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Journal articles on the topic 'Spacing sizes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Saifullah, Mangal, Abid Hakimullah, Bihroz Moula Khan, and Atif Mudir. "Studying the Effects of Tuber Size and Spacing between Plants on Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (2024): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.1.21.

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A field experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of different plant spacings and tuber sizes on the growth and yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Four tuber sizes (10-20 g, 20-30 g, 30-40 g, and 40-50 g) and three plant spacings (60 x 15 cm, 60 x 30 cm, and 60 x 45 cm) were examined. The study found significant effects of both plant spacing and tuber size on various growth and yield parameters. Increasing plant spacing generally led to increased shoot growth and tuber weight per plant but decreased plant height and overall tuber yield. Similarly, larger tuber sizes were asso

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2

Marodin, Josué C., Francisco V. Resende, Juliano TV de Resende, et al. "Virus-free garlic: yield and commercial classification as a function of plant spacing and seed size." Horticultura Brasileira 38, no. 3 (2020): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620200309.

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ABSTRACT Studies on the interaction between garlic plant density and virus-free seed size are scarce in Brazil. Thus, this study was installed to evaluate the effect of plant spacing and seed size on garlic traits and yield for infected and virus-free bulbs. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and 2x5x3 factorial combination [infected and virus-free bulbs, five plant spacings (210, 260, 300, 360, and 390 cm2 per plant), and three bulbous seed sizes (sieve one, two, and three)]. The highest bulb yield was observed for virus-free seeds at a plant spacing of 390 cm2 plant-1, whi

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3

Hu, Gaojian, and Gang Ma. "Size effect of parallel-joint spacing on uniaxial compressive strength of rock." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0257245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257245.

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The existence of parallel joints has an impact on the size effect of the uniaxial compressive strength of rock, but the relationship is yet to be obtained. In this paper, the influence of parallel-joint spacing on the size effect and characteristic size of rock uniaxial compressive strength is studied by establishing five types of parallel-joint-spacing simulation schemes. The influence of parallel-joint spacing on the size effect of rock uniaxial compressive strength is explored by analyzing the stress–strain curves of rocks with different parallel-joint spacings and rock sizes. The relations

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4

Zhu, Shangshang, Xinyu Su, and Yenan Dong. "Effects of the Font Size and Line Spacing of Simplified Chinese Characters on Smartphone Readability." Interacting with Computers 33, no. 2 (2021): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwab020.

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Abstract In this study, we explored the effects that the font size and line spacing of simplified Chinese characters had on their readability on smartphones. One hundred and fifteen participants were recruited to complete Chinese text comprehension tasks and provide user preferences on a 5.9-inch smartphone. Nine test conditions were studied, consisting of three font sizes (10-, 12- and 14-point) and three line spacing variations (1.25-F, 1.5-F and 2-F). The results showed that both font size and line spacing significantly affect reading time, but only font size significantly affects reading a

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Rahman, Md Atikur, Luke Gibbon, Md Zahirul Islam, Eric Hall, and Chad A. Ulven. "Adjustment of Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Composites by Print Parameter Adjustments." Polymers 16, no. 21 (2024): 2996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16212996.

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Reinforcing thermoset polymers with continuous carbon fiber (CF) tow has emerged as a promising avenue to overcome the thermal and mechanical performance limitations of 3D printed polymeric structures for load-bearing applications. Unlike traditional methods, manufacturing continuous fiber-reinforced composites by 3D printing has the unique capability of locally varying the mechanical properties of the composites. In this study, continuous CF thermoset composite specimens were printed with varying line spacing, resin flow rate, and nozzle sizes. The resin flow rates for different line spacings

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6

Liu, Jing, Xuanran Peng, Yaru Kang, et al. "Design of High-Q-Gradient Dielectric Nanoparticle Chain Surface Plasmonic Cavities." Photonics 11, no. 2 (2024): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11020117.

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Surface plasmonic cavities consisting of dielectric nanoparticle chains directly placed on a metal substrate are designed and studied, including a periodic nanoparticle chain (PNC) cavity and several different surface plasmon trap (SPT) cavities. The SPT cavities are designed by adjusting the nanoparticle sizes and the spacing between nanoparticles. Among them, the nanoparticle sizes range from 10 nm to 140 nm, and the spacings between the nanoparticles range from 200 nm to 280 nm. Compared to the PNC cavity, the SPT cavities support a single mode operation with higher Q factors within a relat

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7

Jester, W. R., and Brad Taylor. "THE EFFECT OF IN-ROW TRANSPLANT SPACING ON SPRITE MELON YIELD AND SIZES." HortScience 40, no. 3 (2005): 887c—887. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.887c.

