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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Space settlement'
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Li, Yingchun, and 李颖春. "Planning the Shanghai international settlement : fragmented municipality and contested space, 1843-1937." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/202298.
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This dissertation explores the process of city planning and construction of the Shanghai International Settlement between 1843 and 1937, where the city grew from a low mud bank to the foremost modern metropolis in China. Modern roads provided the basis and the primary engine for the urban transformation. The study investigates the initial modern street network laid out in the nineteenth century, the jurisdictional and administrative dispute between the Chinese and foreign authorities, the competition and negotiation on the boundaries, and the constant redefinition and reconstruction during the first two decades of the twentieth century. In particular, the study explores the formative process of the three most remarkable urban artifacts in the Settlement, namely, the Bund promenade, Nanjing Road, and the parkways of the garden suburb.
Through the investigation of the form, meaning and historical influence of the modern road system, the dissertation argues that the modern road system in the International Settlement was not a copy of any existing “Western model.” Designed by British engineers and city planners, most road schemes were progressive in many important ways to solve the pragmatic, administrative, and financial problems at the time, and to realize a “sanitary, orderly, and profitable” urban enclave in the city. The modification of the road schemes through the prolonged social negotiations made roads the physical embodiment of the desires, ideals, and struggles of various social groups—Chinese and foreigners, locals and outsiders, political elite and businessmen—to design and use the urban space.
With the emergence of Chinese nationalism in the early twentieth century, the Western-led city planning was decried by the new generation of Chinese politicians and social reformers, and its ideals and practices, successes and failures were gradually forgotten. Rather than describing the social confrontation between the various parties, the dissertation re-construct the historical narrative of Chinese city planning by considering the Western-led city planning as the first wave of modern city planning in China. This preliminary step toward a modern city which was led by Western city planners had an ambivalent yet profound influence on the following decades of city planning led by the Chinese elite: on the one hand, it successfully defined a progressive image of “Modern City” that all Chinese could easily access; on the other hand, although excluded Chinese from the decision-making process, it also enriched Chinese urban life by creating new amenity and the concept of public spaces which eventually engender a series of social reforms.
The study not only highlights the complicated, fragmented and pragmatic nature of municipality in making planning decisions under the process of political, social and spatial struggle, it also reveals the origins and contested meanings of “modern,” “public,” and “beauty” in Chinese context, which remain fluid and disputable. The issues addressed in the study not only clarify the various forces that have shaped Shanghai’s modern built environment but also offer historical insights into the challenges and problems in urban development today.published_or_final_version
Architecture
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Mahachi, Godfrey. "Space use and site structure : an ethnoarchaeological study of Shona settlement patterning." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272974.
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Himiyama, Yukio. "A comparative study of culture space in Japan and Britain." Tokyo : Taga Shuppan, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/20473975.html.
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Sinclair, Amy Laura. "Human settlement of Mars in the context of the Outer Space Treaty 1967." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29855.
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This mini-dissertation asks whether international law permits the human settlement of Mars. The paper is inspired by the public goal of aerospace entrepreneur and futurist Elon Musk to transport human crew to Mars within 10 years. His company SpaceX, as well as other key players in the global aerospace industry, are rapidly developing the technological capacity and business case for the exploitation of off-world resources. Human settlement of Mars is no longer confined to the realm of science fiction. It raises questions of international law that, until very recently, were dismissed as fantastic. The Outer Space Treaty (1967) has found widespread acceptance; however Arts I and II dealing with rights to ‘use’ of space and banning ‘national appropriation’ are vague. The interpretation of these sections has proved controversial in light of proposals by private companies to exploit space resources by mining asteroids. This debate informs my reflections on whether human settlement of another planet might violate the Outer Space Treaty – but it is not quite the whole story. The opinions of leading space law experts on the question of human settlement of Mars opinions are frequently sought in the popular media, especially in the aftermath of any announcement of SpaceX or Elon Musk. However, the topic is yet to be dealt with in an in-depth academic setting. The paper will address: • Chapter II: Does the establishment and conduct of a human settlement fall within the freedom of activities anticipated in Article I Outer Space Treaty? • Chapter III: Does Article I oblige settlers to share the profits (if any) of their activities with Earth? • Chapter IV: Does the establishment of the settlement constitute an appropriation within the terms of Article II Outer Space Treaty? • Chapter V: Are settlers entitled to exclude others from the settlement?
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Trover, Craig A. "Martian Modules: Design of a Programmable Martian Settlement." Scholar Commons, 2009. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3912.
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The evolution of human beings is marked
by adaptation. The ability to adapt to and
manipulate our environment is one definer of
intelligence, and ours is unique among life
on Earth. Since moving off of the African
Continent, humans have migrated to inhabit
every part of the Earth. Human existence
and perpetuity in the universe depends upon
the success of this adaptation, and inevitably,
migrating off of this planet. The technological
advances being developed today will change
our way of life, and enable people to travel to
and live permanently on the Moon and Mars.
This study involves the architectural design
and construction of a completely programmable
permanent Martian settlement in the year
2050.
Previous studies and proposals for
Martian architecture rely mostly on existing
technology. The first people are not expected
to reach Mars until 2030, and new and emerging
technologies will radically affect the designs
being considered today. Technical challenges
constrain designers of space architecture
today, and scientific developments will solve
many of these. This study seeks to explore
how new technology can positively affect the
architecture of the future, affording more
comfortable and livable space on Mars.
With a construction date of 2050, this
project differs from others by benefitting from
the next four decades of profound technological
advancement. Leading Futurist Raymond
Kurzweil predicts that the technological
singularity is within this time frame, and that
the 21st Century will, “Witness on the order
of 20,000 years of progress (at today’s rate
of progress) (Kurzweil, Law of Accelerating
Change).” This thesis theorizes that
nanotechnology will enable the deployment of a
completely self-constructing and programmable
permanent Martian settlement designed from
a series of spatial modules. The anticipated
results include a modular system of architectural
spaces, and an increased awareness of the
architectural benefits of emerging technologies
as they relate to future space architecture.
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Lane, P. J. "Settlement as history : a study of space and time among the Dogon of Mali." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273105.
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Rupnik, Ivan. "Projecting in Space-Time: The Laboratory Method, Modern Architecture and Settlement-Building, 1918-1932." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467470.
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Between 1918 and 1932, a number of European modern architects described their work as “scientifically managed” or “taylorized”, and as “laboratory work” or “practical experiments”, all of which were approaches attributable to the principles of organization used in American industry. Scholars would later dismiss these claims as “ideological” or “propagandistic”, since many of the architectural works of this period were in fact neither fabricated like industrial products nor did they perform as efficiently. However, relying on recent scholarship regarding the history of American industrial organization between 1880 and 1918, this dissertation reassesses the claims of these architects, revealing a more nuanced and thorough comprehension of the principles of American industrial organization, particularly scientific management, than has been previously acknowledged. While many modern architects admired the tools, products and spaces of industry, a select group also showed interest in scientific management’s central ontological theory, the “laboratory method”, which called for the fusion of inquiry and material production within a single space. While the laboratory method is most closely associated with Frederick Taylor, who developed this approach specifically for use in the industrial plant, it was Frank Gilbreth, who, by 1918, had translated this theory for use in a different space of production, the construction site. Frank and his partner, Lillian Gilbreth, developed a “multi sensory” approach to projecting processes in “space-time”, one that combined orthographic projection with data mapping and new media, such as photography and film. Their “visualization theory” offered modern architects assistance in an already defined design problem, namely the projection of architectural artifacts at the scale of the pre-modern urban unit, the village or settlement, with the intricacy of a pre-modern manufactured product, such as a door or window, all while considering the perception of a moving subject. Utilizing the principles of modern management, architects sought to rationalize their own “mental work”, the production of drawing sets, as well as to participate in the bureaucratization or standardization of material parameters and social conventions, occurring at the municipal, national and international scales, during this period.
While an interest in scientific management among interwar architects was widespread, this dissertation will show that there were few actual examples of the application of these principles to the process of architectural production; the most notable examples were those conducted by Peter Behrens (1918-1920), Le Corbusier (1923-26), Martin Wagner (1924-1929), Walter Gropius (1926-1929) and Ernst May (1926-1930). In all five cases, the primary goals were the same as they had been for Taylor and Gilbreth, the derivation of novel tentative standard methods, and not solely increase in the efficiency of material production. The application of the laboratory method to settlement-building by these architects was not revolutionary so much as it was evolutionary, with Hermann Muthesius’ notion of typological evolution and adaptation, summarized in Kleinhaus und Kleinsiedlung (1920), as well as a set of projection instruments included in Raymond Unwin’s design manual, Town Planning in Practice (1909), providing a crucial foundation for the interwar work. This interwar work was further informed by a series of American experiments in industrialized settlement-building, including the Atterbury, Harms and Small, and Unit Systems.
