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Journal articles on the topic 'Space Optical Clock'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Boldbaatar, Enkhtuvshin, Donald Grant, Suelynn Choy, Safoora Zaminpardaz, and Lucas Holden. "Evaluating Optical Clock Performance for GNSS Positioning." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 5998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23135998.

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Atomic clocks are highly precise timing devices used in numerous Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) applications on the ground and in outer space. In recent years, however, more precise timing solutions based on optical technology have been introduced as current technology capabilities advance. State-of-the-art optical clocks—predicted to be the next level of their predecessor atomic clocks—have achieved ultimate uncertainty of 1 × 10−18 and beyond, which exceeds the best atomic clock’s performance by two orders of magnitude. Hence, the successful development of optical clocks has drawn

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Cacciapuoti, L., A. Busso, R. Jansen, et al. "Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2889, no. 1 (2024): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2889/1/012005.

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Abstract The Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) mission is developing high performance clocks and links for space to test Einstein’s theory of general relativity. From the International Space Station, the ACES payload will distribute a clock signal with fractional frequency stability and accuracy of 1 × 10−16 establishing a worldwide network to compare clocks in space and on the ground. ACES will provide an absolute measurement of Einstein’s gravitational redshift, it will search for time variations of fundamental constants, contribute to test topological dark matter models, and perform Sta

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Hoang, Thai M., Wei Zhang, Thanh Le, et al. "Progress in the miniature trapped ion optical clock development with 16 cc sealed trap tube." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2889, no. 1 (2024): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2889/1/012033.

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Abstract Optical clocks have well surpassed the frequency stability performance of microwave clocks. They have been mainly limited to tabletop setups and large rack-mount systems. Miniaturizing optical clocks will make the new technology and capability more ubiquitously applied to applications from navigation to fundamental science. Here we aim to develop a miniature space optical clock (mSOC) with the size of a compact microwave clock and capable of achieving a short-term stability of 10−14 τ −1/2 and noise floor of 10−16. In this paper, we will describe the mSOC concept, discuss the experime

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Khabarova, Ksenia, Denis Kryuchkov, Alexander Borisenko, et al. "Toward a New Generation of Compact Transportable Yb+ Optical Clocks." Symmetry 14, no. 10 (2022): 2213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14102213.

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Optical atomic clocks are currently one of the most sensitive tools making it possible to precisely test the fundamental symmetry properties of spacetime and Einstein’s theory of relativity. At the same time, the extremely high stability and accuracy of compact transportable optical clocks open new perspectives in important fields, such as satellite navigation, relativistic geodesy, and the global time and frequency network. Our project aimed to develop a compact transportable optical clock based on a single ytterbium ion. We present the first prototype of the Yb+ clock (298 kg in 1 m3) and pr

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Chen, Ying-Xin, Chi-Hua Zhou, Wei Tan, et al. "Development of Compact and Robust Physical System for Strontium Optical Lattice Clock." Applied Sciences 14, no. 4 (2024): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14041551.

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Compact and robust optical clocks are significant in scientific research and engineering. Here, we present a physical system for a strontium atomic optical clock with dimensions of 465 mm × 588 mm × 415 mm and a weight of 66.6 kg. To date, this is one of the most compact physical systems ever reported. The application of the magnetic shielding box in this physical system allowed the effect of external magnetic field fluctuation on cold atoms to be negligible. The physical system passed rigorous environmental tests and remained operational. A wavelength meter integrated in this physical system

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6

Walker, Susan J., and Jürgen Jahns. "Optical clock distribution using integrated free-space optics." Optics Communications 90, no. 4-6 (1992): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(92)90290-8.

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7

Chen, Guangyao, Nan Xing, Chengpan Tang, and Zhiqiao Chang. "Clock Ensemble Algorithm Test in the Establishment of Space-Based Time Reference." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (2023): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051227.

