Journal articles: 'Space ISR'

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De Korte, R. W. "Europe's Political Will for Space." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 13, no. 2 (1988): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1988.13.2.106.

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Khandaq, Muhammad Farid, Andang Widi Harto, and Alexander Agung. "Conceptual core design study for Indonesian Space Reactor (ISR)." Progress in Nuclear Energy 118 (January 2020): 103109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.103109.

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Swoboda, John, Joshua Semeter, and Philip Erickson. "Space-time ambiguity functions for electronically scanned ISR applications." Radio Science 50, no. 5 (2015): 415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014rs005620.

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Burns, B. R. A. "HOTOL, an economic space transport for Europe." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 13, no. 2 (1988): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1988.13.2.171.

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Fries, Sylvia Doughty, and Frederick I. Ordway III. "The Space Station From Concept to Evolving Reality." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 12, no. 2 (1987): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1987.12.2.143.

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Michaelis, Anthony R. "'Blueprint for space: science fiction to science fact'." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 17, no. 2 (1992): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1992.17.2.191.

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Song, Jie, Yu Liu, David Hou Chi Chow, Bo Liu, and Seigen Cho. "Correlation Between the Insolation Shadow Ratio and Thermal Comfort of Urban Outdoor Spaces in Residential Areas in Xi’an." Buildings 15, no. 12 (2025): 1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15121995.

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Solar exposure and shading critically influence outdoor thermal comfort in residential areas, yet quantitative links between spatial morphology and microclimate remain insufficiently explored in cold-region cities. This study proposes a novel morphological indicator, the Insolation Shadow Ratio (ISR), to quantify sunlight–shade dynamics and investigates its correlation with outdoor thermal comfort (UTCI) in Xi’an, China. Combining field observations, microclimate simulations, and statistical analysis, we quantified ISR and UTCI across three representative outdoor spaces in a residential area. Photographic analysis and spatial parameterization were employed to calculate hourly ISR values. Significant correlations were observed between ISR and UTCI values. The measured data showed the strongest correlation at summer solstice at site C (Spearman’s r = 0.883, p < 0.01). GAM analysis of seasonal peak correlation data revealed that an optimal UTCI comfort range of 9 °C to 26 °C, corresponding to ISR thresholds of 0.0202–0.8384, achieved the highest autumn correlation at site C (r = 0.686, p < 0.01), while effectively balancing shade cooling effects and solar accessibility. The ISR framework provides a quantifiable tool for designers to optimize outdoor thermal environments and, when enhanced by parametric modeling tools, enables them to proactively optimize thermal performance during early-stage residential planning, offering a data-driven pathway for climate-resilient outdoor space design.

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Shah, Akash. "Deterrence under Surveillance: Indian Space-based ISR Capabilities and Pakistan’s Nuclear Deterrence." Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses 8, no. 2 (2023): 07–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.57169/jssa.008.02.0201.

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India is rapidly building up its space-based Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. Although Indian military assets in space are in contention to Chinese space program, they are expected to make Pakistan apprehensive about the future of its nuclear deterrence. Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons to deter its much larger and stronger archnemesis India from violating its territorial integrity. Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence and strategy is aligned with the Perfect Deterrence Theory, a diversion from Classical Deterrence Theory used in the understanding of deterrence relationship between the USA and USSR during the Cold War. The study addresses the impact of India’s space-based ISR capabilities on Pakistan nuclear deterrence and posture. The growth of Indian military space program along with its great interest and investment in supersonic cruise missiles and ballistic missile defense program indicates that India is building up its First Strike potential against Pakistan’s strategic assets and installations. The developments will have a tremendous impact on deterrence stability in South Asia as it will increase the likelihood of a nuclear escalation in future.

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Jakobsen, Peter. "The Hubble Space Telescope: 'Conscious Expectations of the Unexpected'." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 17, no. 1 (1992): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1992.17.1.63.

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Swoboda, John, Joshua Semeter, Matthew Zettergren, and Philip J. Erickson. "Observability of ionospheric space-time structure with ISR: A simulation study." Radio Science 52, no. 2 (2017): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016rs006182.