The laboratory method and visualization theory of scientific management required a particular balance of control and feedback, which proved difficult to achieve in architectural production, helping to explain the relatively few applications of these principles. Expanding conjecture from the atelier onto the construction site and into use itself, exposed architects to a myriad of problems that they were not entirely equipped to handle. The unique context of Weimar Germany afforded architects like Wagner, Gropius and May a framework that combined the degree of bureaucratization necessary to support experimentation without the “over-bureaucratization” that would define the postwar period. A similar framework of control and feedback afforded a team of architects, working within in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, between 1957-1964, an opportunity for applying the laboratory method to architectural production. This work would in turn attract the attention of an international group of artists and theorists, the New Tendencies movement (1961-1973), who saw in it the architectural equivalent of “programmed art”. As one of the most frequently cited books at these conferences, Norbert Wiener, explained in 1952, “the notion of programing” was itself rooted in the “work of Taylor and the Gilbreths on time study”, before it was “transferred to the machine”. This research will serve to show that modern architects had translated the principles of industrial organization well before programing became digitized.Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning
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Schumann, Beca R. "Embracing Gendered Space: How Women Manipulated the Settlement Home to Engage in Progressive-Era Politics." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1617881736594534.
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Stewart, Jackie. "Space and survival : the aftermath of a fire disaster in a Cape Town informal settlement." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/906.
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ZHEMCHUZHNIKOV, ALEXANDER. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF SETTLEMENT PREDICTION OF PILE GROUP IN HOMOGENEOUS HALF SPACE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18739@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O objetivo desta dissertação foi proceder a uma avaliação e uma análise comparativa entre os diversos métodos empregados no cálculo do recalque de grupo de estacas. Dentro desta abordagem, foi realizada uma revisão considerando os métodos empíricos; semi-empíricos; teóricos baseados na teoria da elasticidade e elementos de contorno proposto por Poulos e Davis, das camadas finitas, apresentados por Southcott e Small, o método das estacas fictícias, desenvolvido pro Ming e Long-Zhu e finalmente o método baseado na aproximação de Winkler proposto por Mylonakis e Gazetas. Em seguida, procurou-se analisar os resultados oriundos de provas de carga abrangentemente instrumentadas (Cooke e Price), no sentido de melhor visualizar e quantificar o campo de deformação entre estacas e, consequentemente, definir o mecanismo de interação entre as estacas de um mesmo grupo. Através destas análises conjuntas, foi constatado que a aplicação do modelo de cilindros concêntricos é aceitável para representar o campo de deformações em torno de uma estaca isolada. Implicando que o recalque de grupos constituídos de poucas e curtas estacas pode ser obtido através da superposição dos deslocamentos causados por uma estaca isolada. Confirmando, para estes casos, a validação da aplicabilidade dos métodos baseados na teoria da elasticidade. No caso de grupos maiores e constituídos por estacas com índices de esbeltez médios e longos, verificou-se que a hipótese de superposição dos resultados do campo de deformação produzidos por uma estaca isolada pode superestimar a previsão do recalque do grupo. Para compensar este erro, alguns autores recomendam a adoção de uma majoração dos módulos de elasticidade das camadas de solo. Este tipo de proposição tem recebido muitas criticas e alguns autores têm sugerido outros distintos procedimentos, que levam em consideração a interação conjunta estaca solo.
The present dissertation’s objective is to provide a comparative analysis of different methods used for pile group settlement prediction. Firstly, a literature review was made, considering empirical, semi-empirical and theoretical methods, including Boundary Element Method proposed by Poulos, finite layer method, developed by Southcott and Small, fictitious piles proposal, described by Ming and Long-Zhu and Winkler approximation based method by Mylonakis and Gazetas. Then, the results of instrumented pile load tests provided by Cooke and Price were analyzed. The deformation field around a loaded pile was examined and the interaction mechanism between the piles within a group defined. As a result of this analysis, the concentric cylinder model was considered acceptable for displacement field representing. Also, it was found that small pile group settlement could be obtained using a superposition of the displacements caused by one loaded pile. In case of large pile groups, especially consisting of long piles, the interaction factor superposition method is not directly applicable, causing settlement superestimation. To compensate this effect, an increase of elastic moduli of soil has been used by various authors. As the proposals of this type have been criticized, other proceedings that account for complex pile - soil interaction have been created.
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Murray, Wendi Field, and Wendi Field Murray. "We Agree as One People: Co-residence, Convergence, and Community Transformation among the Arikara in North Dakota." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623151.
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This dissertation pays critical attention to the "community" concept in archaeological research, casting it as the flexible and impermanent loci of identity formation and social reproduction. In three articles, it investigates various iterations and transformations of the Arikara community in North Dakota after European contact. First, I examine the ethnohistoric record of the Upper Missouri River to investigate how increased flexibility in Arikara settlement strategies during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries yielded new community configurations, with particular emphasis on Arikara coresidence with their occasional enemies, the Mandans. The second article analyzes archaeological spatial data to elucidate how the organization of open space at the nineteenth- century coalescent settlement of Like-A-Fishhook Village structured interactions between the Arikara and the Mandan-Hidatsa. The third article explores how the Arikara navigated the reconfiguration of their community space as a result of allotment policies during the early twentieth century, and how the now-inundated settlement of Nishu is situated in the social memory and contemporary identity of the Arikara people. The Arikara case demonstrates that social and spatial configurations of community are not always commensurate, and that understanding the multidimensionality of belonging requires both archaeological and ethnographic approaches.
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Nagaoka, Takuya. "Late prehistoric-early historic houses and settlement space on Nusa Roviana, New Georgia Group, Solomon Islands." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/9507.
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This thesis examines house sites, settlements, and landscapes in the late prehistoric - early historic period in Roviana, New Georgia Group, the Solomon Islands. The focus of this study is Nusa Roviana, a small barrier island in the Roviana Lagoon, where past archaeological investigations documented large nucleated settlements. Those settlements were the politico-religious and residential centres of powerful coastal polities which conducted large-scale headhunting expeditions to neighbouring islands during the nineteenth century. Employing a household-archaeology approach, in combination with a "house society" perspective and practice theory, I investigate how houses and settlement space were socially constructed through everyday activities which meanwhile structured them, and were eventually transformed by them. Patterns of household variability within and among house sites are examined to understand their relation to spatial organization, temporal change, and socioeconomic diversity at the community level. This research provides a detailed picture of daily activities and social interaction in early historic villages, when islanders' active interaction with Europeans led to intensification of chiefs' political-economic activities, which revolved around shell valuable production and headhunting, and this further accelerated social stratification. Archaeological, historical, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic data is synthesized to construct a model of changes in settlement space which reflected the long-term processes of economic, social, and ideological transformation. Development of large nucleated settlements was fundamentally related to dynamic socio-political process in late prehistoric to early historic Roviana society, in which social elites strove to construct an enduring house to maintain linkage to their ancestors and transmit the estate and its status to future generations. The emerging elites used spatial settings in settlement space to naturalise social differentiation and legitimate their political authority in a socially dynamic period during the nineteenth century, which in turn created, through time, a hierarchically organised settlement structure. Differing spatial and material patterning among individual settlements is interpreted as reflecting variation in political strategies and socio-political structure of coastal polities.
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Daughtrey, Cannon Stewart. "Pima County's Open Space Ranch Preserves: Predictive Modeling of Site Locations for Three Time Periods at Rancho Seco." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318809.
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The initiatives of open space conservation, as outlined in the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan, have been implemented through the purchase of nearly 65 thousand acres by Pima County. This land abuts sections of grazing leases held by state and federal agencies, forming largely unfragmented landscapes surrounding the city's urban core. Much of the outlying acreage is rural historic working ranches, now managed as open space conservation preserves. Ranches are landscapes of low-intensity impact, where the archaeological record of centuries of human land use is well preserved. Much of the land, however, remains relatively unstudied. To refine spatial predictions of archaeologically sensitive areas in southern Pima County, I use multivariate logistic regression to develop predictive models of probable archaeological site locations for three time periods at Rancho Seco as a case study. Results suggest portions Rancho Seco might contain additional Preceramic and Historic cultural resources but additional data collection is needed.
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Shucksmith-Wesley, Marc. "The Falklands (Malvinas) dispute : a critique of international law and the pacific settlement of disputes." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52214/.
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This thesis brings a focusing lens on one of history’s most intractable and protracted territorial disputes, that between the United Kingdom and Argentina over the non-self-governing territory known as the Falklands (Malvinas), an archipelago of 200 islands, some 480 miles north-east of Cape Horn, Argentina. For Argentina, the ‘Malvinas are a constantly bleeding wound, flesh torn from the body that is Argentina’. To the United Kingdom, the territory represents one of the last vestiges of its once vast empire, having held effective control of the territory since 1833, other than for a short period in 1982 following an Argentine use of military force. The facts, history, law, and politics of this dispute all act in concert to create a picture that is so highly nebulous that a clear view as to which State should hold territorial sovereignty has yet to emerge, with there being legitimately argued positions in favour of both disputing States. At the heart of this thesis is a critical analysis of the history, the legal arguments, and the methodologies of international lawyers in order to examine the effectiveness of international law as a dispute settlement mechanism. In doing so, this thesis ascertains whether international law has a role to play in resolving this most entrenched of international disputes. This re-evaluation of the value of international law, through a critical lens, argues that international law does have the potential to assist in the resolution of the dispute. However, this is only possible if political leaders are ready to grasp on to that opportunity, and to make use of diplomatic means of dispute settlement, at the critical moment when the dispute becomes ripe, at times of significant political change. It is in these moments that international law could prove to be the guiding hand that may assist with the normalisation of relations between Argentina and the UK.
