Journal articles: 'Spacer warp knit fabric'

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Chen, Si. "Low-Velocity Impact Properties of Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Warp-Knit Spacer Fabric." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.2.5.

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Eight kinds of polyurethane (PU)-matrix composite samples were prepared by impregnating the warp-knit spacer fabrics with flexible PU foam. An impact test was carried out to investigate the influence of fabric structure parameters on the compression behaviors and energy-absorption efficiency of the composites. By using finite element (FE) analysis and ANSYS software, the unit cell models of the composites were built to simulate the impact responses and get strain-stress curves. Comparison of FE simulation and experimental curves showed good consistency between them.

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Chen, Si. "Yhe Compression Meso-Mechanics Theoretical Model and Experimental Verification of Polyurethane-Based Warp-Knit Spacer Fabric Composites." AATCC Journal of Research 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.8.5.4.

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In this research, a new type of binary material, a polyurethane-based warp-knitted spacer fabric composite (PWSF), having a unique three-dimensional structure, high strength, and a variety of surface structures was prepared. The compression meso-mechanics theoretical model based on the Winkler elastic foundation beam theory and structural parameters of PWSF were used to predict the compression performance of PWSF. To verify the validity of compression model, the compression stress-strain curves of theoretical simulation were compared with the quasi-static compression test results. The deviation between these two compression moduli was less than 7%. The compression meso-mechanics model established in this study can effectively simulate the actual compression behaviors for different PWSF specimens. A regular pattern of compression properties of this novel composite from the theoretical research on meso-mechanics perspectives can be proposed.

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Huo, Fu Lei, Guo Li Zhang, Jia Lu Li, Guang Wei Chen, and Li Chen. "Study on the Compression Properties of Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced by PES Warp-Knitted Spacer Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 1208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.1208.

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This research paper presents an experimental investigation on the compression and compressive resilience properties of warp-knitted spacer fabric composites with different resin content and different kinds of resin. By means of hand roller coating technology, four kinds of warp-knitted spacer fabric composites were made. The experiments were tested according to GB/T1453-2005 and ISO3386/2:1984. It is shown that the resin content and resin type seriously affect the compression and compressive resilience properties of warp-knitted spacer fabric composite. The data indicated that when the warp-knitted spacer fabric composite coated with the same kind of resin, with increasing resin content the elastic modulus added and the compressive resilience decreased. Having the same resin content, the compression properties of pacer fabric composite increase with the increase of flexural strength of resin; while the compressive resilience decrease.

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Guo, Xiao Fang, and Hair U. Long. "A Study on Compression Behavior of Warp Knitted Spacer Fabrics." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1036.

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The influences of inner layer′s (spacer yarn′s) pattern, surface structure of fabric, thickness, and spacer yarn′s diameter on compression resistance of warp knitted spacer fabric were investigated in the study. The compression tests involving 10 samples were carried out by TexLab Precision Instruments CT250 based on Chinese standard FZ/T01051.2-1998. The results show that inner layer′s pattern and surface structure affect the compression resistance of spacer fabric by changing the inclination angle of spacer yarn, the closer spacer yarn keep vertical, the better compression resistance of fabric. The laws of force exerted on spacer yarn followed by fabric′s thickness differ according to compression rate, the compression resistance increases as the thickness increases when the deformation of fabric is small (less than 4.90%), but decreases when the deformation is large enough (more than 19.20%). The diameter of spacer yarn has apparent effect on compression resistance, and the fabric with finer spacer yarns has lower compression resistance.

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Chun, Heoung Jae, H. W. Kim, and Joon Hyung Byun. "Elastic Behaviors of Stitched Multi-Axial Warp Knit Fabric Composites." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.817.

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The purposes of stitching multi-axial warp knitted fabric preform prior to the fabrication of the composite materials by resin-transfer molding technique are to improve the resistance to delamination and to increase the out-of-plane properties of the composite materials for structural integrity. The influence of the through-the-thickness stitching on the elastic properties and behaviors of the multi-axial warp knit fabric composites is studied. An analytical model based on the representative volume is proposed to predict the elastic properties of the stitched multi-axial warp knit fabric composite materials. The fiber volume ratios determined by geometric parameters set by the representative volume and elastic behaviors of the in-situ constituent materials are used for the predictions. The crucial step in the analysis is to correlate the averaged stress states in the constituents by adopting bridging matrix. The predicted results are compared with the experimental results. It is found that the predicted results are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental results.

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Chen, Mei-yu, Hong-Hong Wang, Ying-ying Zhou, Sun Run-jun, and Xian-feng Liu. "Optimization of spacer filament parameters by compressive property variation." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 9 (May 17, 2018): 1614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518775919.

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The mechanical property of a warp-knitted spacer fabric during compression results mainly from the contribution of the spacer filaments in the fabric. So, the mechanical property of a spacer filament during compression can predict that of the designed spacer fabric during compression, and then provides a scientific basis for the designers. In this work, a new method for measuring the mechanical properties of a spacer filament during compression was proposed to simulate the compression situation of a filament in a warp-knitted spacer fabric. The paper focuses on the mechanical property variation of a spacer filament with different parameters during compression. In particular, we investigated the effect of different parameters of the spacer filament on the supporting and restful properties of the corresponding spacer fabric, which is closely related to consumer concerns. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the mechanical property variation of a spacer filament with different parameters during compression, the scheme of the spacer filament parameters designed in this work was optimized.

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Chen, Si, and Hai Ru Long. "The Effect of Spacer Yarn Arrangement on Compression Behaviors of Novel Flexible Foam-Core Sandwich Composites." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1152.

