeva, O. A., N. I. Konon, and M. G. Ratinski. "On the use of remote sensing in the design of Railways." Geodesy and Cartography 947, no. 5 (June 20, 2019): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-947-5-47-53.
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The authors analyze the methods of engineering-geodetic and design of Railways in remote and sparsely populated areas. It is shown that one of the ways to improve the efficiency of design work significantly, especially for the design of roads in sparsely populated regions is the use of remote sensing materials and geoinformation technologies that enable you to apply the methods of geospatial and geological analysis, modeling and forecasting with the use of software and hardware systems of information support in design of Railways on the basis of computer geological interpretation of space survey materials. The problems of integrating geoinformation technologies in the system of computer-aided design of Railways are considered. The tasks of improving modern methods of engineering researches are set. This will significantly reduce the time and financial costs in the design, and rise the efficiency of engineering surveys.
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Vittuari, Luca, Christian Vincent, Massimo Frezzotti, Francesco Mancini, Stefano Gandolfi, Gabriele Bitelli, and Alessandro Capra. "Space geodesy as a tool for measuring ice surface velocity in the Dome C region and along the ITASE traverse." Annals of Glaciology 39 (2004): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781814627.
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AbstractDome C was chosen by the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) as the site for the drilling of a deep ice core. This paper presents results from geodetic surveys of ice velocities (absolute and relative) at Dome C and along a transect to Terra Nova Bay. The purpose of the surveys was to provide accurate data for the study of ice dynamics, particularly a strain network comprising 37 poles surveyed in 1995 and again in 1999. Data indicate that the ice surface at the poles closest to the topographic summit moves horizontally by up to a few mm a–1 in a direction consistent with downslope motion of the ice sheet, while 25 km from the summit it moves up to 211 mma–1. The EPICA drilling site yields an interpolated velocity of about 15 ±10mma–1 in a north-northwesterly direction. Analysis of the velocity field and surface topography reveals that the surface flow centre is nearly co-located with the dome summit, and that both are in a steady-state condition. The measured horizontal velocities are consistent with the remote-sensing result and provide accurate ground-truth control for flow mapping. Seven snow–firn cores, up to 53m deep, were drilled during the Terra Nova Bay–Dome C traverse. Submerged velocity systems were installed at the borehole and measured using the global positioning system (GPS). First results show a steady-state condition. Measured (horizontal) ice velocities increase from the summit of the ice sheet to the coast, reaching about 28 ma–1 at site GPS2A.
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Campbell, J., H. J. Kümpel, M. Fabian, D. Fischer, B. Görres, Ch J. Keysers, and K. Lehmann. "Recent movement pattern of the Lower Rhine Embayment from tilt, gravity and GPS data." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 81, no. 2 (August 2002): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600022472.
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AbstractAs part of the activities of the Collaborative Research Centre ‘SFB 350’, measurements of geodetic and geodynamic changes in the area of the Lower Rhine Embayment and the Rhenish Shield are being performed at different scales in space and time. Continuous borehole tilt measurements and repeated microgravimetric surveys yield information on the local stability of the ground and changes in horizontal gravity gradients that are both dominated by seasonal fluctuations. Results of more than seven years of regular GPS campaigns are discussed in terms of vertical and horizontal point motions. The most prominent motions are man-induced effects occurring in or near the browncoal mining areas, where groundwater withdrawal produces subsidence of up to 2.2 cm/y in the area under investigation. Horizontal and vertical motions at other GPS points are smaller by one order of magnitude and in most cases are only marginally detectable. The eastward motion of two points in the Bergisches Land and the westward motion of two points in the Eifel near the Belgian border may be interpreted as a result of the ongoing extension of the Cenozoic rift system in the western part of the Eurasian plate.
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Kasza, Damian. "Modelling of underground objects and geological-tectonic structures from a point cloud: application of the developed models in studies of geodynamic processes." E3S Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185500014.
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At present, techniques of terrestrial laser scanning are one of the most popular survey methods. They allow for fast and non-invasive data acquisition even up to several tens of thousands points per minute. Apart from high precision and measurement efficiency, one of its assets is the possibility of working in objects with natural or artificial light. Due to this, the method may be successfully used in activities related e.g. with the surveying of the present state of underground excavations. The basic product derived from laser scanning measurements is a point cloud. This set is the input data for the construction of a 3D object with a closed surface, e.g. a mesh network. This paper presents the results of inventory works performed in a complex of underground excavations below Książ Castle in Lower Silesia (SW Poland). Based on a point cloud acquired during the measurements, a 3D model of the excavations was constructed. Open source software – MeshLab – was used in the modelling. The high-resolution, calibrated metric model of the underground excavations allowed for a macroscopic recognition of the position of the main tectonic structures cutting the space of the underground excavations. The obtained model was supplemented with the results of earlier geodetic and geological surveys, performed in 2013-2015. The generated model of the geological structure in the study area is an element supporting the interpretation of kinematic activity of the rock massif registered by the instruments of the SRC PAS Geodynamic Laboratory in Książ.
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Đapo, Almin, Marko Pavasović, Boško Pribičević, and Eduard Prelogović. "Combined Space–Time Analysis of Geodetic and Geological Surveys for Evaluation of the Reliability of the Position of Points in the Geodynamic Network of the City of Zagreb." Geosciences 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10120498.
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This paper describes the long-standing interdisciplinary geodynamic research for the wider Zagreb area, the most seismically active area of the continental part of the Republic of Croatia, extending over an area of around 800 km2. As a result of the research, which is based on geodetic and geological field measurements, a unique interdisciplinary movement model of the surface layers of the Earth’s crust for the project area is created. The analysis of survey data has determined the continuous tectonic activity of the wider Zagreb area. In the past 18 years, a total of 10 GPS measurement campaigns have been conducted. For each campaign, the velocities of geodynamic network points were calculated, and the cumulative velocity rate was determined from all measurement campaigns for the entire period of observations using GAMIT/GLOBK software. Displacements at individual measuring points of the network, throughout research, vary widely and depend on its location within the local geologic structural framework and regional tectonic movements. These displacements in detail represent a measurable insight into the tectonic activity of the area of research. Therefore, in this paper, special attention is given to the analysis and explanation of these variations in the displacements of the individual geodynamic points, even indicating the questionable quality of location selection for some points. In this way, we seek to explain the causes and mechanisms of such displacements. The results presented in this paper represent the preseismic area condition and further can be used in coseismic 2020 earthquake displacement analysis.
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Kolomeitsev, A. A., I. A. Zatonov, M. I. Pischanskaya, P. F. Baranov, D. P. Ilyaschenko, and E. V. Verkhoturova. "Designing a Planar Fluxgate Using the PCB Technology." Devices and Methods of Measurements 12, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-2-117-123.
