Journal articles: 'Space-Time Block Code (STBC)'

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Hai, Han, Caiyan Li, Jun Li, Yuyang Peng, Jia Hou, and Xue-Qin Jiang. "Space-Time Block Coded Cooperative MIMO Systems." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010109.

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The main objective of a Cooperative Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (CMIMO) system is to improve network throughput and network coverage and save energy. By grouping wireless devices as virtual multi-antenna nodes, it can thus simulate the functions of multi-antenna systems. A Space-Time Block Code (STBC) was proposed to utilize the spatial diversity of MIMO systems to improve the diversity gain and coding gain. In this paper, we proposed a cooperative strategy based on STBC and CMIMO, which is referred to as Space-Time Block Coded Cooperative Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (STBC-CMIMO) to inherit the advantages from both STBC and CMIMO. The theoretical performance analysis for the proposed STBC-CMIMO is presented. The performance advantages of the STBC-CMIMO are also shown by simulations. In the simulations, it is demonstrated that STBC-CMIMO can obtain significant performance compared with the existing CMIMO system.

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Wu, Jun, and Xiao Bo Wu. "An FPGA Implementation of TCM Cascade Space Time Block Code." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 901–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.901.

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Trellis coded (TCM) modulation can obtain the coding gain without increase the transmission power and the bandwidth but it can not obtain diversity gain, and space-time block code (STBC) can provide diversity gain in a simple encoding and decoding way, though its coding gain is not very satisfied. This article will achieve a STBC-class networking trellis coded modulation scheme based on FPGA to further study the performance of the concatenated code.

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Zhao, Chunli, Fengfan Yang, Daniel Kariuki Waweru, Chen Chen, and Hongjun Xu. "Optimized Distributed Generalized Reed-Solomon Coding with Space-Time Block Coded Spatial Modulation." Sensors 22, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 6305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166305.

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We present a well-known generalized Reed–Solomon (GRS) code incorporated with space-time block coded spatial modulation (STBC-SM) for wireless networks, which is capable of enjoying coded cooperation between the source and the relay. In the proposed distributed GRS-coded STBC-SM (DGRSC-STBC-SM) scheme, the source and relay nodes use distinct GRS codes. At the relay, we employ the concept of information selection to choose the message symbols from the source for further encoding. Thus, the codewords jointly constructed by the source and relay are generated at the destination. For achieving the best codeword set at the destination, we propose an optimal algorithm at the relay to select partial symbols from the source. To reduce the computational complexity, we propose a more practical algorithm with low complexity. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the proposed scheme using the low-complexity algorithm can achieve near-optimal error performance. Furthermore, our proposed scheme provides better error performance than its corresponding coded non-cooperative counterpart and the existing Reed–Solomon coded cooperative SM (RSCC-SM) scheme under identical conditions.

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Bendelhoum, Mohammed Sofiane, Mohamed Rida Lahcene, Fayssal Menezla, and Abderraouf Elarbi. "Studying and Modeling the Performance of the TCM-STBC Systems in the Rayleigh Channel." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2021.147020.

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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems will play an important role in future generations of wireless networks. Space-time block code (STBC) and space-time trellis code (STTC) are two techniques that may be used in multi-antenna radio systems. This paper aims, most importantly, to study the performance of STBC systems at different vallues of such parameters as spectral efficiency, matrix codes and constellations. A performance comparison between STBC and STTC schemes is performed. In order to show the efficiency of the system’s ability to communicate with uncoded and coded transmission structures over AWGN and Rayleigh channels, the trellis-coded modulation (TCM) is introduced. The results obtained show that the proposed TCM-STBC system model, using one and two receiving antennas, improves the performance of Rayleigh channel communication systems at 9.5 dB and 11.5 dB for a BER of 10−5

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Liao, Mang, Meng Xing Wang, and Ling Xu Jin. "Analysis of Minimum Decoding Complexity Quasi-Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code for 6 Transmit Antennas." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 2568–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.2568.

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Previous work on quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QO-STBC) has been designed to achieve full rate and full diversity gain for four antennas. However this conventional QO-STBC scheme decoding is complex. For achieving more diversity gains, an extended QO-STBC scheme is provided to achieve full diversity with one rate for six antennas. Furthermore, by transforming the detection matrix to an orthogonal one, this novel scheme can achieve a simple linear decoding. Therefore it proposes an extended minimum decoding complexity QO-STBC (MDC-QO-STBC) for six antennas. Due to eliminate the interference from different equivalent channels, the novel extended MDC-QO-STBC scheme improves transmission reliability and linear decoding complex compared with the conventional QO-STBC scheme. At last extensive simulation results are presented to prove the theoretical analysis.

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Tsiligkaridis, Theodoros, and Douglas L. Jones. "PAPR Reduction Performance by Active Constellation Extension for Diversity MIMO-OFDM Systems." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/930368.

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The V-BLAST wireless communication architecture, space-time block code (STBC), and space-frequency block code (SFBC) techniques are strong candidates for achieving very high data rates in 4G broadband wireless communications. This paper extends the efficient Active Constellation Extension Smart Gradient-Project (ACE-SGP) peak-to-average power (PAPR) reduction method to STBC, SFBC, and V-BLAST systems. Simulation results show 4.19 and 3.57 dB of PAPR reduction for the Alamouti STBC and SFBC, respectively.

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Chu, Yan, Chun Hua Deng, Yan Shao, and Hai Guang Wang. "Space-Time Coding Technique Based on Four-Antenna Transceiver System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 135-136 (October 2011): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.135-136.913.

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Space-time block code, as one of the space-time codes, greatly improves the performance in the cooperative wireless communication systems by the use of space and time diversity. However, traditional STBC can’t enhance the overall transmission rate and there is no form of complex codes with the rate of 1 when the number of antenna is more than 2. In order to design codes with full-rate, we refer to quasi-orthogonal STBC whose generator matrix is orthogonal between its subspaces. In this paper, based on the combination of QO-STBC and Self-adaptation technology, we propose a new plan of space-time coding which dismisses the interference among symbols when decoding and advances the coding capabilities in the context of full-rate transmission, finally we justify the new plan through lots of computational simulations.