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Sagdeev, R. Z., and R. Reinhard. "International Cooperation: The Inter-Agency Consultative Group for Space Science (IACG)." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 13, no. 2 (1988): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1988.13.2.115.

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Клименко, Н. Н., та К. А. Занин. "Актуальные направления создания и применения космических систем радиолокационного наблюдения в эпоху возрождения противостояния великих держав". Вестник НПО им. С.А. Лавочкина, № 4(66) (3 грудня 2024): 101–8. https://doi.org/10.26162/ls.2024.63.13.014.

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Статья посвящена анализу современных концепций создания и применения КА РСА с индикацией движущихся целей, таких как гибридная космическая система наблюдения и расширенная космическая архитектура наблюдения. Приведены сведения о КА-прототипах, предшествующих запуску первой очереди оперативных КА, созданных по проекту Starshield. Особое внимание уделено новому способу обнаружения и слежения за движущимися целями на базе космической бистатической и мультистатической радиолокационной системы. The article deals with contemporary concepts of development and deployment of SAR-GMTI satellites such as hybrid space ISR system and proliferated space ISR architecture. Information on prototypes preceding the launch of the first batch of operational satellites, developed by Starshield project, is provided. Special attention is paid to the new method of detection and tracking of moving targets based on space-borne bistatic and multistatic radar system.

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Klein, Karl Egon. "Biomedical Research and Application in Space: Status and Perspectives of European Activities." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 13, no. 2 (1988): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1988.13.2.146.

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Author, Amjad Mahmood and Adil Sultan. "Impact of India’s ISR Capabilities on South Asian Security Dynamics." Strategic Studies 41, no. 4 (2022): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.041.04.0040.

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Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities have grown exponentially over the past two decades. Almost all major powers are building their ISR potential for commercial and military purposes which has provided incentive for the other emerging powers such as India to follow suit and develop its own cross-domain ISR network. This is likely to adversely impact South Asian security environment where India and Pakistan, the two nuclear armed states, remain embroiled in a military competition and have experienced several serious military crises over the past many years. Acquisition of new ISR technologies could also provide incentive to India to exploit its apparent conventional military advantage against Pakistan and venture into a limited armed conflict in pursuit of its political objectives under a nuclear overhang. Owing to a long history of distrust such an attempt could quickly escalate conflict with the possibility of an all-out war including the potential for a nuclear exchange. This paper aims to discuss India’s ambitious plan to upgrade its ISR capabilities in all the four domains of warfare, i.e. space, land, sea and air; the evolving India-US cooperation in sharing of data and its implications for Pakistan.

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Ferroli, Rinaldo Baldini. "Proton Form Factors and Related Processes in BaBar by ISR." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 27 (2006): 5565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06034756.

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BaBar has measured with unprecedented accuracy [Formula: see text] from the threshold up to [Formula: see text], finding out an unexpected cross section, with plateaux and drops. In particular it is well established a sharp drop near threshold, where evidence for structures in multihadronic channels has also been found. Other unexpected and spectacular features of the Nucleon form factors are reminded, the behaviour of space-like [Formula: see text] and the neutron time-like form factors.

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Ayala García, Héctor Arturo. "Relaciones Internacionales hacia un Marco de Relaciones Interespaciales: Análisis Teórico." Ibero Ciencias - Revista Científica y Académica - ISSN 3072-7197 4, no. 2 (2025): 343–53. https://doi.org/10.63371/ic.v4.n2.a71.

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This article explores the theoretical foundations of International Relations (IR) and proposes a projection toward a new conceptual field: Interspatial Relations (ISR). In the face of increasing space exploration and the distant but possible contact with extraterrestrial life forms or civilizations, the concern arises to imagine a normative and political framework that allows for the regulation of interactions between actors—nations and/or individuals—beyond planet Earth. This framework also includes non-state actors for development and cooperation in interspatial dynamics, allowing for their integration into cosmic space as well as the recognition of their decentralized, functionally autonomous international action. This concept, proposed through comparative analysis and critical reflection, suggests that the founding principles of IR can serve as a basis for the development of ISR.