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Moller, Hendrik Jacobus. "The language of space - a housing support strategy in Mamelodi." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30060.
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Of those who need housing in South Africa, almost 69% earn less than R1500 a month that make the housing process a difficult and unaffordable task. These potential dwellers could be regarded as a vulnerable section of the dwelling community that needs support and guidance. Housing should be seen as a process that addresses man within his psychosocial context. The UP Mamelodi campus is situated in the middle of a fast growing housing node and should be involved in the housing process by means of a Housing Support Centre and continuous housing research. The intention of this study is to emphasize the interrelationship between housing, housing needs, human needs and housing support.Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Architecture
unrestricted
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Bottone, Ethan M. "The Historical Production of Space in Perry County, Ohio: National Discourses Materialized." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1460553363.
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Vaughan, Laura Sophia. "Clustering, segregation and the 'ghetto' : the spatialisation of Jewish settlement in Manchester and Leeds in the 19th century." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/661/.
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This thesis deals with the urban phenomenon of minority clusters, which are invariably referred to as 'ghettos'. A review of the literature on 'ghettos' suggests that the clustering of identifiable minorities is commonly associated with segregation - be it physical, economic, social or linguistic - although it is the physical segregation which tends to be most frequently noticed. Moreover, one type of segregation, such as physical - is believed to lead to another type, such as economic. Through studying Jewish settlement in Leeds and Manchester in the 19th century, two key questions are addressed in this thesis: The first is whether there is a link between spatial clustering and spatial segregation and the second is whether spatial clustering is linked to other forms of segregation, such as economic, occupational and social. Another two questions arise from the analysis: whether Jewish settlement patterns are distinctive in their own right, and whether it is possible to identify a pattern in the process of formation of Jewish settlement that may have broader implications for immigrant/minority settlement in general. The techniques and theories of 'Space Syntax' are used here to analyse the settlements in question by using detailed street-level mapping of census data on the entire Jewish population of Manchester and Leeds and of all non-Jewish individuals in the key Jewish districts of each of the cities (the key Jewish districts are generally referred to as 'ghettos'). This enables a multi-level socio-spatial comparison to be made: between Jewish families and their immediate neighbours; between Jewish families and the population of the city as a whole; and between the initial and secondary stages of Jewish settlement. In order to investigate questions relating specifically to immigrant settlement, non-Jewish people born outside of Britain are also considered as a separate group, although they are not the main subject. The analysis suggests that spatial clustering does not necessarily lead to spatial segregation and that spatial clustering may also be associated with some types of segregation, such as occupational but not with others, such as economic. It also suggests that Jewish settlement patterns are distinctive and that they are identifiable for a longer period than expected after immigration, when compared with other immigrants. This thesis also sheds light on the process of the formation of Jewish settlement, proposing a pattern whereby after establishing a core of settlement, streets already established become more densely populated, whilst new streets are settled more slowly. Analysis of the key districts of Jewish settlement also suggests that certain areas of cities are especially prone to settlement by the disadvantaged, due to characteristics that make such areas firstly, tend to be economically unsuccessful due to their spatial segregation and secondly, less attractive to those who have the means to move elsewhere and that such areas are not so much defined by their immigrant constituents, but by their long-standing inhabitants that cannot move elsewhere.
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Ghosh, Anindita 1966. "The use of domestic space for income generation in a low-income housing settlement : case study in Calcutta, India." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69775.
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The urban poor of the third world cities living in slums and squatter settlements often have to support themselves or augment their meagre and uncertain incomes with small-scale business enterprises. This deceptively marginal sector of the urban economy in reality plays a vital role as a major percentage of the urban population are poor. These enterprises are, more often than not, home-based due to their lack of resources. The squalid and congested living conditions in these settlements are thus further compromised by setting up these commercial endeavour, but it is essential for their livelihood as employment opportunities occupy a primary position in their list of priorities.This thesis studies the phenomenon of people in low-income housing settlements using their own homes for income generating activities and the compromise between the various uses of the same space. A field study was undertaken in a typical bustee in Calcutta, India to help illustrate this phenomenon. Sample surveys of a number of households where small-scale economic activity takes place were taken and studied in detail. How the integration of such activities in their daily living environment shapes, changes and influences their living patterns forms the main focus of the study.
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Mugo, Susan Wambogo. "Citizens + vacant lots=community open space : a case study of the Union Settlement Community Garden, East Harlem, New York City /." This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020323/.
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Larsson, Anna, and Sofia Enqvist. "Women's Voices." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-262894.
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In the rural village Umoja one can witness a reaction to the unequal society; the women opposed the deep-rooted cultural habits and created their own dream space, a place designed through the eyes of a woman. A village ruled by women, built up by their needs. The Umoja women’s way of life is very controversial and a huge contrast to the rest of the country. Looking at Nairobi, and the informal settlements the situation is completely different, but the dream about an equal space is the same. In this thesis we are looking at how architecture can work with the social issues about equality, focusing on the public room in one of the larger informal settlements – Korogocho. Due to the density the only space that is public is the street. The streets become the only space for interaction, as well as the place for political, economic and social activities. Through observing, analysing and interacting it is clear that the streets are mostly claimed by men. In combination with high levels of unemployment, crimes, drugs and alcohol creates a very insecure public sphere, especially for women and children. These vulnerable group needs new context that is not limited to the private home. Through a series of spatial interventions, we are interested in how architecture can question this norm, by understanding the street as a public area and analysing how it is used and can be used in the future.
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Cheval, Jérémy. "Shanghai Shikumen Lilong, socio-spatial transformations of human settlement : appropriations in shared spaces beyond destruction." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1083.
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Cette recherche porte sur les transformations sociales et spatiales d’établissements humains à travers l’architecture locale de Shanghai, que sont les unités urbaines appelées les shikumen lilong. Leurs existences dans la mégapole contemporaine, au-delà de leurs destructions ou de leurs protections, révèlent les traces d’une architecture urbaine en plein mouvement. Notre problématique est que tout changement passe par la complexité des rapports sociaux et spatiaux dans un espace commun, celui des espaces partagés. Nous soutenons que les processus d’appropriations, individuels et collectifs, sont reliés à l’échelle de la ville, du voisinage des lilong, de l’allée, et de la maison shikumen selon différents degrés de partage de l’anonymat au domaine de l’intime. Tous sont connectés par des toponymes, des formes, des manières d’habiter ou encore de fabriquer de nouveaux espaces. L’objectif de notre étude est de voir comment les espaces et les quotidiens des occupants ont évolué ou perdurent. Quels sont les facteurs de transformations ? Comment se mettent-ils en place ? Comment se développent-ils ? L’étude contemporaine des espaces, entre compartimentations et débordements, nous permet de révéler différentes aires historiques. Chaque acteur, que ce soit les occupants, les gouvernances, voire les agents extérieurs, se rejoignent à travers leurs actions. Des règles de vie communes ou encore des manières de faire évoluent avec le temps et leur environnement véhiculé par les lilong. L’architecture des shikumen lilong change ainsi entre les légitimités politiques, juridiques, règlementaires, les relations sociales et familialesThis research on human settlements’ socio-spatial transformations focus on Shanghai local architecture, such as the urban entity called Shikumen lilong. Their existences in the actual megacity, beyond their destructions or beyond their protections, reveal the marks of an urban architecture in movement. Our argument is that any change is going through complexes socio-spatial relationships in a common space, the shared spaces. We argue that appropriations processes, individual and/or collective, are connected at different level – the city, the lilong neighbourhood, the alleyway, and the shikumen house – according to various sharing degrees from anonymous to intimate relations. Residents and lilong are interconnected by place-names, forms, way of lives, and even way to transform their spaces. The objective of this study is then to understand how shikumen lilong residents’ daily lives and spaces evolve or remain. What are the factors of transformations? How are they set up? How do they develop? The actual study of spaces compartmentalization and added architecture, traces different historical era. Every actor, whether they are, the residents, governances, even outsiders, are linked through their actions. Common rules or ways of living evolve with time and environment conveyed by lilong. So that the architecture of shikumen lilong transforms in relation with: political legitimacies, legal status, and administrative records, social and family relationships
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Yoshida, Ahlin Celia. "Rural demographic change over space and time - the case of Vilhelmina municipality." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105391.