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A new concept of a space-based synchronized reference network is proposed with the development of an optical frequency reference and laser inter-satellite link. To build such time reference, three clock ensemble algorithms, namely the natural Kalman timescale (NKT) algorithm, the reduced Kalman timescale (RKT) algorithm, and the two-stage Kalman timescale (TKT) algorithm are considered. This study analyzes and compares the performance of these algorithms using BDS, GPS, and Galileo satellite clock data from the GFZ GNSS clock corrections, which will be used in constructing future space-based t

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Wang, Yebing, Xiaotong Lu, Benquan Lu, Dehuan Kong, and Hong Chang. "Recent Advances Concerning the 87Sr Optical Lattice Clock at the National Time Service Center." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (2018): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112194.

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We review recent experimental progress concerning the 87Sr optical lattice clock at the National Time Service Center in China. Hertz-level spectroscopy of the 87Sr clock transition for the optical lattice clock was performed, and closed-loop operation of the optical lattice clock was realized. A fractional frequency instability of 2.8 × 10−17 was attained for an averaging time of 2000 s. The Allan deviation is found to be 1.6 × 10−15/τ1/2 and is limited mainly by white-frequency-noise. The Landé g-factors of the (5s2)1S0 and (5s5p)3P0 states in 87Sr were measured experimentally; they are impor

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Piester, D., M. Rost, M. Fujieda, T. Feldmann, and A. Bauch. "Remote atomic clock synchronization via satellites and optical fibers." Advances in Radio Science 9 (July 29, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-1-2011.

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Abstract. In the global network of institutions engaged with the realization of International Atomic Time (TAI), atomic clocks and time scales are compared by means of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and by employing telecommunication satellites for two-way satellite time and frequency transfer (TWSTFT). The frequencies of the state-of-the-art primary caesium fountain clocks can be compared at the level of 10−15 (relative, 1 day averaging) and time scales can be synchronized with an uncertainty of one nanosecond. Future improvements of worldwide clock comparisons will require also an impro

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10

Li, Wei, Qing Li, Keda He, and Lei Liu. "An Active Vibration Isolator for the Space Optical Clock." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 67, no. 2 (2024): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441224700349.

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11

Gill, P., S. Mulholland, H. Klein, et al. "Compact clocks & cavities for space and ground applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2889, no. 1 (2024): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2889/1/012016.

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Abstract Position, navigation and timing capability worldwide is predominantly underpinned by global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), which provide the underlying capability for critical national infrastructures, science, industry, commerce and society. Recently, the vulnerability of such systems to interference, whether intentional or not, instrument failure or space weather, has been recognised, pointing to the need for alternative independent navigation and timing solutions. In particular, the availability of low size, weight and power (low-SWaP) traceable portable clocks with extended

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12

Zarschizky, H., CH Gerndt, M. Honsberg, H. W. Schneider, and A. Stemmer. "Optical clock distribution with a compact free space interconnect system." Optical and Quantum Electronics 26, no. 5 (1994): S471—S481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00306218.

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13

Tamil, Lakshman S., and Kangmin Hsia. "An energy-efficient free-space optical interconnection for clock distribution." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 9, no. 1 (1995): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650090109.

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14

He, Keda, Qing Li, Lei Liu, and Hongjie Yang. "Active vibration isolation of ultra-stable optical reference cavity of space optical clock." Aerospace Science and Technology 112 (May 2021): 106633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2021.106633.

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15

CACCIAPUOTI, LUIGI, and OLIVIER MINSTER. "FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS ACTIVITIES IN THE HME DIRECTORATE OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 12a (2007): 1957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807011255.

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The Human Spaceflight, Microgravity, and Exploration (HME) Directorate of the European Space Agency is strongly involved in fundamental physics research. One of the major activities in this field is represented by the ACES (Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space) mission. ACES will demonstrate the high performances of a new generation of atomic clocks in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station (ISS). Following ACES, a vigorous research program has been recently approved to develop a second generation of atomic quantum sensors for space applications: atomic clocks in the optical

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DITTUS, HANSJÖRG, and CLAUS LÄMMERZAHL. "THE CLOCK MISSION OPTIS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 12b (2007): 2499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807011334.