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The development of novel methods, scientific devices and means for measuring magnetic fields generated by ultra-low current is among promising directions in the development of medical equipment and instruments for geodetic surveys and space exploration. The present work is to develop a small sensor capable of detecting weak magnetic fields, which sources are biocurrents, radiation of far space objects and slight fluctuations of the geomagnetic field. Scientists estimate the strength of such magnetic fields as deciles of nanotesla. The key requirements for the sensors of ultra-low magnetic field are: resolution, noise level in the measurement channel, temperature stability, linearity and repeatability of the characteristics from one produced item to another. The aforementioned characteristics can be achieved by using planar technologies and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in such advanced sensors.The work describes a complete R&D cycle, from creating the computer model of the sensor under study to manufacturing of a working prototype. To assess the effect of the geometry and material properties, the Jiles–Atherton model is implemented which, unlike the majority of the models used, allows considering the non-linearity of the core, its hysteresis properties and influence of residual magnetization.The dimensions of the developed sensor are 40×20×5 mm, while the technology allows its further diminishment. The sensor has demonstrated the linearity of its properties in the range of magnetic field strength from 0.1 nT to 50 µT for a rms current of excitation of 1.25 mA at a frequency of 30 kHz. The average sensitivity for the second harmonic is 54 µV/nT.
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Klapa, Przemysław, and Bartosz Mitka. "Application of terrestrial laser scanning to the development and updating of the base map." Geodesy and Cartography 66, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geocart-2017-0002.
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Abstract The base map provides basic information about land to individuals, companies, developers, design engineers, organizations, and government agencies. Its contents include spatial location data for control network points, buildings, land lots, infrastructure facilities, and topographic features. As the primary map of the country, it must be developed in accordance with specific laws and regulations and be continuously updated. The base map is a data source used for the development and updating of derivative maps and other large scale cartographic materials such as thematic or topographic maps. Thanks to the advancement of science and technology, the quality of land surveys carried out by means of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) matches that of traditional surveying methods in many respects. This paper discusses the potential application of output data from laser scanners (point clouds) to the development and updating of cartographic materials, taking Poland’s base map as an example. A few research sites were chosen to present the method and the process of conducting a TLS land survey: a fragment of a residential area, a street, the surroundings of buildings, and an undeveloped area. The entire map that was drawn as a result of the survey was checked by comparing it to a map obtained from PODGiK (pol. Powiatowy Ośrodek Dokumentacji Geodezyjnej i Kartograficznej – Regional Centre for Geodetic and Cartographic Records) and by conducting a field inspection. An accuracy and quality analysis of the conducted fieldwork and deskwork yielded very good results, which provide solid grounds for predicating that cartographic materials based on a TLS point cloud are a reliable source of information about land. The contents of the map that had been created with the use of the obtained point cloud were very accurately located in space (x, y, z). The conducted accuracy analysis and the inspection of the performed works showed that high quality is characteristic of TLS surveys. The accuracy of determining the location of the various map contents has been estimated at 0.02-0.03 m. The map was developed in conformity with the applicable laws and regulations as well as with best practice requirements.
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Ulianov, V. Y., and V. V. Bilyk. "Research Results of the Earth Dam Condition of Cooling Pond of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant." Science and Transport Progress, no. 2(98) (June 13, 2022): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2022/267939.
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Purpose. The work is aimed to determine the real location in space and conduct possible measurement of the true geometric dimensions of the NPP cooling pond dam, especially its underwater part and to detect the additional and previously unaccounted factors that could affect these parameters, as well as the state of the entire structure in general. Methodology. A comprehensive analysis of all available materials about engineering surveys and geotechnical studies was carried out at the dam of the cooling pond of the Zaporizhzhia NPP. Due to this, a more comprehensive look at the results of engineering and geological surveys was obtained. Findings. The state of soils in the body of the earth dam can be influenced by weakened and poorly studied zones of the dam. These zones were determined based on the analysis of the soil studies data of the dam’s ground. Previously uncovered issues on the operation of the facility were raised and considered. The ways and methods for additional study of the earth dam of the cooling pond were selected, the conditions for their use were substantiated. A numerical relationship between the thickness of loose soils and the amount of surface subsidence were determined for the first time. A generalized geological section of the dam body was compiled for further modeling of geotechnical processes. Originality. For the first time since construction, a comprehensive program was developed for assessing the technical condition of the cooling pond dam using innovative methods from the Laboratory of Research of Nuclear and Thermal Power Plants in Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture (PSACEA). In particular, combined hydrographic-geodetic and aerovisual methods were proposed using specially designed universal leading signs that have no analogues in world practice. Practical value. The application of the developed comprehensive program using innovative methods allows assessing the technical condition of the cooling pond dam of the NPP.
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Gabryś, Marta, Katarzyna Kryszyn, and Łukasz Ortyl. "GPR surveying method as a tool for geodetic verification of GESUT database of utilities in the light of BSI PAS128." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 107, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0006.
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AbstractIntensified investment processes in construction have resulted in increased interest in the methods of efficient detection, verification and location of underground utility networks. In addition to the well-known pipe and cable locating equipment, which has increased its efficiency and reliability through the development of technologies, GPRs are becoming more and more popular.This publication presents the results of the experimental research carried out with the use of GPRs manufactured by two different companies as well as the results of the verification of underground utilities in real conditions. The GPRs have worked in the mode of the real-time location of their own position using the GNSS system or robotic total stations.The GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) surveys performed on a test field, consisting of 9 pipes with a known position, were aimed at assessing the accuracy of their identification on echograms. The utility line location errors were determined using three different combinations between the GPR and the locating instrument. It allowed the evaluation of the possibility of using these solutions for detection, verification and location of underground utility networks in the light of the Polish legal regulations and the British specification PAS 128.The verification in real conditions was carried out in a typical urban space, characterised by an intense occurrence of underground utilities, that is, sewage systems, gas pipelines and power cables. It was based on the GESUT database captured from the county geodetic and cartographic documentation centre. The results of the visual analysis of the materials captured with the help of two measurement systems were described in detail, however, the verification was carried out only for one set of data. The authors have presented the procedure of processing echograms and detecting the location of pipeline axes based on their vectorisation. The authors of this research paper have performed a numerical analysis of the compliance of the profiles of utility lines with the information from the base map for two variants of the GPR data integration with the coordinates. The authors of this research paper have also presented an alternative concept of capturing the profile of a utility line in the field based on the processing of GPR data in 3D – the so-called C-scan. The conclusions summarise the possible factors affecting the surveying results and the methods of eliminating sources of errors, both for the GPR and geodetic data.
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Gorobtsov, Sergey, and Vladimir Obidenko. "GEODESIC METHODS FOR CREATION OF UNIQUE GEOINFORMATION SPACE." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (2019): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-1-173-183.