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Since the 1960s the literature on demography of rural northern Sweden has focussed on 'decline' - noting loss of population, population ageing, yourth outmigration and other 'negative' demographic developments (Friedlander, 1969; Hjort, 2009; Stone 1971); recent studies suggest that such generalizations may overlook the diversity of experiences of rural areas (D. Carson and Koch, 2013; Cernic-Maly, Koch and Koch, 2014; Hedlund, 2014; Hoggart and Paniagua, 2001; Koch and Carson, 2012). The purpose of this thesis is to explore aspets of the diversity of experiences of demographic change in one part of rural northern Sweden, focusing on differences between villages and towns within a single municipality. Theoretically, the large body of scientific studies of 'rural' tend to be at macro-scale and from the 'urban' perspective, which might provide generalized and biased assumptions of 'rural'; this study may contribute to the understanding of 'rural' by describing it 'how it really is' and by looking into demographic diversity and change at the micro-scale. Practically, the thesis might assist local planners to take 'place-based' decisions when planning for the future of rural areas when deciding where to place schools, health centres, youth activities centres, playgrounds, or invest in economic opportunities, etc. Moreover, this thesis should answer the following research questions: Q1: Is there diversity in demographic characteristics when comparing proximate locations in the Swedish rural setting? Q2: If there is, is it something that has recently emerged, or sothing that has been present for a long period of history? The thesis studied the case of Vilhelmina municipality, in this case defined by local government boundaries, in three stages: first, looked at how settlement patterns within the area have changed over time - where has there been population growth? Decline? Both? Neither? - using data from 1890, 1970 and 2015. Second, selected five individual locations (defined by village' borders) within the area that have featured at those points in time, and compared them in terms of age, sex, age dependency ratios, and child-woman rates. Third, accessed secondary historical data and interviewed key informants with knowledge of these places to check which events could have influenced shaping them over the time. The findings of the thesis were: 'fragmentedä development over time, differences between individual places at different time; differences between different places at the same time; local, regional, national and international events and trends are likely to have played a role in these results. According to the findings, I can conclude that even since the 1960s, not all locations in rural northern Sweden have had the same experience of 'decline'. Furthermore, not all places share the presumed characteristics of rural areas - i.e. some are younger and some are older, etc. Hence, even the same events influence proximate places in different ways depending on their specific location (e.g. near geographical feature that become more or less valued), their connections with other places (through economic activities, communications, family ties, etc), rules and regulations especially regarding land use, and availability of infrastructure. This thesis describes the demographics of a case in rural northern Sweden in the micro perspective related to temporal and spatial scales. This study provides empirical evidence and might support arguments about the importance of scale and diversity of rural conditions. Moreover, it emphasises, as Koch and Carson (2012) did, the need to understand the spatial scale at which assessments of rural demographic change are being made. Lastly, more academics should perform this genre of research, so that we move past incomplete messages and concepts about rural development that have dominated in northern Sweden since the 1960s.
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Davoren, Elandrie. "Plant diversity patterns of a settlement in the North-West Province, South Africa / Elandrie Davoren." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5676.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years the composition of urban vegetation has become far more complex than that of
the surrounding natural vegetation. This is mainly due to the influence that humans have on the
creation of new plant communities and the management of urban green spaces. Green spaces
are fundamental to the restoration and maintenance of biodiversity in areas that have been
severely impacted by urban development. Green spaces provide various ecosystem services
and benefits for the health and well-being of urban residents, and can help to reduce the effects
of global climate change.
The most understudied green space in the entire urban green infrastructure is homegardens.
Homegardens contribute greatly to the species composition of urban and rural settlements and
are important in situ conservation sites that help to protect rare and endemic species. They are
essential agricultural systems, especially in rural settlements, that provide both sources of
additional income generation and food supply. In developing countries such as South Africa,
very few studies have been done on homegardens and the benefits they provide to
homeowners and to urban ecosystems in general. However, since South Africa become
committed to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals in 2000, more research has
been done on the potential of homegardens for poverty alleviation.
The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of plant diversity in a rural settlement and to
determine to what extent the socioeconomic status of the inhabitants influences the plant
species composition of the settlement. The settlement of Ganyesa, situated in the Bophirima
district in the North-West Province, was chosen for the study. Using GIS techniques, a grid was
placed over the settlement and plant surveys were done every 500 m. Different land-use types
were identified during the completion of the survey, namely natural areas, fragmented natural
areas, fallow fields, road verges, wetlands, home gardens and institutional gardens. The
national South African census data from 2001 proved to be too unreliable to accurately
determine the SES of the residents in Ganyesa. Consequently, a social survey was completed
by means of a questionnaire to determine the socioeconomic status of the owners of the
homegardens under study.
Clear differences could be observed between the land-use types and the indigenous and alien
species composition, which were indicated in kriging maps. In comparison with the natural
areas, homegardens contained more alien species than the surrounding natural areas. The
vegetation composition for all the homegardens were correlated with the residents
socioeconomic status along a socioeconomic gradient, ranging from low, to medium to high. ANCOVA, multiple regressions and basic statistical analyses were performed using all the
vegetation and socioeconomic data. Meaningful correlations occur between the socioeconomic
status of the homeowners and the plant diversity of their gardens.Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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von, Groote-Bidlingmaier Carolin [Verfasser], and Sabine [Akademischer Betreuer] Timpf. "Developing a Data Driven Approach for the Analysis of Functional Settlement Pattern Considering Environmental Space / Carolin von Groote-Bidlingmaier ; Betreuer: Sabine Timpf." Augsburg : Universität Augsburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149627948/34.
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Švehla, Jakub. "RE VIZE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta výtvarných umění, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232439.
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In form of 3D animation the thesis depicts the steps of mankind towards the expansion of civilization beyond planet Earth. Chronologically it exposes essential moments of technological development (in major) preceding the journey for the distant planets. Images of today's state of civilization are combined with constructions of former theoretical concepts and with fully fictitious elements to form visuals illustrating the roadmap to extraterrestrial expansion.
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Mohamedali, Sahar-Fatema. "Solace Under Shade - Informal use of spaces under bridges and flyovers in Karachi, Pakistan." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280618.
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In one of the world’s most dense cities, every piece of land holds value and potential. This thesis explores how citizens of Karachi have taken advantage of pockets of space that exist under bridges and flyovers, by informally inhibiting and occupying them. The illegal land use has resulted in evictions, causing the loss of homes, workplaces and social spaces that were created. The project investigates a method of mediating the needs and wants of users and land owners, to provide safe, legal and functional uses of these void spaces under a recently built structure. The project is reactionary, responding to built forms and use of space that currently exists. Ultimately, it seeks to open the discussion about how we should be anticipating the urban voids that are created, the next time infrastructure is planned.
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Rogers, Karen L. "Checkerboard grids principles and practices of spatial order in the Americas and the making of place in New Mexico /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.
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Lupala, John Modestus. "Urban types in rapidly urbanising cities." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Infrastructure, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3426.
Full textAbstract:
One of the challenges confronting cities innon-industrialised countries today is the fact that cities aregrowing at unprecedented rates, sizes and densities. Growthtrends in these cities are largely unregulated. In thesecountries, cities have changed in at least four major ways:their size, spatial organisation or morphology, the quality anddistribution of public services and infrastructure and theiremployment base. While this situation can be attributed toglobal urbanisation trends, the general poor knowledge on howthese cities develop, densify and acquire certain physicalcharacteristics has limited effective urban planning andmanagement. At times, the pervasive knowledge gap has beenassociated with the lack of relevant theories and concepts toexplain the evolution, growth and prevailing spatial qualities.However, the limited research in this field has alsocontributed to this problem. The other problem that confrontsthe rapidly urbanising city is continued sprawl that has beenmanifested in externalities of inadequate infrastructureprovision and under-utilisation of scarce resourcesparticularly land.
This thesis is an attempt to contribute towards addressingthese two problem areas. The main field of study is on urbantypes within a rapidly urbanising city context. Dar es Salaamcity was selected a case study area. The study exploresthetheoretical framework for classification and analysis ofsettlements. The relevance of this framework in the studycontext is examined. At low scale level, the study provides ananalysis of house forms, density, plot characteristics, spacesand space uses in formal and informal settlements.
The analysis shows that urbanisation under poverty andlow-density urban types greatly influence the sprawlingcharacter of the city. The increasing market-led housingdevelopment and ineffective planning responses are contributingfactors to the observed unguided densification anddeteriorating spatial qualities. It has also been shown thatwhile theoretical frameworks developed from most industrialisedcountries can be adapted to analyse urban types innon-industrialised countries, these theories are limited incomprehending fully the growth and character of rapidlyurbanising cities.
Key words:Urban types, house forms, density, plotcharacteristics, spaces and space use, spatial quality, formaland informal settlements, Dar es Salaam.
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Sarwadi, Ahmad. "INHABITATION PROCESS AND SPATIAL ORDER ON LIVING SPACE IN THE URBAN RIVERSIDES ETTLEMENT-A Case Study in the Musi Urban Riverside Settlement, Palembang City, Sumatra, Indonesia-." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149797.
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Martins, Viviane Santi. "Lugar da morada : a constituição do lugar de viver de famílias rurais no contexto de assentamentos da reforma agrária." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18321.