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Sprite is an oriental crisp melon owned by Sakata Seeds. Markets and cultural practices were developed through the efforts of the N.C. Specialty Crops Program. In 2003 and 2004 studies were conducted to determine the in-row spacing, which would maximize the 20 (10.16 to 11.43 cm diameter) to 24 (9.53 to 10.16 cm diameter) count melons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Plot size was 1.5 m × 6.1 m with a 1.5-m alley. Spacing treatments were as follows: 30.48 cm = 20 plants/plot; 45.72 cm = 13 plants/plot; 60.96 cm = 10 plants/plot; 76.2 cm = 8 plant

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8

Pugh, Miriam, and John D. Altringham. "The effect of gates on cave entry by swarming bats." Acta Chiropterologica 7, no. 2 (2005): 293–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422894.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Temperate bats make extensive use of caves and mines as nursery roosts, swarming sites and hibernacula. For a variety of reasons, the entrances to many sites have been modified in the past to restrict human access. Early barrier design often gave little regard to bats, leading to massive population declines in many nursery and hibernation sites. Free access to bats has become an increasingly important design feature, as the damaging effects of early gates were recognised. However, given the large number of gates that have been constructed, rel

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9

Pugh, Miriam, and John D. Altringham. "The effect of gates on cave entry by swarming bats." Acta Chiropterologica 7, no. 2 (2005): 293–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422894.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Temperate bats make extensive use of caves and mines as nursery roosts, swarming sites and hibernacula. For a variety of reasons, the entrances to many sites have been modified in the past to restrict human access. Early barrier design often gave little regard to bats, leading to massive population declines in many nursery and hibernation sites. Free access to bats has become an increasingly important design feature, as the damaging effects of early gates were recognised. However, given the large number of gates that have been constructed, rel

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10

Pugh, Miriam, and John D. Altringham. "The effect of gates on cave entry by swarming bats." Acta Chiropterologica 7, no. 2 (2005): 293–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422894.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Temperate bats make extensive use of caves and mines as nursery roosts, swarming sites and hibernacula. For a variety of reasons, the entrances to many sites have been modified in the past to restrict human access. Early barrier design often gave little regard to bats, leading to massive population declines in many nursery and hibernation sites. Free access to bats has become an increasingly important design feature, as the damaging effects of early gates were recognised. However, given the large number of gates that have been constructed, rel

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11

Pugh, Miriam, and John D. Altringham. "The effect of gates on cave entry by swarming bats." Acta Chiropterologica 7, no. 2 (2005): 293–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422894.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Temperate bats make extensive use of caves and mines as nursery roosts, swarming sites and hibernacula. For a variety of reasons, the entrances to many sites have been modified in the past to restrict human access. Early barrier design often gave little regard to bats, leading to massive population declines in many nursery and hibernation sites. Free access to bats has become an increasingly important design feature, as the damaging effects of early gates were recognised. However, given the large number of gates that have been constructed, rel

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12

Pugh, Miriam, and John D. Altringham. "The effect of gates on cave entry by swarming bats." Acta Chiropterologica 7, no. 2 (2005): 293–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422894.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Temperate bats make extensive use of caves and mines as nursery roosts, swarming sites and hibernacula. For a variety of reasons, the entrances to many sites have been modified in the past to restrict human access. Early barrier design often gave little regard to bats, leading to massive population declines in many nursery and hibernation sites. Free access to bats has become an increasingly important design feature, as the damaging effects of early gates were recognised. However, given the large number of gates that have been constructed, rel

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13

Pugh, Miriam, and John D. Altringham. "The effect of gates on cave entry by swarming bats." Acta Chiropterologica 7, no. 2 (2005): 293–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13422894.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Temperate bats make extensive use of caves and mines as nursery roosts, swarming sites and hibernacula. For a variety of reasons, the entrances to many sites have been modified in the past to restrict human access. Early barrier design often gave little regard to bats, leading to massive population declines in many nursery and hibernation sites. Free access to bats has become an increasingly important design feature, as the damaging effects of early gates were recognised. However, given the large number of gates that have been constructed, rel

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14

P.D. SONAWANE and M.V. DHOBLE. "Effect of spacing and seedling tuber size on potato (Solanum tuberosum) grown through true potato seed." Indian Journal of Agronomy 49, no. 3 (2001): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v49i3.5195.