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Modern geodesic support is an integral and essential element of the process of collecting spatial information. The article considers geodesic methods for creating a unique geoinformation space: digitization of cartographic materials, ground survey methods (electronic total stations, 3D laser scanning), remote sensing and methods of the global navigation satellite systems GLONASS and GPS. The article also contains recommended conversion options between the coordinate systems SK-95 and GSK-2011. A comparative analysis of the surveyed geodesic methods for geodata col-lection was carried out. Russian and foreign markets of specialized software for processing geodata are considered, appropriate conclusions are made.
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ERKEKOGLU, FAZİLET. "A SURVEY ON GEODESIC COMPLETENESS OF NONDEGENERATE SUBMANIFOLDS IN SEMI-RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 08, no. 05 (August 2011): 985–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887811005488.
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In this survey, we study the geodesic completeness of nondegenerate submanifolds in semi-Riemannian geometry. We also include the study of the geodesic completeness of nondegenerate submanifolds in semi-Euclidean spaces by extending the study of Beem and Ehrlich [4] to semi-Euclidean spaces.
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Kiryunikova, N. M., E. D. Lesovaya, E. A. Pobozhensky, and L. A. Oleynikova. "The combined method of the topographic survey by example of an infrastructure facility in Korenovsk city." Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2204-06.
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The topographic survey using in the preparation of maps and terrain plans gives a complete picture of the site, indicates the levels (relief differences), the location of water sources, utilities and green spaces. Such data is required by architectural and engineering companies when planning new infrastructure facilities. The article discusses the main stages of geodetic works, the stages of creating topographic plans, and also describes the methodology for performing topography by a combined method using geodetic and satellite equipment.
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Riepl, S., H. Müller, S. Mähler, J. Eckl, T. Klügel, U. Schreiber, and T. Schüler. "Operating two SLR systems at the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell: from local survey to space ties." Journal of Geodesy 93, no. 11 (March 11, 2019): 2379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00190-019-01243-z.
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Milillo, Pietro, Giorgia Giardina, Daniele Perissin, Giovanni Milillo, Alessandro Coletta, and Carlo Terranova. "Pre-Collapse Space Geodetic Observations of Critical Infrastructure: The Morandi Bridge, Genoa, Italy." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121403.
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We present a methodology for the assessment of possible pre-failure bridge deformations, based on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations. We apply this methodology to obtain a detailed 15-year survey of the Morandi bridge (Polcevera Viaduct) in the form of relative displacements across the structure prior to its collapse on August 14th 2018. We generated a displacement map for the structure from space-based SAR measurements acquired by the Italian constellation COSMO-SkyMed and the European constellation Sentinel-1A/B over the period 2009–2018. Historical satellite datasets include Envisat data spanning 2003–2011. The map reveals that the bridge was undergoing an increased magnitude of deformations over time prior to its collapse. This technique shows that the deck next to the collapsed pier was characterized since 2015 by increasing relative displacements. The COSMO-SkyMed dataset reveals the increased deformation magnitude over time of several points located near the strands of this deck between 12th March 2017 and August 2018.
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Erkekog̃lu, Fazilet. "A survey on sufficient conditions for geodesic completeness of nondegenerate hypersurfaces in Lorentzian geometry." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 13, no. 03 (March 2016): 1630003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887816300038.
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This is a survey of the principal results about the geodesic completeness of nondegenerate hypersurfaces in Lorentzian manifolds from a structural point of view. Some of these results retain their validity in the case of semi-Riemannian submanifolds in semi-Euclidean spaces, as well.
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Amarjargal, Sharav, and Gankhuyag Bulgan. "On the modernization of National Geodetic Network with GNSS CORS Reference Frame." Mongolian Geoscientist, no. 48 (July 4, 2019): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i48.1146.
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New technical developments, growing applications and requests for higher accuracy in georeferencing of national reference frame raise a demand on high accuracy National Terrestrial Reference Frame based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and other space geodetic techniques. Since the last decades many countries decided to switch main geodetic control points from triangulation points to Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS). This task is currently undertaken by the geodetic authority of Mongolia in collaboration with research and private organizations. The first continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) station in Mongolia became operational in the late 1995 for the global geodetic scientific applications. Since 1997 the survey-mode GPS observations were utilized in Mongolia for crustal deformation studies and for re-survey of the national triangulation network. During the years 2011-2013 CORS network of nearly 18 stations has been built to modernize the old geodetic network. Currently the total number of the reference stations counts to nearly 40. Since Mongolia is located in the tectonically active region, its geodetic reference frame is continuously deforming, which requires regular updates of reference frame. In this paper we discuss the technical issues of the national reference frame of Mongolia considering the crustal deformation of Mongolia and the data management of the national CORS network.
Үндэсний геодезийн сүлжээг GNSS CORS тулгуур тогтолцоогоор шинэчлэх асуудалд
Хураангуй: Техникийн шинэчлэл болон өндөр нарийвчлалтай газарзүйн холболт хийх хэрэгцээ, шаардлагын өсөлт нь Глобаль Навигацийн Дагуулын Систем болон бусад сансрын геодезийн техникт суурилсан илүү өндөр нарийвчлалтай Үндэсний Тулгуур Тогтолцоог шаардах боллоо. Сүүлийн арваад жилд олон улс орон геодезийн хяналтын цэгүүдээ триангуляцийн цэгээс байнгын ажиллагаатай тулгуур станцаар орлуулах үйл ажиллагаа явуулж эхэлсэн бөгөөд хөгжингүй орнууд динамик тогтолцоо руу шилжиж байна. Энэ ажлыг Монгол улсад Газрын Харилцаа Геодези Зурагзүйн Газар толгойлон судалгааны болон хувийн хэвшлийн байгууллагуудтай хамтран хэрэгжүүлж байгаа билээ. Байнгын ажиллагаатай GPS станц Монголд анх 1995 оны сүүлээс ажиллаж эхэлсэн бөгөөд геодезийн шинжлэх ухааны глобаль хэрэглээнд зориулагдаж байв. 1997 оноос эхлэн давтан хэмжилтийн GPS ажиглалтуудыг царцдасын деформац болон триангуляцийн сүлжээг хэмжихэд ашиглаж эхлэв. 2011-2013 оны хооронд триангуляцийн сүлжээг шинэчлэх зориулалтаар ~18 байнгын ажиллагаатай тулгуур станцуудын сүлжээ байгуулагдсан бөгөөд эдгээр станцуудын тоо одоо 40 гарсан байна. Монгол улсын нутаг дэвсгэр нь тектоникийн идэвхтэй бүс нутагт оршдог тул геодезийн тулгуур тогтолцоо нь байнгын деформацд байна. Тиймээс тулгуур тогтолцоог тогтмол шинэчилж байх шаардлагатай. Энэ өгүүлэлд бид үндэсний тулгуур тогтолцооны техник нөхцлийг байнгын ажиллагаатай станцуудын ажиллагаа, Монгол орны царцдасын деформацыг тооцон тусгасан бөгөөд үндэсний CORS (Байнгын Ажиллагаатай Тулгуур Станцын) сүлжээний өгөгдөл, түүний зохицуулалтын талаар илтгэх болно.