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Marey, Mohamed, and Hala Mostafa. "Blind Space Time Block Coding Categorization over AF Relaying Broadcasts." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2023): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053283.

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Categorization of space time block code (STBC) signals has become widely acknowledged as a crucial foundational mechanism for creating intelligent wireless transmissions in both the governmental and business sectors. The use of multiple antennas at a broadcaster complicates a signal categorization task because assumptions about the number and transmission matrix of the sent antennas must be made. STBC categorization has only been investigated in the context of non-relaying environments, and no methods for relaying transmissions have been reported. This work proposes a revolutionary strategy for categorizing STBC signals that can be implemented in amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks. Time-domain characteristics of the STBC waveforms provide the basis of the mathematical ingredients used in the offered categorization process. The employed STBC waveform is reflected in the spikes observed in the fast Fourier transform of the second-order lag product of the collected waveforms. This creates the foundation for an effective discriminating feature. Advantages of the described strategy include not requiring any prior awareness of the modulation type, channel conditions, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or the block timing synchronization of the STBC waveforms. The indicated strategy has been shown through simulation experiments to be capable of providing appropriate categorization accuracy despite the existence of transmission faults, even at relatively low SNR levels.

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Hu, Feng, Li Biao Jin, and Jian Zeng Li. "A Parallel Space-Time Block Code Based Transmission Scheme." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1959.

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We present a new transmit strategy based on modified Alamouti codes for the simple two branch transmit diversity scheme. The OFDM payload cells from the output of the frequency interleaver is done on one transmit antenna, and the encoding is proceeded on another branch. The proposed encoding scheme can significantly simplify the processes of transforming SISO into MIMO in wireless communication systems. The scheme may easily be generalized to two transmit antennas and M receive antennas to provide a diversity order of 2M, its coding gain is similar to Alamouti code. Computer simulations are performed to investigate the performance of the proposed parallel STBC scheme in a multi-input (MI) system.

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M. Abd Elkader, Hala, Gamal M. Abdel-Hamid, Adly Tag El-Dien, and Asmaa A. Nassif. "Combined Beamforming with Orthogonal Space Time Block Code for MIMO-OFDM with Simple Feedback." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 4, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v4.i3.pp580-585.

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<p>In this paper, we introduce a proposed scheme to enhance the performance of orthogonal space time block code (OSTBC) with four time slots and two antennas by combing OSTBC with random beamforming to can use it in the downlink transmission for a mobile system. Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system has been recognized as one of the most promising techniques to achieve a good service and increase data rate in the next generation (4&5G) broadband wireless communications. So, we apply Space time block code (STBC) for MIMO-OFDM system with linear decoding. Also, we perform STBC with beamforming for MIMO-OFDM system to improve the performance of a system. Simulation results show that the beamforming improves bit error rate (BER) performance of OSTBC and STBC-OFDM for different types of modulation and diversity.</p>

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Jeong, Jae Jin. "A Minimum Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) Decoder for Quasi-Orthogonal Space–Time Block Code." Electronics 8, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070732.

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The quasi-orthogonal space–time block code (QO-STBC) was introduced to achieve a full transmission rate for the four antennas system. In this paper, a decoding method for the QO-STBC is proposed to improve the bit-error-rate (BER) and to solve a rank-deficient problem. The proposed algorithm is based on the minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) technique. To overcome the implementation problem from the MMSE, an estimation method of the noise variance is developed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is implemented without matrix inversion, therefore, the proposed algorithm achieves a better BER than the conventional algorithms, as it has a low computational complexity. The simulation results show the low BER of the proposed algorithm in a Rayleigh fading channel.

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Kaur, Satwinder, Lavish Kansal, Gurjot Singh Gaba, and Mohannad A. M. Al-Ja'afari. "BER Assessment of FBMC Systems Augmented with Different Space-Time Coding Schemes Over Diverse Channels." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.8 (July 7, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.8.16844.

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Diverse methodologies of encoding schemes like space-time block codes (STBC), orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) &quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes (QOSTBC) are being proposed as alternatives of basic Alamouti space-time encoding scheme for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme for existing wireless communication systems. Since filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) scheme is an integral part of the 5th generation (5G) cellular systems, the performance of these schemes needs to be investigated for FBMC methodology also. Alamouti and Space-time block codes are widely used in MIMO system because of their ability to achieve full diversity and the different channels are used at the receiver. In this work, we proposed different approaches for the bit error rate (BER) of Alamouti, STBC3, and STBC4 in FBMC. These approaches are based on the type of space-time encoding and number of receiving antennas being used for each space time encoding scheme for analyzing the MIMO-FBMC. Moreover, we also investigation the performance of these proposed MIMO schemes over Rayleigh and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and compared it with the performance of BER or signal to noise ratio (SNR) of different channels.

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Lau, Christopher M. "Performance of MIMO Systems Using Space Time Block Codes (STBC)." Open Journal of Applied Sciences 11, no. 03 (2021): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2021.113020.

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Nie, Zhong Er, An Guo Wang, and Ning Ma. "An Improved Low Complexity Detection Algorithm for Quasi-Orthogonal STBC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.175.

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In this paper, based on QR decomposition, an improved detection algorithm for quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QOSTBC) using square QAM constellation is presented. In the proposed method, by executing single complex symbol twi-detection for each block and selecting the optimal result, the BER performance is much better than that of the linear receivers. Compared with conventional maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding, though the bit error rates (BER) performance is with a slight loss, the improved detection algorithm reduces the decoding complexity significantly. The derivation and simulation results of the proposed algorithm are presented.

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Zhang, Dong Ming, Yong Jun Li, Li Ding, and Da Wei Zhang. "Analysis and Simulation of Concatenating Orthogonal STBC with TCM in Fading Channels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 2752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.2752.

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In this paper, we illustrate an orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) concatenated with trellis-coded modulation (TCM) model, for information transmission over a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel with 2 transmit antennas and 1 receive antenna. We establish the model of TCM-OSTBC concatenation using the SIMULINK. Also, the establishment of an independent TCM model and OSTB model are shown in order to compare with the concatenation scheme. Finally, the performance simulation diagram under three schemes is given. As expected, the simulation result clearly shows, the performance of concatenated OSTBC with TCM is better than TCM or OSTBC.

