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1
Guo, Mengxue, Weifeng Lü, Ziqiang Xie, Mengjie Zhao, Weijie Wei, and Ying Han. "Effects of Symmetric and Asymmetric Double-Layer Spacers on a Negative-Capacitance Nanosheet Field-Effect Transistor." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 17, no. 6 (2022): 873–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2022.3266.
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The effect of three double-layer spacers (corner/selective/dual) on the performance of a negative-capacitance nanosheet field-effect transistor (NC-NSFET) was investigated for the first time. Sentaurus technology computer-aided design simulations revealed that the NC-NSFET with corner spacer will be significantly improved in transfer and high frequency characteristics due to the increase of ferroelectric layer thickness, and the NC-NSFET with a selective spacer structure exhibits better gate controllability. Compared with the ordinary dual-k spacer structure, the switching current ratio is doubled, and its subthreshold swing and drain-induced barrier lowering are reduced by 3.0% and 48%, respectively. In addition, by introducing a selective spacer at the source side and a corner spacer at the drain side, the NC-NSFET has a smaller intrinsic delay and exhibits better capacitance matching and stronger gate controllability than that with a symmetric spacer. For the double-layer spacer, the extension of the high-k spacer in the horizontal direction is more beneficial to the improvement of the device performance than that in the vertical direction, which provides a more comprehensive reference for the spacer application in NC-NSFET.
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Imam, Safayat Al, Khandakar Mohammad Ishtiak, and Quazi Deen Mohd Khosru. "(Invited) Broadband and Broad Angle Enhanced Light Absorption in MoS2 based Hetero Plasmonic Structure." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 36 (2022): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02361342mtgabs.
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Solar cells, photovoltaic devices and optoelectronic elements needs enhanced light absorption with a wide range of incident angle for better and efficient design. Two-dimensional (2D) materials have exceled in all areas including electrical applications, optical modulations, mechanical as well as chemical implementations due to their direct bandgap and high optical absorption nature[1]. Photon irradiation allows to generate electron-hole pairs in a direct bandgap material such as TMDCs which makes them potential candidates for large amount of light to be trapped. Different structures have been studied to achieve high optical absorption [2][3]. Although one dimensional photonic crystal(1DPC) and defective PC has good optical absorption with wide range and angle [4],[2] number of layers and complexity in structure has made it difficult to be fabricated. MoS2 monolayer structure based on cover spacer, plasmonic and dual substrate layer (SiO2(50nm)/Si ) has also increased optical absorption range and broad angle [5] but TMDC based heterostructures with spacer has improved absorption comparing to previous structures without metallic layer [6]. In this paper, we proposed a dual TMDC-spacer based plasmonic structure with dual substrate for wide and broad range and angle of near perfect optical absorption. The structure considered here is an air/MoS2/Spacer1/MoS2/Spacer2/plasmonic/dual substrate with 0.665nm, 70nm and 50nm layer of MoS2, Au as plasmonic layer and SiO2 as part of dual layer with Si as lossless substate. (Figure 1) For spacers SiO2 and TiO2 are taken with optimized value (figure 2) of 92 and 68nm for enhanced absorption. The transfer matrix of the constituted layer for either transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) polarization was determined using the transfer matrix method (TMM). Both in TE and TM mode, the ~30 and ~40% of enhanced light absorption are observed in proposed structure compared to hetero and mono layer structure (figure 3) with impact of metallic and spacer layer. In case of incident angle, both at resonance frequency of MoS2 and within visible range, broad angle range (00-400 for TE and 00-800 for TM) is observed with wider wavelength. (Figure 4 and figure 5). Impact of various metallic layer on the proposed structure is also observed (Figure 6). Structure with VO2 as plasmonic layer [7] has around ~95% of peak absorption (400nm-550nm) and wide incident angle (00-850) irrespective of polarizations with lieu of spacer hetero-TMDC-stack (Figure 7). Due to multiple layers of structures, collective surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) has an enhanced light absorption within the heterostructure and enhanced electric field distribution of the structure is observed (Figure 8). Table I lists some comparison among various structures and parameters indicates that proposed dual spacer -TMDC based plasmonic heterostructure has wide visible range of wavelength (400-550 nm) with broad angle (00-850) light absorption with both polarizations compare to other counterparts. In this work an enhanced range in both wavelength and incident angle of visible optical absorption is observed in both polarization with plasmonic dual heterostructure is observed and compared with other structures. Such structures are useful for photodetectors and solar cells for maximum absorptions. [1] Lopez-Sanchez O, Lembke D, Kayci M, Radenovic A and Kis A 2013 Ultrasensitive photodetectors based on monolayer MoS 2 Nat. Nanotechnol. 8 497–501 [2] Ansari N and Mohebbi E 2018 Broadband and high absorption in Fibonacci photonic crystal including MoS2 monolayer in the visible range J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 51 149–52 [3] Ansari N and Ghorbani F 2018 Light absorption optimization in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide van der Waals heterostructures J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35 1179 [4] Ansari N and Mohebbi E 2016 Increasing optical absorption in one-dimensional photonic crystals including MoS2 monolayer for photovoltaics applications Opt. Mater. (Amst). 62 152–8 [5] Ansari N, Mohebbi E and Gholami F 2020 Nearly perfect and broadband optical absorption by TMDCs in cover/TMDC/spacer/Au/substrate multilayers Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 126 1–6 [6] Ansari N, Goudarzi B and Mohebbi E 2021 Design of narrowband or broadband absorber by heterostructures including TMDCs and spacers Opt. Laser Technol. 138 106771 [7] Das H R and Arya S C 2021 Performance improvement of VO2 and ITO based plasmonic electro-absorption modulators at 1550 nm application wavelength Opt. Commun. 479 Figure 1
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Hartinger, Martin, Jonas Napiwotzki, Eva-Maria Schmid, Dominik Hoffmann, Franziska Kurz, and Ulrich Kulozik. "Influence of Spacer Design and Module Geometry on the Filtration Performance during Skim Milk Microfiltration with Flat Sheet and Spiral-Wound Membranes." Membranes 10, no. 4 (2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10040057.
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Spacer design in spiral-wound membranes (SWMs) significantly affects the axial pressure drop in the flow channel but also the deposit layer removal. However, the effects of the spacer design and feed flow distribution in the module on the filtration performance have not yet been investigated during the highly fouling-susceptible fractionation of proteins from skim milk by SWMs. Therefore, a parallel spacer with no turbulence promotion and a less homogeneous feed flow distribution in the SWM was compared to a diamond spacer with regard to its impact on deposit formation and filtration performance. The experiments were conducted in a flat sheet test cell and in SWMs. The parallel spacer induced a more homogeneous deposit layer formation. However, no difference in filtration performance could be observed in the experiments with the test cell. Even though deposit layer formation dominates the microfiltration, its amount and spatial distribution could not be directly linked to the filtration performance. Furthermore, both spacers were assessed in SWM. Despite the higher crossflow velocity applicable in the more open channels of the parallel spacer, the performance of the parallel spacer was inferior to the diamond spacer. This was independent of the viscosity of the feed. Due to the high curvature of the membrane sheets close to the permeate collection tube, the cross-section of the flow channels in the SWM equipped with the parallel spacer was reduced. This resulted in a distinctly lower deposit layer control and performance, which could not be compensated by the resulting higher crossflow velocity far from the permeate collection tube.
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Shrestha, Niraj Man, Yuen Yee Wang, Yiming Li, and E. Y. Chang. "Simulation Study of AlN Spacer Layer Thickness on AlGaN/GaN HEMT." Himalayan Physics 4 (December 22, 2013): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v4i0.9419.