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An experiment was conducted during the winter (rabg seasons of 1996-97 and 1997-98 on clayey soil at Parbhani, to find out suitable and economical combination of inter- and intra-row spacing with seedling tuber size of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Significant increase in the tuber yields was recorded due to spacing of 45 cm. The intra-row spacing of 10 crn was at par with 15 cm, but was significantly superior to 20 cm plant spacing. The tuber yield increased with the increase in seedling tuber size. Significantly highest tuber yield was recorded by large seedling tuber size of 11-15 g over 1

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15

Nakata, Tatsuya. "EFFECTS OF EXPANDING AND EQUAL SPACING ON SECOND LANGUAGE VOCABULARY LEARNING." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 37, no. 4 (2015): 677–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263114000825.

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Although expanding spacing is often regarded as the most effective practice schedule, studies comparing equal and expanding spacing have yielded mixed results. The present study set out to examine whether the amount of spacing and the retention interval may influence the effects of expanding and equal spacing on second language (L2) vocabulary learning. One hundred and twenty-eight Japanese college students studied 20 English-Japanese word pairs. The type of spacing (expanding and equal) and the amount of spacing (massed, short, medium, and long) were manipulated. Results demonstrated a limite

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16

Brandenberger, L. P., and R. P. Wiedenfeld. "Effects of Plant Density, Row Arrangement and Cultivar on Fruit Size and Yield in Honeydew Melons." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 463C—463. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.463c.

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Melon growers in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas have observed in the past that particular sizes of melons and the earliness of melons had a direct effect upon economic returns. A replicated study was carried out during two seasons to determine what specific effects plant density, row arrangement, and cultivar would have on fruit size and yield. The study combined six spacing treatments with three cultivars in a randomized design utilizing five replications on top of raised beds on 80-inch centers. Work was initiated by direct seeding and then thinning to the desired spacing interval in p

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17

Donkor, Kenneth, George Yaw Obeng, Richard Opoku, and Anthony Agyei-Agyemang. "Production processes and statistical analysis of ceramic liner-hole parameters for sustainability and improved thermal efficiency of clean biomass stoves." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021023.

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In engineering, ceramic liners are used as heat retention, insulation, and wear-resistant components for industrial and domestic applications. However, due to lack of production standards, particularly under small industrial operations, there is variation in liner-hole diameter and inter-hole spacing of liners used in clean biomass stoves. This study assessed the production processes and analysed ceramic liner-hole diameters and inter-hole spacings for standardisation. Standardising liner-hole parameters is a major process towards sustainability and improved efficiency. Methods employed were −

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18

Jimoh, Abdulrasaq, Samson Oladayo Ayanlade, Funso Kehinde Ariyo, and Abdulsamad Bolakale Jimoh. "Variations in phase conductor size and spacing on power losses on the Nigerian distribution network." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (2022): 1222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3753.

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Most Nigerian distribution networks are examined on a single-phase basis, which fails to reflect the network's true features. Using three-phase power flow algorithms, this research explores the implications of variations in conductor sizes and spacing on power losses on a Nigerian network. Modified carson's equations were used to model the distribution lines to determine the network's impedance without presuming transposition of the lines. The conductor sizes and spacing were changed to see how they affected network power losses and how they contributed to the distribution network imbalance. T

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19

Abdulrasaq, Jimoh, Oladayo Ayanlade Samson, Kehinde Ariyo Funso, and Bolakale Jimoh Abdulsamad. "Variations in phase conductor size and spacing on power losses on the Nigerian distribution network." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (2022): 1222~1233. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3753.

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Most Nigerian distribution networks are examined on a single-phase basis, which fails to reflect the network's true features. Using three-phase power flow algorithms, this research explores the implications of variations in conductor sizes and spacing on power losses on a Nigerian network. Modified carson's equations were used to model the distribution lines to determine the network's impedance without presuming transposition of the lines. The conductor sizes and spacing were changed to see how they affected network power losses and how they contributed to the distribution network

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20

Liu, Wenlong, Lemei Ren, and Guansan Tian. "Study on the Impact of Pole Spacing on Magnetic Flux Leakage Detection under Oversaturated Magnetization." Sensors 24, no. 16 (2024): 5195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24165195.