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Shah, Hardip K., Tejal N. Parmar, Nikhil Kothari, and K. S. Dasgupt. "Performance Evaluation of Full Diversity QOSTBC MIMO Systems with Multiple Receive Antenna." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 3, no. 4 (October 2011): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijghpc.2011100103.

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Multipath fading is inherent in wireless communication systems. Diversity is the technique which takes advantage of multipath to mitigate the effect of fading and increase signal strength. Space Time Block codes (STBC) are used in MIMO systems to improve the performance by maximizing transmit and/or receive diversity. Among different schemes based on STBC, Quasi Orthogonal Space Time Block Code (QOSTBC) is able to achieve full rate transmission for more than two transmit antennas. Constellation Rotation QOSTBC (CR-QOSTBC) achieves full diversity and improves performance further along with full rate, to overcome the limitation of QOSTBC, which is unable to maintain orthogonality amongst the codes transmitted by different antennas. Higher diversity can be achieved by increasing uncorrelated paths between transmitter and receivers using higher number of receive antennas. This paper examines improvement in BER with reference to a number of receive antennas. Simulations were carried out under ideal as well as realistic environments, using least square technique with four antennas at transmitter side and variable receive antennas. Results of simulations presented in this paper indicate performance improvement of CR-QOSTBC over QOSTBC in flat fading channel environment. Simulation results also show performance degradation in BER when channel is estimated at the receiver.

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SETIAWAN, DHONI PUTRA, HARFAN HIAN RYANU, and VINSENSIUS SIGIT WIDHI PRABOWO. "Konsep Transmisi Tidak Koheren menggunakan Differential Unitary Modulation pada OFDMA." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 9, no. 3 (July 9, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v9i3.634.

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ABSTRAKDifferential modulation adalah sebuah teknik modulasi yang memungkinkan pengiriman informasi tanpa diperlukannya estimasi kondisi kanal di sisi penerima. Teknik ini biasa diimplementasikan pada kondisi dimana kanal transmisi berubah dengan sangat cepat, seperti ketika pengguna layanan dalam kondisi mobilitas yang sangat cepat. Pada artikel ini, beberapa teknik differential modulation yang dikembangkan dari Space Time Block Code (STBC) diujicobakan pada Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) dengan dua skema yang berbeda. Skema pertama menggunakan konsep sistem antena multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO), dan skema kedua adalah skema single-input single-output (SISO). Hasil pengujian yang diperoleh, teknik differential modulation dengan skema yang ditawarkan pada artikel ini mampu memberikan kinerja yang lebih baik daripada teknik differential modulation yang konvensional. Hasil riset menunjukkan konsep transmisi tidak koheren dapat menjadi solusi potensial untuk sistem komunikasi nirkabel berkecepatan tinggi.Kata kunci: transmisi tidak koheren, differential modulation, mobilitas tinggi, OFDMA, STBC ABSTRACTDifferential modulation is a modulation technique that can be used without the presence of channel estimation in the receiver. This technique is usually implemented when the channel condition changes rapidly, for example, when the user is in a high mobility condition. In this paper, several differential modulation techniques, which are modified from space-time block code (STBC) are tested for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) using two different schemes. The first scheme uses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system, while the second scheme use single-input single-output (SISO). Based on our results, the differential modulation techniques proposed in this paper can overcome the conventional differential modulation technique. This research shows the proposed non-coherent transmission could be a potential scheme for high mobility wireless communications.Keywords: non-coherent transmission, differential modulation, high mobility, OFDMA, STBC.

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曹, 天旸. "Design and Performance Analysis of Omnidirectional Space-Time Block Code in Massive MIMO Systems." Hans Journal of Wireless Communications 08, no. 01 (2018): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjwc.2018.81003.

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Zaki, Amira I., Mai Abdelgelil, Said E. El-Khamy, and Waleed K. Badawi. "MIMO Self-Heterodyne OFDM Using Band Selection Technique." Entropy 23, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23010032.

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The 5G technology is a promising technology to cope with the increasing demand for higher data rate and quality of service. In this paper, two proposed techniques are implemented for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) self-heterodyne OFDM system to enhance data rate and minimize the bit error rate (BER). In both of the two proposed techniques, Band Selection (BS) approach is used, once with Space Time Block Coded (STBC) for the first proposed technique (BS- STBC), and once again with Frequency Space Time Block Coded (FSTBC) for the second proposed technique (BS-FSTBC). The use of the BS in the proposed techniques helps to choose the sub-band with better subchannels gains for sending the information and consequently, minimize the BER. Moreover, the use of the FSTBC instead of STBC helps to use the spectral efficiently and hence increase data rate. The simulation results show that the proposed techniques BS-STBC and BS-FSTBC, for the MIMO self-heterodyne OFDM system, provide a great enhancement in the BER performance when compared to the conventional techniques. Moreover, the simulation results show that the first proposed technique BS-FSTBC outperform the second propose technique BS-STBC in term of the BER performance.

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Jaffri, Zain ul Abidin, Mohsin Khan, Zeeshan Ahmad, and Yu Chen. "Differential STBC NOMA: A new approach to downlink cooperative NOMA." Journal of Electrical Engineering 73, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2022-0021.

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Abstract Due to the ability of massive connectivity, large bandwidth, and low latency, the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is considered the best approach for the 5th generation and beyond. However, the system performance is declined when the number of users is increased as each user will experience a great number of successive interface cancelations (SIC) in the downlink. To improve system performance, the NOMA is combined with cooperative communication which gives more spectral efficiency and fairness as compared to non-cooperative NOMA. Furthermore, space-time block code (STBC)- cooperative NOMA-based users experienced less SIC as compared to conventional CNOMA. This paper evaluates the performance of differential STBC-CNOMA with keeping in mind the imperfect SIC, channel state information (CSI), and timing synchronization between distributed cooperating users. The simulations results show that differential STBC-CNOMA gives high performance in terms of outage probability and sum rate analysis as compared to simple STBC-NOMA and conventional CNOMA. Hence, the differential STBC-CNOMA seems to be a better and more effective solution to enhance system performance.