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Este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar as realizações e representações referentes à organização e constituição do lugar da morada de famílias rurais em contexto de assentamento da Reforma Agrária. O lugar da morada é apreendido como locus em que se desenvolve a dinâmica familiar, incluindo a casa e o entorno próximo, com o pátio, o jardim, a horta e o "arvoredo". São tomados por referência estudos realizados anteriormente, que destacaram a lógica e a simbólica do sítio camponês, evidenciando a dimensão cultural na constituição do lugar. O trabalho mostra que os colonos assentados passam pelo processo de constituição do lugar da morada no novo espaço, trajetória que é permeada pela reconstrução da própria vida em um novo contexto. A constituição do lugar da morada desenha-se a partir do estabelecimento de laços afetivos com a nova terra, em que o espaço, percebido como estranho, torna-se, no curso da vida, o lugar de viver. As construções e seu entorno revelam um sistema de valores que reflete a organização da existência desses agricultores, por meio da atualização dos modos de morar, entendidos como textos da cultura, que falam sobre a família e a moral camponesa. Dessa forma, a morada é, no meio rural, compreendida como o lugar de viver das famílias. Há uma dicotomia, bem como uma complementaridade, entre o dentro e o fora, o ambiente construído e ambiente não construído, ambos fruto do planejamento permeado e inserido em um sistema simbólico camponês. A morada é percebida como o lugar de domínio feminino, sendo as diferenças de gênero também reveladas nas percepções e usos dos ambientes que a compõem. É, então, a partir do entendimento de que, nas diferentes sociedades, o espaço não é apenas habitado, mas também pensado, que se desenha este estudo, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho etnográfico, realizada em 2008 no assentamento São Virgílio, situado no município de Herval, Rio Grande do Sul.This searching study has the aim to investigate how people think their place's living constitutions (and organization), what it means for them, how they organize the constitutions of the place where the peasants live in the settlement in the Land Reform. The place of families living is grasped like a place where the peasants develop familiar dynamic, include the house and the surround, with backyard, garden, vegetable garden and the trees. It was taken as reference studies carried out, before that pointed out the logic and the symbolic of the field peasants. Enphasising the cultural dimension in the place's constitution. The searching study shows how the peasants settled pass through place's living constitution in the new space, through of the rebuild their own life in the new context. The constitution of the place's living happen from the statesment affective links with the new land, where the space concepted as strange, become, on the life's way the place's living. The buildings and their surroundings reveal a value's system that reflete the organization of the peasant's existence, through the new ways to live, understood as cultural text, that speak about the family and moral peasantry. So, the living, in the country field, is grasped like the family's place to live. There is a dichotomy, as well as a complement, between inside and outside, the built place and no built place both consequently from fulfillment included in peasant's symbolic system. The living is conceived as a female dominium place, the gender's differences are also revealed in the perceptions and uses of the component's places. From the concept that in the differents sociaties, the places are not only inhabitated, but also thought, that guide this study, through qualitative searching, of ethnographic aspect, carried out in 2008 in the São Virgílio settlement, located in the municipality of Herval, Rio Grande do Sul.
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DE, LA CRUZ ELLEN IVONNE. "USE OF SPACE AND PATTERNS OF REFUSE DISPOSAL AT THE VILLAGE SITE OF MURCIELAGO, COSTA RICA (REFUSE PITS, SPATIAL ANALYSIS, ETHNOHISTORY)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183946.
Full textAbstract:
Theoretical and methodological issues of disposal behavior are examined at the village site of Murcielago. Ethnoarchaeological, archaeological, and modern material culture studies of discard practices are discussed. The generalizations and conclusions contained therein are incorporated into a synthesis of the emerging body of disposal theory. The method used for the analysis of Murcielago, which is drawn from traditional geographic models of land use, is described. The model allows description of the conventions governing the regulation of space and the delineation of disposal patterns. Analysis of artifact distributions illuminated the organization of household activities and the definition of activity differences.
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Chen, Chih-Hung. "Korrelation zwischen Siedlungsmorphologie und Migrationsverhalten." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-84592.
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Der Einfluss des Raumcharakters auf die menschliche Tätigkeit ist einer der Grundsätze der „Umwelt-Mensch-Beziehung“ – und findet sich in allen Maßstabsebenen. Zur Beschreibung des Raumcharakters auf Siedlungsmaßstabsebene wird dieser Grundsatz beispielsweise mit den Thesen kognitive Karte (E. Tolman), visuelle Wahrnehmung (J. Gibson), Raumverständlichkeit (K. Lynch) und territoriale Ansprüche (H. Hertzberger) diskutiert. Es wird bisher dargelegt, dass sich das sozialpsychologische Verhalten gewissermaßen auf den Raumcharakter auf Siedlungsmaßstabsebene bezieht. Räume sind also mit ihrer sozialpsychologischen Raumqualität entsprechend zu charakterisieren.
Jedoch ist nach heutigem Stand der Siedlungsraumcharakter hinsichtlich der sozialpsychologischen Raumqualität schwierig quantitativ zu bewerten, sodass es mithilfe der empirischen bzw. subjektiven Methode nötig ist, die oben genannten Thesen praktisch zu prüfen. Da diese Arbeit die Position des Apriorismus bzw. der Naturwissenschaft bezieht, wird mithilfe des Werkzeugs Space Syntax versucht, eine apriorische bzw. relativ objektive Methode zur Prüfung dieser Thesen zu entwickeln, um den Siedlungsraumcharakter in die sozialpsychologische Raumqualität umzuwandeln. Durch diese Methode können städtebauliche Maßnahmen zur Lösung der sozialen bzw. sozialpsychologischen Probleme in vorhandenen Siedlungen oder zur Vermeidung dieser Probleme bei Siedlungsneubau vorgeschlagen werden.
In dieser Arbeit wird die Methode durch eine Grundtypenanalyse von Siedlungsmorphologien hinsichtlich der jeweiligen sozialpsychologischen Raumqualität musterhaft aufgebaut. Die Stadt Raunheim im Ballungsraum Frankfurt/Rhein-Main, als eine Siedlung in einer wachsenden Metropolregion, wird als Beobachtungsobjekt empirisch untersucht; das Migrationsverhalten dient als sozialpsychologischer Indikator zum Beweisen der Methode.
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Piesse, Judith Isabel. "British settler emigration in print : mainstream models and counter-currents, 1832-1877." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4230.
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During the nineteenth century an unprecedented number of emigrants left Britain, primarily for America, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Recent historical scholarship has argued that these predominantly Victorian mass migrations belong to an even larger history of “Anglo” migration, characterized by its global reach and ideological investment in settlement. Situating my approach in relation to this wider framework, this thesis argues that Victorian periodicals played a key and overlooked role in both imagining and mediating the dramatic phenomenon of mass British settler emigration. As I argue in chapter 1, this is both owing to close historical and material links between settler emigration and the periodical press, and to the periodical’s deeper running capacities to register and moderate forms of modern motion. While most novels do little to engage with emigration, turning to periodicals brings to light a large range of distinct settler emigration texts and genres which typically work with cohesive spatio-temporal models to offset the destabilizing potentiality of emigrant mobility. Moreover, many now canonical texts originally published in periodicals can be situated alongside them; presenting opportunities to produce fresh readings of works by Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope and others which I incorporate throughout. My first three chapters focus on settler emigration genres which circulated across a range of mainstream, predominantly middle-class periodicals: texts about emigrant voyages, emigration-themed Christmas stories, and serialized novels about colonial settlement. I argue that these texts are cohesive and reassuring, and thus of a different character to the adventure stories often associated with Victorian empire. The second part of my thesis aims to capitalize on the diversity and range which is a key feature of Victorian periodicals by turning to settler emigration texts that embody a feminized or radical perspective, and which often draw upon mainstream representations in order to challenge their dominant formations.
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Kang, Sungwoo. "Colonizing the Port City Pusan in Korea : a study of the process of Japanese domination in the urban space of Pusan during the open-port period (1876-1910)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:607156dd-6a4c-4c3c-a465-aa97d06c8d6e.
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This dissertation aims to analyze the transformation of Pusan by examining the social, political, economic, and cultural changes during the open-port period (1876-1910). Prior to annexation, Pusan, as the first open port in Korea, reflected features of the colonial urban development in which alien power achieved and sustained a hegemonic domination on socio-cultural-economic dimensions of people’s lives. Colonial history in Korea has been divided and moving on parallel lines. The ‘nationalist school’ and the ‘socioeconomic school’ have failed to come together and move us into a deeper understanding of the Japanese colonial period. In order to narrow the gap between the two schools of thought, this thesis suggests looking at ‘colonial modernity’ through the analytical lens of the colonial city of Pusan. The approach examines changes in the social, economic, and cultural life of people rather than through the traditional binary construction of ‘victim versus victimizer’ or ‘colonial repression versus national resistance.’ In particular, I pay close attention to the fact that colonization is a process of imperial expansion by means of colonialists. In the end, the process of colonization in Pusan was a process by which the Japanese settlers expanded in wealth, population, influence, and power. The cluster of factors – enlargement of settlement (living space), the expansion of the economy (economic opportunity), improvement of public enterprises, such as transportation infrastructure, water supply and hygiene (improving quality of life) – were catalysts for the Japanese settlers to take up residence in Pusan. Based on the transformation of the urban space of Pusan at this micro level, I discuss a hierarchy of power relations within the spatial boundary of Pusan. In other words, I focus on human aspects of these changes rather than on systemic changes. I attempt to demonstrate how studying a city can offer a useful category of analysis for the question of ‘modernity’ in Korea.