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Clocks are an almost universal tool for exploring the fundamental structure of theories related to relativity. For future clock experiments, it is important for them to be performed in space. One mission which has the capability to perform and improve all relativity tests based on clocks by several orders of magnitude is OPTIS. These tests consist of (i) tests of the isotropy of light propagation (from which information about the matter sector which the optical resonators are made of can also be drawn), (ii) tests of the constancy of the speed of light, (iii) tests of the universality of the g

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17

Tuong, Tran Ngoc, Pham Hong Hai, Le Thanh An, Nguyen Duy Phuong, Luong Chinh Ke, and Le Minh. "Determining the height difference between two points using optical clocks, an experiment in Wuhan." Magazine of Geodesy - Cartography 10, no. 01 (2024): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13234745.

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<em>The applications of relativistic geodesy are increasingly being studied and exploited by scientists. Many studies on relativistic geodesy have obtained very positive results in measurement fields requiring high accuracy such as satellite geodesy, space geodesy, gravity geodesy, etc. This study presents the results of an experiment on determining the height difference between two points by comparing the frequencies of two optical atomic clocks, in Wuhan, China. The experiment results showed that the difference between the height difference determined by the clock frequency comparison method

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18

Ashby, Neil, Peter L. Bender, John L. Hall, et al. "Measurement of gravitational time delay using drag-free spacecraft and an optical clock." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S261 (2009): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309990718.

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AbstractImproved accuracy in measurement of the gravitational time delay of electromagnetic waves passing by the sun may be achieved with two drag-free spacecraft, one with a stable clock and laser transmitter and one with a high-stability transponder. We consider one spacecraft near the Earth-Sun L1 point with an advanced optical clock, and the transponder on a second satellite, which has a 2 year period orbit and eccentricity e = 0.37. Superior conjunctions will occur at aphelion 1, 3, and 5 years after launch of the second spacecraft. The measurements can be made using carrier phase compari

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19

Wang, Pingli, Guangli Wang, Yuping Gao, Hongbing Cai, and Na Liu. "Comparison of VLBI and GNSS common view for time transfer." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 10 (2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2019014.

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With the rapid development of optical clock, the stability and system uncertainty of optical clocks has reached a 1.0e–18 level. Optical clocks will likely constitute the next generation of time-frequency standards for redefining the SI second. Because time and frequency transfer services that rely on satellite systems are not always reliable and currently available technologies are insufficient for comparing the next generation of frequency standards, high-precision time and transfer techniques are strongly desired. Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is one of the space geodetic techniq

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20

Ren, Wei, Yanguang Sun, Bin Wang, et al. "Highly reliable optical system for a rubidium space cold atom clock." Applied Optics 55, no. 13 (2016): 3607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.003607.

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21

Dmitriev, Alexandr K., Alexander P. Karpik, Alexsander S. Tolstikov, et al. "Measuring the gravitational frequency shift in a hydrogen clock when transmitting a signal via optical and radio frequency communication channels." Analysis and data processing systems, no. 4 (December 27, 2024): 59–77. https://doi.org/10.17212/2782-2001-2024-4-59-77.

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A scheme for measuring the gravitational frequency shift of hydrogen clocks during their movement between two points located at different orthometric altidudes with simultaneous signal transmission via radio and fiber-optic communication lines has been implemented. Practical interest in studying the gravitational frequency shift of quantum standards is associated with the need to take it into account to improve accuracy in navigation satellite systems. Such measurements were performed using a space synchronization channel using signals from global navigation satellite systems. This became espe

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22

Marz, Stefan, Anja Schlicht, and Urs Hugentobler. "Toward a Geodesy and Time Reference in Space (GETRIS): A Study of Apparent Satellite Clocks of a Future GNSS Satellite Constellation." Geosciences 13, no. 6 (2023): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13060173.