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In this study, a kind of novel flexible foam-core sandwich composite was involved. The flexible foam-core sandwich composites were fabricated based on 3D warp-knitted spacer fabrics. The foam-core was filled in the spacer fabric by using a kind of modified hydrophilic polyurethane foam. In order to investigate the effect of spacer yarn inclination angle on the compression behaviors. A compression test was carried out. The compression stress-strain curve was used to analyze the effect of 3D warp-knitted spacer fabric spacer yarn arrangement. According to the experiment results, it indicates that the spacer yarn arrangement could influence the anti-compression capacity of the sandwich composites obviously. Therefore, the spacer yarn arrangement of 3D warp-knitted spacer fabrics can be changed to meet specific end-use requirement for foam-core sandwich composites.

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Wang, Zhengyue, and Hong Hu. "Tensile and forming properties of auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabrics." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 16 (July 27, 2016): 1925–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516660889.

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Poisson’s ratio (PR) is defined as the negative ratio between the lateral strain and the longitudinal strain of a material under tensile or compressive loading condition. Auxetic fabrics are those having a negative PR, which means that when their longitudinal strain is positive, their lateral strain is also positive, and vice versa. In this work, tensile and forming properties of auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabrics were investigated and compared with those of the conventional warp-knitted spacer fabrics. Both uniaxial tensile tests and hemispherical compression experiments were conducted, and the relationships of the tensile and forming properties with the auxetic effect were discussed in terms of different fabric structural parameters. The results show that the auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabrics have a prolonged low stress stage in the wale direction, indicating that they are more prone to undergo deformation along the wale direction, and fabric with a longer low stress stage has a better auxetic effect. The results also show that the formability of auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabrics is much better than that of conventional warp-knitted spacer fabrics, due to the much low forming energies required under hemispherical compression, which can be affected by many factors such as auxetic effect, fabric thickness and stiffness, yarn materials and the structure of the spacer layer. When all other parameters are similar, auxetic fabric with a better auxetic effect will have better formability. The study has provided useful information for the design and application of this type of nonconventional spacer fabrics.

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Li, Xiaoying, Gaoming Jiang, Xiaolin Nie, Pibo Ma, and Zhe Gao. "Knitting Technologies And Tensile Properties Of A Novel Curved Flat-Knitted Three-Dimensional Spacer Fabrics." Autex Research Journal 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2015-0006.

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AbstractThis paper introduces a knitting technique for making innovative curved three-dimensional (3D) spacer fabrics by the computer flat-knitting machine. During manufacturing, a number of reinforcement yarns made of aramid fibres are inserted into 3D spacer fabrics along the weft direction to enhance the fabric tensile properties. Curved, flat-knitted 3D spacer fabrics with different angles (in the warp direction) were also developed. Tensile tests were carried out in the weft and warp directions for the two spacer fabrics (with and without reinforcement yarns), and their stress–strain curves were compared. The results showed that the reinforcement yarns can reduce the fabric deformation and improve tensile stress and dimensional stability of 3D spacer fabrics. This research can help the further study of 3D spacer fabric when applied to composites.

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Chen, Si, Xue-pei Zhang, Hong-xia Chen, and Xiao-ping Gao. "An Experimental Study Of The Compression Properties Of Polyurethane-Based Warp-Knitted Spacer Fabric Composites." Autex Research Journal 17, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2016-0010.

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AbstractThe present work has reported the compression properties of polyurethane-based warp-knitted spacer fabric composites (PWSF). In order to investigate the effect of structural parameters of fabric on the compression performance of composites, a series of warp-knitted spacer fabrics (WSF) with different structural parameters including spacer yarn inclination angle, thickness, fineness of spacer yarns, and outer layer structure have been involved. The produced composites have been characterized for compression properties. The energy-absorption performance during the compression process has been determined as a function of the efficiency and the compression stress obtained from compression tests. The results show that the composites based on spacer fabrics having smaller spacer yarns inclination angle, higher fabric thickness, finer spacer yarn, and larger mesh in outer layers perform better with respect to energy-absorption properties at lower stress level, whereas at higher stress level, the best energy-absorption abilities are obtained in case of spacer fabrics constructed of larger spacer yarn inclination angle, lower fabric thickness, coarser spacer yarn, and smaller mesh in surface layers.

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Li, Ming, Yuanxin Wu, Chaoyu Chen, and Zhaoqun Du. "Characterization of plantar press-comfort performance of warp-knitted spacer fabrics." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 4 (November 25, 2016): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516679152.

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The main content dealt with in this paper was to present an objective method to evaluate the plantar press-comfort performance of warp-knitted spacer fabrics. It aimed to explain the plantar press-comfort performance of spacer fabric by the compression property and structure parameters of spacer fabric. The compression indexes (compression work, recovery work, hysteresis work and maximum compression force) and structure parameters (diameter and thickness) were utilized to classify the plantar press-comfort performance of warp-knitted spacer fabrics by regression analysis and the K-means cluster method. In order to verify the validity, subjective judgments were also made and compared with the objective K-means cluster method. The experimental results showed that a good correlation existed between the subjective judgment method and objective cluster method. This demonstrates that the compression indexes featured, from spherical compression force–displacement curves and structure parameters, can be utilized to characterize the plantar press-comfort performance of warp-knitted spacer fabrics and is effective in obtaining the fabric evaluation score of plantar press-comfort performance.

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Ma, Xiao Hong, and Zhi Gang Qin. "Research on Mechanical Properties of Warp Knitted Spacer Fabric Composites." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1760.

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Two kinds of warp-knitted spacer fabrics are knitted on a Raschel latch needle warp knitting machine with glass continuous-filament yarns. The glass/ unsaturated polyester resin composites are produced by manual molding technology. The tensile and flexural properties of composite specimens are tested in automatic testing machine. The tensile and flexural properties of composites are analyzed in the course, wale and diagonal directions. The results show that mechanical properties of composites possess obvious orthotropic characteristics; the differences of fiber volume fraction and yarn orientations result in the different tensile mechanical of composites. Warp-knitted spacer fabric composites revealed good flexural mechanical properties.