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Kumar, Ravi, and Rajiv Saxena. "Performance Analysis of MIMO-STBC Systems with Higher Coding Rate Using Adaptive Semiblind Channel Estimation Scheme." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/304901.

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Semiblind channel estimation method provides the best trade-off in terms of bandwidth overhead, computational complexity and latency. The result after using multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems shows higher data rate and longer transmit range without any requirement for additional bandwidth or transmit power. This paper presents the detailed analysis of diversity coding techniques using MIMO antenna systems. Different space time block codes (STBCs) schemes have been explored and analyzed with the proposed higher code rate. STBCs with higher code rates have been simulated for different modulation schemes using MATLAB environment and the simulated results have been compared in the semiblind environment which shows the improvement even in highly correlated antenna arrays and is found very close to the condition when channel state information (CSI) is known to the channel.

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Sun, Zong Xin, Wei Wang, Yue Wang, Rehan Khan, and Gang Qiao. "Pilots Updating Channel Compensation Base on Underwater MIMO-OFDM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1761.

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The communication rate is limited extremely by the confined bandwidth source of UWA (underwater acoustic) channel. MIMO (Multiple-input Multiple-output) techniques can drastically improve the spectral efficiency, and have been a new hot spot in UWA commutation. To estimate the UWA channel STBC (space-time block code) technique is adopted, and the improved method of channel estimating is also given. A designed of complex coding MIMO-OFDM is provided.The validity and the dependability of the scheme are verified by Monte Carlo simulations.

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Huang, Kaiyuan, Yue Xiao, Lizhe Liu, Yong Li, Zhiqun Song, Bin Wang, and Xingjian Li. "Integrated Spatial Modulation and STBC-VBLAST Design toward Efficient MIMO Transmission." Sensors 22, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 4719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134719.

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In this contribution, the concept of spatial modulation (SM) is firstly integrated into the structure of space-time block codes (STBC)-aided vertical Bell-labs layered space-time (VBLAST) systems, in order to strike a balanced tradeoff among bit error ratio (BER), spectral efficiency and computational complexity. First of all, in order to enhance the BER performance of STBC-VBLAST, we advocate an effective transmit power allocation (TPA) scheme with negligible implementation costs, while dividing the STBC and VBLAST layers with alleviated interference, so as to facilitate combination with SM. Then, we further utilize the unique structure of SM for enhancing the spectral efficiency of original STBC-VBLAST, wherein the information is conveyed by not only the amplitude/phase modulation (APM) symbols but also the antenna indices. In addition, constellation sets of STBC symbols are specifically designed to be rotated to make full use of the degrees of freedom. Finally, the performance advantages of the above-mentioned structures over traditional STBC-VBLAST are demonstrated by the theoretical derivation of a closed-form expression for the union bound on the bit error probability for various spectral efficiencies, and they are supported by simulation results.

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Shah, Maqsood H., and Xiaoyu Dang. "Low-complexity deep learning and RBFN architectures for modulation classification of space-time block-code (STBC)-MIMO systems." Digital Signal Processing 99 (April 2020): 102656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2020.102656.

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Ciflikli, Cebrail. "Combining Alamouti Scheme with Block Diagonalization Beamforming precoding for 5G Technology over Rician Channel." Infocommunications journal, no. 1 (2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2019.1.3.

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Wireless communication faces a number of adversities and obstacles as a result of fading and co-channel interference (CCI). Diversity with beamformer techniques may be used to mitigate degradation in the system performance. Alamouti space-time-block-code (STBC) is a strong scheme focused on accomplishing spatial diversity at the transmitter, which needs a straightforward linear processing in the receiver. Also, high bit-error-rate (BER) performance can be achieved by using the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with beamforming technology. This approach is particularly useful for CCI suppression. Exploiting the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter can improve the STBC through the use of a beamforming precoding. In this paper, we propose the combination between Alamouti STBC and block diagonalization (BD) for downlink multi-user MIMO system. Also, this paper evaluates the system performance improvement of the extended Alamouti scheme, with the implementation of BD precoding over a Rayleigh and Rician channel. Simulation results show that the combined system has performance better than the performance of beamforming system. Also, it shows that the combined system performance of extended Alamouti outperforms the combined system performance without extended Alamouti. Furthermore, numerical results confirm that the Rician channel can significantly improve the combined system performance.

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Wang, Wei, Gang Qiao, Rehan Khan, Yue Wang, and Song Zuo Liu. "Circlar Decoding and Sparse Channel Estimation for Underwater MIMO-OFDM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1748.

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In UWA (underwater acoustic) communications, data rate is severely limited by the confined bandwidth source of aquatic channel. MIMO (Multiple-input Multiple-output) techniques can drastically improve the spectral efficiency, and have been a new point of reference in UWA commutations. For the estimation of UWA channel which is usually sparse, CS (compress sensing) along with STBC (space-time block code) is adopted with improved results. A design of mixing coding MIMO-OFDM is also presented in the proposed method. The validity and the dependability of this scheme are verified by Monte Carlo simulations.

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Ali, Sajid, Sara Shakil Qureshi, and Syed Ali Hassan. "Quaternion Codes in MIMO System of Dual-Polarized Antennas." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073131.

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The use of quaternion orthogonal designs (QODs) to describe point-to-point communication among dual-polarized antennas has the potential to provide higher rate orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal complex designs exploiting polarization diversity among space and time diversities. Furthermore, it is essential to have a space time block code (STBC) which offers a linear and decoupled decoder which quasi-orthogonal designs fail to attain. In this paper, we show how the realm of quaternions unexpectedly offers us a possible solution and codes obtained from quaternion designs mostly achieve both linear and decoupled decoders. This motivated us to perform an indispensable search for QODs such that the code rate is bounded below by 1/2 and does not sharply decrease as the number of transmit antennas increases. It is shown that three famous recursive techniques do not satisfy this criteria and their code rates decrease rather rapidly. Therefore, we propose another method of constructing quaternion designs suitable for any number of transmit antennas and verify that these attain linear and decoupled decoders with the system model based on quaternionic channel. It is shown that such designs outperform others in terms of transmit diversity, code rates and the optimality of the proposed decoder is validated through simulation results.