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Box, Stephen J. "The dynamics of macroalgae on a Caribbean coral reef : modelling the availability of settlement space and dominant algae and evaluating the effect of macroalgal competition on the growth and survival of juvenile corals." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479412.
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Eklöf, Nadine, and Josefine Börjesson. "Stadens rum : dess betydelse och olika tiders ideal." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1532.
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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka stadsplanering
vid tre tidsepoker. Genom att jämföra mellanrummen i staden
och sedan plocka ut de positiva inslag som vi tror tilltalar de
flesta människorna vill vi komma fram till hur en idealstad skulle
kunna se ut.
De tidsepoker vi valt är Kvartersstaden, Funktionalismens stad
och Dagens byggande. För att kunna bygga framtidens städer
måste man titta tillbaka och ta till vara på det som fungerat och
lära sig av sina misstag. Från den korrekta kvartersstaden via det
storskaliga funktionalistiska samhället till dagens förtätningar
finns det tydliga likheter såväl som olikheter. Grönskan har stor
betydelse för en stad och dess invånare. Människan uppskattar
känslan av närhet till naturen och gröna stadsrum bidrar till en
uppskattad stadsmiljö.
Vi har kommit fram till att det finns vissa element som skapar
en attraktiv stad. Genom ett samspel vid stadsbyggande mellan
kommunen, byggherrar och de boende i staden skulle det kunna
byggas städer som de flesta människor trivs i.
The main purpose with this diploma work is to examine
cityplanning at three different time periods. By comparing public
spaces and pick the most positive elements that we think appeals
to most people, our conclusion would end up in with thoughts of
an ideal city and how it would look like.
The time periods we choose is the 19th-century (“blockcity”),
the modernistic city and building of today. Too build the cities of
the future we have to look back and learn from our mistakes and
take care of the functioning elements. From the strict “blockcity”
via the modernistic large-scaled society to the condensing of the
present city, there are clear similarities as well as differences.
The vegetation is significant to a city and its inhabitants. People
appreciate the sense of closeness to nature and green public
spaces contribute to an appreciated urban environment.
There are certain components that in our opinion creates an
attractive city. A good teamwork between the city’s planning
board, property developers and the citizens is crucial to building
cities that most people like.
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Doza, Sajid-Bin. "Riverine Fortress city of "Mahasthan" in deltaic Bengal: in search for the traditional settlement pattern of ancient cities." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18416.
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Bengala passou por enormes experiências de desenvolvimento sócio‐cultural, de estabilidade
económica e de avanço da literatura e das artes. Durante o reinado Budista, Hindu e do
Sultanato, a sociedade foi‐se valorizando e enriquecendo com estes diferentes valores e a
amálgama cultural que representaram. Esta coexistência foi evoluindo e as pessoas começaram
a dedicar‐se ao comércio, mas foram organizando e reformando a própria sociedade. O
verdadeiro "renascimento" desta política económica e cultural Bengali seguiu um determinado
caminho entre os possíveis. Para se manter e para proteger o território dos inimigos e de todas
as ameaças externas, os “heróis” antigos foram previdentes, desenvolvendo uma forte
capacidade em reforçar território fortificado, que designamos por cidade‐fortaleza. Esta tipo de
cidade histórica planeada foi implantada, com variações, neste delta Bengali; por isso, os
padrões de instalação e ocupação antigos foram observados na sua relação com as margens
ribeirinhas e os recursos de água adjacentes e centrados em torno de uma estrutura religiosa.
Uma cronologia popular no país ajuda a compreender a formação de um povoado ou de uma
cidade. Na era Budista, a comunidade religiosa, o bazar e as vias marítimas eram o ponto central
que concentram a mistura de pessoas e nações. Este sítio não foi excepção do delta de Bengali,
embora esta tese fosse sinuosa e estivesse no meio de uma grande rede fluvial; os antigos
dirigentes face à necessidade de criar sistemas de protecção territorial foram gerando os
diversos padrões de assentamento e ocupação, com mega‐estruturas, infraestruturas e uma
arquitectura público que se foram tornando os elementos característicos do domínio do espaço.
Essas fortalezas ribeirinhas foram organizando padrões de assentamento cujas características
variavam em função das percepções estratégicas e da morfologia do sítio; afinal estas foram as
cidades do Delta que, além do perfil do rio, muitas vezes dependeram de influências locais e
tradicionais. Neste delta Bengal, a cidade podia obedecer a tipos diferentes, mas, no geral, havia
um padrão geral de ocupação das cidades que os administradores budistas antigos concebiam
com um planejamento estratégico e uma morfologia que ía além da muralha do forte. O
objectivo desta investigação é, em primeiro lugar, identificar e analisar a morfologia das antigas
cidades‐fortaleza e os padrões de assentamentos em termos das suas estratégias de defesa e da
arquitectura que organizava a ligação ao rio da terra Bengali. Em segundo lugar, o contexto e a
organização do planeamento e lugar das estruturas fortificadas, abordando‐as numa
perspectiva de conjectura, através do trabalho pictográfico e ilustrado. O antigo assentamento e
a própria arquitectura de MAHASTHAN, um sítio datado do século VIII AD é um local ideal para
essa investigação, dado ser um local de memória, de um espaço evocativo, ter um "sentido de
lugar" e, claro, um padrão espacial tradicional flexível em relação as condições regionais e às
construção tradicionais deste delta Bengali. Por fim, o estudo irá explorar a imagem
(restauração conjectural) da escala da cidade, do espaço, da função e do sentido cultural do
próprio bairro da antiga povoação ribeirinha, através da revisão crítica da literatura, do
conhecimento das sucessivas escavações arqueológicas e com a ajuda da informação histórica
pictográfica. O estudo irá explorar ainda o significado desses antigos assentamentos no
subcontinente e a sua transformação em Bengali, focando as estratégias actuais de defesa e a
sua manifestação física, bem como o papel que pode ter o Património Digital; Riverine Fortress city of `MAHASTHAN´ in Deltaic Bengal:
In search for the traditional settlement pattern of ancient cities
Abstract:
Bengal had passed through enormous experiences of socio‐cultural development, economical stabilities,
advancement in literature and arts. During the reign of Buddhist, Hindu and Sultanate Bengal the society
was cherished and enriched with full of values and cultural amalgamation. Co‐existence in the society
evolved up and people started occupying time in trade‐transaction and society reformation. The ‘rebirth’
of the Bengali cultural consistency took a way forward to immense possible trails. To remain retain
established and to protect the territory from external forces as well as the enemies, the ancient heroes
had prepared themselves, besides invented with strong capability to reinforce fortified territory or the
fortress city. The historic city planning implanted with different characteristics, and prolonged with
variations in this delta land of Bengal. Ancient Bengal was focused with their settlement pattern by the
bank of the river or by the watery sources. Settlement in the ancient time used to develop centering a
religious structure. Eventually; it is the popular chronology for deriving a hamlet or a town. For the
Buddhist era, religious community, bazaar and the maritime route came to focus with the mixture of
various people and the nation. Simply, it was no exception for the case of the delta land Bengal, although
this mainland is curved and chiseled with cress cross river networks; the ancient heroes contributed
outposts for territorial protection and thoroughly generated the pattern of settlement. Mega structures,
infrastructures and public welfare architecture were becoming the notion of the domain. That river fort
architecture and the settlement patterns had the strategic and morphological characteristics, which got
different from other purpose built forts, nonetheless‐was in consistence with the local city context.
Bengali riverine fortress cities experienced lots of local and traditional influences only for being the river
fort and their settlement around it, stating from the component, elements of forts and formal profile of the
river. So, undoubtedly Bengal conceived unique kind of riverine oriented fortress settlement pattern,
which has distinct typescripts. Even in the case of this fort formation the ancient Buddhist administrators
had some strategic planning, morphology for spread city beyond the fort wall. The objective of the
research is firstly to identify and to analyse the morphology of the ancient fortress cities1 and settlements
in terms of their defence strategies and river fort architecture of Bengal. Secondly the context and the
planning organization and positioning the sites for fortification addressing pictographic and conjectural
restoration2 includes ancient city formation through river‐fort architecture in Bengal. The ancient
settlement and architecture, dated back 8th Century AD of a specific site of MAHASTHAN would be the
intensive area of the research, its memory, space, ‘sense of place’ and the traditional spatial pattern would
be the intensive area of the study that would remind flexible towards regional conditions and building
tradition as happened in riverine ancient Bengal. Lastly the study will explore the image (conjectural
restoration) of the scale of the city, space, function and cultural longing of the neighbourhood pattern of
ancient riverine settlement, through the critical literature reviewing, progressive archaeological
excavation and by the referencing of historic pictographic information. The study will explore for
meaning of ancient settlements in the subcontinent and its transformation in Bengal with a focus on
defence strategies and its physical manifestation as well as the Digital Heritage phenomenon.
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Rahali, Bachir. "Horizons nomades ; perspectives d’un système et recomposition des territoires. Cas des steppes sud-oranaises de l’Algérie occidentale." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040207.