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Bar, Doron. "Reconstructing the Past: The Creation of Jewish Sacred Space in the State of Israel, 1948–1967." Israel Studies 13, no. 3 (2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/isr.2008.13.3.1.

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Mizuno, Jumpei, Daisuke Saito, Ken Sadohara, et al. "Effect of the Information Support Robot on the Daily Activity of Older People Living Alone in Actual Living Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052498.

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Information support robots (ISRs) have the potential to assist older people living alone to have an independent life. However, the effects of ISRs on the daily activity, especially the sleep patterns, of older people have not been clarified; moreover, it is unclear whether the effects of ISRs depend on the levels of cognitive function. To investigate these effects, we introduced an ISR into the actual living environment and then quantified induced changes according to the levels of cognitive function. Older people who maintained their cognitive function demonstrated the following behavioral changes after using the ISR: faster wake-up times, reduced sleep duration, and increased amount of activity in the daytime (p < 0.05, r = 0.77; p < 0.05, r = 0.89, and p < 0.1, r = 0.70, respectively). The results suggest that the ISR is beneficial in supporting the independence of older people living alone since living alone is associated with disturbed sleep patterns and low physical activity. The impact of the ISR on daily activity was more remarkable in the subjects with high cognitive function than in those with low cognitive function. These findings suggest that cognitive function is useful information in the ISR adaptation process. The present study has more solid external validity than that of a controlled environment study since it was done in a personal residential space.

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Wang, Xiuying, Dehe Yang, Zihan Zhou, Wanli Cheng, Song Xu, and Feng Guo. "Validation of CSES RO measurements using ionosonde and ISR observations." Advances in Space Research 66, no. 10 (2020): 2275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.08.028.

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Zang, Yiwen, Bin Zhang, Xing Liu, et al. "The Effects of Intersphincteric Space Dissection Approaches on Low Rectal Cancer Outcomes: A Multicenter Retrospective Study in China." Annals of Surgery Open 6, no. 1 (2025): e550. https://doi.org/10.1097/as9.0000000000000550.

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of 2 intersphincteric space (ISS) dissection approaches for intersphincteric resection (ISR) on perioperative safety, oncological prognosis, and anal function. Background: The dissection of ISS is a crucial aspect of ISR, yet the outcomes associated with various ISS dissection approaches remain uncertain. Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from 314 patients with rectal cancer who underwent ISR at 5 Chinese tertiary referral medical institutions from January 2015 to December 2020. ISS dissection was performed using 1 of the 2 avenues: the complete transabdominal approach (CTA) and the transabdominal-perineal transanal approach (TPTA). The primary endpoints were 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates. The secondary endpoints were postoperative anal function assessed by questionnaires. Propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were used to match the clinicopathological characteristics of patients from both cohorts. Results: After PSM, 140 patients were successfully matched in the CTA and TPTA groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of perioperative complication rates, 3-year OS/DFS, and Wexner incontinence scores within 3 years after ileostomy reversal surgery (P > 0.05). However, the CTA group demonstrated less surgical time and superior low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) scores compared with the TPTA group (P < 0.05). Similar outcomes were observed after conducting IPTW adjustment. Conclusions: CTA and TPTA showed similar efficacy regarding perioperative safety and oncological outcomes. However, the CTA approach demonstrated a clear superiority in the LARS score.

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Wen, C. H., S. J. Briczinski, D. J. Livneh, J. F. Doherty, and J. D. Mathews. "Pulse-level interference and meteor processing of Arecibo ISR data." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 69, no. 9 (2007): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2007.03.004.

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Karpenko, Ivan A. "Defending Informational Structural Realism." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 62, no. 2 (2025): 190–207. https://doi.org/10.5840/eps202562230.