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Samosir, Pebri Yeni, Nyoman Pramaita, I. Gst A. Komang Diafari Djuni Hartawan, and Ni Made Ary Esta Dewi Wirastuti. "Performance Analysis of MIMO STBC System in Flat Fading and Frequency Selective Fading Channels." Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Informatics 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jeei.2019.v03.i01.p04.

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Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology is a technique that can be used to overcome multipath fading. The multipath fading is caused by signals coming from several paths that experience different attenuations, delays and phases. In a multipath condition, an impulse that sent by the transmitter, will be received by the recipient not as an impulse but as a pulse with a spread width that called delay spread. Delay spread can cause intersymbol interference (ISI) and bit translation errors from the information received. To determine the effect of delay spread on the MIMO system, then MIMO system performance research was performed on flat fading and frequency selective fading channels using the Space Time Block Code (STBC) coding technique. This research was conducted using MatLab 2018a software. The simulation results show that the MIMO STBC system performance on flat fading channels is better than the MIMO STBC system performance on the frequency selective fading channel. This result is analyzed based on the value of BER vs. Eb/No and eye diagram.

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Khalid Awaad Humood, ADHAM HADI SALEH, and WA’IL A. H. HADI. "Theoretical Design of Mimo Transceiver and Implementation Its Transmitter Using Fpga." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2014.07408.

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The use of multiple transmit and receive antennas (MIMO system) is widely accepted in recent years, as a promising technology for future wireless communication, to achieve higher data rates independently of transmission power and bandwidth, with improve system reliability through increasing diversity. This research presents the design and implementation of a multiple antenna wireless communications system using Xilinx Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) .The proposed design based on Alamouti’s transmit diversity scheme which is a space-time block code (STBC) with two transmit antennas and an arbitrary number of receive antennas. The implementation demonstrates the space-time code in a baseband system with two antennas for transmitter and receiver. The encoding and decoding algorithms are implemented using VHDL, Spartan 3A /3AN is used to implement transmitter part, where the Virtex2P is used to complete the receiver part design theoretically. Finally the design MIMO systems are implemented successfully.

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Jin, Li Biao, Jun Guo, and Jian Zhang. "A Novel QO-STBC Scheme with Linear and Single-Symbol Decoding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.698.

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In this paper, a quasi-orthogonal space time block coding (QO-STBC) scheme with maximum likelihood (ML) decoding via simple linear and single-complex-symbol detection is proposed. We present a fast and simple linear decode processing by embedding a transformed signal space. The method benefits from the reduced maximum likelihood decoding complexity via the pre-interleaving to QO-STBC. We also proposed codes with 3/4 of the full transmission rate for the specific cases of 8 transmit antennas. Finally, the numerical results show the proficiency of our design procedure, demonstrating that significant improvements in BER are achievable when the rate or receive antennas increases.

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Kusumawardhani, Eka, Rina Pudji Astuti, Nachwan Mufti Adriansyah, Fitri Imansyah, and Leonardus Sandy Ade Putra. "Performance Analysis of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Multi-Carrier Code-Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) Combined with Quasi-Orthogonal Space Time Block Coding (QO-STBC) in Rayleigh Fading Channel." POSITRON 12, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/positron.v12i2.46613.

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The need for a communication system with a higher data rate and mobility grows along with information and communication technology development. Combining MC-CDMA with the MIMO system and supporting the system with a good transmit diversity technique is a promising idea to provide the needed communication system, especially in high mobility conditions. MC-CDMA can support ubiquitous communications without affecting the achievable BER and is more capable of high-speed mobility. It integrates the benefit of both OFDM and CDMA. On the other hand, QO-STBC increases the bit rate without using additional bandwidth to transmit diversity in the MIMO system. So, this study proposed a system combining the MIMO MC-CDMA system with QO-STBC. The proposed system is investigated under high mobility conditions to see the system's performance. The simulation results show that our system performs better than the MC-CDMA STBC system and the QOSTBC system but not better than the MC-CDMA multilevel coding scheme. To reach the value of BER 10−3, MC-CDMA multilevel Coding requires less power, around 5 dB, than the proposed system.

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Li, Yanlong, Kongliang Zhu, Yutong Jiang, Syed Agha Hassnain Mohsan, Xiao Chen, and Shuaixing Li. "Adaptive Diversity Algorithm Based on Block STBC for Massive MIMO Link Misalignment in UWOC Systems." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2023): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040772.

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In the past few years, underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has become a promising wireless communication technology in the underwater environment. Aiming at the problem formulation of sub-channel correlation enhancement occurring due to the joint impact of underwater link misalignment and turbulence in the process of optical signal transmission in an underwater optical massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, we propose an adaptive diversity approach depending on partition space time block code (STBC). STBC technology is used to reduce the random fading of optical signals caused by turbulence. At the same time, the channel correlation occurring due to channel misalignment is effectively alleviated by adaptive processing. The adaptive diversity algorithm based on segmented STBC effectively improves the reliability and decrease complexity of underwater optical Massive MIMO communication systems. It determines the particular link misalignment degree by the channel gain matrix obtained from the channel estimation and selects different combinations of detectors according to the degree of misalignment to obtain the maximum gain of the received signal combination. Compared with the chunking scheme, simulation and result shows that the adaptive diversity algorithm improves the tolerance of the system to the link misalignment error from 30 mm to 60 mm under the same condition number of channel gain matrix, and it can still demodulate the source signal directly without requiring detection algorithm in case of a large error in the link misalignment.

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Agustin, Desy, Nachwan Mufti Adriansyah, and Muhsin. "Enhancement of Twice Quasi Orthogonal Space Time Block Coded (QOSTBC) Performance System with Zero Forcing EVCM Decoder." MATEC Web of Conferences 218 (2018): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821803009.