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Today, concepts within the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) aim a Terrestrial Reference System (TRS) with 1 mm accuracy and long-term stability of 0.1 mm/year. GETRIS (Geodesy and Time Reference In Space) is a concept that aims to realize a relativistic reference system based on satellites as an extension to the TRS. This helps with another goal of the GGOS, namely, the connection of different satellite layers with the TRS. For a valuable contribution to the GGOS’s goals, we would expect to achieve precise determined satellite orbits at the level of 1–3 mm and satellite clocks with a pi

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23

Desheng Lv, 吕德胜, 汪斌 Bin Wang, 李唐 Tang Li, and 刘亮 Liang Liu. "Cold atom space clock with counter-propagating atoms." Chinese Optics Letters 8, no. 8 (2010): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col20100808.0735.

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24

Anderson, Jeremy, Nathan Barnwell, Maria Carrasquilla, et al. "Sub-nanosecond ground-to-space clock synchronization for nanosatellites using pulsed optical links." Advances in Space Research 62, no. 12 (2018): 3475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.06.032.

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25

Murray, C. A. "Relativistic Reference Frames in Astrometry." Highlights of Astronomy 7 (1986): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600006298.

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Astrometry can be defined as the measurement of space-time coordinates of photon events. For example, in principle, in classical optical astrometry, we measure the components of velocity, and hence the direction, of an incoming photon with respect to an instrumental coordinate system, and the clock time, at the instant of detection. The observer’s coordinate system at any instant can be identified with a local inertial frame. In the case of interferometric observations, the measurements are of clock times of arrival of a wavefront at two detectors whose spatial coordinates are specified with r

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Zhang, Peng, Dong Hou, Ke Liu, Wenjian Zhou, Minghong Li, and Lujun Fang. "Picosecond-Level Synchronization over Optical Free Space Link Using White Rabbit." Electronics 14, no. 5 (2025): 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14050970.

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White Rabbit (WR) time synchronization has an accuracy up to a sub-nanosecond level. However, the current application scenario of WR is limited to wired transmission links. In this paper, we have proposed a time synchronization technique over a free space link using WR. In the WR-based free space synchronization scheme, we replace the original WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) with single-wavelength transmission to reduce the asymmetry of the path and design a high-power optical transceiver module to improve the transmission power. With the scheme, a free space synchronization experiment

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27

Wegehaupt, T., M. Gohlke, F. Kuschewski, et al. "Towards Compact, Robust and Highly Stable Optical Frequency References for Space Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2889, no. 1 (2024): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2889/1/012012.

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Abstract Future space missions from different fields of applications, like global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), next generations of gravity missions or tests of fundamental physics will rely on optical frequency references. While laboratory setups of various optical frequency reference technologies already demonstrate frequency stabilities orders of magnitude better than current microwave references for space applications, another step must be accomplished for high performance optical references in space. One promising technology for this is Doppler-free spectroscopy of molecular iodine

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REN, Jie, Wei TAN, Feng GUO, Hui LIU, and Hong CHANG. "Magnetic field analysis and active compensation system for strontium optical lattice clock in space." Optics and Precision Engineering 30, no. 11 (2022): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37188/ope.20223011.1337.

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29

Hall, John L. "Learning from the time and length redefinitions, and the metre demotion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1953 (2011): 4090–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0239.

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After discussing several issues in a future redefinition of the kilogram, this paper considers the lessons that one might have learned from the analogous redefinitions of the metre and the second. The progress of length metrology was slow and steady, from seven digits reproducibility with the 1889 X-shaped metre prototype, to nine digits with Kr lamps, to 11 digits with the 1983 redefinition of the metre using the speed of light. With laser cooling, the Cs clock improved to 15, now 16, digits (and so also astronomical distance measurements could improve). Laser-cooled ions, and now atoms captu

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Jammi, Sindhu, Andrew R. Ferdinand, Zheng Luo, et al. "Three-dimensional, multi-wavelength beam formation with integrated metasurface optics for Sr laser cooling." Optics Letters 49, no. 21 (2024): 6013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.526056.