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Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection employs leakage magnetic fields to effectively detect and locate pipeline defects. The spacing between magnetic poles significantly affects the leakage magnetic field strength. While most detectors typically opt for moderate pole spacing for routine detection, this study investigates the propagation characteristics of MFL signals at small pole spacings (under specimen oversaturated magnetization) and their impact on MFL detection. Through finite element simulation and experiments, it reveals a new signal phenomenon in the radial MFL signal By at small pol

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21

Saleem, Tahir, and Tariq Sultan. "Effect of NPK, bulb size and spacing on yield of pran (top onion) under temperate rainfed conditions." Brazilian Journal of Development 11, no. 1 (2025): e76637. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv11n1-036.

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The present investigation was carried out at the experimental field of the Division of Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar during for ascertaining suitable spacing, bulb size and NPK combination for maximizing yield and quality of Top onion (Pran). The experiment comprising of 27 treatment combinations was laid out as a randomized complete block design with each treatment combination replicated three times. Three bulb sizes (2.5-5.0, 5.1-7.5 and 7.6-10.0g), three spacings (20 x 10, 20 x 15 and 20 x 20 cm) and three NPK fer

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22

Hahne, Kathryn S., and Richard L. Harkess. "Cell-pack Size and Spacing Requirements for the Transplanted Floral Meadow." HortScience 32, no. 3 (1997): 485D—485. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.485d.

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The Transplanted Floral Meadow is a culture technique designed to provide an herbaceous planting of continuous seasonal bloom beginning about 1 month after transplanting to the landscape. The technique requires little or no maintenance once the plants have become established. The meadow consists of a seed mix of annual flowers that are started in the greenhouse in mixed plugs and transplanted to the landscape. In this study, plugs of the annual transplanted floral meadow seed mix were started by broadcasting the seed mix over flats of standard nursery cell-packs filled with a commercial growin

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23

LIMA, MAYKY FRANCLEY PEREIRA DE, WELDER DE ARAÚJO RANGEL LOPES, MARIA ZULEIDE DE NEGREIROS, FRANCISCO VILELA RESENDE, ANTÔNIA TAMIRES MONTEIRO BESSA, and LEILSON COSTA GRANGEIRO. "CLOVE-SEED SIZE AND HEALTH AND PLANT SPACING ON THE VIABILITY OF GARLIC CROPS." Revista Caatinga 34, no. 3 (2021): 559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252021v34n307rc.

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ABSTRACT Garlic is a vegetable that has a high economic importance for Brazil. However, despite increases in garlic bulb production in the last years, Brazil is still dependent on imported garlic to meet the national demand. Thus, proper management practices and the use of virus-free clove-seeds are promising alternatives to ensure a high productivity and profitability. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate production characteristics and profitability of conventional and virus-free garlic crops as a function of different clove-seed sizes and plant spacings. Two experiments were cond

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Pinn, Eunice H., and M. R. Robertson. "Effect of track spacing and data interpolation on the interpretation of benthic community distributions derived from RoxAnn™ acoustic surveys." ICES Journal of Marine Science 60, no. 6 (2003): 1288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1054-3139(03)00134-6.

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Abstract A 150 mile2 (388 km2) area in the South Minch on the Scottish west coast was surveyed acoustically using the seabed discrimination system RoxAnn™. This site was chosen from BGS seabed sediment maps because of the wide variety of substratum types present within a relatively small area. The work presented here investigates different combinations of survey track spacing in relation to interpolation of acoustic data for mapping benthic biodiversity. Three different survey track spacings (4, 2 and 1 km) and three pixel sizes (1000, 500 and 250 m) were utilised. The results indicated consid

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25

Wang, Yanwei, and Yuchen Fan. "Influence of Cylinder Micro/Nanostructure Size and Spacing on Boundary Slip Length at Solid-Liquid Interfaces." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2981, no. 1 (2025): 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2981/1/012005.