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In today’s modern telecommunications systems, makes the number of studies and development of multiple antennas and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to achieve high reliability and low complexity. One attractive approach to improve that performance is using technique transmit diversity which is spacetime block coding and receiver diversity i.e. zero forcing EVCM (ZF EVCM). Although some earlier MIMO standards were develop some space-time codes like (O-STBC)and (Q-OSTBC) to provide high reliability but they are limited able to achieve orthogonality. In this research will be proposed a MIMO system scheme which is an improvement of QOSTBC that used a transmission diversity technique. This improvement from QOSTBC is Twice QOSTBC uses a provision in two codeword matrices to be sent are arranged diagonally so as to have higher levels of orthogonality. In this case Twice QOSTBC highly structured (4x1) can be replaced as an equivalent EVCM channel H. The proposed Twice-QOSTBC’s results outperform other QOSTBC techniques with a difference around 3 dB for single-input multi-input (MISO) input configuration at 10-6 BER and receiver ZF EVCM has a very similar structure as the code matrix S of the underlying Twice QSTBC which can eliminates the system complexity.

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Harlen, Sekar, Eva Yovita Dwi Utami, and Andreas Ardian Febrianto. "Bit Error Rate pada Sistem MIMO MC-CDMA dengan Teknik Alamouti-STBC." Techné : Jurnal Ilmiah Elektroteknika 16, no. 02 (October 2, 2017): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31358/techne.v16i02.163.

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Pada makalah ini dilaporkan hasil penelitian sistem MIMO MC-CDMA dengan teknik Alamouti Space Time Block Code (STBC) menggunakan dua antena pengirim dan dua antena penerima. Kinerja sistem diukur dengan nilai Bit Error Rate (BER). Sistem yang diteliti disimulasikan dengan Matlab, dengan variasi jumlah pengguna, jumlah subpembawa, kecepatan pergerakan pengguna dan frekuensi Doppler. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan BER sistem MIMO MC-CDMA tidak mengalami penurunan yang tajam ketika jumlah pengguna dan frekuensi Doppler meningkat. Sedangkan simulasi dengan peningkatan jumlah subpembawa mampu menurunkan nilai BER sistem. Simulasi juga menunjukkan sistem MIMO-MC-CDMA memiliki kinerja sistem yang lebih baik dibandingkan sistem MC-CDMA yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai BER sistem MIMO MC-CDMA berada pada orde 10-4 dan sistem MC-CDMA pada orde 10-1.

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Akhtar, Muhammad Waseem, Syed Ali Hassan, and Haejoon Jung. "On the Symbol Error Probability of STBC-NOMA with Timing Offsets and Imperfect Successive Interference Cancellation." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121386.

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Due to the ability to handle a large number of users, low latency, and high data rates, NON-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is considered a promising access technology for next-generation communication systems. However, as the number of users increases, each user experiences a greater number of successive interference cancellations (SIC), causing the system’s performance to decline. With the increase in the number of users, the fraction of power allocated to each user becomes smaller. Cooperative communication in downlink NOMA is considered as a potential approach to enhance the reliability, capacity, and performance over wireless channels. Space-time block code (STBC)-aided cooperative NOMA (CNOMA) offers an opportunity to improve the weak users’ signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) through strong user cooperation. In this paper, we study the symbol error probability (SEP) performance of the STBC-NOMA and derive the asymptotic expression for SEP when the network is impaired with imperfect SIC (ipSIC) and timing offsets. The simulation results show that the performance of STBC-NOMA was degraded significantly with an increase in the imperfection of SIC and timing errors and that traditional orthogonal access schemes, such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA), should be used after a threshold SIC level.

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Abdalla, Kasim, and Sameer Alrufaiaat. "A New Robust Decoding Technique of Four Transmitters MIMO STBC System based on FastICA Algorithm." International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2021.0228.18.

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A new robust decoding technique which designed of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Space–Time Block Code (MIMO-STBC) using Fast Independent Component Analysis (Fast-ICA) based on proposed mixing model has been performed in this paper. This decoding technique is characterized by i) complexity is very low, ii) the speed is high and iii) BER performance is excellent. It can be achieved with any MIMO STBC system with a fewer pilot symbols number. Also, it is reduced decoding time into 1/8 by innovating a simple strategy referred by one source extraction method. Also, this paper includes suitable initializing for the de-mixing vector to solve the ambiguities problem of sign and source of blind source separation (BSS). To test the proposed technique, four transmitters (4Tx) STBC MIMO system was implemented using MATLAB2018. It also found that excellent BER performance associated with a high number of symbols per frame (about 8012 symbols). The simulation results show that the new decoder works for any number of receiver antenna (Nr = 2, 4 and 5). As compare with classical decoding algorithm, it is found that the new decoder provides coding gain (at BER =10-6 ) equal to 1 dB,1.45 dB and 1.76 dB when Nr = 2,4 and 8 respectively, using only 2~3 iterations only.

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H. Belsare, M., and Dr P. B. Mane. "Performance Analysis of Uncoded and Coded 4XN Space Time Block Coded MIMO System Concatenated with MQAM in Rayleigh Channel." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.13 (July 27, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.13.17331.

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Wireless Communication using Multiple input and multiple output(MIMO) systems are achieving high data rates with increased diversity. This paper presents the performance analysis of half rate convolutionally coded 4x4, 4x3 and 4x2 STBC MIMO system concatenated with MQAM. System performance is analyzed for 4QAM, 8QAM and 16QAM in Rayleigh channel. It is observed that BER performance is better for 4x4 system as compared with other schemes. Results show that BER performances of employed coded 4x4 system is improved over uncoded system in Rayleigh channel.

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Lu, Gang, Yongqiang Chen, Yu Lei, and Guan Gui. "Suppression of Repeat-Intensive False Targets Based on Temporal Pulse Diversity." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/575848.

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This paper considers the problem of suppressing the repeat-intensive false targets produced by a deception electronic attack (EA) system equipped with a Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM) device. Different from a conventional repeat jammer, this type of jamming intensively retransmits the intercepted signal stored in a DRFM to the victim radar in a very short time-delay interval relative to a radar pulse wide. A multipeak matched-filtering output is then produced other than the merely expected true target. An electronic protection (EP) algorithm based on the space time block code (STBC) is proposed to suppress the adverse effects of this jammer. By transmitting a pulse sequence generated from the STBC in succession and the following cancellation process applied upon the received signal, this algorithm performs successfully in a single antenna system provided that the target models are nonfluctuating or slow fluctuating and the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is comparatively high. The performance in white and correlated Gaussian disturbance is evaluated by means of Monte Carlo simulations.