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We demonstrate the formation of a complex, multi-wavelength, three-dimensional laser beam configuration with integrated metasurface (MS) optics. Our experiments support the development of a compact Sr optical-lattice clock, which leverages magneto-optical trapping at 461 nm and 689 nm without bulk free-space optics. We integrate six mm-scale metasurfaces on a fused silica substrate and illuminate them with light from optical fibers. The metasurfaces provide full control of beam pointing, divergence, and polarization to create the laser configuration for a magneto-optical trap. We report the ef

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Zhan, Ming-Sheng, Jin Wang, Wei-Tou Ni, et al. "ZAIGA: Zhaoshan long-baseline atom interferometer gravitation antenna." International Journal of Modern Physics D 29, no. 04 (2019): 1940005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271819400054.

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The Zhaoshan long-baseline Atom Interferometer Gravitation Antenna (ZAIGA) is a new type of underground laser-linked interferometer facility, and is currently under construction. It is in the 200-m-on-average underground of a mountain named Zhaoshan which is about 80[Formula: see text]km southeast to Wuhan. ZAIGA will be equipped with long-baseline atom interferometers, high-precision atom clocks, and large-scale gyros. ZAIGA facility will take an equilateral triangle configuration with two 1-km-apart atom interferometers in each arm, a 300-m vertical tunnel with atom fountain and atom clocks

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Li, Shaobo, Lei Zhang, Dongjie Wang, et al. "Precision and Stability of a Space Laser Ranging Technology Based on Time-Frequency Co-Transfer." Photonics 11, no. 12 (2024): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121126.

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This paper presents an innovative space laser ranging technology that utilizes time-frequency co-transfer, effectively meeting the critical demand for precision in space laser ranging applications. The aim is to achieve high-precision ranging by calculating the transfer time using a bidirectional comparison scheme for clock synchronization and an active compensation technique for frequency transfer. Experimental results indicate that, over a 500 m optical path, an impressive ranging accuracy of 0.0005 m is achieved, reflecting significant improvements in precision, stability, and resistance to

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Kepler, S. O., J. E. S. Costa, B. G. Castanheira, et al. "Measuring the Evolution of the Most Stable Optical Clock G 117‐B15A." Astrophysical Journal 634, no. 2 (2005): 1311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/497002.

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Shin, Bumjoon, Eunji Lee, and Sang-Young Park. "Determination of Geostationary Orbits (GEO) Satellite Orbits Using Optical Wide-Field Patrol Network (OWL-Net) Data." Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 36, no. 3 (2019): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2019.36.3.169.

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In this study, a batch least square estimator that utilizes optical observation data is developed and utilized to determine geostationary orbits (GEO). Through numerical simulations, the effects of error sources, such as clock errors, measurement noise, and the a priori state error, are analyzed. The actual optical tracking data of a GEO satellite, the Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS), provided by the optical wide-field patrol network (OWL-Net) is used with the developed batch filter for orbit determination. The accuracy of the determined orbit is evaluated by compariso

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35

Luo, Xin Yu, Ying Wu Cao, and Yang Yang. "Research on True 3D Imaging System Structure and Voxel Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.681.

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This paper presents a projection on the basis of the true 3D imaging display system and analyzes construction for the voxel. We proposed a new method based on the theory of high-speed projector - Three DMD/OLED coaxial optical path display. We did some experiments about the clock distribution for the coaxial optical path. The innovation improves frame rate and operating stability for the display device, reduces the high frame rate on one single device. We also found a new approach - local state-space model - Fornasini-Marchesini for constructing the volume pixels. The mechanism is simple to bu

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Zhang, Linbo, Tao Liu, Long Chen, et al. "Development of an Interference Filter-Stabilized External-Cavity Diode Laser for Space Applications." Photonics 7, no. 1 (2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7010012.

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The National Time Service Center of China is developing a compact, highly stable, 698 nm external-cavity diode laser (ECDL) for dedicated use in a space strontium optical clock. This article presents the optical design, structural design, and preliminary performance of this ECDL. The ECDL uses a narrow-bandwidth interference filter for spectral selection and a cat’s-eye reflector for light feedback. To ensure long-term stable laser operation suitable for space applications, the connections among all the components are rigid and the design avoids any spring-loaded adjustment. The frequency of t

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Peng Xiangkai, 彭向凯, 任伟 Ren Wei, 项静峰 Xiang Jingfeng, 王新文 Wang Xinwen, 刘亮 Liu Liang, and 吕德胜 Lü Desheng. "Performance Analysis of Space Cold Atomic Clock Based on In-Situ Atomic Detection." Acta Optica Sinica 39, no. 8 (2019): 0802001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201939.0802001.