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The paper analyzes some varieties of structural realism and proposes an expanded version of information structural realism (ISR). The version of non-eliminative ontic structural realism (OSR), which accepts entities and structures as ontological primitives and denies the existence of theoretical objects, is criticized. Arguments are given from the field of philosophy of science and physics (scientific realism, quantum mechanics and its information interpretation, digital ontology, string model tools) in favor of the fact that ISR, which asserts information as a fundamental reality, avoids the problems faced by existing approaches, in particular, by expanding ISR with the idea of alternative descriptions of reality (models) equivalent to each other. It is shown that fundamentally different theories (based on different space-time metrics) actually give the same description of reality, and, consequently, make the same predictions regarding the observed behavior of physical systems. Moreover, they, being equivalent, initially imply different visions of the fundamental structure, for example, with a different number of spatial dimensions. The philosophical interpretation of these results is that what is fundamental is not the traditionally understood physical reality (with substantial space-time as its main attribute), but the descriptions themselves, expressed in the form of alternative models – scientific representations of reality. Since they are the only ones available for research when it comes to the unobservable, the thesis that theoretical objects exist as ontological primitives becomes justified. Thus, it is proven that information itself is real and fundamental, being a tool and subject of research.

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Haj Yahya, Athar. "Multiculturalism as Reflected in the Linguistic and Semiotic Landscape of Arab Museums in Israel." Israel Studies Review 36, no. 1 (2021): 68–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2021.360106.

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Multiculturalism is respectful of diversity among individuals and communities in a society, allowing them to retain and express their particular identities and engage in egalitarian dialogue. This article examines how the multiculturalist approach is reflected in the linguistic and semiotic landscape of Arab museums in Israel. It focuses on a case study of the Umm al-Fahm Art Gallery as a window onto the sociocultural realities of Israel. The article’s findings are based on an analysis of the linguistic and semiotic landscape elements of the museum space and a semi-structured in-depth interview with its founder. They attest to deficiencies in the process of retaining and designing the particular cultural elements for the Palestinian-Arab population in Israel, affecting the realization of multiculturalism and compromising egalitarian dialogue between the various communities.

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Elias, Haneen, and Ronit Reuven Even-Zahav. "Leaving the Margins." Israel Studies Review 37, no. 2 (2022): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2022.370203.

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This article presents a qualitative study of nineteen Palestinian female students in Israel. In doing so, it promotes a context-informed approach in social work education, which takes into account power relations, issues of gender, and socio-political and socio-cultural backgrounds. The students participated in a context-informed course held at Ruppin Academic Center in Israel. The findings focus on two contexts in the students’ lives: (1) their socio-cultural background, which includes their family and cultural space; and (2) the socio-political context, which includes majority-minority relations. A discussion on the intersection of these two spheres follows. Whereas students felt the socio-political realm was blind to their identity as Palestinian female students, they felt that the course was like their ‘home’ in terms of language and identity.

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He, Shan, Xueqin Yan, Ying Wu, Qianru Yang, and Weiwei Liu. "Strategies of Unintentional Injury Prevention and Control System Under the Background of Children Friendly City Construction." Asia Social Science Academy 3, no. 1 (2023): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/isr.2023.3.1.33.

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International researches on the relationship between children and cities, the impact of urban environment on children's body and mind, and how to build a child friendly city have reached a certain depth. At present, the construction of child friendly cities in China is still in its infancy. Among them, the urban spatial planning involving children has not been in-depth, and the disease burden caused by falls and road traffic injuries is still high. In view of the problems existing in the built environment of the city, we should carry out the construction of a child friendly city, pay attention to the safety guarantee of children's activity space, formulate targeted accidental injury prevention and control measures, and promote the inclusive sharing of children's medical and health service resources, high-quality and balanced development.

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Karlén, Niklas, Vladimir Rauta, Idean Salehyan, et al. "Forum: Conflict Delegation in Civil Wars." International Studies Review 23, no. 4 (2021): 2048–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viab053.

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Abstract This forum provides an outlet for an assessment of research on the delegation of war to non-state armed groups in civil wars. Given the significant growth of studies concerned with this phenomenon over the last decade, this forum critically engages with the present state of the field. First, we canvass some of the most important theoretical developments to demonstrate the heterogeneity of the debate. Second, we expand on the theme of complexity and investigate its multiple facets as a window into pushing the debate forward. Third, we draw the contours of a future research agenda by highlighting some contemporary problems, puzzles, and challenges to empirical data collection. In essence, we seek to connect two main literatures that have been talking past each other: external support in civil wars and proxy warfare. The forum bridges this gap at a critical juncture in this new and emerging scholarship by offering space for scholarly dialogue across conceptual labels.