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High electron mobility transistor (HEMT)Two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed at AlGaN/GaN interface is a critical part to tune the characteristic of AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices. Introduction of AlN spacer layer in between AlGaN and GaN layer is one of the way to improve 2DEG density, mobility, and drain current. Carrier concentration, mobility and conduction band offset for different spacer layer thickness was simulated by using Silvaco simulation tool. Our device simulations showed that carrier concentration, mobility are enhance on introduction of AlN spacer layer in HEMT. In addition, carrier properties of HEMT also depend on thickness of spacer layer. Our simulation showed that the mobility of 2DEG attains its maximum value at the 0.5 nm thick AlN layer but carrier concentration increases with spacer thickness. Finally, drain current increases with increasing spacer layer thickness and reach maximum value at 1.2nm thick spacer layer.The Himalayan Physics Vol. 4, No. 4, 2013 Page: 14-17 Uploaded date: 12/22/2013
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Mankertz, Fiona, Ole Gemeinhardt, Ute Felbor, Stefan Hadlich, and Norbert Hosten. "Spacer-Supported Thermal Ablation to Prevent Carbonisation and Improve Ablation Size: A Proof of Concept Study." Biomedicines 11, no. 2 (2023): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020575.
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Thermal ablation offers a minimally invasive alternative in the treatment of hepatic tumours. Several types of ablation are utilised with different methods and indications. However, to this day, ablation size remains limited due to the formation of a central non-conductive boundary layer. In thermal ablation, this boundary layer is formed by carbonisation. Our goal was to prevent or delay carbonisation, and subsequently increase ablation size. We used bovine liver to compare ablation diameter and volume, created by a stand-alone laser applicator, with those created when utilising a spacer between laser applicator and hepatic tissue. Two spacer variants were developed: one with a closed circulation of cooling fluid and one with an open circulation into hepatic tissue. We found that the presence of a spacer significantly increased ablation volume up to 75.3 cm3, an increase of a factor of 3.19 (closed spacer) and 3.02 (open spacer) when compared to the stand-alone applicator. Statistical significance between spacer variants was also present, with the closed spacer producing a significantly larger ablation volume (p < 0.001, MDiff = 3.053, 95% CI[1.612, 4.493]) and diameter (p < 0.001, MDiff = 4.467, 95% CI[2.648, 6.285]) than the open spacer. We conclude that the presence of a spacer has the potential to increase ablation size.
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Saravanan, S. "Stacking of InAs QDs with Different Spacer Layer Thickness on GaAs Substrate by Molecular Beam Epitaxy." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (2018): 5574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12152.
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InAs QDs were grown by supplying 2.5 mono-layers (MLs) of InAs at 500 °C in a molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) system. The QDs are approximately 4–6 nm height with an areal density of 3×85 ×1010 cm−2 for single layer QDs. Typical diameter was found to be about 15–25 nm. InAs QDs were stacked with the spacer layer thickness of 5, 10, 15, 25 and 35 nm. For 15 nm of spacer layer thickness the QDs density decreased to 2.62×1010 cm−2 and again increased for 35 nm spacer layer and reached to the value of 3.65×1010 cm−2. The 14 K photoluminescence (PL) spectra of single layer InAs QDs covered by GaAs layer centered at 1079 nm. For the stacking of InAs QDs with spacer layer thickness of 5 and 10 nm another peak appeared around 1100 nm due to size broadening of QDs because of strain propagation to next layer due to less thickness of spacer layer. When the thickness of the spacer layer increased to 35 nm the peak position is around 1073 nm and the intensity increased more than 3 fold when compare to single layer QDs.
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Kalász, Huba, Mária Báthori, and Béla Matkovics. "Spacer-displacement and carrier spacer-displacement thin-layer chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 520 (November 1990): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(90)85112-9.
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Kawai, Risa, Maiko Niki, Shiho Yada, and Tomokazu Yoshimura. "Surface Adsorption Properties and Layer Structures of Homogeneous Polyoxyethylene-Type Nonionic Surfactants in Quaternary-Ammonium-Salt-Type Amphiphilic Gemini Ionic Liquids with Oxygen- or Nitrogen-Containing Spacers." Molecules 25, no. 21 (2020): 4881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214881.
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The amphiphilic ionic liquids containing an alkyl chain in molecules form nano-structure in the bulk, although they also show surface activity and form aggregates in aqueous solutions. Although insights into the layer structures of ionic liquids were obtained using X-ray and neutron scattering techniques, the nanostructures of ionic liquids remain unclear. Herein, the surface adsorption and bulk properties of homogeneous polyoxyethylene (EO)-type nonionic surfactants (CxEO6; x = 8, 12, or 16) were elucidated in quaternary-ammonium-salt-type amphiphilic gemini ionic liquids with oxygen or nitrogen-containing spacers [2Cn(Spacer) NTf2; (Spacer) = (2-O-2), (2-O-2-O-2), (2-N-2), (2/2-N-2), (3), (5), or (6); n = 10, 12, or 14 for (2-O-2) and n = 12 for all other spacers] by surface tension, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and viscosity measurements. The surface tension of C12EO6 in 2Cn(Spacer) NTf2 with oxygen-containing spacers increased with increasing concentration of C12EO6, becoming close to that of C12EO6 alone, indicating that the amphiphilic ionic liquid adsorbed at the interface was replaced with CxEO6. In contrast, both 2Cn(Spacer) NTf2 with nitrogen-containing spacers and nonionic surfactants remained adsorbed at the interface at high concentrations. In the bulk, it was found that 2Cn(Spacer) NTf2 formed layer structures, in which the spacing depended on the alkyl chain length of CxEO6. These insights are expected to advance the practical applications of amphiphilic ionic liquids such as ion permeation, drug solubilization, and energy delivery systems.
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Celotta, R. J., D. T. Pierce, and J. Unguris. "SEMPA Studies of Exchange Coupling in Magnetic Multilayers." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 10 (1995): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400045310.
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In the late 1980s, a number of exciting yet puzzling observations resulted from experiments investigating the coupling between two ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonferromagnetic spacer layer. A pioneering experiment by Grünberg et al. showed that Fe layers separated by a thin Cr spacer aligned with antiparallel magnetization, but with Au as the spacer layer, a parallel alignment occurred. The long-range magnetic dipole from each layer would tend to explain antiparallel alignment; small pinholes in the spacer layer would produce parallel alignment. Alternatively, the layers might be coupled through the spacer-layer conduction electrons by the Ruder man-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) effect. This was expected to produce an oscillation in coupling as the spacer thickness increased, that is, an oscillation between parallel and antiparallel alignment. Oscillatory coupling was first observed by Parkin et al. Researchers had also found that, at spacer thicknesses where antiparallel alignment occurred, the Fe/Cr/Fe system can exhibit a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect, that is, an anomalously large change in resistance when a magnetic field is applied. The potential technological importance of the GMR effect to magnetic sensing and magnetic information storage added further impetus to the already rapidly growing area of research in magnetic multilayers.
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Jung, Sung Hyeon, Ji Sook Yang, Young Been Kim, et al. "Progressive p-channel vertical transistors fabricated using electrodeposited copper oxide designed with grain boundary tunability." Materials Horizons 9, no. 3 (2022): 1010–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1mh01568k.
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In this study, we designed a new transistor structure without spacers using an electrodeposition method for the active layer. We strategically utilized grain boundary tunability for the fabrication of spacer-free p-type vertical transistors.