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Abstract The boundary slip length at solid-liquid interfaces has significant application potential in microfluidic and nanofluidic systems. Due to their geometric universality and ease of precise control, cylindrical micro/nano structures are widely used in micromanufacturing technologies. Existing research indicates that cylindrical microstructures are more prone to boundary slip compared to other structures. To reveal the mechanism of how the size and spacing of cylindrical micro/nano structures affect slip length, this study utilizes COMSOL simulation to analyse the effects of cylindrical m

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Tawhari, Yahya, Charchit Shukla, and Juan Ren. "An Image Processing Approach to Quality Control of Drop-on-Demand Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Printing." Micromachines 15, no. 11 (2024): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15111376.

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Droplet quality in drop-on-demand (DoD) Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing plays a crucial role in influencing the overall performance and manufacturing quality of the operation. The current approach to droplet printing analysis involves manually outlining/labeling the printed dots on the substrate under a microscope and then using microscope software to estimate the dot sizes by assuming the dots have a standard circular shape. Therefore, it is prone to errors. Moreover, the dot spacing information is missing, which is also important for EHD DoD printing processes, such as manufacturin

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Genovesi, P., I. Sinibaldi, and L. Boitani. "Spacing patterns and territoriality of the stone marten." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 12 (1997): 1966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-828.

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Sixteen stone martens (Martes foina) were intensively radio-tracked in central Italy in order to assess their spacing patterns. Home-range sizes and distances travelled per night were analysed with respect to sex, age, season, and habitat. Intrasexual territoriality is confirmed for the species; home-range edges appeared to be determined by the dispersion of neighbours' territories. Home-range size was positively correlated with the presence of woodland (less abundant and more dispersed resources). Males travelled longer distances than females, although home-range sizes did not differ signific

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., Viet Van Pham, Tuan Anh Nguyen ., Bao Dinh Tran ., et al. "Determining the size and shape of a dimension stone block under consideration on the spatial relationship of joint sets." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 64, no. 3 (2023): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2023.64(3).07.

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Dimension stone not only represents the quality, including strength, color, and polish indexes but also shows the size and shape to obtain standard requirements for the processing plant. One of the issues affecting the size and block recovery ratio is discontinuities inside the stone, dividing into specific sizes and shapes. Therefore, the paper shows a relationship among three main joint sets, existing in the quarries, influencing the size and shape of a stone block generated by intersections of these joint sets. Each joint set is characterized by dip, dip direction, and spacings. Modelling d

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Kuszmaul, J. S. "Estimating keyblock sizes in underground excavations: accounting for joint set spacing." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36, no. 2 (1999): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-9062(98)00184-3.

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Tang, Rui Fan, Kai Huang, Guang Yang Lin, Huan Da Wu, Chen Li, and Hong Kai Lai. "Charge Trapping Properties of Au Nanocrystals with Various Sizes for Non-Volatile Memory Applications." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.367.

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Charge trapping properties of Au nanocrystals (NCs) with various sizes and densities embedded in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) were investigated. Comparing with the Nc size, experimental results show that the NC spacing is more influential in electron trapping. Au NCs with the size of 8~13nm have larger memory window than the Au NCs of 13-17nm and 6-8nm, which can be ascribe to the higher field-enhancement effect caused by the larger NC spacing. Optimized NC size can improve the specific characteristic of memory device effectively.

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Wu, Yan, Shiang He, Dongmei Li, Yang Li, and Hao Wang. "Esterification of naphthenic acids with various structures over tungstophosphoric acid-intercalated layer double hydroxide catalysts with various interlayer spacings." Clay Minerals 56, no. 3 (2021): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2022.3.

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AbstractTungstophosphoric acid-intercalated MgAl layer double hydroxides (LDHs) are active catalysts for removing naphthenic acids (NAs) from petroleum via esterification. Due to their active sites being in the interlayer, the interlayer spacing of LDHs might affect their activity, particularly for NAs with various structures. Herein, two tungstophosphoric acid-intercalated MgAl LDHs with various interlayer spacings (d003 = 1.46 and 1.07 nm) synthesized by varying the ion-exchange time were used as catalysts for esterification between NAs and ethylene glycol. Six NAs with various side chains a

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Amin, Sayeda Anika, Md Tanvir Hasan, and Muhammad Shaffatul Islam. "The Effects of Interdot Spacing and Dot Size on the Performance of InGaAs/GaAs QDIBSC." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9160381.