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Chen, Mei-yu, Kan Lai, Run-jun Sun, Wei-zhao Zhao, and Xin Chen. "Compressive deformation and load of a spacer filament in a warp-knitted spacer fabric." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 5 (July 21, 2016): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516636007.

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The compressive deformation and load of a spacer filament in a warp-knitted spacer fabric was analyzed theoretically in this work. It was found that the compression process of the spacer filament can be divided into four stages, including a Stiff Stage, an Elastic Stage, a Restful Stage, and an Ineffective Stage. Based on the theoretical analysis of the compressive displacement and the radius of the spacer filament at different stages, as well as the bending moment of the spacer filament during compression, the relationship between the critical compressive load at different stages and the structural parameters of the spacer filament in a warp-knitted spacer fabric was found. Furthermore, plane plate compression experiments for spacer filaments were designed and tested to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.

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Du, Zhaoqun, Ming Li, Yuanxin Wu, and Linge He. "Analysis of spherical compression performance of warp-knitted spacer fabrics." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 1362–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083715624255.

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Warp-knitted spacer fabrics for cushion products are in contact with different parts of human body. Surface shapes of most contacting parts can be simplified as spherical caps, while there are few reports on relationship between sphere diameter and compression property of spacer fabric. Therefore, the main content dealt with in the paper was to conduct spherical compression and simulation analysis of warp-knitted spacer fabrics. Five spherical indenters were selected and three compression indices were featured. Comparisons of compression indices results of spacer fabrics amongst five spherical indenters exhibited good relations. Moreover, spherical compression behavior was simulated by finite element method to better understand the mechanism of spherical compression deformation of warp-knitted spacer fabrics. The results that relative errors of the compression indices were all small showed a good accordance between theoretical and experimental results; then, stress distribution and displacement evolutions were analyzed to discover deformation mechanism of spacer filaments compressed. It is effective to simulate the spherical compression performance between different parts of human body and spacer fabric.

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Liu, Yanping, and Hong Hu. "An Experimental Study of Compression Behavior of Warp-knitted Spacer Fabric." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 2 (June 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900207.

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This paper presents an experimental study of the compression behavior of a typical warp-knitted spacer fabric which is specially developed as a cushioning material for human body protection. The fabric has a highly heterogeneous and discontinuous structure and exhibits a complicated compression behavior. Different test boundary conditions and sample sizes were first adopted to conduct compression tests of the fabric. Then, the compression behavior of the fabric was analyzed based on its compression load-displacement curve obtained under a selected test condition. The potential compression mechanism of the fabric was identified with support of the image analysis of the fabric structure at different compression stages. The study provides some useful information for designing warp-knitted spacer fabrics for impact protection.

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Chen, Chaoyu, Junli Chen, Fengxin Sun, Huijuan Yang, and Zhaoqun Du. "Analysis of the damping property of warp-knitted spacer fabrics under damped free vibration." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 7 (February 7, 2017): 790–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517690628.

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The main content dealt with in this paper was to carry out a theoretical analysis of the damping property of spacer fabric used as cushion materials. A free vibration test was conducted and the corresponding model was established based on a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system by considering the viscous–elastic behavior of spacer fabric during free vibration. Displacement–time curves of spacer fabric were calculated by a second-order integral of acceleration and time curves recorded by an accelerator sensor. Then, vibration indexes, including the damping ratio, damping coefficient, logarithmic decrement and free vibration period, were featured based on a SDOF model. The experimental results of damping ratio and displacement–time curves were compared with the theoretical results. It indicated that the vibration model was effective to characterize the free vibration of spacer fabric. Moreover, the effects of different structural parameters, including thickness, filament diameter, area density and inclination angle and arrangement of spacer filaments, of the spacer fabric on the damping property were also investigated. This is helpful to better design spacer fabrics with a good damping property.

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Yang, Tong, Wei Zhou, and Pibo Ma. "Manufacture and Property of Warp-Knitted Fabrics with Polylactic Acid Multifilament." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010065.

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This study investigates the properties of polylactic acid (PLA) multifilament and its warp-knitted fabrics. Multifilament properties were tested and compared with PET multifilament with different diameters. The 83.3 dtex PLA multifilament was used to knit the fabric, and the fabric properties before and after dyeing were studied. Results showed that the mechanical properties of PLA multifilament were comparable to those of PET. However, PLA had a higher heat shrinkage rate. The dyed PLA warp-knitted fabric has excellent color fastness. Due to the influence of temperature and dye particles during the dyeing process, the breaking strength, air permeability and moisture permeability of the fabric were decreased. On the contrary, the elongation at break, abrasion resistance, anti-pilling properties, drape and crochet value of the fabric were increased.

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Arumugam, Veerakumar, Rajesh Mishra, Maros Tunak, and Jiri Militky. "In-plane shear behavior of 3D warp-knitted spacer fabrics: Part II—Effect of structural parameters." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 4 (December 9, 2017): 772–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717747332.

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The objective of this work is to study the in-plane shear behavior of 3D warp-knitted spacer knitted fabrics by using a picture frame fixture. This part aims to investigate the effects of structural parameters on the shear stress and energy absorption of warp-knitted spacer fabrics. A group of warp-knitted spacer fabrics was produced on a double-needle bar Raschel machine by varying their structural parameters including spacer yarn fineness, fabric thickness, and outer layer structure. The effects of fabric structural parameters on the shear properties of the spacer fabrics were tested and analyzed based on the nonlinear behavior of shear stress versus shear angle and the deformation mechanism. During loading process, the series of surface images were acquired in certain interval at different positions. These images were processed in image analysis software to obtain the full-field displacement and shear angles at chosen points on the surface of test specimen. The potential shear behavior of the fabric was identified with support of the shear stress–strain curve, work done, and efficiency at different shear stages. The regression model was used to establish the elastic deformation properties to obtain the shear results. Advance statistical evaluation and two-way analysis of variance are used to analyze the significance of various factors such as thickness, spacer yarn diameter, and surface structures on energy absorption at maximum shear load and deformation.