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Li, Yan Lei, and Rui Xia Yang. "Prepared for GaAs PHEMT Material." Advanced Materials Research 619 (December 2012): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.619.594.
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In this paper, GaAs PHEMT samples are prepared by the method of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), The optimal parameters are determined by studying the impact of the barrier layer thickness, spacer layer thickness, Al composition of the barrier layer and the spacer layer , the channel thickness and channel In composition on Ns and μn.
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Busilienė, Gita, Eugenija Strazdienė, Virginijus Vytautas Urbelis, and Sigitas Krauledas. "The effect of three-layer weft knitted material structure and composition upon performance properties." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 8 (2017): 957–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517693978.
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The effect of three-layer weft knitted spacer material content and structure upon the characteristics of uniaxial tension, biaxial punching before and after fatigue punching, and at multi cycle low-stress (wearing level) punching were investigated. Three different spacer structures were knitted using four types of the same 20 tex linear density spun yarns. For three-layer weft knitted samples, innovative fibers, which are used in the production of functional clothing, were selected: Coolplus® 100% polyester (PES); Trevira CS® 100% PES; 60% PES; 40%PES, 60% PES with 0.02% carbon fiber and 67% cotton, 33% PES with 0.02% carbon fiber. It was defined that the samples, which have a plain jersey knitting pattern in the face and back layers, and a similar position of spacer yarns on the dial and cylinder needles, have the highest values of mass per unit area, but 1 × 1 tuck stitches in the face layer have a greater effect for material thickness. Besides, 1 × 1 tuck stitches in the face layer have a greater effect upon the uniaxial behavior and anisotropy of three-layer weft knitted spacer materials than on spacer yarn position in the connecting layer. The investigations of biaxial fatigue punching up to 50 N, which corresponds to wearing conditions, showed that the most stable and less deformable materials were the three-layer weft knitted spacer materials with a plain jersey knitting pattern in the face and back layers and a similar position of spacer yarns on the dial and cylinder needles. They also were characterized by the highest mass per unit area and medium thickness.
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Zimmermann, T., J. Zweck, and H. Hoffmann. "Magnetic coupling of Co layers through a Cu spacer layer." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 149, no. 3 (1995): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(95)00117-4.
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Tamarit-Martínez, Carlos, Lucía Bernat-Just, Carlos Bueno-López, et al. "An Antibacterial-Loaded PLA 3D-Printed Model for Temporary Prosthesis in Arthroplasty Infections: Evaluation of the Impact of Layer Thickness on the Mechanical Strength of a Construct and Drug Release." Pharmaceutics 16, no. 9 (2024): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16091151.
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Infections are one of the main complications in arthroplasties. These infections are difficult to treat because the bacteria responsible for them settle in the prosthesis and form a biofilm that does not allow antimicrobials to reach the infected area. This study is part of a research project aimed at developing 3D-printed spacers (temporary prostheses) capable of incorporating antibacterials for the personalized treatment of arthroplasty infections. The main objective of this research was to analyze the impact of the layer thickness of 3D-printed constructs based on polylactic acid (PLA) for improved treatment of infections in arthroplasty. The focus is on the following parameters: resistance, morphology, drug release, and the effect of antibacterials incorporated in the printed temporary prostheses. The resistance studies revealed that the design and layer thickness of a printed spacer have an influence on its resistance properties. The thickness of the layer used in printing affects the amount of methylene blue (used as a model drug) that is released. Increasing layer thickness leads to a greater release of the drug from the spacer, probably as a result of higher porosity. To evaluate antibacterial release, cloxacillin and vancomycin were incorporated into the constructs. When incorporated into the 3D construct, both antibacterials were released, as evidenced by the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, preliminary results indicate that the layer thickness during the three-dimensional (3D) printing process of the spacer plays a significant role in drug release.
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Anwar, Chairil, Erlyta Septa Rosa, Shobih Shobih, Jojo Hidayat, and Dahlang Tahir. "Analysis of Thermal Treatment Zirconia as Spacer Layer on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) Performance with Monolithic Structure." Jurnal Elektronika dan Telekomunikasi 18, no. 1 (2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jet.v18.21-26.
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Monolithic dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) offer the prospect of lower material cost and require a simpler manufacturing process compared with conventional DSSC. Fabricated on a single fluorine tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate consists of a nanoporous TiO2 photoanode layer, a ZrO2 spacer layer, a carbon counter electrode layer, a dye, and an electrolyte. The spacer layer on the monolithic DSSC serves as electrolyte storage and insulating layer to separate between photoanode and counter electrode. Zirconia is often used as a spacer because it has high temperature resistant properties, high dielectric constant and adhesive as an insulator that has band gap between 5-6 eV. The effects of the thermal treatment of zirconia layer as a spacer electrolyte on the performance of monolithic DSSC have been investigated. The cell’s performance increases with the sintering temperature as well as indicated by the decreased in particle size and increased in quantum efficiency in the absorption region of the titania layer. Co-sintering treatment tends to drastically reduce cell’s performance. The highest performance was obtained at a temperature sintering of 500o C with an PCE of 0.22%, Isc = 0.16 mA and Voc = 0.71 V.
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Nunn, Zachary R., Juliana Besler, Pavlo Omelchenko, et al. "Controlling the angle between magnetic moments of Co layers in Co|RuCo|Co." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 12 (2023): 123901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0141180.
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Spintronic devices would greatly benefit from a noncollinear alignment between magnetizations of adjacent ferromagnetic layers for maximum performance and reliability. We demonstrate that such an alignment can be created and controlled by coupling two ferromagnetic layers across a magnetic spacer layer consisting of a nonmagnetic material, Ru, alloyed with a ferromagnetic element, Co. Changing the composition and thickness of the spacer layer enables the control of the relative angle between the magnetizations of the ferromagnetic layers between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The onset of noncollinear alignment between the ferromagnetic layers coincides with the advent of magnetic order in the spacer layer. This study maps the concentration and thickness ranges of RuCo spacer layers that give rise to noncollinearity between ferromagnetic Co layers. The experimental results are successfully reproduced by simulating our structures with an atomistic model. This model assumes that Co atoms in the RuCo spacer layer have magnetic moments and that neighboring Co atoms are ferromagnetically coupled, while Co atoms separated by one or more Ru atoms are antiferromagnetically coupled.
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Guo, Xiao Fang, and Hair U. Long. "A Study on Compression Behavior of Warp Knitted Spacer Fabrics." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1036.
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The influences of inner layer′s (spacer yarn′s) pattern, surface structure of fabric, thickness, and spacer yarn′s diameter on compression resistance of warp knitted spacer fabric were investigated in the study. The compression tests involving 10 samples were carried out by TexLab Precision Instruments CT250 based on Chinese standard FZ/T01051.2-1998. The results show that inner layer′s pattern and surface structure affect the compression resistance of spacer fabric by changing the inclination angle of spacer yarn, the closer spacer yarn keep vertical, the better compression resistance of fabric. The laws of force exerted on spacer yarn followed by fabric′s thickness differ according to compression rate, the compression resistance increases as the thickness increases when the deformation of fabric is small (less than 4.90%), but decreases when the deformation is large enough (more than 19.20%). The diameter of spacer yarn has apparent effect on compression resistance, and the fabric with finer spacer yarns has lower compression resistance.
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Vital, Welington, Ramon Silva, Luciano M. Bezerra, Cynthia M. Oliveira, Cleirton A. S. Freitas, and Jorge Bonilla. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis for Eccentricity Solution in Double-Layer Space Truss." Buildings 14, no. 3 (2024): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030608.