Full textAbstract:
Partant de l’exemple des steppes sud-oranaises, nous avons essayé de démontrer l’existence d’un modèle nomade de la pratique spatiale ainsi que son évolution à travers le temps, avec ses conséquences visibles et substantielles dans cette portion de l’espace algérien. Car les relations que les nomades entretiennent avec leur espace s’établissent selon un système de significations propre à cette société, dont il traduit l’histoire, le parcours, les expériences, les valeurs et les imaginations… au total une culture qui lui est propre et qui, en interférant avec les caractéristiques et les atouts du milieu naturel, donne naissance à un paysage. Or, la société nomade ainsi que son mode d’utilisation et d’adaptation à l’espace fait l’objet depuis une trentaine d’années d’une restructuration qui a provoqué des mutations du genre de vie et une recomposition des territoires ancestraux. La sédentarisation demeure un élément essentiel de ce changement qui a ses répercussions sur l’espace en général et sur celui des sédentaires en particulier. Quoiqu’il perdure, le nomadisme se transforme, prenant d’autres formes et utilisant d’autres outils. Peut-on parler d’une adaptation ou d’une résidualité conduisant à la décadence et finissant par une disparition ? L’espace perçu, vécu et représenté des nomades est-il pris en compte dans la gestion et l’aménagement de l’environnement/territoire ? Ce qui est identifié pour les groupes nomades de la steppe sud-oranaise peut servir d’illustration pour évoquer certains processus communs à plusieurs cultures, ou de point de comparaison avec d’autres sociétés, notamment de chasseurs-cueilleurs, autres nomades confrontés à une culture et un modèle allogènes et puissantsFrom the example of the steppes of South Oran, we tried to demonstrate a model of nomadic space practice and its evolution through time, with its own visible and substantial consequences in a portion of Algerian’s space. The relation between nomads and their space settled in a specific meaning system. Its history, career, experiences, values and imaginations… in short, a culture of its own is arise from that relation, which by interfering with the features and advantages of the natural environment rise to a landscape. However, the nomadic society and its mode of space’s use and adaptation have been restructuring since the last thirty years. This restructuration has caused several mutations in their way of life and led to the reconstruction of ancestral territories. The settlement remains an essential element of those changes which impact on space. Although nomadism continues, it turns into other form and other tools. Can we speak of an adaptation or a residuality leading to decadence and ending with a loss? The Nomad’s perceived lived and represented space, is it taken into account in the management and development environment/territory? This identified, the south Oran nomadic society can serve as an illustration to evoke some process common to many cultures, or to compare it with other societies, such as hunter-gathers, others nomads facing an alien culture and powerful models
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Pino, Vásquez Andrea Patricia. "Habitat informel dans les quebradas de Valparaíso : dynamiques d'appropriation." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824347.
Full textAbstract:
L'occupation illégale de terrains dans les quebradas et la construction de véritables quartiers populaires en dehors de l'ordre établi, trouve leur point de départ dans une crise structurale d'identité du logement social à Valparaiso, Chili. On ne peut pas considérer ces actions, comme une réponse mécanique à une carence. Il s'agit d'un processus social, étroitement lié aux rapports entre les forces sociales ; où la caractéristique essentielle est d'avoir construit un milieu résidentiel " auto construit", dans l'illégalité. Par ailleurs, les quebradas comme unités territoriales et rémanentes naturelles se trouvent dans un processus constant d'occupation et de dégradation, puisqu'il n'existe pas de stratégies urbaines précises et particulières pour ce type d'environnement, en supposant qu'elles disparaîtront ainsi d'elles-mêmes, sans considérer les bénéfices qu'elles produisent pour toute la ville comme contrôleurs climatologiques. Alors dans ces conditions, quelles sont les valeurs propres des quebradas qui devront être prises en compte dans les approches futures d'urbanisation? Peuvent-elles être intégrées dans une planification urbaine particulière ? Les normes de construction en vigueur pourront être modifiées en poursuivant une intégration réelle à la ville et une administration intégrale de son patrimoine naturel? Pourront-elles devenir comme des parcs urbains qui incluent le logement social ? Nous parlerons de quebradas puisque l'usage courant à Valparaiso est d'utiliser ce terme pour désigner des petites vallées encaissées dès que l'on s'éloigne du la plaine littorale.
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Jindrák, Matěj. "Milíčeves – sídlo v krajině." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377245.
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This thesis focuses on countryside and village as a settlement in landscape. It approaches countryside as a whole directly connected to landscape and proposes its dveloppement on the basis of interaction with local comunity as well as on the basis of principals following on local experience. Working with these principals this thesis approaches the village Slatiny-Milíčeves and proposes design of three places somehow important for the village: complex of ancient parish buildings, village square of Slatiny village and new housing developement of Milíčeves village.
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Pace, Benoit. "Organisation et usages des espaces en Aquitaine méridionale durant la période romaine (Ier s. a.C. - Ve s. p.C.)." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU1087.
Full textAbstract:
Cette recherche a été définie comme une interrogation portant sur la façon dont les espaces de montagnes, de piémonts et de plaines d’Aquitaine méridionale ont été structurés, aménagés et utilisés durant la période romaine entre la fin du Ier s. a.C. et la première moitié du Ve s. p.C. Située au croisement des disciplines de l’archéologie et de la géomatique (analyse statistique des données, modélisation spatiales, développement et usages des SIG) cette thèse s’adosse à un projet de recherche collectif diachronique entre la Garonne et l’Ebre (POEM – projet financé par la Communauté d’Agglomération Pau et Pyrénées (C.D.A.P.P.), sous la direction de Fr. Réchin). Le cœur de cette thèse porte sur l’analyse des systèmes et des dynamiques de peuplement antique entre Garonne et Pyrénées. Elle repose sur l’élaboration d’un modèle conceptuel de données (MCD) originale permettant d’en circonscrire les principaux facteurs composant ce système et prend donc en compte un jeu de données complémentaires comprenant l’ensemble des couches d’habitats (urbains et ruraux) disponibles ; les principales activités artisanales ; les réseaux de communications ainsi que les formes du sacrés (religieux et funéraires). Les problématiques développées dans cette thèse portent donc autant sur des questions de répartition des établissements, que sur leur stratégie d’implantation induite par leurs relations avec l’environnement (hydrographique, topographique, pédologique, etc.), ou encore sur leurs dynamiques de création et d’abandon, leur caractérisation fonctionnelle et leur constitution en un réseau de peuplement cohérent dans la longue duréeIs research had been defined as an interrogation about the way that mountain spaces, piedmont and plain of southem aquitaine were structured,lay out and used during roman period between end of 1st Century BC and the first hait of 5th entury AD. Positioned at the intersection between Arohaeology and Geomalics (statistical analysis of data, spatial modelling, development and use of GIS) this thesis is based on a diachronie collective research project between the Garonne nd Ebro rivera (POEM - project financed by the Pau and Pyrenees Agglomeration Community (C.DA.P.P.),under the direction of Fr. Réchin).The core of this thesis is the analysis of ancientsetuementsystems and dynamics between the Garonne and the Pyranees.lt s based on the elaboration of an original conceptual data model (CDM)allowing to circumscribe the main factors composing is system and thus takes into account a set of complementary data including all the layers of habitats (urban and rural) vailable; the main artisanal activities;the communication networks as well as the forms of the sacred (religious andfunerary).The problematie developed inthis thesis therefore relate as much to the distribution of settlements as to their setllement trategy induced by their relationship with the environment (hydrographie,topographie,pedological,etc.),or to their creation nd abandonmentdynamics,their functional characterization and their formation into a coherent settlement network in the long term
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Juarez, Galeana Luis Gabriel. "Collaborative public space design in self-help settlements : Mexico City." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289135.
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Altenberg, Karin. "Experiencing landscapes : a study of space and identity in three marginal areas of medieval Britain and Scandinavia." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365379.
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Cardoso, Ana ClaÌudia Duarte. "The alternative space : informal settlements and life chances in BeleÌm, Brazil." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247795.
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Ware, Carolyn. "The use and organisation of space : settlements in England, AD 400-1000." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397357.
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Mesquita, Natalia Lucas. "Geografia, gênero e contra-espaço: mulheres no assentamento Serra Dourada – Goiás/GO - Brasil." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6694.