Түлхүүр үг: GPS геодези, царцдасын деформацын мониторинг, геодезийн сүлжээ
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Pilicheva, M., L. Maslii, and T. Anopriienko. "TECHNOLOGY OF GEODESIC WORKS IN THE INVENTORY OF GREEN SPACES USING UNMANNED AIRCRAFT." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 170 (June 24, 2022): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-3-170-263-270.
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The article is devoted to the study of the technology of inventory of green areas with the use of the latest technologies: unmanned aircraft and satellite navigation systems. The topic of the article is relevant, because reliable and up-to-date information on the quantitative and qualitative state of green spaces of settlements is obtained during their inventory and arrangement. As a result of conducting an inventory for each green economy object, a passport of the green economy improvement object is drawn up. The following documents are attached to the passport: an inventory plan on a given scale and a working diary of accounting for greenery. One of the links in the inventory of green spaces of the settlement is sub-field survey, which is currently performed using unmanned aerial vehicles and satellite technologies and in turn consists of topographic and geodetic and aerial photography, and is divided into the following stages: information collection; preparatory work; chamber work. At the stage of collecting information on the object of work, the available urban, land management, geodetic and cartographic materials are analyzed. The second stage – preparatory work, consists of field surveying and aerial photography. Field geodetic works include reconnaissance of the area and the development of plan-height substantiation of the aerial survey area. Field aerial photography consists of creating a flight project, pre-flight training of a quadcopter and direct aerial photography. In-house works are the third final stage, which consists of: processing of aerial photographs; creation of a polygonal terrain model; creation of orthophoto in scale 1: 500; creation of a topographic plan in the Digitals software package; reconnaissance of the area to clarify the spatial and attributive data on greenery; creation of the adjusted topographic plan of inventory of green spaces. It is also recommended to make adjustments to the obtained topographic plan, during which the position of trees in places where a large error was detected and outlines were formed was measured by linear notches with reference to rigid contours. At the same time it is necessary to clarify the species of trees according to the symbols. The digital information obtained in this way about green plantations can be used to calculate the cost of work on the development of the passport of the facility and inventory plan for a given area or create and develop geographic information portals of green areas of individual territories or settlements.
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Silin, S. V. "International activities survey in the field of space navigation within the framework of the International Committee on GNSS, the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international organizations." Radioengineering 8 (2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18127/j00338486-202108-06.
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In the article there are analysed directions of development in the field of satellite navigation including aspects of service characteristics monitoring, complementarity of system time, complementarity of PPP, geodetic and temporal coordinates, international industrial standards for double-frequency multisystems navigation apparatus and others. There given perspective plans in the field of satellite navigation for the International Committee on GNSS (ICG), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and other international organizations in 2021.
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Kovalyova, Olga, and Vitaly Zhidov. "APPLICATION OF MODERN GEODETIC TECHNOLOGIES AND SATELLITE POSITIONING SYSTEMS IN THE SURVEY OF RAILWAY STATIONS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (2019): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-1-165-172.
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The article presents methods of shooting train stations when performing a tool check of plan and profile station tracks in accordance with existing regulations. The normative requirements, measuring means, shortcomings of existing technologies of instrumental check of the plan and a profile of station ways and possibilities of the modern technologies based on 3D models and pos-sibilities of their application for the Railways are considered. The necessity of the presentation of railway tracks and infrastructure in digital form (3D) is substantiated. The concept of digital data on railway track and elements of infrastructure should be invested not by picket, but by three-dimensional geodetic coordinates, which will allow the railway track and its elements to be dis-played in digital space. Fragments of reporting documentation are shown. The perspective developments for full-scale survey of station ways made on the basis of UAV and complex "Profile" are considered, the results of experimental and methodical works received in 2018g on railroad ZS are given, positive conclusions are drawn.
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Wang, De Bao, Yong Xiang Liu, and Wen Jing Yang. "Establishment of High Precision Horizontal and Vertical Control Network in Zoucheng City." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2787.
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The paper uses D level, E level and the level of GPS control network establishment satellite space geodetic network in Zoucheng city, through the baseline calculating, classic adjustment of free network, three-dimensional unconstrained adjustment and two-dimensional constraint adjustment to get the WGS-84 three dimensional coordinates and 1980 xi 'an horizontal coordinates of control points; then using the fourth-order levelling connection survey all D-level and part E-level control points to build vertical control network, for the remaining GPS control points we utilize quadric function method using GPS elevation fitting given its elevation seek to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of all the basic control points.
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An, E. V., S. А. Istekova, Kh M. Kassymkanova, and G. K. Jangulova. "USE OF A SATELLITE GEODESIC NETWORK IN THE QUASIGEOID MODEL." BULLETIN of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences 21 (April 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2021-21-1-15-23.
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The article deals with the possibility of using seismic exploration in solving problems of ore geology in complex mining and geological conditions of Kazakhstan. The substantiation and characterization of geological and geophysical conditions for conducting experimental 3D seismic surveys at the deposits of the Zhilandinsky group of copper sandstones located in the Karaganda region of Central Kazakhstan are presented. The tasks are defined and the technique of conducting high-resolution 3D seismic exploration is developed, accompanied by modern processing and interpretation complexes for obtaining high-quality seismic materials for solving geological problems: studying the structural and tectonic structure of ore areas, identifying and refining ore-controlling structures, detecting and deep mapping of tectonic faults, volumetric mapping of intrusive massifs. The directions and technology of the process of modeling ore horizons and tracing them in space based on the results of a comprehensive interpretation of three-dimensional seismic exploration and geological and geophysical data, which will significantly increase the reliability coefficient of forecasting ore deposits, are indicated.
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Niyazgulov, U. D., A. A. Gebgart, V. G. Krestinkov, and F. K. Niyazgulov. "Monitoring the state of waste disposal facilities using remote sensing data." Geodesy and Cartography 941, no. 11 (December 20, 2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-941-11-47-53.
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The technology of monitoring objects of solid household waste in the Moscow region using the data of space and aerial survey is considered. In order to solve the problem, we used space survey materials obtained from the Worldview-2 satellite (spatial resolution of 1,5 m per pixel) and special aerial filming performed with the help of an Azimuth-2M photo-imaging system based on a hang glider (spatial resolution not coarser than 0,1 m per pixel). On the basis of those materials, digital models of accommodation facilities for solid household wastes and orthophotoplans were obtained, using which a comparative analysis of the state of landfills was performed. The analysis was carried out according to several indicators, including the impact of polygons on the ecological state of the surrounding territories and the cluttering the surrounding territory with waste was determined. It is shown that the use of remote sensing materials enables obtaining the necessary information to monitor the state of solid waste landfills, while performing the minimum amount of field geodetic works.