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This paper shows an extensive study on the Typical Connections used in Double-Layer Space Truss. For this structural system, the ends of the bars are flattened to connect the bars. However, the flattening process results in a highly plastic stamping zone susceptible to warping with the appearance of two eccentricities, one of which causes rotation of the connection, with the presence of a bending moment with local rupture resulting in progressive collapse of the entire coverage system, as already evidenced in several countries. Therefore, eccentricity in this paper is studied and an analytical solution to the problem is presented through the use of a new device called a spacer. Furthermore, a preliminary study with complex numerical simulation was carried out with nonlinear analysis in ABAQUS were evaluated. For this study, nine space trusses were experimentally tested with reinforcement spacer in reduced trusses. After confirming the efficiency of the spacer proposal, another six space trusses were tested in the laboratory, this time, on a full-scale. In this study, two types of spacers were evaluated, one made of USI SAC 350 steel and another cheaper one made from recycled tires from heavy vehicles with multiple filaments of steel and nylon wires in the rubber layers. The two devices presented very close resistance capacity values, with a resistance gain of approximately 30% in relation to connections without reinforcement, with structural failure characterized by buckling of the bars. Finally, a numerical study of space trusses with spacers was developed. In practical design terms, from these FE simulations it was possible to determine the normal stresses for different spacers applied in the different modeled spans.
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Ensiyeh, Mohebbi, Ansari Narges, and gholami Fatemeh. "The impact of the silica as the spacer layer on the absorption of the structure composed of WSe2 in the presence of plasmonic effect." نانو مقیاس 6, no. 3 (2019): 73–77. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3576322.
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Two-dimensional materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) with direct band gaps have opened a new horizon for application in photonics and optoelectronic elements. Of various TMDCs, the WSe2 monolayer is chosen to study its absorption in the presence of the gold as a plasmonic layer and SiO2 as the spacer layer with alternative layer’s positions. Optical properties of these structures are calculated based on the transfer matrix method, TMM, in the visible wavelength region. We found that the presence of the spacer layer between the WSe2 and gold layer enhances the absorption significantly. In an optimal design and in the wavelength of 324 nm, while thickness of the spacer layer is 38 nm, the absorption is reached to 97%. Our findings can be applied for designing any desirable optical absorbers for high performance photovoltaic devices.
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Banerjee, Aishwaryadev, Shakir-Ul Haque Khan, Samuel Broadbent та ін. "Batch-Fabricated α-Si Assisted Nanogap Tunneling Junctions". Nanomaterials 9, № 5 (2019): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9050727.
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This paper details the design, fabrication, and characterization of highly uniform batch-fabricated sidewall etched vertical nanogap tunneling junctions for bio-sensing applications. The device consists of two vertically stacked gold electrodes separated by a partially etched sacrificial spacer layer of sputtered α-Si and Atomic Layer Deposited (ALD) SiO2. A ~10 nm wide air-gap is formed along the sidewall by a controlled dry etch of the spacer. The thickness of the spacer layer can be tuned by adjusting the number of ALD cycles. The rigorous statistical characterization of the ultra-thin spacer films has also been performed. We fabricated nanogap electrodes under two design layouts with different overlap areas and spacer gaps, from ~4.0 nm to ~9.0 nm. Optical measurements reported an average non-uniformity of 0.46 nm (~8%) and 0.56 nm (~30%) in SiO2 and α-Si film thickness respectively. Direct tunneling and Fowler–Nordheim tunneling measurements were done and the barrier potential of the spacer stack was determined to be ~3.5 eV. I–V measurements showed a maximum resistance of 46 × 103 GΩ and the average dielectric breakdown field of the spacer stack was experimentally determined to be ~11 MV/cm.
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Nakanotani, Hajime, Taro Furukawa, Kei Morimoto, and Chihaya Adachi. "Long-range coupling of electron-hole pairs in spatially separated organic donor-acceptor layers." Science Advances 2, no. 2 (2016): e1501470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501470.
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Understanding exciton behavior in organic semiconductor molecules is crucial for the development of organic semiconductor-based excitonic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells, and the tightly bound electron-hole pair forming an exciton is normally assumed to be localized on an organic semiconducting molecule. We report the observation of long-range coupling of electron-hole pairs in spatially separated electron-donating and electron-accepting molecules across a 10-nanometers-thick spacer layer. We found that the exciton energy can be tuned over 100 megaelectron volts and the fraction of delayed fluorescence can be increased by adjusting the spacer-layer thickness. Furthermore, increasing the spacer-layer thickness produced an organic light-emitting diode with an electroluminescence efficiency nearly eight times higher than that of a device without a spacer layer. Our results demonstrate the first example of a long-range coupled charge-transfer state between electron-donating and electron-accepting molecules in a working device.
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Liu, Tianjiao, Ning Li, Mengqi Tian, et al. "Numerical simulation for heat transfer of silica-aerogel filled 3D stitched spacer fabric composites." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220917027l.
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Spacer fabrics and their composites have great advantages of being excellent heat insulation materials because of their cavity structure characteristics. However, there are few researches on the thermal insulation of spacer fabric composites with different spacer shapes and geometric parameters. In this work, stitched spacer fabric composites filled with silica aerogel with rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal spacer shapes and their models were designed. The results of experiments and simulations show that the temperature distribution of spacer fabric composites has good consistency at high temperature. By analyzing the heat transfer results of composites with different geometric parameters, it was found that the length of the connecting layer between the top and bottom layers and the distance between two adjacent sutures in the top layer affect the minimum and maximum temperatures of the top surface.
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Zhou, Xi, Chong Wang, Jie Yang, Ying Xia Jin, and Yu Yang. "Effects of Si Spacer-Layer on the Structure of Ge/Si Quantum Dots Bilayers Grown by Ion Beam Sputtering." Advanced Materials Research 873 (December 2013): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.873.479.
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A series of double-layer Ge/Si quantum dots are prepared by ion beam sputtering deposition (IBSD) on Si (100) substrates. The influences of deposition temperature and thickness of Si spacer-layer on the microstructure of double-layer Ge/Si quantum dots were characterized by using Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectra technique. The results indicate that the density of the second layer islands firstly increases and then decreases with increasing the growth temperature of Si spacer-layers. In addition, increasing the thickness of Si spacer-layer, the islands merger phenomenon disappears. When the deposition thickness is larger than 40 nm, the islands on the upper-layer show the same features with the buried islands. The mechanism of three-factor-interactions of nanoislands is proposed to explain these phenomena, and our results can be used as a guidance to obtain optimum IBSD growth process for Ge/Si quantum-dot superlattices.
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WANG, H. O., P. DAI, H. LIU, et al. "MAGNETIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OFPr0.7Sr0.3MnO3/La0.5Ca0.5MnO3/Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3TRILAYERS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 23 (2012): 1250132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212501329.
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All-manganites Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3/ La0.5Ca0.5MnO3/ Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3(PSMO/LCMO/PSMO) trilayers were deposited on (001)-oriented single crystal MgO by pulsed laser deposition. The thickness of both PSMO layers was 36 nm while the thickness of LCMO layer varied from 6 to 36 nm. High resolution X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that trilayers were well (001)-oriented grown with high crystalline quality, and that PSMO layers were fully-strain-relaxed while LCMO spacer was partially strained. Studies on transport and magnetic properties of trilayers indicated that metal-insulator transition temperature TMIincreased from 200 K to 260 K and the saturation magnetization was suppressed with decreasing thickness of LCMO spacer from 36 to 6 nm. Transport properties of trilayers are associated with enhancement of volume fraction of ferromagnetic clusters in charge ordered and magnetic phase separated LCMO spacer. Interestingly, exchange bias (EB) was not observed in PSMO/LCMO/PSMO trilayers. It was believed that preferential distribution of metallic ferromagnetic clusters in LCMO layer may result in disappearance of EB.