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Guzzini, Stefano. "Embrace IR Anxieties (or, Morgenthau's Approach to Power, and the Challenge of Combining the Three Domains of IR Theorizing)." International Studies Review 22, no. 2 (2020): 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa013.

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Abstract This article addresses the call made by the ISA Sapphire panel to focus on “the opportunities and the challenges of theory-building in interdisciplinary scholarship.” The article focuses on the multiple anxieties that exist in the discipline of IR, its departmental subalternity, its fragmentation of content, its methodological diversity, and its hybrid constitution of practical and observational knowledge. However, rather than arguing for any restriction, the article pleads for these anxieties to be embraced and for IR to be treated as a privileged space in which to integrate that knowledge. It invites scholars to link three distinct yet important domains of IR theorizing: the philosophical, the explanatory, and the practical. It invites the discipline to see the three domains as equally fundamental for its identity. Using Morgenthau's theory of power as a foil, the article shows the need to think about these three domains of theorizing concomitantly, despite the difficulties involved in providing a coherent link between them, something Morgenthau did not achieve.

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Guzzini, Stefano. "Embrace IR Anxieties (or, Morgenthau's Approach to Power, and the Challenge of Combining the Three Domains of IR Theorizing)." International Studies Review 22, no. 2 (2020): 268–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa013.

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This article addresses the call made by the ISA Sapphire panel to focus on “the opportunities and the challenges of theory-building in interdisciplinary scholarship.” The article focuses on the multiple anxieties that exist in the discipline of IR, its departmental subalternity, its fragmentation of content, its methodological diversity, and its hybrid constitution of practical and observational knowledge. However, rather than arguing for any restriction, the article pleads for these anxieties to be embraced and for IR to be treated as a privileged space in which to integrate that knowledge. It invites scholars to link three distinct yet important domains of IR theorizing: the philosophical, the explanatory, and the practical. It invites the discipline to see the three domains as equally fundamental for its identity. Using Morgenthau's theory of power as a foil, the article shows the need to think about these three domains of theorizing concomitantly, despite the difficulties involved in providing a coherent link between them, something Morgenthau did not achieve.

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Dimitrov, Radoslav S. "Empty Institutions in Global Environmental Politics." International Studies Review 22, no. 3 (2019): 626–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viz029.

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AbstractWhy are some institutions without any policy powers or output? This study documents the efforts by governments to create empty international institutions whose mandates deprive them of any capacity for policy formulation or implementation. Examples include the United Nations Forum on Forests, the Copenhagen Accord on Climate Change, and the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. Research is based on participation in twenty-one rounds of negotiations over ten years and interviews with diplomats, policymakers, and observers. The article introduces the concept of empty institutions, provides evidence from three empirical cases, theorizes their political functions, and discusses theoretical implications and policy ramifications. Empty institutions are deliberately designed not to deliver and serve two purposes. First, they are political tools for hiding failure at negotiations, by creating a public impression of policy progress. Second, empty institutions are “decoys” that distract public scrutiny and legitimize collective inaction, by filling the institutional space in a given issue area and by neutralizing pressures for genuine policy. Contrary to conventional academic wisdom, institutions can be raised as obstacles that preempt governance rather than facilitate it.

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Breakstone et al., A. "Inclusive charged particle cross sections in full phase space from proton proton interactions at ISR energies." Zeitschrift f�r Physik C Particles and Fields 69, no. 1 (1995): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002880050005.

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Breakstone, A., H. B. Crawley, A. Firestone, et al. "Inclusive charged particle cross sections in full phase space from proton proton interactions at ISR energies." Zeitschrift für Physik C: Particles and Fields 69, no. 1 (1995): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02907385.

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Shahrukh, Natalia. "The Space Race Re-imagined: Outer Space Technology and its Impact on Cross-Domain Deterrence." Journal of Security & Strategic Analyses 11, no. 1 (2025): 48–70. https://doi.org/10.57169/jssa.0011.01.0383.