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Błaszczyk, Małgorzata, Dariusz Ignatiuk, Mariusz Grabiec, Leszek Kolondra, Michał Laska, Leo Decaux, Jacek Jania, et al. "Quality Assessment and Glaciological Applications of Digital Elevation Models Derived from Space-Borne and Aerial Images over Two Tidewater Glaciers of Southern Spitsbergen." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091121.
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In this study, we assess the accuracy and precision of digital elevation models (DEM) retrieved from aerial photographs taken in 2011 and from Very High Resolution satellite images (WorldView-2 and Pléiades) from the period 2012–2017. Additionally, the accuracy of the freely available Strip product of ArcticDEM was verified. We use the DEMs to characterize geometry changes over Hansbreen and Hornbreen, two tidewater glaciers in southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The satellite-based DEMs from WorldView-2 and Pléiades stereo pairs were processed using the Rational Function Model (RFM) without and with one ground control point. The elevation quality of the DEMs over glacierized areas was validated with in situ data: static differential GPS survey of mass balance stakes and GPS kinematic data acquired during ground penetrating radar survey. Results demonstrate the usefulness of the analyzed sources of DEMs for estimation of the total geodetic mass balance of the Svalbard glaciers. DEM accuracy is sufficient to investigate glacier surface elevation changes above 1 m. Strips from the ArcticDEM are generally precise, but some of them showed gross errors and need to be handled with caution. The surface of Hansbreen and Hornbreen has been lowering in recent years. The average annual elevation changes for Hansbreen were more negative in the period 2015–2017 (−2.4 m a−1) than in the period 2011–2015 (−1.7 m a−1). The average annual elevation changes over the studied area of Hornbreen for the period 2012–2017 amounted to −1.6 m a−1. The geodetic mass balance for Hansbreen was more negative than the climatic mass balance estimated using the mass budget method, probably due to underestimation of the ice discharge. From 2011 to 2017, Hansbreen lost on average over 1% of its volume each year. Such a high rate of relative loss illustrates how fast these glaciers are responding to climate change.
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Rakhymberdina, M. Ye, E. V. Grokhotov, Zh A. Assylkhanova, and M. M. Toguzova. "USING SPACE SURVEY MATERIALS FOR MODELING HYDRODYNAMIC ACCIDENTS AT MINING ENTERPRISES IN KAZAKHSTAN." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-5/W1-2022 (February 3, 2022): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-5-w1-2022-193-2022.
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Abstract. The timeliness of using modern computer programs for modelling flood zones, the consequences of hydraulic accidents, dam breakthroughs, flood and flood forecasting in a complex system of rivers and channels for the prevention of hydro meteorological emergencies is beyond doubt. The use of BIM technologies will make it possible to move from point-based flood risk assessments to areal ones, which will significantly improve the reliability of planned measures to prevent natural and anthropogenic emergencies.The purpose - to perform works on modelling of hydrodynamic accident and forecast of its development by the example of tailings dumps in concentration plant in East Kazakhstan. As the initial data - digital model for the area of work, technical reports on engineering-hydrographical survey, topographic-geodetic works, engineering-geological survey, high-resolution satellite images in a panchromatic survey mode. On the basis of geoinformation modelling methods with use of initial and remote sensing data, final digital terrain model was built in Digital software. The method based on direct hydrodynamic modelling of area flooding was used to calculate hydrodynamic accidents, to model the dynamics of area flooding because of tailings dam break in several levels. The practical result is numerical hydrodynamic modelling of dynamics flooding area because of partial destruction, erosion of embankment dam of tailings concentrator, total area and extent of flooding, as well as the area and depth of partially flooded buildings of residential development was estimated, thematic maps of flooded area were created, as well as maps of water passage with flow velocities during the hydrodynamic accident.Thus, the application of advanced space imagery, GIS technologies in full measure allow for simulating the occurrence, development of hydrodynamic accidents in structures, to determine area, time of flooding.
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Wang, De Bao, Mei Lan Yu, Wen Jing Yang, and Jun Feng Qu. "The Establishment of D, E Grade GPS Control Network and Fourth-Order Leveling Network in Laicheng Industrial Zone of Laiwu City." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.888.
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The paper uses D level,E level and the level of GPS control network establishment satellite space geodetic network in Laicheng industrial zone in Laiwu, through the baseline calculating, three-dimensional unconstrained adjustment and two-dimensional constraint adjustment to get the WGS-84 three dimensional coordinates and 1980 xi 'an horizontal coordinatesthe of control points; then using the fourth-order levelling connection survey all D-level, E-level control points and part GPS control points to build vertical control network, for the GPS control points of the remaining we utilize quadric function method using GPS elevation fitting given its elevation seek to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of all the basic control points.
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Shekhovtsov, G. A. "Estimating the accuracy of geodetic controlling bridge cranes’ tracks complex method." Geodesy and Cartography 944, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-944-2-15-21.
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The method of using the electronic total station for a complex method of geodetic controlling tracks of bridge cranes is explained. This technique provides for the direct determining the x, y, z coordinates of the crane rails axial points in the controlled section of the track from one point of the total station. The values of x and y can calculate the track width and control the straightness of the rails, and the values of z to find the excess between the rail points in the row and span. Estimating the accuracy of such control’s results by obtaining the covariance matrix of coordinate errors is shown. It is noted that this form of accuracy representation is not clear enough, depends on the orientation of the coordinate axes and is not informative. The article proposes a simple method of assessing the accuracy of survey points in the directions oriented relative to crane tracks. This technique is based on the geometric interpreting the error of the defined points’ position using the circles of mean square errors, which can be constructed in any plane of three-dimensional space. By the radius-vector of these circles the MSE point defined can be judged in any given direction. On the example of estimating the accuracy of the track crane’s track width the iconic modeling is made, which confirmed the simplicity, reliability, accessibility and meaningfulness of the proposed methodology.
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Arief, Syachrul. "Indonesian Permanent Single GPS Station Potential for Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) Calculation." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 7, no. 3 (2022): 013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.73.2.
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The establishment of a GPS Permanent Station network in Indonesia began in 1996, and is now known as Indonesia continuously operating reference station (INA-CORS), its management authority under the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). Based on information from BIG, data of 2016, the distribution of CORS in Indonesia has as many as 135 stations. INA-CORS is built, has the main objective is to maintain national geodetic reference frames in active seismic zones for survey and mapping purposes, as well as basic tasks and BIG functions. In its development, based on (BEVIS 1992) RINEX data is not only to determine the position as a reference geodesy for survey and mapping, but also to determine the water vapor for meteorological purposes. The observational accuracy is similar to the results obtained from other methods. Water vapor plays an important role in the atmospheric system because it affects the balance of elements and energy in space, so it is worth developing.