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Kepler, S. O., D. E. Winget, Zachary P. Vanderbosch, et al. "The Pulsating White Dwarf G117-B15A: Still the Most Stable Optical Clock Known." Astrophysical Journal 906, no. 1 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc626.

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Xu, Mingyang, Hanzhong Wu, Yurong Liang, et al. "Weak-Light Phase-Locking Time Delay Interferometry with Optical Frequency Combs." Sensors 22, no. 19 (2022): 7349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197349.

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In the future space-borne gravitational wave (GW) detector, the optical transponder scheme, i.e., the phase-locking scheme, will be utilized so as to maintain the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this case, the whole constellation will share one common laser equivalently, which enables the considerable simplification of time-delay interferometry (TDI) combinations. Recently, and remarkably, the unique combination of TDI and optical frequency comb (OFC) has shown a bright prospect for the future space-borne missions. When the laser frequency noise and the clock noise are synchronized using OFC a

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40

Maynard, N. C., J. Moen, W. J. Burke, et al. "Temporal-spatial structure of magnetic merging at the magnetopause inferred from 557.7-nm all-sky images." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 8 (2004): 2917–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-2917-2004.

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Abstract. We demonstrate that high-resolution 557.7-nm all-sky images are useful tools for investigating the spatial and temporal evolution of merging on the dayside magnetopause. Analysis of ground and satellite measurements leads us to conclude that high-latitude merging events can occur at multiple sites simultaneously and vary asynchronously on time scales of 30s to 3min. Variations of 557.7nm emissions were observed at a 10s cadence at Ny-Ålesund on 19 December 2001, while significant changes in the IMF clock angle were reaching the magnetopause. The optical patterns are consistent with a

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SELIG, HANNS, CLAUS LÄMMERZAHL, and WEI-TOU NI. "ASTRODYNAMICAL SPACE TEST OF RELATIVITY USING OPTICAL DEVICES I (ASTROD I) — MISSION OVERVIEW." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 01 (2013): 1341003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271813410034.

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ASTROD I is the first planned space mission in a series of ASTROD missions for testing relativity in space using optical devices. The main aims are (i) to test general relativity with an improvement of three orders of magnitude compared to current results, (ii) to measure solar and solar system parameters with improved accuracy, (iii) to test the constancy of the gravitational constant and in general to get a deeper understanding of gravity. The first ideas for the ASTROD missions go back to the last century when new technologies in the area of laser physics and time measurement began to appea

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YE, JUN, SEBASTIAN BLATT, MARTIN M. BOYD, et al. "PRECISION MEASUREMENT BASED ON ULTRACOLD ATOMS AND COLD MOLECULES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 12b (2007): 2481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807011826.

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Ultracold atoms and molecules provide ideal stages for precision tests of fundamental physics. With microkelvin neutral strontium atoms confined in an optical lattice, we have achieved a fractional resolution of 4 × 10-15 on the 1S0–3P0 doubly forbidden 87 Sr clock transition at 698 nm. Measurements of the clock line shifts as a function of experimental parameters indicate systematic errors below the 10-15 level. The ultrahigh spectral resolution permits resolving the nuclear spin states of the clock transition at small magnetic fields, leading to measurements of the 3P0 magnetic moment and me

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Kepler, S. O., Anjum Mukadam, D. E. Winget, et al. "Evolutionary Timescale of the Pulsating White Dwarf G117-B15A: The Most Stable Optical Clock Known." Astrophysical Journal 534, no. 2 (2000): L185—L188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/312664.

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Xinwen Wang, 王新文, 高源慈 Yuanci Gao, 赵剑波 Jianbo Zhao, et al. "Design of Microwave Cavity for in Situ Atom Detection Used in Space Cold Atom Clock." Chinese Journal of Lasers 46, no. 9 (2019): 0901006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201946.0901006.