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Space is no longer a zero-sum game domain but the strategic arena of competition in which deterrence is determined not by threatening force but also by controlling orbital facilities, cyber space, and AI-powered decision systems. The evolution of space technologies from precision-strike satellites to autonomous ISR capabilities has rearranged the battlespace with information dominance and disruption being more valuable than sheer military might. The war of today is not mass mobilisation but network centric warfare (NCW), where the key to success lies in controlling the intelligence stream, jamming adversary’s communications, and pre empting attacks before the first shot has been fired. This study analyses how these advances have propelled Cross Domain Deterrence (CDD) - a theory of deterrence no longer based on brute power but on multi-domain pre emption, strategic deception, and systemic vulnerability. Based on a mixed-methods approach, integrating doctrinal analysis, strategic stability modelling, and case studies, this study examines how space and cyber technologies raise crisis instability, encourage first-strike tendency, and erode conventional deterrence mechanisms. Findings show that reliance on AI-based command infrastructure, cyber-physical sabotage, and dual-use commercial-military resources renders deterrence less stabilising and more escalatory. Without paradigm change in the governance of space and crisis, deterrence will not keep war away from us - it will determine its inevitability.

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Breakstone, A., C. D. Buchanan, R. Campanini, et al. "Higher order QCD effects and particle density in full phase space from highp T interactions at the ISR." Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields 52, no. 4 (1991): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01562327.

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Hao, Xiao Min, Gang Chen, and Chang Sheng Gu. "Synthesis, Structure, Luminescest and Thermal Stable Properties of a Silver(I) Coordination Polymer Constructed from 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 1,3-Bis(4-Pyridyl) Propane Ligands." Advanced Materials Research 934 (May 2014): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.934.91.

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A novel complex of [Ag (poa)(bpp)] n (poa:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid;bpp: 1,3-Bis (4-pyridyl) propane) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, X-ray single crystal diffraction. The title complex belongs to Monoclinic system with space group P21/c,a=8.849(4)Å,b=26.654(13)Å,c=9.821(5)Å,α=90°,β=111.257(8)°,γ=90°,V=2158.7(17)Å3,Z=4,Dc=1.619 g/cm3,μ=1.206 mm-1,F(000)=1056. Final indices isR=0.0331,wR=0.0851. Therm al stability and luminescent property of compound have also been nvestigated.

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Bahcivan, Hasan, Michael J. Nicolls, and Gareth Perry. "Comparison of SuperDARN irregularity drift measurements and F-region ion velocities from the resolute bay ISR." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 105-106 (December 2013): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.02.002.

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Minhas, Ahmed Saeed, Farhat Konain Shujahi, and Shanzay Saeed. "Analytical Appraisal of Space Weapons’ Probability: Imminent Detriment to the Multi-Lateral Non-Proliferation Regime and Strategic Stability." BTTN Journal 3, no. 2 (2024): 19–39. https://doi.org/10.61732/bj.v3i2.139.

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Outer Space is likely to be the contesting arena of power projection. In the times to come, the domain of space is being perceived to significantly balance or outbalance regional and global competitors' deterrence and strategic stability equations. Maximum power potential in outer space is rarely discussed. So far, space power projection has solely involved placing Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) satellites, along with battlefield communication and precision guidance for strategic weapons like anti-ballistic missiles. However, the physical placement of weapons is yet to materialize. Inactivity is ascribed to scientific and financial challenges, insufficient political and societal resolve, and an implicit accord among advanced spacefaring states. Yet, the advancing technologies in outer space sphere and strategic intents/ thoughts shared by the relevant strategic experts do indicate that the placement of physical space weapons is not a far-fetched option. Although, physical placement might be subject to delay for multiple crisscrossed limitations in strategic, technological and diplomatic terms, yet the super and major powers especially India are heavily investing in building their strategic military capacities for absolute power, if not globally at least in their respective strategic regions of influence. The article in hand is an effort to carry out an objective appraisal of the probability of the outer space getting weaponized by undertaking a detailed literature review of various relevant strategic thinkers from different regions who have opined about space being militarized or weaponized in near times.