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Wardiningsih, Wiah, and Olga Troynikov. "Treated knitted fabric for hip-protective pads for elderly women, part I: force attenuation capacity." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 8 (April 16, 2018): 1408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518770683.

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This paper describes a study of hip-protective pads made from warp-knitted spacer fabric treated with shear thickening fluid (STF). Hip fractures, mostly caused by falls, are a substantial contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and incidence is rising worldwide. Hip-protective pads reduce fractures, but wearing adherence is poor. Protective pads made from breathable and comfortable fabrics can improve adherence and prevent more hip fractures. In this research, warp-knitted spacer fabrics were treated with STF using different methods. Treatment 1 involved STF and room-temperature vulcanizing silicone, while treatment 2 applied STF and tetraisopropyl titanate. The effects on force attenuation capacity of each treatment method, the amount of STF used, and fabric layering were measured using drop impact tests. Treated knitted spacer fabric had significantly higher force attenuation capacity than untreated knitted spacer fabric. Impact forces decreased as the number of layers increased and as STF concentrations rose. Treatments 1 and 2 produced fabrics with force attenuation capacity similar to that of closed-cell foam.

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Zhi, Chao, and Hairu Long. "Flexural Properties of Syntactic foam Reinforced by Warp Knitted Spacer Fabric." Autex Research Journal 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2015-0028.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the flexural behaviours of syntactic foam reinforced by warp knitted spacer fabric (SF-WKSF). Seven kinds of SF-WKSF samples were fabricated by warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF) with structural parameters including surface layer structures, inclination-angle and fineness of spacer yarns, different microballoons types and contents. The flexural tests were carried out and the bending properties of SF-WKSF were analysed based on the strength and modulus values obtained from the test results. It is indicated that the SF-WKSF shows higher flexural strength and modulus compared to neat syntactic foam with almost no impact on the density of composites. The results also demonstrate that the surface layer structure, inclination-angle of spacer yarns, microballons content and type have significant effects on the flexural responses of SF-WKSF. The composites exhibit better antibending capacities by selecting larger inclination-angle, closer surface layer structure, higher density and relatively higher content of S60HS microballoons.

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CHUN, HEOUNG-JAE, HYUNG-WOO KIM, and JOON-HYUNG BYUN. "ELASTIC PROPERTY PREDICTION OF THE STITCHED MULTI-AXIAL WARP KNIT FABRIC COMPOSITES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 25n27 (October 30, 2006): 4022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206040799.

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In order to improve the resistances to delamination, damage tolerance, some in-plane and out-of-plane properties of composite materials, a through-thickness reinforcement must be provided. This through-thickness reinforcement is achieved by stitching multi-axial warp knit (MWK) fabrics used as preforms for the fabrication of composite materials. The MWK fabrics are constructed with layers of insertion fiber bundles in the warp, weft and bias directions. In order to correlate the microstructure of a preform with the elastic properties of stitched MWK composite, the analytical model for stitched MKW composite is developed. The overall geometry and geometric parameters of a representative volume are determined from the photomicrographs of cross sections of the fabricated composite specimens. The various elastic properties of MWK fabric composites are predicted as functions of various geometric parameters using an averaging method. The experimental results are compared with the predicted results in order to validate the suggested model. It is found that the predicted elastic properties are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental values.

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Xiang, Chunhui, Nicholas R. Etrick, Margaret W. Frey, Edmund J. Norris, and Joel R. Coats. "Structure and Properties of Polyamide Fabrics with Insect-Repellent Functionality by Electrospinning and Oxygen Plasma-Treated Surface Coating." Polymers 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102196.

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The need for light-weight and high-strength insect-repellant fabrics is of critical importance to the cessation of viral diseases. The goal of the study is to investigate the structure and properties of insect-repellent polyamide fabrics for use in protective garments to guard against mosquitos. Permethrin was applied to the polyamide fabrics through incorporation into the nylon 6 polymer solution during electrospinning and dip coating onto the control untreated and oxygen plasma-treated polyamide fabrics: electropun nylon 6 nanofiber nonwovens, commercially available nylon 6 warp knit tricot, and nylon 66 double weft, knit interlock fabrics. The incorporation of permethrin into the polymer solution before the formation of fibers demonstrated the most efficient way to apply permethrin to the fiber/fabric systems. The plasma treatment significantly increased the amount of permethrin on the surface of the fabrics. All permethrin-containing polyamide fabrics showed excellent fastness of the insecticide to light. The electrospun nylon 6 nonwovens demonstrated the best fastness to washing among the plasma-treated electrospun nylon 6, nylon 66 double weft knit, and nylon 6 warp-knit tricot. All permethrin-treated fabrics were repellent and caused higher percentage of mosquito escape compared to the control untreated fabrics.

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Chen, Chaoyu, Zhaoqun Du, Weidong Yu, and Tilak Dias. "Analysis of physical properties and structure design of weft-knitted spacer fabric with high porosity." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 1 (November 13, 2016): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516676060.

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The main content dealt with in the paper is to present a kind of weft-knitted spacer fabric with high porosity. It is a kind of three-dimensional textile fabric with a sandwich structure that consists of a middle layer of multifilament and two outer layers of plain-knitted fabric. Compared with traditional warp-knitted spacer fabric as cushion mats, weft-knitted spacer fabric is well used as apparel for good softness, thermal/moisture comfort, and air permeability. Therefore, three structures were designed and nine samples were prepared by choosing plain-knitted fabric as the outer layers and selecting soft and thin multifilament as a middle layer. Experimental results show that this kind of weft-knitted spacer fabrics has high porosity, greater than 86%, and also demonstrate that the weft-knitted spacer fabric is suitable for comfortable apparel based on experimental results of air permeability, compression properties, stiffness, and thermal insulation properties.