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Lu Wen-Tian, Yao Chun-Wei, YAN Zhi, and YUAN Zhe. "Ultrafast Spin Dynamics Research on Laser-Induced Spin Valve Structures." Acta Physica Sinica 74, no. 6 (2025): 0. https://doi.org/10.7498/aps.74.20241744.
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The discovery of ultrafast demagnetization has introduced a new approach for generating ultrafast spin currents using an ultrashort laser, potentially enabling faster manipulation of material magnetism. This has sparked research into the transport mechanisms of ultrafast spin currents. However, the underlying processes remain poorly understood, particularly the factors influencing interlayer spin transfer. This study employs a superdiffusive spin transport model to investigate the ultrafast spin transport mechanisms in the Ni/Ru/Fe spin valve system, with a particular focus on how interlayer spin transfer affects the ultrafast magnetization dynamics of the ferromagnetic layer. First, by calculating the laser-induced magnetization dynamics of the Ni/Ru/Fe system under different magnetization alignments, the study validates recent experimental findings. Further analysis reveals that reducing the thickness of the Ru spacer layer significantly enhances the spin current intensity and increases the demagnetization difference in the Fe layer, confirming the key role of the hot electron spin current generated by the Ni layer in interlayer spin transport. Additionally, the spin decay length of hot electron spin currents in the spacer Ru layer is determined to be approximately 0.5 nm. This study also shows that laser-induced transient magnetization enhancement can be achieved by adjusting the relative laser absorption in the films. These results provide theoretical support for the future ultrafast magnetic control of spin valve structures and contribute to the advancement of spintronics in high-speed information processing and storage applications.
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Zsurzsa, Sándor, Moustafa El-Tahawy, László Péter, et al. "Spacer Layer Thickness Dependence of the Giant Magnetoresistance in Electrodeposited Ni-Co/Cu Multilayers." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (2022): 4276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234276.
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Electrodeposited Ni65Co35/Cu multilayers were prepared with Cu spacer layer thicknesses between 0.5 nm and 7 nm. Their structure and magnetic and magnetoresistance properties were investigated. An important feature was that the Cu layers were deposited at the electrochemically optimized Cu deposition potential, ensuring a reliable control of the spacer layer thickness to reveal the true evolution of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR). X-ray diffraction indicated satellite reflections, demonstrating the highly coherent growth of these multilayer stacks. All of the multilayers exhibited a GMR effect, the magnitude of which did not show an oscillatory behavior with spacer layer thickness, just a steep rise of GMR around 1.5 nm and then, after 3 nm, it remained nearly constant, with a value around 4%. The high relative remanence of the magnetization hinted at the lack of an antiferromagnetic coupling between the magnetic layers, explaining the absence of oscillatory GMR. The occurrence of GMR can be attributed to the fact that, for spacer layer thicknesses above about 1.5 nm, the adjacent magnetic layers become uncoupled and their magnetization orientation is random, giving rise to a GMR effect. The coercive field and magnetoresistance peak field data also corroborate this picture: with increasing spacer layer thickness, both parameters progressively approached values characteristic of individual magnetic layers. At the end, a critical analysis of previously reported GMR data on electrodeposited Ni-Co/Cu multilayers is provided in view of the present results. A discussion of the layer formation processes in electrodeposited multilayers is also included, together with a comparison with physically deposited multilayers.
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Guo, Qiang, and Yu Kui Li. "A Study for the Fabrication of Wall-Shaped Support Spacer in a Field Emission Display Panel." Advanced Materials Research 186 (January 2011): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.186.71.
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Using insulation slurry as composite material, the wall-shaped support spacer was designed and fabricated on the cathode back-plane. In the fabrication course of support spacer, the high effective screen-printing technique was employed to prepare the insulation slurry layer on the separation layer surface of cathode back-plane. And the conventional sintering process was utilized to solidify the printed insulation slurry layer subsequently. Many insulation slurry layers were sintered and stacked to form the support spacer arranged in equilateral triangle form. The carbon nanotube was used as field emitter, and the field emission display panel was fabricated and sealed with glass frit, which possessed good field emission characteristics and better image uniformity.
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Zhi, Chao, and Hairu Long. "Flexural Properties of Syntactic foam Reinforced by Warp Knitted Spacer Fabric." Autex Research Journal 16, no. 2 (2016): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2015-0028.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the flexural behaviours of syntactic foam reinforced by warp knitted spacer fabric (SF-WKSF). Seven kinds of SF-WKSF samples were fabricated by warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF) with structural parameters including surface layer structures, inclination-angle and fineness of spacer yarns, different microballoons types and contents. The flexural tests were carried out and the bending properties of SF-WKSF were analysed based on the strength and modulus values obtained from the test results. It is indicated that the SF-WKSF shows higher flexural strength and modulus compared to neat syntactic foam with almost no impact on the density of composites. The results also demonstrate that the surface layer structure, inclination-angle of spacer yarns, microballons content and type have significant effects on the flexural responses of SF-WKSF. The composites exhibit better antibending capacities by selecting larger inclination-angle, closer surface layer structure, higher density and relatively higher content of S60HS microballoons.
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Ito, Manabu, Yoshihisa Kotani, Yoshihiro Hojo, Kuniyoshi Abumi, Tsuyoshi Kadosawa, and Akio Minami. "Evaluation of hydroxyapatite ceramic vertebral spacers with different porosities and their binding capability to the vertebral body: an experimental study in sheep." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 6, no. 5 (2007): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2007.6.5.431.
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Object The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of bone ingrowth and bonding stiffness at the surface of hydroxyapatite ceramic (HAC) spacers with different porosities in an animal model and to discuss the ideal porous characteristics of these spacers for anterior spinal reconstruction. Methods Twenty-one adult sheep (age 1–2 years, mean weight 70 kg) were used in this experiment. Surgery consisted of anterior lumbar interbody fusion at L2–3 and L4–5, insertion of an HAC spacer (10 × 13 × 24 mm) with three different porosities (0, 3, and 15%), and single-rod anterior instrumentation. At 4 and 6 months postoperatively, the lumbar spines were harvested. Bonding conditions at the bone–HAC spacer interface were evaluated using neuroimages and biomechanically. A histological evaluation was also conducted to examine the state of bone ingrowth at the surface of the HAC spacer. Biomechanical testing showed that the bonding strength of HAC at 6 months postoperatively was 0.047 MPa in 0% porosity spacers, 0.39 MPa in 3%, and 0.49 MPa in 15% porosity spacers. The histological study showed that there was a soft-tissue layer at the surface of the HAC spacer with 0% porosity. Direct bonding was observed between bone and spacers with 3 or 15% porosity. Micro–computed tomography scans showed direct bonding between the bone and HAC with 3 or 15% porosity. No direct bonding was observed in HAC with 0% porosity. Conclusions Dense (0%) HAC anterior vertebral spacers did not achieve direct bonding to the bone in the sheep model. The HAC vertebral spacers with 3 or 15% porosity showed proof of direct bonding to the bone at 6 months postoperatively. The higher porosity HAC spacer showed better bonding stiffness to the bone.
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Bauer, Christina, and Harald Giessen. "Tailoring the plasmonic Fano resonance in metallic photonic crystals." Nanophotonics 9, no. 2 (2020): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0335.