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Diaz, M. A., J. L. Semeter, M. Oppenheim, and M. Zettergren. "Analysis of beam plasma instability effects on incoherent scatter spectra." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 12 (2010): 2169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-2169-2010.

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Abstract. Naturally Enhanced Ion Acoustic Lines (NEIALs) detected with Incoherent Scatter Radars (ISRs) can be produced by a Langmuir decay mechanism, triggered by a bump on tail instability. A recent model of the beam-plasma instability suggests that weak-warm beams, such those associated with NEIAL events, might produce Langmuir harmonics which could be detected by a properly configured ISR. The analysis performed in this work shows that such a beam-driven wave may be simultaneously detected with NEIALs within the baseband signal of a single ISR. The analysis shows that simultaneous detection of NEIALs and the first Langmuir harmonic is more likely than simultaneous detection of NEIALs and enhanced plasma line. This detection not only would help to discriminate between current NEIAL models, but could also aid in the parameter estimation of soft precipitating electrons.

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Yang, Zhiyu, Jixin Wang, and Yunwu Han. "A Novel Real-Time Center of Gravity Estimation Method for Wheel Loaders with Front/Rear-Axle-Independent Electric Driving." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2021 (May 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621060.

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Estimation of the center of gravity (CG) is the basis for intelligent control of the front-and-rear-axis-independent electric driving wheel loaders (FREWLs). This paper presents a novel real-time method for estimating the CG of FREWLs, which is suitable for driving and spading conditions on bumpy roads. A FREWL dynamical model is proposed to set up the state-space model. The CG estimator is used to estimate the longitudinal tire force using the state-space model and the improved square-root unscented Kalman filter (ISR-UKF) algorithm. The simulation and experimental results indicate that this method is suitable for FREWL dynamics and operational characteristics, and the estimated value of CG basically converges to the reference value. Finally, the probable reasons for error occurring in two experiments and the practical challenges of this method are discussed. The research in this paper establishes a partial theoretical basis for intelligent control of construction machinery.

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Mikhailov, A. V., V. H. Depuev, and A. H. Depueva. "Synchronous <I>Nm</I>F2 and <I>Nm</I>E daytime variations as a key to the mechanism of quiet-time F2-layer disturbances." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 2 (2007): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-483-2007.

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Abstract. The observed NmF2 and NmE variations were analyzed for the periods of positive and negative quiet-time F2-layer disturbances (Q-disturbances) observed in the midlatitude daytime F2-layer to specify the mechanism of their origin. The noontime δNmF2 and δNmE deviations demonstrate a synchronous type of variation which can be explained by vertical gas motion in the thermosphere. This neutral gas motion should result in atomic abundance variations, the latter being confirmed by the Millstone Hill ISR observations for periods of positive and negative Q-disturbance events. The analysis of the ISR data has shown that atomic oxygen concentration variations are the main cause of the daytime F2-layer Q-disturbances. The auroral heating which controls the poleward thermospheric wind is considered to be the basic mechanism for the Q-disturbances, however, the specific mechanisms of positive and negative Q-disturbances are different. Some morphological features of the Q-disturbances revealed earlier are explained in the scope of the proposed concept.

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Rietveld, Michael T., and Andrew Senior. "Ducting of incoherent scatter radar waves by field-aligned irregularities." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 5 (2020): 1101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1101-2020.

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Abstract. We provide an explanation for a mysterious phenomenon that has been recognized in recent years in European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF incoherent scatter radar (ISR) measurements during many high-power high-frequency (HF) ionospheric pumping experiments. The phenomenon is an apparent increase in electron density observed above the HF reflection altitude, extending up to the observable limits usually in the range 400–650 km, as shown in several publications in recent years. It was shown by Senior et al. (2013) that several examples of these enhanced backscatter could not be explained by increases in electron density. A summary of characteristics of the backscatter enhancements is presented as well as the results of a survey of events. We propose that medium- to large-scale HF-induced field-aligned irregularities (tens to hundreds of metres scale) act to refract the radar signals along the magnetic field, thereby acting as a guide so that the free-space r−2 spreading of the signals no longer applies. The nature of the irregularities and the physical mechanism of their production by powerful HF waves is an exciting topic for future research since, surprisingly, they appear to be preferentially excited by X-mode waves. The explanation proposed here involving HF-induced irregularities may well apply to other ISR observations of the ionosphere in the presence of specific natural irregularities.