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Mokhtari, Fatemeh, Mahnaz Shamshirsaz, Masoud Latifi, and Mohammad Maroufi. "Compressibility Behaviour of Warp Knitted Spacer Fabrics Based on Elastic Curved Bar Theory." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 155892501100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501100600404.

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Nowadays, the mechanical characterization of 3-D spacer fabrics has attracted the interest of many textile researchers. These Spacer fabrics present special mechanical and physical characteristics compared to conventional textiles due to their wonderful porous 3-D structures. These fabrics, produced by warp knitting method, have extensive application in automobile, locomotive, aerospace, building and other industries. In these applications, the compressibility behaviour plays a significant role in the fabric structural stability. This compressibility behaviour could be affected by different knitting parameters such as density of pile yarn, fabric thickness, texture design etc. The aim of this paper is to introduce and develop an appropriate elastic theoretical model to predict the compressibility behaviour of warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF). Three theoretical models are proposed, based on modelling pile yarns as the curved bars and are improved in three steps: a) with same curvatures in weft and warp directions (model A), b) curved bar for warp direction and cantilever bar for weft direction (model B), and c) curved bars with two different curvatures in weft and warp directions considering the curvature variations under loading (model C: improved model). The results obtained by the proposed models have been compared with previous model based on simply cantilever bars theory in literature. The results show that the simulation data obtained by the model C are closer to the experimental results comparing to the models A and B. Model C based on different weave parameters could better predict the elastic compressibility behaviour of this kind of WKSF in order to compare with previous models.

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Stránská, Eliška, and David Neděla. "Reinforcing fabrics as the mechanical support of ion exchange membranes." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 432–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717732075.

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Mechanical, physical and electrochemical characteristics are one of the important properties of ion exchange membranes. These parameters are required for a next operation and for an application in an electrodialysis (as tightness of a stack, energy consumption, capacity of electrodialysis). The goal of this article is comparison of the influence of the different reinforcing fabric on the properties of ion exchange membranes. Six types of ion exchange membranes with the nonwoven fabric, the monofilament knit, the multifilament knit, the monofilament woven fabric, the multifilament woven fabric, and for comparison non-reinforcing ion exchange membranes were chosen. The most important properties of a fabric in this application are thickness, free area related to the warp and the weft, mechanical strength, the material (shrinkage), type of fabric (plain or twill weave, a knit, monofilament, multifilament) and of course price. Electrochemical, physical and mechanical properties of ion exchange membranes were studied. Non-reinforcing ion exchange membranes have lower mechanical strength, but the best elongation. These ion exchange membranes report big relative dimension changes after swelling in demineralized water and the lowest value of the areal resistance. The most appropriate ion exchange membrane is with woven fabric from monofilaments after comparison with other ion exchange membranes in terms of the quality of the lamination and other electrochemical, physical and mechanical parameters.

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Rajan, T. Palani, and S. Sundaresan. "Thermal comfort properties of plasma-treated warp-knitted spacer fabric for the shoe insole." Journal of Industrial Textiles 49, no. 9 (November 4, 2018): 1218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718811084.

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Thermo-physiological comfort properties are crucial aspects of interlining material comfort for shoe insole which can be examined for permeability and conductivity. Air and water vapour permeability, conductivity and resistance of thermal are the main criteria for thermo-physiological comfort properties. Clothing comfort can be enhanced through special finishes including plasma which is one among the well known for surface modification. Oxygen and argon atmospheric plasma were used to analyse the comfort properties of polyester warp-knitted spacer fabric based on the fabric thickness and gas processing time. The outcomes exposed a notable influence in the comfort properties of polyester spacer fabrics after the atmospheric plasma processing time. The results too pointed out that the water vapour permeability and thermal resistance increased, although the air permeability and thermal conductivity decreased with the atmospheric plasma processing. When considering all the values of plasma-treated spacer fabrics, the 3 mm thickness of polyester spacer fabric proved to have better response and comfort properties than the 2 and 4 mm spacer fabrics. The findings show that final comfort properties of polyester warp-knitted spacer fabrics can be improved by using plasma treatments, and argon plasma treatment is the best method when compared to the oxygen plasma treatment.

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Zhi, Chao, and Hai Ru Long. "Investigation on Compression Properties of Syntactic Foam Reinforced by Warp Knitted Spacer Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.531.

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The study aimed to investigate the compression behaviors of syntactic foam reinforced by warp knitted spacer fabric (SF-WKSF). Two kinds of SF-WKSF samples were prepared with warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF) of different surface layer structures. The compression tests were carried out by MTS 810 material test system and the compression properties of SF-WKSF were analyzed based on its compressive stress–strain curves and modulus values obtained from test results. It is indicated that the surface layer structure of WKSF has significant effects on the compression performance of SF-WKSF, the SF-WKSF made with denser surface layer structure shows higher compressive modulus and yield strength compared to neat syntactic foam (NSF).

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28

Chen, Si, Hai-ru Long, Ying-hao Liu, and Feng-chao Hu. "Mechanical Properties Of 3D-Structure Composites Based On Warp-Knitted Spacer Fabrics." Autex Research Journal 15, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2014-0045.

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Abstract In this paper, the mechanical properties (compression and impact behaviours) of three-dimension structure (3D-structure) composites based on warp-knitted spacer fabrics have been thoroughly investigated. In order to discuss the effect of fabric structural parameters on the mechanical performance of composites, six different types of warp-knitted spacer fabrics having different structural parameters (such as outer layer structure, diameter of spacer yarn, spacer yarn inclination angle and thickness) were involved for comparison study. The 3D-structure composites were fabricated based on a flexible polyurethane foam. The produced composites were characterised for compression and impact properties. The findings obtained indicate that the fabric structural parameters have strong influence on the compression and impact responses of 3D-structure composites. Additionally, the impact test carried out on the 3D-structure composites shows that the impact loads do not affect the integrity of composite structure. All the results reveal that the product exhibits promising mechanical performance and its service life can be sustained.