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Shang, Pingping, Hyein Lee, and Sooyoung Kim. "Waveform Design for Space–Time Coded MIMO Systems with High Secrecy Protection." Electronics 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122003.

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In this paper, we present a new secrecy-enhancing scheme for multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems using a space–time coding scheme. We adopt a quasi-orthogonal space–time block coding (QO-STBC) scheme that was originally designed to improve the performance of the MIMO system, and propose an efficient waveform design that can enhance the secrecy, as well as improve the error rate performance. Channel- and signal-dependent artificial interference (AI) is added to the proposed waveform, so that only a legitimate receiver can successfully retrieve information. We investigate the secrecy capacity of the proposed scheme, and demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides highly enhanced secrecy performance, compared to the conventional schemes. The performance simulation results reveal that the transmitted information can be properly extracted only at the legitimate receiver.

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Lu, Xin, Yun Ting Lu, and Shao Bin Zhan. "Enhanced 2&4 Tx Matrix a Scheme Based on Coordinate Interleaved Orthogonal Designs." Advanced Materials Research 108-111 (May 2010): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.108-111.398.

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Space-time block codes(STBCs) based on coordinate interleaved orthogonal designs (CIOD) are put forward integrally by analyzing the theory of generalized orthogonal designs. In accordance with the principle of Alamouti’s orthogonal receiver, the received signals are firstly processed by vector orthogonal transform, imaginary part exchange and vector-weighted spin processing, then we get the complete demodulation process. Finally, simulations for the transmit diversity configuration A with 4Tx CIOD in 802.16d/e were performed over quasi-static Rayleigh flat-fading channel. The results show that the proposed transmission scheme has a low decoding complexity similar to the classical STBC based on complex orthogonal designs(COD). However, the former can get slightly better performance.

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Hwang, Fuh-Hsin, and Tsui-Tsai Lin. "A Blind Two-Stage Receiver for MIMO-CDMA Systems." ISRN Communications and Networking 2011 (May 5, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/147292.

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A blind two-stage multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receiver is proposed for code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems utilizing space-time block coding (STBC) over a multipath fading channel. Specifically, in the first stage, a signal-blocked (SB) interference-blocked (IB) detector is first constructed for collection of the desired signals and suppression of multiple access interference (MAI). In the second-stage, a decision-directed scheme is developed to alleviate desired signal cancellation. Computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed blind receiver can achieve a reliable output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) performance approximating that of the optimal minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receiver and can exhibit the robustness against the finite data sample effect.

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Maammar, Nejwa El, Seddik Bri, and Jaouad Foshi. "Performances Concatenated LDPC based STBC-OFDM System and MRC Receivers." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i1.pp622-630.

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This paper presents the bit error rate performance of the low density parity check (LDPC) with the concatenation of convolutional channel coding based orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) using space time block coded (STBC). The OFDM wireless communication system incorporates 3/4-rated convolutional encoder under various digital modulations (BPSK, QPSK and QAM) over an additative white gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading (Raleigh and Rician) channels. At the receiving section of the simulated system, Maximum Ratio combining (MRC) channel equalization technique has been implemented to extract transmitted symbols without enhancing noise power.

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Xu, Xiao Rong, Bao Yu Zheng, and Jian Wu Zhang. "Research on Optimal Power Allocation with SDF and Distributed STBC in Multi-Hop Cooperative MIMO Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (January 2010): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.271.

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Multi-hop cooperative MIMO network that consists of multiple nodes each equipped with single antenna is introduced and investigated. Optimal power allocation scheme with selective decode-and-forward (SDF) cooperative strategy is formulated and solved by means of optimization method with the purpose of minimization of system’s symbol error rate (SER), which are derived and analyzed with numerical results presented. Distributed space-time block Code (DSTBC) in multi-hop cooperative MIMO is analyzed and compared with optimal power allocation scheme with SDF strategy. Simulation results reveal that, cooperative diversity could be achieved with optimal power allocation. Optimum power allocation scheme depends on the relay’s position and channel quality between source to relay and relay to destination. Novel performance comparison between optimal power allocation and DSTBC are researched and presented. Simulation results confirm our theoretical analysis, which indicates that multi-node DSTBC outperforms optimal power allocation scheme due to the fact that cooperative diversity gain and coded gain could be obtained simultaneously for DSTBC in multi-hop cooperative MIMO network.

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Ge, Wenping, Haofeng Zhang, Shiqing Qian, Lili Ma, and Gecheng Zhang. "A Low-Complexity and High-Decoding Performance Scheme for the MIMO-SCMA System." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (March 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8858292.

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Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) has been proposed to obtain high capacity and support massive connections. When combined with the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques, the spectrum efficiency of the SCMA system can be further improved. However, the detectors of the MIMO-SCMA system have high computational complexity. For the maximum likelihood (ML) detection, though it is optimal decoding algorithm for the MIMO-SCMA system, the detection complexity would grow exponentially with the number of both the antennas and users increase. In this paper, we consider a space-time block code (STBC) based MIMO-SCMA system where SCMA is used for multiuser access. Besides, we propose a low-complexity utilizing joint message passing algorithm (JMPA) detection, which narrowing the range of superimposed constellation points, called joint message passing algorithm based on sphere decoding (S-JMPA). But for the S-JMPA detector, the augment of the amount of access users and antennas leads to the degradation of decoding performance, the STBC is constructed to compensate the performance loss of the S-JMPA detector and ensure good bit error rate (BER) performance. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a close error rate performance to ML, JMPA, and a fast convergence rate. Moreover, compared to the ML detector, it also significantly reduces the detection complexity of the algorithms.

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Mane, Pradeep B., and Madhavi H. Belsare. "Evaluation of the Performance of a Reed Solomon Coded STBC MIMO System Concatenated with MPSK and MQAM in Different Channels." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 10, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666190410151455.