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In0.53Ga0.47As/GaAs-based quantum dot intermediate band solar cells (QDIBSCs) have been designed and optimized for the next generation photovoltaic technology. The wave behavior of charge carriers inside the dot and their barrier have been analyzed with different dot sizes and interdot spacing. The device characteristics such as short circuit current density, Jsc, open circuit voltage, Voc, and conversion efficiency, η, have been evaluated. Based on the behavior of electron wave function, it is found that varying the dot spacing leads to a change in the IB width and in the density of states, w

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Puah, A. Y. P., Sharipah Nadzirah, Mohd Khairuddin Md Arshad, R. M. Ayub, A. Rahim Ruslinda, and Uda Hashim. "pH Measurement Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Thin Film Based Sensors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 1120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.1120.

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Optimization gap size and integration of TiO2nanoparticles thin film produce a sensitive sensor device. Sol-gel spin coated TiO2nanoparticles thin film is coated on a conventional fabricated IDEs with gap sizes of 7 μm, 10 μm, 14 μm and 17 μm which is then validated through electrical characterization. I-V characteristics of without and with TiO2thin film of various gap sizes are subjected to pH test are then plotted to describe the resistance of the devices and correlate with the sensitivity measurement. Sensing devices show that devices with larger spacing and greater pH values have higher c

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Wei, Xin, Yunru Zhou, and Xuanyi Chen. "An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Characteristics and Mechanism of Spacing Cracks in Loess Considering the Size Effect." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (2023): 12482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612482.

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Loess is a special soil with high water sensitivity which covers a large area in Northwest China. Cracks are prone to generate in loess under the arid and semiarid climates, which will provide a preferential channel for water and reduce the mechanical properties of soils. It is of great significance to understand the evolution characteristics and mechanisms of the cracks in loess areas. At present, research on cracks in soils mainly concentrates on the characteristics of different cracking patterns. However, spacing cracks are mostly discussed in materials like rock and concrete rather than so

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Deng, Yong Fang, Dun Wen Zuo, and Bo Song. "The Effect of Eccentricity of the Tool on the Surface Morphology of FSJ Joint." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.387.

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An attempt is made here to join 2024 aluminum alloy plate by friction stir joining (FSJ) using tools with different eccentricity. Joint surface morphology was observed, and the sizes of both arc line spacing and flash were measured. Furthermore, study the effect of eccentricity of the tool on the surface topography of FSJ joint and analyze the formation of the joint surface topography. It is found that, the space trajectory of long axis of shoulder which formed by the eccentricity of the tool determine the morphology of the arc lines; the ratio between the feed speed and the rotation speed det

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Ueno, Hisanori, Masato Hasegawa, and Hiroaki Nakamatsu. "B116 Influence of pore sizes and spacing on transpiration of plant leaves." Proceedings of the JSME Conference on Frontiers in Bioengineering 2007.18 (2007): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebiofro.2007.18.69.

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Lima, Thiago Soares, Bismarck Luiz Silva, Amauri Garcia, Noé Cheung, and José Eduardo Spinelli. "Dendritic and eutectic growth of Sn–0.5 wt.%Cu solders with low alloying Al levels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 9 (2018): 1733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420718784314.

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The dependences of microstructures on the solidification thermal parameters of Sn–0.5 wt.%Cu, Sn–0.5 wt.%Cu–0.05 wt.%Al, and Sn–0.5 wt.%Cu–0.1 wt.%Al alloys are examined. Ranges of sizes and morphologies of microstructural phases have been quantitatively assessed due to the broad spectra of cooling rates and thermal gradients associated with the experiments. Various types of growth relations are proposed to represent the microstructural progresses. Al addition does not change either the matrix primary dendritic spacing or the spacing between Cu6Sn5 particles. However, it is shown that the seco

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Yadav, Rajesh, Anuj Kumar, Jyoti Kanwar, and Rajiv Dubey. "Effect of Different Spacing and Corm Size on Growth and Corm Production of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv Punjab Dawn under Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh." Environment and Ecology 42, no. 2A (2024): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/xilt5867.

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The present experiment was carried out at Bahadari research farm of College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) during rabi season of 2020-21 with an aim to find out the effect of different spacing and corm size on growth and corm production of gladiolus, using the three spacing’s (S1 30 × 30 cm, S2 30 × 20 cm and S3 20 × 20 cm) and three corm sizes (C1 <3.0 cm, C2 3.0-4.0 cm and C3 >4.0 cm). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. The result revealed that, the plant produced from wider spacing with larger corm size (30 × 30

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Song, M., K. Mitsuishi, and K. Furuya. "Observation of Nanometer-Xe Clusters Embedded in Al Crystals." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 1 (2004): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040243.