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Datta, Mrinal K., B. K. Behera, and Ashvani Goyal. "Prediction and analysis of compression behaviour of warp-knitted spacer fabric with cylindrical surface." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 9 (April 6, 2018): 1489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718769936.

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Nowadays, applications of spacer fabric cover wider areas of technical textile. It is used in the automotive textile, personal protective clothing, sports textile, foundation garments, pads for swimwear, buffer clothing, medical textile etc. It does possess good recovery to compression, high bulk with relatively lightweight and very good moisture permeability. Almost in all applications, spacer fabrics are compressed by different parts of human body. Body parts have different shapes and curvatures. In all standard methods, spacer fabric compressibility is measured by a pair of flat circular plate which cannot represent a human body. The contour of body can be assumed as cylindrical with varying radius of curvature. So, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of compression of spacer fabric with cylindrical surface in order to understand the performance of the fabric under real-world dynamics. In this research, an effort is being made to predict the compression behaviour of warp-knitted spacer fabric by flat as well as cylindrical surface. Finite Element Models were designed on Abaqus/CAE platform to meet above requirement with variable circumstances. Experimental setup was also made to analyse cylindrical and flat compression at different circumstances. Results show that flat compression and cylindrical compression are largely deferred in terms of shape of load-deformation curve and compressional energy. Effect of variables on compression behaviour was also analysed. Model results were validated with experimental values. It is found that the proposed model has got a good agreement with the experimental results.

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Sun, Fengxin, Mingying Ma, Xingxing Pan, Gui Liu, Shu Yang, Dongming Zheng, Ming Li, and Zhaoqun Du. "Simulation of plate compression behavior of warp-knitted spacer fabrics based on geometry and property parameters." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 6 (March 2, 2018): 1051–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518760758.

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The plate compression property of warp-knitted spacer fabrics greatly determines their industrial application in cushions and mattresses, which can be regulated by the structure and property of spacer filaments of spacer fabrics. To better meet application requirements, this paper detailed a study on the relationships between the geometry and property parameters of spacer filaments and the plate compression property of spacer fabrics. A three-dimensional structure model was firstly developed using the finite element method based on a typical spacer fabric. The model shows a satisfactory prediction of the compression force–strain curve of the spacer fabric compared with the corresponding experimental curve. Consequently, the effects of geometry parameters, including height, diameter, arrangement density and bending angle of spacer filaments, and Young’s modulus of the filaments on the compression behavior of spacer fabrics were investigated using the validated model by adjusting the corresponding geometry and property parameters. The stress nephogram and stress distribution along the filaments at compression strain 0.6 were analyzed to discover the deformation mechanism of spacer filaments under compression. It was found that the spacer fabric with smaller filament height, courser filament diameter, larger bending angle, higher arrangement density and Young’s modulus of filaments had higher compression resistance. This study is useful to optimize the performance of spacer fabrics in design and manufacturing by purposefully tuning the geometry and property parameters.

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31

Chang, Yuping, and Pibo Ma. "Fabrication and property of auxetic warp-knitted spacer structures with mesh." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 19 (July 3, 2017): 2206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517716910.

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For the purpose of reconstructing a three-dimensional auxetic structure adopting spacer warp-knitting techniques, a simple mathematical model based on the structure of auxetic warp-knitted spacer hexagonal meshes was established and several samples were produced using an E22 RD7/2-12EN warp-knitting machine. It is predicted from synthesizing the results of both mathematical modeling and experimental sampling that auxetic performance of this structure mainly depends on the contraction distortion before stretching in three directions, especially in the y-axis. When it comes to knitting parameters, yarn fineness, machine gauge, fabric density, movement of guide bars, and inclination angle of wales all matter for the auxetic performance, which is also affected by the stiffness of materials and the lodging of spacer yarns. It is also concluded that successive inlaying in the same direction of the spacer guide bar favors contraction distortion in the y-axis, which means auxetic performances can be more easily achieved in this way.

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32

Chen, Hong Xia, Hai Jian Cao, and Xiao Mei Huang. "Simulation Analysis of In-Plane Compression on Three-Dimensional Spacer Fabric Composite." Materials Science Forum 971 (September 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.971.36.

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A meso-structure model of three-dimensional spacer fabric composite (3D composite) was built by using the finite element software Workbench, and simulation analysis of in-plane compression on the 3D composite was studied according to the model. The results show that the upper and lower face-sheet is the main load-bearing section macroscopically, while the piles are the secondary load-bearing one when the 3D composite is subjected to in-plane compressive load. The fibers play a major role microscopically, while the resin plays a minor one. From part magnifying stress distribution, it can be found that the maximum stress occurs in the warp yarns, interlaced with weft yarns, when the 3D composite is subjected to in-plane compressive loads in warp direction, and fracture appearance is parallel. Meanwhile, the maximum stress occurs in the weft yarns, interlaced with binder warp yarns, when the 3D composite is subjected to in-plane compressive loads in weft direction, and fracture appearance is random. From strain distribution of each component, it can be seen that the failure mode is the interfacial de-bonding between the fibers and resin when the 3D composite is subjected to in-plane compressive loads.

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33

Ghezal, Imene, Ali Moussa, Imed Ben Marzoug, Ahmida El-Achari, Christine Campagne, and Faouzi Sakli. "Evaluating the Mechanical Properties of Waterproof Breathable Fabric Produced by a Coating Process." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 37, no. 4 (May 20, 2019): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x19850637.