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AbstractPeriodically arranged metallic nanowires on top of a waveguide layer show a strong coupling between the particle plasmon of the wires and the waveguide mode. By introducing a dielectric spacer layer between the metallic structures and the waveguide layer, this coupling can be reduced. Here, the thickness of this spacer layer is varied and the coupling strength is determined for each spacer layer thickness by fitting an effective energy matrix to the energy positions of the resonance peaks. It is found that the coupling strength can be very well described by the electric field amplitude of the waveguide mode at the location of the nanowires. We carried out experiments and found very good agreement with theory and our simple model. Using this method, we achieved experimentally an extremely small mode splitting as small as 25 meV leading to very sharp spectral features. Our pathway and design for tailoring the coupling strength of plasmonic Fano resonances will enable the design of highly sensitive plasmonic sensor devices and open the door for narrow plasmonic spectral features for nonlinear optics and slow light propagation.
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Zhang, Mei Ling, Li Jing Yuan, Tao He, and Li Na Du. "The Design and Weaving of Glass Filament Spacer Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.227.
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Glass filament reinforced composite materials have become an indispensable material in national economic construction. The main purpose of this project is to produce the spacer fabric adopting glass filament through changing weaving process. First glass filaments were treated with epoxy resin to prevent from its low bending rigidity. Second ground warps and binding warps were separately warped and double warp beams were used in the weaving. At the shed crossing point the height of heald frames was different between the top layer and down layer warps, then the drafting sequence of the top layer of warps, the down layer of warps and binding warps were adjusted. The cotton yarns were chosen as the selvage warps which have good wear resistance and uniform tension. The long and short beat–up method was used. Eventually 3cm thickness of glass filament spacer fabric is achieved. It is hoped that this work will provide meaningful help to the development of glass filament spacer fabric.
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Chen, Chaoyu, Zhaoqun Du, Weidong Yu, and Tilak Dias. "Analysis of physical properties and structure design of weft-knitted spacer fabric with high porosity." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 1 (2016): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516676060.
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The main content dealt with in the paper is to present a kind of weft-knitted spacer fabric with high porosity. It is a kind of three-dimensional textile fabric with a sandwich structure that consists of a middle layer of multifilament and two outer layers of plain-knitted fabric. Compared with traditional warp-knitted spacer fabric as cushion mats, weft-knitted spacer fabric is well used as apparel for good softness, thermal/moisture comfort, and air permeability. Therefore, three structures were designed and nine samples were prepared by choosing plain-knitted fabric as the outer layers and selecting soft and thin multifilament as a middle layer. Experimental results show that this kind of weft-knitted spacer fabrics has high porosity, greater than 86%, and also demonstrate that the weft-knitted spacer fabric is suitable for comfortable apparel based on experimental results of air permeability, compression properties, stiffness, and thermal insulation properties.
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Chon, Min-Ku, Su-Jin Jung, Jae-Young Seo, et al. "The Development of a Permanent Implantable Spacer with the Function of Size Adjustability for Customizing Treat Regurgitant Heart Valve Disease." Bioengineering 10, no. 9 (2023): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091016.
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The Pivot Mandu is an innovative device featuring a leak-tight adjustable 3D balloon spacer, incorporating inner mesh support, an outer e-PTFE layer, and a compliant balloon in the middle layer with a specialized detachable system. To assess its feasibility, proof of concept was rigorously evaluated through bench testing and survival porcine animal experiments. The results demonstrated successful remote inflation of the balloon system, with the balloon spacer exhibiting sustained patent and functional integrity over an extended observation period of up to 6 months. A noteworthy feature of the newly designed 3D balloon spacer is its capability for easy size adjustment during procedures, enhancing its adaptability and practicality in clinical settings. This three-layered 3D balloon spacer, with its established long-term patency, exhibits highly encouraging outcomes that hold promise in overcoming the current limitations of spacer devices for heart valve diseases. Given the compelling results from preclinical investigations, the translation of the Pivot Mandu into human trials is strongly warranted.
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Wang, Guorong, Xiaolei Li, Lin Zhong, and Zhiyu Lv. "Research on the Stability of the Spacer Fluid Interface in Dual-Layer Pipe Dual-Gradient Drilling." Processes 11, no. 8 (2023): 2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082395.
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Dual-layer pipe dual-gradient drilling technology is an emerging technology for solving the problem of the narrow safety density window in deepwater drilling. The unstable spacer fluid interface in this technology directly affects the dual-gradient pressure system in the annulus, causing changes in the drilling mud performance and affecting the control of bottom hole pressure and rock removal with drilling mud. Therefore, the key to the stable operation of dual-layer pipe dual-gradient drilling technology is to maintain the stability of the spacer fluid interface. Based on this, a seawater-spacer fluid-drilling mud annular flow model was established in this study, with a bottom hole pressure control step of 0.2 MPa, and the spacer fluid height after a single control was used as the evaluation index to study the influence of annular flow velocity, the spacer fluid properties, and the drill string rotation speed on the stability of the spacer fluid interface. The results show that in the determined conditions of the seawater and drilling mud system, the annular fluid flow rate and the physical parameters of the spacer fluid are the main factors affecting the stability of the spacer fluid interface. When the annular fluid flow rate increased within the range of 0.04~0.2 m/s, the liquidity index of the spacer fluid increased between 0.5 and 0.9, the consistency coefficient increased in the range of 0.6 to 1.4 Pa⋅sn, and the stability of the spacer fluid interface decreased. However, the stability of the spacer fluid interface increased with the increase in its density in the range of 1100~1500 kg/m3. The results obtained in this study can provide a reference for selecting the operating parameters to ensure the stable operation of dual-gradient pressure systems.
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Vyshnepolsky, Michael, and Karina Morgenstern. "Common structures of CO2 on structurally different coin metal surfaces." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 2 (2020): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05813c.
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Gorman, Grace L., Tadashi Yogi, Steven P. Lambert, and David P. Alvarez. "X-Ray Diffraction Studies on Laminated Magnetic Recording Media." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800008831.
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AbstractWe have studied a series of laminated thin films by x-ray diffraction to correlate their structural and magnetic properties. Previous works have shown that the signal-to-noise characteristics of laminated magnetic films with non-magnetic interlayers can exceed that of single layer magnetic films. In the case where the magnetic layer is known to have low signal-to-noise performance, the signal has been observed to increase as the number of layers whereas the noise increases as the square root of the number of layers. This yields a net improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio, making the overall film more attractive as a magnetic recording medium. In this paper, we investigate films which are laminated layers of magnetic CoPtCr and non-magnetic Cr. The films were deposited with sputtering parameters that generally give low noise characteristics in single layer films. Up to four layers of CoPtCr films were made with Cr spacer layers of 2 nm. We observe some improvement in signal-to-noise characteristics and reduction in coercivity. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the crystallographic c-axis, which corresponds to the magnetic easy axis, becomes more preferentially oriented perpendicular to the film plane with each additional layer. This change in preferred orientation is consistent with the reduced in-plane coercivity of the film. In the double CoPtCr layer with one Cr spacer layer experiment, we see that as the Cr spacer layer is increased from 0.5 to 8 nm, the c-axis of the CoPtCr again becomes more preferentially oriented out of the film plane, resulting in decreased in-plane coercivity. The media signal-to-noise improves once the Cr spacer layer is beyond 2 nm, consistent with previous observations.