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The structure of Xe precipitates with sizes in several nanometers embedded in Al is known to be stable and its structure is well confirmed. But knowledge about the structure of Xe precipitates with nanometer sizes is very limited. There are difficulties in observing such small structures embedded in a crystalline matrix. An off-Bragg condition is used to observe diffraction patterns, dark-field, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The structure of Xe precipitates with sizes of about 2 nm and smaller is observed and confirmed. They are in an fcc structure and their orie

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Colin, F. J. O'Donnell. "Home range and use of space by Chalinolobus tuberculatus, a temperate rainforest bat from New Zealand." Journal of Zoology 253, no. 2 (2006): 253–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095283690100022x.

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Fifty radio-tagged long-tailed bats <i>Chalinolobus tuberculatus</i>, belonging to three social groups numbering on average 72–132 bats each, ranged over an area of 11 700 ha in <i>Nothofagus</i> rainforest in the Eglinton Valley, Fiordland, New Zealand, during the austral summers of 1993–96. Bats were followed for 12.7 ± 6.3 (sd) days. Home-range sizes were among the largest published for Microchiroptera. Median minimum convex polygons (100+ MCPs) for adult males were 1589 ha (max = 5629 ha), 1361 ha for post-lactating females, and 657 ha for non-reproductive females. Ranges of lactating fema

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ANGLÈS d'AURIAC, J. Ch, S. DOMMANGE, J. M. MAILLLARD, and C. M. VIALLET. "GAUSSIAN ORTHOGONAL ENSEMBLE FOR THE LEVEL SPACING STATISTICS OF THE QUANTUM FOUR-STATE CHIRAL POTTS MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 14n15 (2002): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202011780.

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We have performed a Random Matrix Theory (RMT) analysis of the quantum four state chiral Potts chain for different sizes of the quantum chain up to eight sites, and for different unfolding methods. Our analysis shows that one generically has a Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble statistics for the unfolded spectrum instead of the GUE statistics one could expect. Furthermore a change from the generic GOE distribution to a Poisson distribution occurs when the hamiltonian becomes integrable. Therefore, the RMT analysis can be seen as a detector of "higher genus integrability".

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Spencer, Alison K., Andrew J. Schaumberg, and Jennifer A. Zallen. "Scaling of cytoskeletal organization with cell size in Drosophila." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 11 (2017): 1519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0691.

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Spatially organized macromolecular complexes are essential for cell and tissue function, but the mechanisms that organize micron-scale structures within cells are not well understood. Microtubule-based structures such as mitotic spindles scale with cell size, but less is known about the scaling of actin structures within cells. Actin-rich denticle precursors cover the ventral surface of the Drosophila embryo and larva and provide templates for cuticular structures involved in larval locomotion. Using quantitative imaging and statistical modeling, we demonstrate that denticle number and spacing

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Asaduzzaman, Md, Md Mainul Hasan, Md Mahmudul Hasan, Md Moniruzzaman, and Mohammad Humayun Kabir Howlander. "Effect of bulb size and plant spacing on seed production of onion (Allium cepa L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 3 (2012): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i3.12084.

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A field experiment was conducted at the `Research Farm` of Regional Seed Production Office of Lal Teer Seed Limited, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during November 2008 to April 2009. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of bulb size and planting spacing on seed production of cultivar Taherpuri onion. Three bulb sizes [small (5±2g), medium (10±2g), and large (15±2g)] and four planting spacing [closest 25×15, closer 25×20, wider 30×15, and widest 30×20cm] was considered in this experiment. Number of flowering stalks, length of flowering stalks, number of umbels per plant, number seeded fruit

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Ji, Chang Fa, Xiao Bing Liu, and Rui Liu. "Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Dimpled Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2686–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2686.

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Designed a new type of plate heat exchanger-dimpled plate heat exchanger, then conducted a three-dimensional numerical simulation on flow, heat transfer and resistance characteristics of 15 kinds of different sizes dimpled plate heat exchangers by Fluent software，obtains the impact of the dimples geometric parameters such as dimple diameter, dimple spacing, dimple height on the heat transfer and flow characteristics. The results show that in different Reynolds number, dimple diameter, dimple spacing and dimple height on the effect of the dimple plate heat transfer efficiency is quite similar,

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Bedri, Khaoula, Malek Ould Hamou, Mira Filali, Riheb Hadji, and Hassan Taib. "Optimizing the blast fragmentation quality of discontinuous rock mass: Case study of Jebel Bouzegza Open-Cast Mine, North Algeria." Mining of Mineral Deposits 17, no. 4 (2023): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining17.04.035.