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Danielová, M., and P. Hummel. "COMMERCIAL OFF THE SHELF GROUND CONTROL SUPPORTS CALIBRATION AND CONFLATION FROM GROUND TO SPACE BASED SENSORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 3, 2016): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-175-2016.
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The need for rapid deployment of aerial and satellite imagery in support of GIS and engineering integration projects require new sources of geodetic control to ensure the accuracy for geospatial projects. In the past, teams of surveyors would need to deploy to project areas to provide targeted or photo identifiable points that are used to provide data for orthorecificaion, QA/QC and calibration for multi-platform sensors. The challenge of integrating street view, UAS, airborne and Space based sensors to produce the common operational picture requires control to tie multiple sources together. Today commercial off the shelf delivery of existing photo identifiable control is increasing the speed of deployment of this data without having to revisit sites over and over again. The presentation will discuss the processes developed by CompassData to build a global library of 40,000 control points available today. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) based processes and initiatives ensure consistent quality of survey data, photo identifiable features selected and meta data to support photogrammetrist, engineers and GIS professionals to quickly deliver projects with better accuracy.
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Danielová, M., and P. Hummel. "COMMERCIAL OFF THE SHELF GROUND CONTROL SUPPORTS CALIBRATION AND CONFLATION FROM GROUND TO SPACE BASED SENSORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 3, 2016): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-175-2016.
Full textAbstract:
The need for rapid deployment of aerial and satellite imagery in support of GIS and engineering integration projects require new sources of geodetic control to ensure the accuracy for geospatial projects. In the past, teams of surveyors would need to deploy to project areas to provide targeted or photo identifiable points that are used to provide data for orthorecificaion, QA/QC and calibration for multi-platform sensors. The challenge of integrating street view, UAS, airborne and Space based sensors to produce the common operational picture requires control to tie multiple sources together. Today commercial off the shelf delivery of existing photo identifiable control is increasing the speed of deployment of this data without having to revisit sites over and over again. The presentation will discuss the processes developed by CompassData to build a global library of 40,000 control points available today. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) based processes and initiatives ensure consistent quality of survey data, photo identifiable features selected and meta data to support photogrammetrist, engineers and GIS professionals to quickly deliver projects with better accuracy.
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Khesin, Boris, Gerard Misiołek, and Klas Modin. "Geometric hydrodynamics and infinite-dimensional Newton’s equations." Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 58, no. 3 (June 2, 2021): 377–442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/bull/1728.
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We revisit the geodesic approach to ideal hydrodynamics and present a related geometric framework for Newton’s equations on groups of diffeomorphisms and spaces of probability densities. The latter setting is sufficiently general to include equations of compressible and incompressible fluid dynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, shallow water systems and equations of relativistic fluids. We illustrate this with a survey of selected examples, as well as with new results, using the tools of infinite-dimensional information geometry, optimal transport, the Madelung transform, and the formalism of symplectic and Poisson reduction.
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Chías, P., T. Abad, E. Echeverría, M. De Miguel, and P. Llorente. "UNDERGROUND SURVEYING: 16<sup>TH</sup> CENTURY CELLAR VAULTS IN THE GALERÍA DE CONVALECIENTES, MONASTERY OF SAN LORENZO DEL ESCORIAL." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-179-2017.
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Underground surveying of cellars, caves, and architectural spaces, is quite different from surveying on the surface. Researchers must deal with various challenges derived of the lack of natural light, low temperature, and humidity, but also with inaccessibility. But the essential problem in underground surveying is that of orientating the underground surveys to the surface surveys. For this purpose our methodology integrates different geomatic techniques, as the use of a scanner laser in order to obtain a 3D model, as well as classic topography, and GPS to locate accurately the control points according to the official reference frame of the Spanish Geodetic Network. The developed methodology is described and applied to the case study of the cellars of the Gallery of Convalescents (Galería de Convalecientes) in the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. These cellars compose an outstanding series of interrelated singular complex spaces. Their study is particularly relevant because of the quality of the stonework, the geometry of the vaults and lunettes, and the stereotomy. The fact that these spaces were neither surveyed nor studied before, must be stressed. And our work will bring into light an important part of the 16th century Spanish architectural heritage. Finally, the INSPIRE Directive becomes an opportunity to integrate cultural heritage datasets into an interoperable framework, and to share and diffuse them as geographic information.
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Timilisina, Sushmita, and Bibek Nepal. "GNSS Practice in Survey Department." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 17, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v17i1.23009.
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Control Networks for Nepal was originally defined through the use of conventional measurements. Conventional mapping methods have led to a static and inactive networks of control point. This network of control served us very well until the devastating earthquake hit Nepal and disturbed it. Determination of precise ground locations is essential for various tasks such as engineering works, earth observation, location-based technologies, emergency service providers, etc. Global Navigation Satellite System plays a very important role in providing quick and reliable positioning/navigation data. The term ‘global navigation satellite system’ (GNSS) refers to a constellation of satellites providing signals from space transmitting positioning and timing data. These systems use the principle of trilateration to calculate the location of a user, through the information obtained from a number of satellites. Each satellite transmits coded signals at precise intervals. In principle, three satellites must be available to determine a three-dimensional (x,y,z) position , additional fourth signal is necessary for precise location of a single point. This helps in eliminating the time differences between satellite’s atomic clocks and the receiver's clocks. USA in around 1970’s started the use of Global Positioning System(GPS). Geodetic Survey Division under Survey Department commenced the use of GPS technology in 1991 A.D as a method for survey technology. Survey Department initiated the use of GPS for carrying out survey of the previously established high order control points. Transformation Parameters (TP) between the National Co-ordinate System and WGS-84 System was derived using the initial Control points co-ordinate and co-ordinate of the same Control points obtained from GNSS survey. GNSS has been used for establishing, updating and rehabilitation of Control Network, measure shift in location produced by earthquake and for various survey task carried out by Survey Department.
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Suara, Gafar, and Timothy Oluwadare Idowu. "Optimum Techniques for the Conversion of Space Rectangular and Curvilinear Coordinates." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 10 (October 28, 2019): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1588.