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Li, Yong Feng, Yi Xuan Wang, Lu Wang, and Zhan Qing Wang. "Sequence Length Variation of Internal Genic Space of 16S rDNA-23S rDNA in Bacterium with High Yield of Hydrogen Production." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 1413–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.1413.

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To develop the identification of species for fermentative biohydrogen-producing bacterium, scholars have found a method which is based on PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (rDNA)-23S rDNA intergenic regions. In the study, a large fragment of the rDNA operon, including the 16S rDNA, the intergenic spacer region (ISR) and approximately 2000 bases of the 23S rDNA, were polymerasechain reaction (PCR) amplified. The PCR amplification of the genomic DNA of Leptonema ilk strain 3055 using primers directed against conserved regions of the rRNA operon provided evidence that the 16S and 23S rRNA genes were linked via an intergenic spacer region. The sequencing of the intergenic spacer region indicated that it was 435 nucleotides in length and sequence similarity searches revealed that it bore no homology to any known sequences including tRNA available in databases.

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Pellinen-Wannberg, A., A. Westman, G. Wannberg, and K. Kaila. "Meteor fluxes and visual magnitudes from EISCAT radar event rates: a comparison with cross-section based magnitude estimates and optical data." Annales Geophysicae 16, no. 11 (1998): 1475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-1475-x.

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Abstract. Incoherent scatter radars (ISR) are versatile instruments for continuous monitoring of ionisation processes in the Earth's atmosphere. EISCAT, The European Incoherent Scatter facility has proven effective also in meteor studies. The time resolution of the radar can be reduced to a few milliseconds, sufficient to resolve the passage of individual meteors through the narrow ISR beam. Methods for group and phase velocity determination of the meteoroids and the discrepancy between the results related to the target behaviour are presented. The radar cross sections of echoes associated with moving meteoroids ("meteor head echoes") are very small and increase with decreasing wavelength. The parent meteoroids are found to have visual magnitudes far below the detection limit of most optical observations. The equivalent visual magnitude limit of the smallest objects observed by EISCAT in the current experiments has been estimated by two different methods, both from the cross-section measurements and from the measured event rates. Both methods give a limit value of +10 for the smallest objects while the upper limit is +4. The lower limit of the visual magnitude for the collocated optical measurement system is +4. Thus the two detection systems observe two different meteor size ranges, with the radar almost reaching micrometeorite population. Meteor fluxes estimated from the event rates and the radar system parameters agree well with previous extrapolated values for this size range.Key words. Ionosphere (ionization mechanisms). Radio science (ionospheric physics). Space plasma physics (ionization processes)

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Zhang, Shun-Rong, John M. Holt, and James Kurdzo. "Millstone Hill ISR observations of upper atmospheric long-term changes: Height dependency." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, A2 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010ja016414.

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Zettergren, M., J. Semeter, B. Burnett, et al. "Dynamic variability in F-region ionospheric composition at auroral arc boundaries." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 2 (2010): 651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-651-2010.

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Abstract. The work presents a data-model synthesis examining the response of the auroral F-region ion temperature, composition, and density to short time scale (<1 min) electric field disturbances associated with auroral arcs. Ion temperature profiles recorded by the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar (ISR) are critically analyzed with the aid of theoretical calculations to infer ion composition variability. The analyses presented include a partial accounting for the effects of neutral winds on frictional heating and show promise as the groundwork for future attempts to address ion temperature-mass ambiguities in short-integration ISR data sets. Results indicate that large NO+ enchancements in the F-region can occur in as little as 20 s in response to impulsive changes in ion frictional heating. Enhancements in molecular ion density result in recombination and a depletion in plasma, which is shown to occur on time scales of several minutes. This depletion process, thus, appears to be of comparable importance to electrodynamic evacuation processes in producing auroral arc-related plasma depletions. Furthermore, the potential of ionospheric composition in regulating the amounts and types of ions supplied to the magnetosphere is outlined.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Space ISR'

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