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Purpose. The research aims to investigate the impact of discontinuity characteristics, including dip direction, dip and joint spacing, on the size distribution of blasted fragments in mines and quarries. The accuracy of blasting results is essential for efficient operations, and understanding these factors can enhance blast fragmentation outcomes. Methods. We conducted our research at the Jebel Bouzegza C01 aggregate quarry, analyzing eight blast benches. To determine fragment sizes, we employed image processing tools to calculate P50, P80, and Pmax sizes. Additionally, we used the Kuz Ram mod

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Li, Manman, Yiwen Lv, Yan Jin, and Yigui Li. "Simulation Research on Interdigitated Electrodes based sensors in water solution monitoring." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2417, no. 1 (2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2417/1/012026.

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Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) based sensors have the advantages of being rapid and accurate in the electrochemical detection area. In this paper, simulation research on IDEs-based impedance sensors in water solution is performed, and the electric field distribution under different sizes (pairs, finger width, and finger spacing) is compared, while the corresponding impedance in water solution is calculated. As a result, the optimal size of the IDEs (pairs=10, spacing =0.1 mm, width=0.5 mm) is chosen, and impedance changes in a water solution with different conductivities are investigated. Th

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Lau, Peter W. C. "Rationalizing spacing requirements for nailed wood connections by induced wood splitting." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 5 (1992): 842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-095.

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Nails of five different types and sizes were driven through test specimens cut from 35 × 85 mm Douglas-fir and eastern spruce (spruce-pine-fir) dimension lumber, preconditioned to 12% moisture content. Each specimen received either a single nail or two identical nails, spaced at 10 times the nail diameter for common and spiral nails, or at 25 mm for glulam rivets. Nail-induced crack size was evaluated using digital imaging techniques. These crack data were analysed together with the data on single-nail specimens obtained in a parallel study. This permitted the development of a model predicting

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Bhushan, Bharat, Michael Nosonovsky, and Yong Chae Jung. "Towards optimization of patterned superhydrophobic surfaces." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 15 (2007): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0211.

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Experimental and theoretical study of wetting properties of patterned Si surfaces with cylindrical flat-top pillars of various sizes and pitch distances is presented. The values of the contact angle (CA), contact angle hysteresis (CAH) and tilt angle (TA) are measured and compared with the theoretical values. Transition from the composite solid–liquid–air to the homogeneous solid–liquid interface is investigated. It is found that the wetting behaviour of a patterned hydrophobic surface depends upon a simple non-dimensional parameter, the spacing factor, equal to the pillar diameter divided by

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Alotaibi, Refah, Mazen Nassar, and Ahmed Elshahhat. "Estimations of Modified Lindley Parameters Using Progressive Type-II Censoring with Applications." Axioms 12, no. 2 (2023): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12020171.

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This study addresses the estimation problems of the modified Lindley distribution using a progressive Type-II censoring plan. Using the maximum likelihood and maximum product of spacing and Bayesian estimation methods, the unknown parameter, reliability, and hazard rate functions are estimated. Employing the assumption of the gamma prior and a symmetric loss function, Bayes estimators are investigated when the observed data are obtained using the likelihood and product of spacing functions. Additionally, the approximate confidence intervals using both classical methods and the highest posterio

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Verdian, Joseph P., Leonard S. Sklar, Clifford S. Riebe, and Jeffrey R. Moore. "Sediment size on talus slopes correlates with fracture spacing on bedrock cliffs: implications for predicting initial sediment size distributions on hillslopes." Earth Surface Dynamics 9, no. 4 (2021): 1073–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1073-2021.

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Abstract. The detachment of rock fragments from fractured bedrock on hillslopes creates sediment with an initial size distribution that sets the upper limits on particle size for all subsequent stages in the evolution of sediment in landscapes. We hypothesize that the initial size distribution should depend on the size distribution of latent sediment (i.e., fracture-bound blocks in unweathered bedrock) and weathering of blocks both before and during detachment (e.g., disintegration along crystal grain boundaries). However, the initial size distribution is difficult to measure because the inter

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