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Conversion between space rectangular (X, Y, Z) and curvilinear (φ, λ, h) coordinates is an important task in the field of Surveying, geodesy, positioning, navigation, mapping etc. Different techniques which include iterative methods, non-iterative techniques and closed form algebraic methods have been applied over the years to carry out the coordinate conversion. However, the results obtained using these techniques are deficient in one way or the other due to the inherent limitations such as inability to produce results for curvilinear coordinates when the values of X, Y and Z are subsequently or simultaneously equal to zero. Therefore, this study attempts to put forth an optimum coordinate conversion technique between space rectangular and curvilinear coordinates. The data used are coordinates of points which include the space rectangular coordinates and their equivalent curvilinear coordinates. They were observed and processed in Nigeria using Doppler 9 software by African Doppler Survey (ADOS) and they were confirmed to be of first order accuracy and hence of high quality. The data processing involved the design of the optimum techniques equations, coding of the algorithms and necessary computations to obtain results. Analyzing the results obtained, it can be inferred that the designed optimum model has successfully carried out the conversion between space rectangular and curvilinear coordinates. Therefore, the optimum technique model is recommended for use for the conversions from Space rectangular coordinates to Geocentric, Geodetic, Reduced coordinates and vice versa.
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Suara, Gafar, and Timothy Oluwadare Idowu. "Optimum Techniques for the Conversion of Space Rectangular and Curvilinear Coordinates." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 10 (October 28, 2019): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.10.1588.
Full textAbstract:
Conversion between space rectangular (X, Y, Z) and curvilinear (?, ?, h) coordinates is an important task in the field of Surveying, geodesy, positioning, navigation, mapping etc. Different techniques which include iterative methods, non-iterative techniques and closed form algebraic methods have been applied over the years to carry out the coordinate conversion. However, the results obtained using these techniques are deficient in one way or the other due to the inherent limitations such as inability to produce results for curvilinear coordinates when the values of X, Y and Z are subsequently or simultaneously equal to zero. Therefore, this study attempts to put forth an optimum coordinate conversion technique between space rectangular and curvilinear coordinates. The data used are coordinates of points which include the space rectangular coordinates and their equivalent curvilinear coordinates. They were observed and processed in Nigeria using Doppler 9 software by African Doppler Survey (ADOS) and they were confirmed to be of first order accuracy and hence of high quality. The data processing involved the design of the optimum techniques equations, coding of the algorithms and necessary computations to obtain results. Analyzing the results obtained, it can be inferred that the designed optimum model has successfully carried out the conversion between space rectangular and curvilinear coordinates. Therefore, the optimum technique model is recommended for use for the conversions from Space rectangular coordinates to Geocentric, Geodetic, Reduced coordinates and vice versa.
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Kouzeleas, Stelios Th. "Computational design contributions of integrative architectural and urban digital design methodology based on satellite images." PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção 2, no. 7 (October 31, 2011): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/parc.v2i7.8634585.
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This study is based on innovative researches and combines technology, methodologies and means which are used in different sciences and processes such as informatics and computational processes, telegeoprocessing–telegeomonitoring technologies, survey science methodologies, urban and regional planning techniques in order to describe computational processes of innovative digital integrative design. This procedure refers to aspects of digital integrative design – modeling and simulation of a built-up architectural or urban area. These aspects concern a modeling process based on satellite images and specifically developed computational interfaces adapted to a CAD system, such as DTM’s mesh control points, conversion from geodetic to cartesian coordinates, bitmap adjustment to the buildings facades and surfaces normals handling, taking into account techniques that refer to other sciences such as survey, maths, astronomy and computer science. This modeling process is supported by an innovated proposed procedure that transfers remotely spatial data collected from the field (geographical coordinates and relative measurements taken in place) directly into a modeling system in order to model architectural entities and simulate simultaneously qualitative characteristics of an urban space (sound, temperature, humidity, etc) in real-time.
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Reilinger, Robert. "Geodetic Evidence for Tectonic Deformation in the Eastern United States." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.314.
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Abstract The historic geodetic data base in the eastern United States dates back over 100 years. Although instrumentation and hence measurement precision has improved since the initial observations, the basic techniques [leveling, triangulation, water level gauging] remained unchanged until the recent introduction of space geodesy [Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Global Positioning System (GPS)]. Because of this, it has been possible to compare repeated observations to identify apparent changes in relative positions. Such “changes” can reflect observational errors, non-tectonic movements (water level effects, monument instability, loading, etc.) or tectonic/isostatic deformation. A number of possible deformation features in the eastern U. S. have been reported in the literature, including uplift of the southern Appalachian and Adirondack mountains, doming of the Gulf coast inland of the Mississippi delta, subsidence of Chesapeak Bay and along the coast of Maine, horizontal deformation in New York and Connecticut, and possible fault related deformation near Charleston and in the New Madrid area. Unfortunately, it is not dear to what extent any of these features represent tectonic deformations and hence what their significance may be for the earthquake problem. An important recent development in monitoring regional deformation has been the establishment of the eastern U. S. GPS strain network by the National Geodetic Survey. The network consists of roughly 45 sites uniformly distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The network was established in 1987 and will be reobserved in 1989. Subsequent reobservations will be made at 2 to 5 year intervals depending on analysis of the early measurements. Given the precision of the GPS measurements (few cm in 3-D relative positions), a considerable time period will be required to detect the subtle deformations expected for this intraplate region. Perhaps more immediate information will result from recent progress in recognizing and correcting systematic errors in the historic geodetic data base. This, together with the newly automated historic data base, and improved techniques for integrating and analyzing these extensive observations, provide the necessary basis for effectively evaluating the deformational features listed above. Given the potential importance of these data for understanding tectonic processes (and the huge expense of collecting these measurements over the pst century), such studies should be an integral part of future earthquake studies in the eastern U. S.
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Barthelemy, Alexandre, Sandrine Codis, and Francis Bernardeau. "Probability distribution function of the aperture mass field with large deviation theory." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 503, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 5204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab818.
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ABSTRACT In the context of tomographic cosmic shear surveys, a theoretical model for the one-point statistics of the aperture mass (Map) is developed. This formalism is based on the application of the large deviation principle to the projected matter density field and more specifically to the angular aperture masses. The latter holds the advantage of being an observable that can be directly extracted from the observed shear field and to be, by construction, independent from the long wave modes. Furthermore, we show that, with the help of a nulling procedure based on the so-called BNT transform, it is possible to build observables that depend only on a finite range of redshifts making them also independent from the small-scale modes. This procedure makes predictions for the shape of the one-point probability distribution function of such an observable very accurate, comparable to what had been previously obtained for 3D observables. Comparisons with specific simulations reveal however inconsistent results showing that synthetic lensing maps were not accurate enough for such refined observables. It points to the need for more precise dedicated numerical developments whose performances could be benchmarked with such observables. We furthermore review the possible systematics that could affect such a formalism in future weak-lensing surveys like Euclid, notably the impact of shape noise as well as leading corrections coming from lend–lens couplings, geodesic deviation, reduced shear and magnification bias.
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Ema, Sonia Akter, Md Rasel Hossen, Krzysztof Bolejko, and Geraint F. Lewis. "The density distributions of cosmic structures: impact of the local environment on weak-lensing convergence." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 3004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3134.