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The purpose of this research was to evaluate mechanical properties of a waterproof breathable fabric. A spacer knit with a cotton inner face and a polyester (PET) outer face was coated in order to obtain a waterproof breathable fabric. The applied coat was a mixture of an acrylic paste and a fluorocarbon resin. The treated fabric has undergone several tests to evaluate its mechanical properties. Tensile strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and wrinkle recovery behavior were measured and discussed. After the coating treatment, the fabric was rigidified by 25% and 19% in wale and course directions, respectively. The coated PET face of the spacer fabric was not altered even after 125,000 abrasion cycles. A stiffer fabric was obtained after the coating treatment. However, fabric recovery behavior was ameliorated by 78% and 72% according to wale and course directions, respectively. The coated fabric can be used to produce raincoats and jackets.

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34

Kang, Tae Jin, and Cheol Kim. "Energy-absorption mechanisms in Kevlar multiaxial warp-knit fabric composites under impact loading." Composites Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (April 2000): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(99)00185-2.

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35

Zhi, Chao, and Hairu Long. "Compressive Properties of Syntactic Foam Reinforced by Warp-knitted Spacer Fabric." Cellular Polymers 34, no. 4 (July 2015): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248931503400401.

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36

Datta, Mrinal K., B. K. Behera, and Ashvani Goyal. "Characterization of Warp Knitted Spacer Fabric for Application in Sports Bra." Fibers and Polymers 20, no. 9 (September 2019): 1983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-9039-0.

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Du, Zhaoqun, Yuanxin Wu, Ming Li, and Linge He. "Analysis of structure of warp-knitted spacer fabric on pressure indices." Fibers and Polymers 16, no. 11 (November 2015): 2491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-015-5363-1.

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38

Zhi, Chao, Hairu Long, and Fengxin Sun. "Low-velocity impact properties and finite element analysis of syntactic foam reinforced by warp-knitted spacer fabric." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 16 (September 13, 2016): 1938–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516660890.

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The aim of this research was to investigate the low-velocity impact properties of syntactic foam reinforced by warp-knitted spacer fabric (SF-WKSF). In order to discuss the effect of warp-knitted spacer fabric (WKSF) and hollow glass microballoon parameters on the impact performance of composites, eight different kinds of SF-WKSF samples were fabricated, including different WKSF surface layer structures, different spacer yarn diameters and inclination-angles, different microballoon types and contents. The low-velocity impact tests were carried out on an INSTRON 9250 HV drop-weight impact tester and the impact resistances of SF-WKSF were analyzed; it is indicated that most SF-WKSF specimens show higher peak impact force and major damage energy compared to neat syntactic foam. The results also demonstrate that the surface layer structure, inclination-angle of the spacer yarn and the volume fraction and type of microballoon have a significant influence on the low-impact performance of SF-WKSF. In addition, a finite element analysis finished with ANSYS/LS-DYNA and LS-PrePost was used to simulate the impact behaviors of SF-WKSF. The results of the finite element analysis are in agreement with the experimental results.

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39

Arumugam, Veerakumar, Rajesh Mishra, Jiri Militky, and Blanka Tomkova. "Noise attenuation performance of warp knitted spacer fabrics." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 3 (December 5, 2017): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517743687.

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The development of functional textile structures is important to improve noise attenuation of human life in automotives, residential and occupational environments. In this research, an attempt has been made to find the suitability of three-dimensional (3D) knitted spacer fabrics for sound absorption. Hence, an experimental and analytical investigation on the sound absorption behavior of warp knitted spacer fabrics was conducted. Due to their porous nature, interconnected pores, bulkier and 3D structure, the spacer fabrics have the ability to attenuate more sound energy than conventional materials. This research examined the acoustic properties of spacer fabrics in relation to material parameters such as thickness, density and surface structure and structural characteristics such as massivity, porosity, tortuosity and air flow resistivity. The sound absorption coefficient of the test samples was measured using the impedance tube method by ASTM E-1050 in the frequency range of 50–6400 Hz. The results showed that the acoustic insulation of spacer fabric improves with their thickness and massivity, reduction in their porosity, tortuous path and high air flow resistance. Advance statistical evaluation and two-way analysis of variance is used to analyze the significance of the combined effect of various factors on air flow resistivity and the noise reduction coefficient. These findings are important requirements for the design of spacer fabrics for noise control in the automobile upholstery, buildings, auditoriums, etc.

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40

Chen, Chaoyu, Junli Chen, Fengxin Sun, Huijuan Yang, Zhijun Lv, Qihong Zhou, Zhaoqun Du, and Weidong Yu. "Study of the vibration transmission property of warp-knitted spacer fabrics under forced sinusoidal excitation vibration." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 8 (February 7, 2017): 922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517690630.

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The main content dealt with in this paper was to make a theoretical analysis of the vibration transmission property of spacer fabric as cushion materials. A forced vibration test with sinusoidal excitation was conducted, and the corresponding model of the vibration transmission coefficient was established based on a single-degree-of-freedom system. Experimental and theoretical vibration indexes, including natural frequency and the vibration transmission coefficient, were obtained from experimental and theoretical vibration transmission coefficient–frequency curves, respectively. After comparing theoretical parameters with experimental parameters, we were pleased to find out that their maximum vibration transmission coefficient and natural frequency showed good accordance with each other. Moreover, the effect of different parameters of spacer fabric on vibration transmission properties, including thickness, filament diameter, area density and inclination angle and arrangement of spacer filaments, were investigated, which is helpful to better design spacer fabrics with good vibration transmission.

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41

Guo, Yan, Lin Chen, Sheng Qiang, Xian Qian, Tao Xue, and Fang He. "Comparing Properties of the Warp-knitted spacer fabric instead of sponge for automobile seat fabric." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1948, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1948/1/012196.