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Background & Objective: Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and LTE are using Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) communications that play an important role in achieving high data rates. Bit Error Rate (BER) is one of the most important performance parameters in multipath channels for data communication. Methods: This research proposes a new method based on Reed Solomon (RS) coding to improve the efficacy of a Space-Time Block Coded (STBC) MIMO System concatenated with M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) in reducing BER in Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami channels. It is based on the error detection and correction properties intrinsic to RS coding processes. Binary data is coded using an RS encoder and the modulated signal STBC encoded and transmitted through Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami channels. Signals received by two antennas are STBC decoded, demodulated, RS decoded and tested for BER. Results & Conclusion: Results show lower BER rates for RS Coded systems as compared for uncoded systems in all three channels. In addition, it was found that reduction in BER is greater for high Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) but deteriorates for low SNR. Furthermore, this research observed that RS coding gives 63% to 98% improvement in BER in the Rayleigh as compared to Rician and Nakagami channels. This research has been able to successfully incorporate the BER reduction of STBC MIMO to further enhance the efficacy of an STBC MIMO system.

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Marey, Mohamed, and Hala Mostafa. "A Powerful Joint Modulation and STBC Identification Algorithm for Multiuser Uplink SC-FDMA Transmissions." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031853.

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Owing to the rapid development and broad adoption of multiple antenna communication systems over the past few years, space-time block coding (STBC) identification has emerged as a crucial responsibility for smart radios. The majority of previous analysis of STBC identification assumed that the utilized modulation schemes for single-user and uncoded broadcasts were known. This paper investigates the challenge of joint STBC and modulation identification for uplink transmissions with numerous users in single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems using coded transmissions. Multi-user channel estimation brings us one step closer to implementing the proposed design in real-world systems. We additionally employ the channel decoder’s deliverables, which are common in many real-world systems, to enhance the identifying and estimating procedures. Mathematical findings prove that a recursive approach can be utilized to tackle the maximum likelihood (ML) problem of simultaneous STBC and modulation identification with channel estimation. Distinguishing the superimposed signals that originate at the base-station (BS) is accomplished with the use of the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. After that, an expectation-maximization (EM) engine is deployed to make the necessary adjustments to the parameters being considered for each user. The success of the above-mentioned architecture for usage in practical applications is demonstrated by the simulation results obtained under various conditions.

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Louet, Yves, Rami Othman, and Alexandre Skrzypczak. "A Soft-Output STBC Decoder for Aeronautical Telemetry." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 1 (March 31, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2020.138319.

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Alamouti encoding is a well-known space time block encoding technique used to improve the received signal quality in Rayleigh fading channels. In aeronautical telemetry, this encoding technique is applied to shaped oﬀset quadrature phase shift keying tier generation (SOQPSK-TG) modulation in order to handle the two-antenna issue. It is provided for in telemetry-related IRIG standards. In this paper, we propose a unique decoding architecture for Alamouti-encoded SOQPSK-TG signals, taking advantage of pulse amplitude modulation decomposition with soft and hard outputs. We exploit this result to obtain a Viterbi algorithm (VA) for hard decoding and a soft output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) for soft and hard decoding, with a twofold beneﬁt: operation using one trellis structure, unlike decoders that are based on the 8-waveforms cross-correlated trellis-coded quadrature modulation (XTCQM) approximation, and very attractive bit error rate performance, as well as a complexity trade-oﬀ

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Sagar, Patel, and Bhalani Jaymin. "Near Optimal Receive Antenna Selection Scheme for MIMO System under Spatially Correlated Channel." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp3732-3739.

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Spatial correlation is a critical impairment for practical Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. To overcome from this issue, one of the solutions is receive antenna selection. Receive antenna selection is a low-cost, low-complexity and no requirement of feedback bit alternative option to capture many of the advantages of MIMO systems. In this paper, symbol error rate (SER) versus signal to noise ratio (SNR) performance comparasion of proposed receive antenna selection scheme for full rate non-orthogonal Space Time Block Code (STBC) is obtained using simulations in MIMO systems under spatially correlated channel at transmit and receive antenna compare with several existing receive antenna selection schemes. The performance of proposed receive antenna selection scheme is same as conventional scheme and beat all other existing schemes.

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Ashrafinia, Saeed, Muhammad Naeem, and Daniel Lee. "Discrete Artificial Bee Colony for Computationally Efficient Symbol Detection in Multidevice STBC MIMO Systems." Advances in Artificial Intelligence 2013 (February 24, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/578710.

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A Discrete Artificial Bee Colony (DABC) is presented for joint symbol detection at the receiver in a multidevice Space-Time Block Code (STBC) Mutli-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) communication system. Exhaustive search (maximum likelihood detection) for finding an optimal detection has a computational complexity that increases exponentially with the number of mobile devices, transmit antennas per mobile device, and the number of bits per symbol. ABC is a new population-based, swarm-based Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) presented for multivariable numerical functions and has shown good performance compared to other mainstream EAs for problems in continuous domain. This algorithm simulates the intelligent foraging behavior of honeybee swarms. An enhanced discrete version of the ABC algorithm is presented and applied to the joint symbol detection problem to find a nearly optimal solution in real time. The results of multiple independent simulation runs indicate the effectiveness of DABC with other well-known algorithms previously proposed for joint symbol detection such as the near-optimal sphere decoding, minimum mean square error, zero forcing, and semidefinite relaxation, along with other EAs such as genetic algorithm, estimation of distributions algorithm, and the more novel biogeography-based optimization algorithm.

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Pokamestov, Dmitriy, Yakov Kryukov, Eugeniy Rogozhnikov, Islam Kanatbekuli, and Edgar Dmitriyev. "SCMA-MIMO system with adaptation to the channel state." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2134, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2134/1/012025.

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Abstract Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is one of the promising implementations of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) methods. SCMA provides high spectral efficiency and a large number of network resources. We describe a communication system with SCMA, space-time block coding (STBC), multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology, and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The architecture of such systems, including algorithms of formation and processing of signals is considered. A method for adapting signals to the state of the spatial channel transmission based on information about the matrix of channel coefficients is proposed. The application of such adaptation allows to compensate the influence of the channel and to reduce the probability of bit errors. We consider the bit error rate (BER) performance of the communication system in different channel models and show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Space-Time Block Code (STBC)'

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