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ABSTRACT Whilst the underlying assumption of the Friedman-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmological model is that matter is homogeneously distributed throughout the universe, gravitational influences over the life of the universe have resulted in mass clustered on a range of scales. Hence we expect that, in our inhomogeneous Universe, the view of an observer will be influenced by the location and local environment. Here, we analyse the one-point probability distribution functions and angular power spectra of weak-lensing (WL) convergence and magnification numerically to investigate the influence of our local environment on WL statistics in relativistic N-body simulations. To achieve this, we numerically solve the null geodesic equations which describe the propagation of light bundles backwards in time from today, and develop a ray-tracing algorithm, and from these calculate various WL properties. Our findings demonstrate how cosmological observations of large-scale structure through WL can be impacted by the locality of the observer. We also calculate the constraints on the cosmological parameters as a function of redshift from the theoretical and numerical study of the angular power spectrum of WL convergence. This study concludes the minimal redshift for the constraint on the parameter Ωm (H0) is $z$ ∼ 0.2 ($z$ ∼ 0.6) beyond which the local environment’s effect is negligible and the data from WL surveys are more meaningful above that redshift. The outcomes of this study will have direct consequences for future surveys, where per cent-level-precision is necessary.
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CAPT, M., J. B. BOSSON, M. FISCHER, N. MICHELETTI, and C. LAMBIEL. "Decadal evolution of a very small heavily debris-covered glacier in an Alpine permafrost environment." Journal of Glaciology 62, no. 233 (April 26, 2016): 535–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.56.
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AbstractGlacier response to climate forcing can be heterogeneous and complex, depending on glacier system characteristics. This article presents the decadal evolution of the Tsarmine Glacier (Swiss Alps), a very small and heavily debris-covered cirque glacier located in the Alpine periglacial belt. Archival aerial photogrammetry and autocorrelation of orthophotos were used to compute surface elevation, volume and geodetic mass changes, as well as horizontal displacement rates for several periods between 1967 and 2012. A GPR survey allowed us to investigate glacier thickness (15 m mean) and volume (4 × 106 m3) in 2015 and to anticipate its future evolution. Different dynamics occurred in recent decades because of the heterogeneous surface characteristics. The climate-sensitive upper debris-free zone contrasts with the progressively stagnant heavily debris-covered glacier tongue. Between 1967 and 2012, the glacier lost 1/3 of its initial volume (2 × 106 m3). The average mass balance stabilised at ~−0.3 m w.e. a−1 since 1999. Compared with other local glaciers, the Tsarmine Glacier shows a particular decadal behaviour both in time (divergence of mass balance since the 2000s) and space (inverted ablation pattern). This might be explained by the combined influence of debris cover, shadow, snow redistribution and permafrost conditions on this very small glacier.
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Matracchi, P., F. Radicioni, A. Stoppini, and G. Tosi. "THE CATHEDRAL OF S. LORENZO IN PERUGIA AND THE HYPOGEAL SPACES. GEOMATIC TECHNIQUES FOR SPATIAL INVESTIGATIONS AIMED AT THE KNOWLEDGE AND INTERPRETATION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE TRANSEPT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-849-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The area of the monumental complex of the Cathedral and the rectories of S. Lorenzo, located on the “acropolis” of Perugia, has been for more than two thousand years the main religious and civil reference site of all populations since the origin of the city of Perugia. The aim of this research was to survey the monumental complex of the Cathedral of San Lorenzo through the use of various geomatic techniques, with particular attention to the areas of the apse, the transept, the attic, the upper courtyard and the lower one, together with the hypogeal rooms of the Capitular Museum underlying the church, including important and impressive ruins as a portion of an Etruscan terracing wall (2nd century BC).</p><p>The complex is extremely articulated, so it was necessary to correlate external and hypogeal internal spaces; the site is also characterized by the existence of numerous archaeological traces of various origins, resulting from the succession of events developed over the centuries and countless works that have been integrated, juxtaposed and in some cases replaced by previous ones. All this circumstances contribute to make not easy the understanding of the planimetric and altimetric relationships existing between the different parts and the identification of the real context of the architectural elements is equally complex. The need to connect different areas of the monumental complex located at different levels (from hypogeal rooms and vaults to the church, the attic and the external squares and streets) has required a coordinated and integrated use of geomatic techniques such as precision GNSS positioning (outside the building) and the creation of a very articulated three-dimensional geodetic network connecting the external GNSS vertices with the internal reference points and targets placed in the different areas to frame in a unique global datum the subsequent detailed surveys performed with LIDAR and photogrammetric techniques, so that the single scans and local surveys could be assembled to form a unique 3D model. Among the many aspects highlighted, in particular, it was possible to understand the genesis of the cathedral transept, whose size was dictated by an imposing Etruscan wall. Until now the ruins of the ancient cathedral complex were known - referring to three different buildings, the cathedral, the dodecagonal bell tower and the chapel of Sant'Ercolano - incorporated into the side of the basilical body in front of Piazza IV Novembre. From additional ruins attributed to the structure of the ancient cathedral, it was obtained that the level of the floor of the church has been substantially maintained in the current cathedral.</p>
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Yang, Yongming, Chunfeng Yu, Yuanchao Wang, Nan Hua, and Haipeng Kuang. "Imaging Attitude Control and Image Motion Compensation Residual Analysis Based on a Three-Axis Inertially Stabilized Platform." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 5856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135856.
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The airborne area camera has received broad application in aerial reconnaissance, land resource surveying, environmental monitoring, photogrammetry mapping, and natural disaster information acquisition. A three-axis, inertially stabilized platform with a large rotation range for the roll axis is designed, which is based on the cantilever structure, in order to realize a large-angle sweep imaging function for airborne area cameras. An image attitude control algorithm in the inertial space is proposed, which can regulate the line of sight (LOS) as well as the image orientation. The area camera image motion calculation model and image motion compensation residual computing method are proposed, utilizing space position and velocity vector transformation mathematics and derivations. The variation of linear velocity of the image motion in the sensor frame is analyzed, and the changing laws of the maximum deviation of image motion with the image attitude are studied. Flight tests imply that the vertical imaging technique correctly regulates the LOS along the local geodetic vertical. The along-flight overlap rate is greater than 65%, which meets the stereo mapping requirement. The sweep imaging technique considerably enlarges the cross-flight angle of view. The LOS and image orientation during sweep imaging are correctly controlled, and gap-free coverage of the survey area is maintained. The image’s azimuth or roll deviation is less than 0.1°, and the image pitch deviation is less than 0.35°. The quality of the test images is superior. Black and white line pairs for evaluation can be clearly distinguished. The image’s motion is well compensated, and the image motion compensation residual is well constrained. These verify the validity of the proposed imaging technique and the image motion analysis model.