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Guo, Feng, Wei Tan, Chi-hua Zhou, et al. "A proof-of-concept model of compact and high-performance ⁸⁷Sr optical lattice clock for space." AIP Advances 11, no. 12 (2021): 125116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0064087.

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Hirose, Haruto, Taiga Manabe, Akihiro Nagata, Ayana Oku, and Yoshihisa Takayama. "An experiment of improving accuracy of clock recovery on free space optical communications by initial wavefront multiplexing multibeam method." IET Conference Proceedings 2024, no. 31 (2025): 151–56. https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.2024.4627.

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Nazé, Yaël, Tahina Ramiaramanantsoa, Ian R. Stevens, Ian D. Howarth та Anthony F. J. Moffat. "A detailed X-ray investigation of ζ Puppis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 609 (січень 2018): A81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730729.

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Context. One of the optically brightest and closest massive stars, ζ Pup, is also a bright X-ray source. Previously, its X-ray emission was found to be variable with light curves harbouring “trends” with a typical timescale longer than the exposure length, i.e. >1 d. The origin of these changes was proposed to be linked to large-scale structures in the wind of ζ Pup, but further characterization of the variability at high energies was needed to investigate this scenario. Aims. Since the previous papers of this series, a number of new X-ray observations have become available. Furthermore, a

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S., Origlia*a S. Schillera M.S. Pramoda L. Smithb Y. Singhb W. Heb S. Viswamb D. Świeradb J. Hughesb K. Bongsb U. Sterrc Ch. Lisdatc S. Vogtc S. Bized J. Lodewyckd R. Le Targatd D. Hollevilled B. Venond P. Gille G. Barwoode I. R. Hille Y. Ovchinnikove A. Kulosaf W. Ertmerf E.-M. Raself J. Stuhlerg W. Kaendersg and the SOC2 consortium contributors. "Development of a strontium optical lattice clock for the SOC mission on the ISS." March 19, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2229473.

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The ESA mission “Space Optical Clock” project aims at operating an optical lattice clock on the ISS in approximately 2023. The scientific goals of the mission are to perform tests of fundamental physics, to enable space-assisted relativistic geodesy and to intercompare optical clocks on the ground using microwave and optical links. The performance goal of the space clock is less than 1 × 10-17 uncertainty and 1 × 10-15 τ-1/2 instability. Within an EU-FP7-funded project, a strontium optical lattice clock demonstrator has been developed. Goal performances are instability below 1 × 10-15 τ-1/2 an

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S., Origlia M. S. Pramod and S. SchillerY. Singh and K. Bongs R. Schwarz A. Al-Masoudi S. Dörscher S. Herbers S. Häfner U. Sterr and Ch. Lisdat. "Towards an optical clock for space: Compact, high-performance optical lattice clock based on bosonic atoms." November 29, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2563868.

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Optical clocks operated on satellites are expected to open up new opportunities in time transfer, geodesy, fundamental physics, and satellite navigation. Here we demonstrate an important first step towards this goal: a modular, compact, optical lattice clock (OLC) system that achieves 2.0 × 10−17 fractional uncertainty. The clock is operated with bosonic strontium and improves the performance of bosonic OLCs by a factor of 30. This has important implications for future use of bosonic OLCs in fundamental physics and metrology. We make use of the clock’s metrological performanc

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Gosalia, Ronakraj K., Ryan Aguinaldo, Jonathan Green, Holly Leopardi, Peter Brereton, and Robert Malaney. "Classical and quantum frequency combs for satellite-based clock synchronization." APL Photonics 9, no. 10 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0220546.

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The next generation of space-based networks for communications, sensing, and navigation will contain optical clocks embedded within satellites. To fully realize the capabilities of such clocks, high-precision clock synchronization across the networks will be necessary. Current experiments have shown the potential for classical frequency combs to synchronize remote optical clocks over free space. However, these classical combs are restricted in precision to the standard quantum limit. Quantum frequency combs, however, which exhibit quantum properties such as squeezing and entanglement, provide

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