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Šubr, Martin, Petr Praus, Anna Kuzminova, et al. "Magnetron-Sputtered Polytetrafluoroethylene-Stabilized Silver Nanoisland Surface for Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (2020): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040773.
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Surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) requires the absorption/emission band of the fluorophore, the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the nanostructure and the excitation wavelength to fall in the same (or very close) spectral range. In this paper, we monitor the SEF intensity and lifetime dependence of riboflavin (vitamin B2) adsorbed on a spacer-modified Ag substrate with respect to the thickness of the spacer. The substrates were formed by silver nanoislands deposited onto magnetron-sputtered polytetrafluoroethylene (ms-PTFE). The spacer was formed by the ms-PTFE layer with the thickness ranging from ~5 to 25 nm. The riboflavin dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at a 10 µM concentration forms, at the ms-PTFE surface, a homogeneous layer of adsorbed molecules corresponding to a monomolecular layer. The microspectroscopic measurements of the adsorbed layer were performed through a sessile droplet; our study has shown the advantages and limitations of this approach. Time-resolved fluorescence enabled us to determine the enhanced fluorescence quantum yield due to the shortening of the radiative decay in the vicinity of the plasmonic surface. For the 5 nm ms-PTFE layer possessing the largest (estimated 4×) fluorescence enhancement, the quantum yield was increased 2.3×.
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BALSTER, J., I. PUNT, D. STAMATIALIS, and M. WESSLING. "Multi-layer spacer geometries with improved mass transport." Journal of Membrane Science 282, no. 1-2 (2006): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.039.
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Gökemeijer, N., T. Ambrose, and C. Chien. "Long-Range Exchange Bias across a Spacer Layer." Physical Review Letters 79, no. 21 (1997): 4270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.79.4270.
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郭, 祯永. "Effect of Spacer Layer on Organic Electroluminescent Exciplex." Journal of Advances in Physical Chemistry 13, no. 02 (2024): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/japc.2024.132030.
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Tsai, Jai-Lin, Yeong-Der Yao, Tsung-Shune Chin, and H. Kronmüller. "Spacer layer effect and microstructure on multi-layer [NdFeB/Nb]n films." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 239, no. 1-3 (2002): 450–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(01)00624-2.
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Yu, Annie, Sachiko Sukigara, and Arata Masuda. "Vibration Isolation Properties of Novel Spacer Fabric with Silicone Inlay." Polymers 15, no. 5 (2023): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051089.
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Spacer fabrics are good for impact force absorption and have the potential for vibration isolation. Inlay knitting of additional material to the spacer fabrics can give reinforcement to the structure. This study aims to investigate the vibration isolation properties of three-layer sandwich fabrics with silicone inlay. The effect of the presence of the inlay, inlay patterns and materials on the fabric geometry, vibration transmissibility and compression behaviour were evaluated. The results showed that the silicone inlay increases the unevenness of the fabric surface. The fabric using polyamide monofilament as the spacer yarn in the middle layer creates more internal resonance than that using polyester monofilament. Silicone hollow tubes inlay increases the magnitude of damping vibration isolation, whereas inlaid silicone foam tubes have the opposite effect. Spacer fabric with silicone hollow tubes inlaid by tuck stitches has not only high compression stiffness but also becomes dynamic, showing several resonance frequencies within the tested frequency range. The findings show the possibility of the silicone inlaid spacer fabric and provide a reference for developing vibration isolation materials with knitted structure and textiles materials.
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Shao, Z., A. Ogino, and M. Nagatsu. "Construction and surface/interface behavior of bio-functional surface layer by microwave-excited Ar/H2O plasma-induced polyethylene glycol polymerization." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 16-19 (2017): 1744093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217440933.
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Ar/H2O microwave-excited surface-wave plasma-induced grafting-polymerization and crosslinking technique was presented to construct a bio-functional surface layer. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to diagnose Ar/H[Formula: see text]O plasma. The surface/interface behavior especially the aging effect of hydroxyl groups over the grafted PEG spacer layer was investigated by measuring water contact angle and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the addition of water vapor into Ar plasma can optimize the concentration of hydroxyl functional groups on surface; grafted PEG spacer layer can provide a long-term hydrophilicity of PU films, and alleviate the aging effect of hydroxyl functional groups.
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Ito, Yuta, Ryo Yokogawa, Wei-Chen Wen, Yuji Yamamoto, and Atsushi Ogura. "Optical Properties of Multilayered Staggered SiGe Nanodots Depending on Si Spacer Growth Temperature." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 32 (2024): 2341. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02322341mtgabs.
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Introduction Uniformly ordered SiGe nanodot (ND) has the potential for optoelectronic device application. By engineering Si surface morphology, heteroepitaxial SiGe layer thickness distribution can be controlled by self-ordering [1]. The self-ordering is an attractive phenomenon for fabricating a vertically ordered stack of SiGe ND fabrication. Yamamoto et al. have successfully fabricated the SiGe staggered NDs by controlling the balance between the surface energy and the residual strain of the Si spacer [2]. We have evaluated the strain state, the optical characteristics, and the band structure of the SiGe staggered and dot-on-dot NDs by Raman and PL (Photoluminescence) spectroscopy, and clarified that the strain state not only in the SiGe NDs but also in the Si spacer affects the emission energy [3]. The surface energy can be controlled by the growth temperature of the Si spacer, and it is expected to modify the dot shape and size. Indeed, the cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations show that the lower Si spacer growth temperature results in a smaller dot size. However, it has not been sufficiently clarified the effect of the strain induced in NDs and the optical properties of the multilayered staggered NDs realized by the difference in the Si spacer growth temperature. Therefore, we investigated the strain and the luminescence properties of those multilayered staggered SiGe NDs by Raman and PL spectroscopy. Experiment The staggered NDs (designated structure: {Si0.6Ge0.4 NDs /50 nm Si spacer} × 10 cycles) on the Si spacer with the growth temperature of 625, 650, 675, 700, and 725℃ were prepared, which were fabricated on the Si substrate by a reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition. Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional TEM images of the staggered NDs on the Si spacers grown at 625 and 675℃. These samples were evaluated by Raman and low-temperature PL spectroscopy. The Raman spectrometer has a 2,000 mm focal length and a high resolution of approximately 0.1 cm-1. A diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser with a wavelength of 532 nm and a beam diameter of approximately 1 µm as the excitation source was used. The PL measurement setup was equipped with a spectrometer which contains an InGaAs diode array detector, with a measurable wavelength range between 0.9 and 1.7 μm. This spectrometer can control the sample stage temperature between 4 and 300 K with a helium compressor and a heater device. A He-Cd laser with a wavelength of 325 nm and a DPSS laser with a wavelength of 532 nm, here the beam diameters of approximately 50 µm, were utilized as the excitation source. The relatively wide slit of 100 µm enabled obtaining a high PL intensity with the wavelength resolution of approximately 4 nm. Results and Discussion Raman spectrum of the SiGe NDs on the Si spacer grown at the temperature of 625℃ is shown in Fig. 2. The Raman peaks of the Si-Si mode derived from Si spacers and SiGe NDs were observed around 520 cm-1 and 510 cm-1, respectively. Figure 3 shows the Raman shift of Si-Si mode from the SiGe NDs on the Si spacers grown at 625, 650, 675, 700, and 725℃. The large compressive strain seems to be induced in the staggered SiGe NDs compared to the strain-free Raman shift of the single crystalline Si0.6Ge0.4 [4], and the higher growth temperature of the Si spacer leads to stronger compressive strain. Figure 4 shows the PL spectra derived from the SiGe NDs on the Si spacers grown at 625, 650, 675, 700, and 725℃. As shown in Fig. 4, we confirmed the TO-phonon-assist line derived from the Si spacer, transverse-optical (TO)-phonon-assist line, and Non-phonon (NP) line related to SiGe NDs. All staggered NDs show stronger SiGe-derived PL, compared to the TO-phonon-assist line derived from Si spacers. The transition energy of the TO-phonon-assist line derived from SiGe NDs indicates that the higher growth temperature for the Si spacer leads to a wider bandgap. This behavior of the transition energy might be caused by the strain in the SiGe NDs and/or the Si spacers. In conclusion, lower Si spacer growth temperature leads to a smaller size of the SiGe NDs and the red-shift of the luminescence due to the strain state of SiGe NDs and/or Si spacer in the staggered structure. References [1] A. Hartmann et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1888 (1995). [2] Y. Yamamoto et al., Semicond. Sci. Technol. 33, 114014 (2018). [3] Y. Ito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 63, 03SP31 (2024). [4] R. Yokogawa et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 63, 035503 (2024). Figure 1
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Yazdani, Saeed, Jared Phillips, Aaron Mosey, Thomas Bsaibes, Ricardo Decca, and Ruihua Cheng. "Study of the Long-Range Exchange Coupling in Nd-Fe-B/Ti/Fe Multilayered Structure." Crystals 14, no. 2 (2024): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14020119.