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42

Chang, Yuping, and Pibo Ma. "Energy absorption and Poisson's ratio of warp-knitted spacer fabrics under uniaxial tension." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 6 (February 12, 2018): 903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518758005.

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This paper presents five different auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabrics and discusses their energy absorption under uniaxial tension through integrals of stress on strain. Structures of auxetic fabrics are designed based on rotating hexagonal models and knitted for experimental tests, including Poisson's ratio tests and tensile tests. Results show that energy absorption of auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabric is mainly determined by its structural deformation capacity and yarn loading capacity, between which the yarn loading capacity of fabrics plays the dominant part in energy absorption, while the structural deformation capacity, which is affected by Poisson's ratio, has relatively little influence. With equivalent yarn loading capacity, the energy absorption of fabrics with negative Poisson's ratios are relatively better.

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43

Mishra, Rajesh, Arumugam Veerakumar, and Jiri Militky. "Thermo-physiological properties of 3D spacer knitted fabrics." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 28, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-04-2016-0039.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate effect of material properties in 3D knitted fabrics on thermo-physiological comfort. Design/methodology/approach – In the present study six different spacer fabrics were developed. Among these six fabrics, it was classified into two groups for convenient analysis of results, the first group has been developed using polyester/polypropylene blend with three different proportion and second group with polyester/polypropylene/lycra blend having another three different composition. As a spacer yarn, three different types of 88 dtex polyester monofilament yarn and polyester multifilament yarns (167 dtex and 14.5 tex) were used and 14.5 tex polypropylene and 44 dtex lycra multifilament yarns were also used for the face and back side of the spacer fabrics (Table I). These fabrics were developed in Syntax Pvt Ltd Czech Republic. Findings – The main influence on the water vapour permeability of warp knitted spacer fabrics is the kind of raw material, i.e. fibre wetting and wicking. Also there is no correlation between air permeability and water vapour permeability. It is found that both air permeability and thermal conductivity are closely related to the fabric density. It is also found that the fabric characteristics of spacer fabric show a very significant effect on the air permeability, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of spacer fabric. Therefore, selection of spacer fabric for winter clothing according to its fabric characteristics. Practical implications – The main objective of the present study is to produce spacer knitted 3D fabrics suitable for defined climatic conditions to be used as clothing or in sports goods. Originality/value – New 3D knitted spacer fabrics can be produced with improved comfort properties.

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Du, Zhaoqun. "Effect of Structural Parameters on Compression Performance of Warp-knitted Spacer Fabric." Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics 8, no. 2 (June 2015): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3993/jfbim00096.

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Xuhong, Miao, Kong Xiangyong, and Jiang Gaoming. "The experimental research on the stab resistance of warp-knitted spacer fabric." Journal of Industrial Textiles 43, no. 2 (October 15, 2012): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083712464256.

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46

Wang, Zhengyue, and Hong Hu. "A finite element analysis of an auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabric structure." Textile Research Journal 85, no. 4 (August 13, 2014): 404–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517514547213.

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47

Zhi, Chao, and Hairu Long. "Sound Absorption Properties of Syntactic Foam Reinforced by Warp-knitted Spacer Fabric." Cellular Polymers 35, no. 5 (September 2016): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248931603500503.

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48

Zhang, Mei Ling, Li Jing Yuan, Tao He, and Li Na Du. "The Design and Weaving of Glass Filament Spacer Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 1015 (August 2014): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1015.227.

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Glass filament reinforced composite materials have become an indispensable material in national economic construction. The main purpose of this project is to produce the spacer fabric adopting glass filament through changing weaving process. First glass filaments were treated with epoxy resin to prevent from its low bending rigidity. Second ground warps and binding warps were separately warped and double warp beams were used in the weaving. At the shed crossing point the height of heald frames was different between the top layer and down layer warps, then the drafting sequence of the top layer of warps, the down layer of warps and binding warps were adjusted. The cotton yarns were chosen as the selvage warps which have good wear resistance and uniform tension. The long and short beat–up method was used. Eventually 3cm thickness of glass filament spacer fabric is achieved. It is hoped that this work will provide meaningful help to the development of glass filament spacer fabric.

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49

Palani Rajan, T., G. Ramakrishnan, S. Sundaresan, and P. Kandhavadivu. "The influence of fabric parameter on low-stress mechanical properties of polyester warp-knitted spacer fabric." International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education 10, no. 1 (May 11, 2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2016.1177738.

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50

T., Palani Rajan, Prakash C., and Ramakrishnan G. "An effect of fabrics thickness and structure on moisture management properties of 3D spacer fabrics." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 777–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-01-2019-0002.

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Purpose Polyester multifilament is used to produce the face and back layer of warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF) and these two layers are connected by polyester monofilament as a middle layer. This fabric has unique and extraordinary characteristics, and different possibilities of fabric structure and the middle layer thickness are tried to find out the moisture management properties. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study investigates the influence of fabric thickness and structure on moisture management properties. Findings Polyester monofilament quickly up takes the water molecule from the water reservoir and transfers it by capillary action. The gravitational force and the availability space between the two outer surface layers restrict the movement of water molecules, although the pressure develops to push the molecules from the water reservoir. As a result, all the spacer fabric samples attain the equilibrium state very quickly. WKSF and the hexagonal net structure prove to be better in vertical wicking. Originality/value The liquid movement is quick in the front side of the spacer fabric, and the rate of wicking is higher in open structure than in the closed structure. It confirms that the hexagonal net structure produces high pore size on fabric and it reaches maximum wicking values. Fabric thickness does not have much influence on the vertical wicking properties of all fabric samples, and the rate of liquid movement produces a similar trend. In in-plane wicking, the polyester monofilament in the middle layer of spacer fabric plays a major role rather than the outer surface layers of fabric.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spacer warp knit fabric'

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