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Geography is a science that studies the (re)produced space from the social relations – like the gender ones – established in the scope of the social work and conducted for the hegemonic demands of the capital. The land concentration of the municipality of Goiás (state of Goiás, Brazil) is a result of these demands, representing the spatialization of the capitalism in Brazil and evidencing the inequalities of this system, for example, when preventing that a part of peasants would have the possibility of (re)produce themselves social, cultural and economically from the access to the land. Thus, this class united around the fight for the land, reverberating in the creation of twenty-three rural settlements in the municipality of Goiás, which the Serra Dourada Settlement is part and territory of this research. The research aims to understand the acting of peasant women of Serra Dourada Settlement in the production of contra-spaces. For this, the methodological procedures selected were organized in three continued and simultaneous steps: bibliographic review; information and data gathering; field research, with semi structured interviews, participating observation, participating mapping and transversal walking. It was possible to observe that this settlement present itself as a contra-hegemony for permitting the peasants to rescue their modes of life and produce contra-spaces, i.e., spaces produced from a contra-hegemonic logic, even for the way of the production of vegetables and other foods for self-consumption and commercialization; for the way of the reciprocity established between the members of the familiar group, of these ones and other ones also with the Cerrado; for the religious manifestations; or, also, for the family organization around the work in the land. The organization of the family group obeys a patriarchal structure which the man is responsible for the work directions, while women and children are subordinated to him. The functions made by women in the productive space are those considered socially lighter and require more cares in contraposition of the functions of men. The social place occupied by women is, mostly, the reproductive role. We realized a gain of strength of the women of the settlement in the scope of the family relations as well as between the peasants who they live together, propitiated by the participation in the cultivation and, posteriorly, selling of their products in fairs of the city of Goiás and for the supplying to governmental programs, through the participation in social movements. However, it was not enough to have a review of the power structures of the familiar group because of factors as fragility of their territories in the public space, invisibility of domestic work added to the patriarchal/capitalist thought which considers the reproductive space subordinated to the productive. We understand the fight for gender equality is extremely linked to the class struggle in a sense of complementarity, and, therefore, must be considered when we think about the rupture with the bonds of an order which the capitalists and patriarchal relations form, together, a system that submit the members of a social class composed by men and women who suffer together, but differently, the situations of oppression.
A Geografia é uma ciência que estuda o espaço (re)produzido a partir das relações sociais - dentre as quais as de gênero - estabelecidas no âmbito do trabalho social e conduzidas pelas demandas hegemônicas do capital. A concentração fundiária do município de Goiás/GO é um reflexo dessas demandas, representando a espacialização do capitalismo no Brasil e evidenciando as desigualdades inerentes desse sistema, por exemplo, ao impedir que parcela de camponesas e camponeses tivessem a possibilidade de se (re)produzirem social, cultural e economicamente, a partir do acesso a terra. Diante disso, essa classe se organizou em torno da luta pela terra reverberando na criação de vinte e três assentamentos rurais no município de Goiás/GO, dentre os quais o Assentamento Serra Dourada, território delimitado para essa pesquisa. Essa visa compreender a atuação das mulheres camponesas do Assentamento Serra Dourada na produção de contra-espaços. Para isso, os procedimentos metodológicos selecionados foram organizados em três etapas contínuas e concomitantes: revisão bibliográfica; levantamento de dados e informações; pesquisa de campo, com realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação participante, mapeamento participativo e caminhada transversal. Foi possível observar que esse Assentamento se apresenta como uma contra hegemonia por ter possibilitado que as camponesas e os camponeses resgatassem seus modos de vida e produzissem contra-espaços, ou seja, espaços produzidos a partir de uma lógica contra-hegemônica, por meio da produção de hortaliças ou de outros alimentos para autoconsumo e comercialização; das relações de reciprocidade estabelecidas entre os membros do grupo familiar, destes com as outras e os outros e também com o Cerrado; das manifestações religiosas; ou, ainda, da organização familiar em torno do trabalho na terra. A organização do grupo familiar obedece a uma estrutura patriarcal em que o homem é responsável pelo direcionamento do trabalho, enquanto a mulher, as filhas e os filhos são subordinados a ele. As funções desempenhadas pelas mulheres no espaço produtivo são aquelas socialmente consideradas mais leves e que exigem maiores cuidados, em contraposição às dos homens. O lugar social ocupado por elas é, predominantemente, o reprodutivo. Percebemos um fortalecimento das mulheres do Assentamento no âmbito das relações familiares como, também, entre as camponesas e os camponeses com quem convivem, propiciado pela participação no cultivo e, posteriormente, na venda de seus produtos em feiras na Cidade de Goiás/GO, pelo fornecimento a programas governamentais e pela participação em movimentos sociais. Todavia, não foi suficiente para que houvesse uma revisão das estruturas de poder do grupo familiar em razão de fatores como fragilidade de seus territórios no espaço público, invisibilidade do trabalho doméstico somado ao pensamento patriarcal/capitalista que considera o espaço reprodutivo como subordinado ao produtivo. Entendemos que a luta por igualdade de gênero está extremamente vinculada à luta de classes, em um sentido de complementaridade, e, portanto, deve ser considerada ao se pensar a ruptura com as amarras de uma ordem cujas relações capitalistas e patriarcais formam, juntas, um sistema que submete os membros de uma classe social, composta por mulheres e homens que sofrem juntas e juntos, mas, diferentemente, as situações de opressão.
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Saltzman, Adam. "Beyond the Tents: Community Spaces in Post-disaster Temporary Settlements." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1306500942.
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Nwankama, Nwankama Wosu. "The use of outdoor spaces in an informal settlement in Metropolitan Aba /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69778.
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In spite of its spontaneous and improvised character, the informal sector has provided virtually the only appropriate housing, in terms of the organization of the outdoor space, for the urban poor of the developing countries. Through an analysis of the outdoor spaces in Eziukwu-Aba, a low-income and informal settlement in Aba, Nigeria, this thesis investigates the organization and mode of use of outdoor spaces, in relation to the day-to-day activities of the urban poor. It focuses on the patterns of outdoor spaces, the categories of activities found in them and the periods of time of the occurrence of the activities.The findings of this study are compared with those of earlier studies, and the broader implications of these findings on contemporary low-income urban housing in the developing countries are briefly outlined. This study posits that for the urban low-income group of the developing countries, (a) usable space takes precedence over aesthetics and permanence and (b) housing and environmental quality in terms of construction standards are of little significance, compared with employment.
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Hernbäck, Joel. "Influence of Urban Form on Co-presence in Public Space : A Space Syntax Analysis of Informal Settlements in Pune, India." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102424.
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This master thesis is intended as a contribution to the understanding of the influence urban form has on urban life and by extension social structures in society, by focusing on gender relations and their reflections on the use of public space. In addition, the aim of the study is to do so in relation to a comparison between two different types of urban environments; one slum area that can be regarded as formally unplanned with an irregular gradually grown street network and one slum area of more deliberately planned character with a more regular street grid. With the use of quantitative methods, such as space syntax, structured observations and correlations studies, differences in co-presence between women and men, in the form of staying in public space, and between the areas are discovered. With the addition of qualitative methods, such as interviews and unstructured observations, as well as a review of the context in which the study is set and a theoretical discourse the reasons behind the differences is discussed. It is suggested that the blurred distinctions between private and public space often found in slum areas and the division of responsibilities and activities between women and men in the given context results in a certain degree of gender segregation in public space. Women are often restricted to the space in proximity of their homes, why it becomes an extension of their homes as well as a space for interaction which creates semi-public spaces. As men more often socialise further away from home in spaces of more public function, this creates a certain degree of segregation between women and men in public space. The most significant physical difference between the study areas proved to be the hierarchal properties of the street network. The clearer hierarchy in the unplanned area implicates that the spaces where women stays generally is of a lower degree of public function. The regular street grid of the planned area resulted in a more even distribution of public function, why men more often also stays in the semi-public spaces in residential alleys. In this way the built environment in the unplanned area reflects and reproduces gender relations in the use of public space. An implication is that since the correspondence between social structures in society and the use of public space is something that can assumed be effected by design, the urban designer has continuously in the context of development of slum areas in the developing world, and in general, an important role to play.
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McGarry, Michelle Samantha. "From housing to human settlements: the role of public space in integrated housing developments." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27975.
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Since 1994 the post-apartheid South African Government has recognized the importance of housing in improving the quality of life of its citizens. Following 10 years of a housing delivery model that saw the provision of nearly 1.6 million houses, the National Government introduced a new policy that sought to shift away from an emphasis on housing and rather a holistic focus on the quality of the settlement established. This new policy, Breaking New Ground (BNG) promoted the establishment of well-managed, liveable and equitable settlements incorporating social and economic infrastructure. The quality of the urban environment and the quality of public spaces within urban developments has been identified as contributing towards improving quality of life within these settlements. In mixedincome, integrated settlements - like those BNG claims to produce - the importance of public space is further emphasised because it compensates for limited space of the private home. However, these spaces are often considered as "nice-to-haves" and neglected in favour of basic services or housing. Despite the importance of public space and its contribution to the creation of sustainable human settlements, these spaces, although planned for in the initial phases of a development, still remain largely undeveloped. This research therefore questions whether public spaces within integrated housing developments are being used as intended. It also questions to what extent the necessity for increased urban densification has affected the provision of public space in integrated housing developments. This research attempts to answer the question from the perspective of professionals involved in the planning and implementation of integrated housing developments and not from the perspective of residents. A qualitative research approach has been adopted. Three settlements each representing an integrated housing development implemented in line with BNG principles and incorporating public spaces were selected as case studies and in-depth interviews with professionals involved in the planning and implementation of these developments were conducted. The research found that while public spaces are considered as beneficial and are included in the planning stages of a development, in reality the lived experience often differs. While the objectives of housing policies are to create sustainable human settlements, professionals still struggle to translate these objectives into practical guidelines and standards. Finally, it was observed that while public spaces do play a role in the shift from housing to human settlements, the process is one that occurs incrementally and over a period of time.