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The exchange coupling between two ferromagnetic thin films, one with magnetically hard and the other with soft phases, separated by a thin non-magnetic layer, is studied. Nd-Fe-B/Ti/Fe thin film heterostructures were fabricated using DC magnetron sputtering on Si substrates, which were heated in situ at 650 °C using a house-built vacuum-compatible heater. The effect of the thickness of the Ti buffer layer and the annealing temperature on the formation of various phases of Nd-Fe-B was investigated. The effect of the thickness of the non-magnetic Ti spacer layer on the exchange coupling strength between the hard phase Nd-Fe-B ferromagnetic thin layer and the soft phase transition metal Fe layer was experimentally investigated. Hysteresis loops of multilayer thin films indicate an antiferromagnetic coupling was observed when the thickness of the spacer layer was 2 nm. This is within the range of an antiferromagnetic coupling calculation based on RKKY theory predictions.
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Chaudhary, Sumit, Pawan Kumar, Md Arif Khan, Amitesh Kumar, and Shaibal Mukherjee. "Impact of MgO spacer layer on microwave performance of MgZnO/ZnO HEMT." Engineering Research Express 4, no. 2 (2022): 025007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac6280.
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Abstract This article analyzes the direct current and small-signal parameters of MgZnO/ZnO (MZO) HEMT for microwave application. Further, the impact of the MgO spacer layer on the microwave performance parameters such as transconductance (g m), cut-off frequency (f T), maximum oscillation frequency (f max) and Johnson’s figures of merit (J-FOM) of MZO HEMT has been analyzed. MZO HEMT with MgO spacer results in the enhanced values of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density of 7.2 × 1013 cm−2 and g m of 91 mS mm−1. The values of f T and f max exhibit 3-fold enhancement to 5.57 GHz and to 7.8 GHz, respectively, and J-FOM is increased by 2.93 times with the introduction of MgO spacer layer in HEMT structure. Moreover, the impact of MgO spacer is studied on the off-state breakdown mechanism of MZO HEMT. The off-state breakdown voltage (V br) of MZO HEMT is ∼25 V higher than that for MZO HEMT with an MgO layer. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the microwave performance and the device off-state breakdown voltage. This work is significant for the development of large-area and cost-effective ZnO-based HEMTs for microwave applications.
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Wang, Cheng-Jie, Ying Ke, Guo-Yi Shiu, et al. "InGaN Resonant-Cavity Light-Emitting Diodes with Porous and Dielectric Reflectors." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010008.
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InGaN based resonant-cavity light-emitting diode (RC-LED) structures with an embedded porous-GaN/n-GaN distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and a top dielectric Ta2O5/SiO2 DBR were demonstrated. GaN:Si epitaxial layers with high Si-doping concentration (n+-GaN:Si) in the 20-period n+-GaN/n-GaN stacked structure were transformed into a porous-GaN/n-GaN DBR structure through the doping-selective electrochemical wet etching process. The central wavelength and reflectivity were measured to be 434.3 nm and 98.5% for the porous DBR and to be 421.3 nm and 98.1% for the dielectric DBR. The effective 1λ cavity length at 432nm in the InGaN resonant-cavity consisted of a 30 nm-thick Ta2O5 spacer and a 148 nm-thick InGaN active layer that was analyzed from the angle-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectra. In the optical pumping PL spectra, non-linear emission intensity and linewidths reducing effect, from 6.5 nm to 0.7 nm, were observed by varying the laser pumping power. Directional emission pattern and narrow linewidth were observed in the InGaN active layer with bottom porous DBR, top dielectric DBR, and the optimum spacer layer to match the short cavity structure.
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Nakano, Takafumi, Kosuke Fujiwara, Seiji Kumagai, Yasuo Ando, and Mikihiko Oogane. "TaFeB spacer for soft magnetic composite free layer in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB-based magnetic tunnel junction." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 7 (2023): 072405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0132866.
Full textAbstract:
CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a soft magnetic composite free layer have been developed for magnetic sensor applications. Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratios in the sensor-type MTJs have reached a ceiling due to a trade-off between the TMR ratio and interlayer exchange coupling (IEC) depending on the spacer thickness of the composite free layer. In this study, we developed a paramagnetic amorphous TaFeB-alloy spacer to replace the conventional Ta spacer and solve this trade-off. The TaFeB film showed a wider thickness window for a sufficient IEC, resulting in IEC energy values of 0.18–0.19 erg/cm2 at a thickness of 1.0 nm. In addition, we confirmed that the TaFeB film had an ability to function as a boron sink comparable to that of pure Ta. These characteristics allowed us to thicken the TaFeB spacer up to 1.0 nm in the sensor-type MTJs and attain an enhanced TMR ratio of up to 234%, which is the highest compared with cases using the conventional Ta spacer reported to date. These findings demonstrate that TaFeB alloy is a promising material for breaking the ceiling of sensor-type MTJs and increasing sensitivity.
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Zhi, Chao, and Hai Ru Long. "Investigation on Compression Properties of Syntactic Foam Reinforced by Warp Knitted Spacer Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.531.
Full textAbstract:
The study aimed to investigate the compression behaviors of syntactic foam reinforced by warp knitted spacer fabric (SF-WKSF). Two kinds of SF-WKSF samples were prepared with warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF) of different surface layer structures. The compression tests were carried out by MTS 810 material test system and the compression properties of SF-WKSF were analyzed based on its compressive stress–strain curves and modulus values obtained from test results. It is indicated that the surface layer structure of WKSF has significant effects on the compression performance of SF-WKSF, the SF-WKSF made with denser surface layer structure shows higher compressive modulus and yield strength compared to neat syntactic foam (NSF).
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Jiang, Ming-Ming, Hong-Yu Chen, Chong-Xin Shan, and De-Zhen Shen. "Tunability of hybridized plasmonic waveguide mediated by surface plasmon polaritons." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 30 (2014): 16233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp01437e.
Full textAbstract:
A hybridized plasmonic waveguide was proposed, which consisting of two kind of different metal films and a low-dielectric spacer layer inserted between. The spacer could be used to achieve the plasmonic resonance wavelength transfer from 450 nm to 600 nm, as well as the tunability of mode characteristics.