Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spallings

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Spallings'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Spallings"

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Lee, Chang Soon, In Shik Cho, Young Shik Pyoun, and In Gyu Park. "Study of Inner Micro Cracks on Rolling Contact Fatigue of Bearing Steels Using Ultrasonic Nano-Crystalline Surface Modification." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.979.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of ultrasonic nano-crystalline surface modification (UNSM) treatment on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) characteristics of bearing steels. It was found that severe plastic deformation occurred at surface by over 100 µm after UNSM treatment. The micro surface hardness was increased by 18%, and the measured compressive residual stress was as high as -700~-900MPa. The polymet RCF-2 roller type RCF test showed over 2 times longer fatigue lifetime after UNSM treatment under Hertzian contact stress of 425.2kg/mm2 and 8,000 rpm. And SEM study showed a spalling phenomenon at the samples which went through the RCF test after UNSM treatment. Samples before UNSM treatment produced surface initiated spalls and multi shear lips by progressive spalling at the end along the rolling direction, but sub-surface initiated spalls were formed without multi shear lips after UNSM treatment. The spalling occurred at once, and the size and depth of spalls were larger than those before UNSM treatment. And micro cracks were found to form within the spallings after UNSM treatment, and stress distribution at the maximum Herzian shear stress through these micro cracks is thought to improve the fatigue lifetime of bearing materials.
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Ai, Alan Xiaolan, and Herbert S. Cheng. "Numerical Simulation of Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contacts With Rough Surfaces." Applied Mechanics Reviews 47, no. 6S (1994): S221—S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3124411.

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Transient numerical analysis to elastohydrodynamically lubricated point contacts with rough surfaces is described. The numerical simulation is based on the multigrid method. Three types of surface roughness: single dent or bump, oblique waviness and random roughness are reviewed. Under heavily loaded conditions, results reveal a strong domination of Couette flow (convective flow). The presence of sliding greatly increases pressure fluctuation and as a consequence may lead to surface-initiated spallings. For obliquely orientated roughness, lubricant flow intends to deform the ridges and create primarily longitudinal passages.
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Hu, Pan, Haitao Wang, Guiyun Tian, Zeyu Dong, Fasheng Qiu, and Billie F. Spencer. "Wireless Localization of Spallings in Switch-Rails With Guided Waves Based on a Time–Frequency Method." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 23 (2019): 11050–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2934159.

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Franke, L., and R. Reimann-Oenel. "Beobachtungen zum Stofftransport und zu einhergehenden Schädigungseffekten in porösen Baustoffen / Observations of mass transport and related deterioration mechanisms in porous building materials." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 6, no. 4 (2000): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2000-5492.

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Abstract It is reported about substance migration problems and their consequences, which have been investigated experimentally and which could be particularly relevant with regard to repair and restoration of historic buildings. One aim of the investigations was to find out, whether facades, treated with water repellent agents, showing non treated areas, can be affected in their long time behaviour. Such lacks can be due to non careful application of the repellent agent. In addition, investigations were made to find out. of coatings on salt containing mineral substrates, especially natural stones can reduce their life time. As a result of the experiments and the theoretical considerations, it follows, that a lack in water repellent treatment. could cause the risk of crust-development spallings in environment of non treated spots in the case that substrate is salt contaminated and moisture exchange takes place. All experiments with coatings, performed under the same conditions, show, that the coated surfaces have a more favourable behaviour than the same surfaces without coatings.
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Knowles, M. K., F. D. Hansen, T. W. Thompson, J. F. Schatz, and M. Gross. "Review and perspectives on spallings release models in the 1996 performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 69, no. 1-3 (2000): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(00)00037-5.

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Berglund, J. W., J. W. Garner, J. C. Helton, J. D. Johnson, and L. N. Smith. "Direct releases to the surface and associated complementary cumulative distribution functions in the 1996 performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant: cuttings, cavings and spallings." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 69, no. 1-3 (2000): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(00)00036-3.

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Guo, Y. S. H., Wei Shen Zhu, Shu Cai Li, R. H. C. Wong, and B. Sin. "Growth Pattern Study of Closed Surface Flaw under Compression." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.158.

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Under extra compressive stress, some phenomena of rock spallings and fractures often exist on rock mass located in sidewalls of underground house and tunnels. It is the reason that the crack growth and coalescence initiation from original flaws (or faults) in rock mass. In the previous studies, many researchers took a flaw as a through flaw (2-dimentional model), but the flaws are not always through the whole rock mass in fact, most of them are only near the surface of rock mass, These are so named as surface flaws. They belong to three dimensional (2-D) flaws. Now, the reports on initiation and growth of 3-D surface flaw are few. So, for the investigation on growth patterns of 3-D surface flaw, a series of samples containing a surface flaw were carried out using frozen casting resin material at about -30°C temperatures. The surface flaw was made of a polyester film was used to model a single closed flaw on rock mass. The experimental results show that the wrapping wing crack (Mode I) initiated at the ends (or tips) of surface flaw first, and then formed a kinking zone (mixed crack zone) at a certain place at the middle of surface flaw region. Some petal cracks (Mode III) and shell-shaped cracks (Mode III) would grow at the middle place of flaw. A big fin crack (Mixed Mode) also emerged in middle of flaw and grown along loading direction. Finally, a team of large cracking curved faces deformed inside the resin specimen; the whole specimen would be splitted off by the initiation and growth of the cracks. The reasons lead to the fracture patterns of 3-D closed surface flaw were provided with brittle fracture mechanics theory in the article, preliminarily.
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PRESTON, F. W. "THEORY OF SPALLING*." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 16, no. 1-12 (2006): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1933.tb19208.x.

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Buravova, Svetlana. "Erosion spalling mechanism." Wear 157, no. 2 (1992): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(92)90072-g.

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Zhao, Jie, Jian Jun Zheng, and Gai Fei Peng. "Modeling of Vapor Pressure Build-Up in Heated High-Performance Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3691.

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Under high temperature conditions, such as fire, high-performance concrete will undergo material degradation or even spalling. Spalling is the most detrimental to concrete structures. To prevent concrete from spalling, the mechanism should be understood. Since the build-up vapor pressure in concrete is supposed to play a dominant role in spalling, a vapor pressure prediction model is proposed in this paper to quantitatively analyze the vapor pressure, which can be used for the spalling mechanism study.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spallings"

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Darth, Pontus. "Simulation of Rolling Mill to Computeand Improve Load Distribution." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85595.

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This master thesis was done at Swerim AB in cooperation with SSAB and the Technical University of Luleå in the purpose of preventing spalling problems in hot rolling mills. Spallings are a fatigue damage that occurs on the rolls due to extreme loads and unfavorable conditions between the rolls in a mill. This report describes how the roughing mill, which is the first of a series of hot rolling mills is modelled and simulated in order to compute and improve the load distribution between the rolls. The load distribution tells a lot where the spalling problems occurs. By computer aided design and simulations with the finite element method a parametric computational model was created and used to simulate the load distribution between the work roll and backup roll with worn andfresh rolls. These simulations showed what the load distribution looks like when using new rolls and that the load distribution is especially bad when the work roll is worn. The computational model was used to simulate how the load distribution changes with different geometries on the backup roll to provide valuable input and suggest new designs on the backup roll currently used by SSAB Borlänge.
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MOTTA, BERNARDO HEISLER. "THE CONTEMPORARY NARRATIVE AND INTERACTIVE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES: SPALLING, DECENTRALIZATION, SLIDING AND MULTIPLICATION OF CHARACTERS` SPALLING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7661@1.

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FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a descentralização, fragmentação, deslizamento e multiplicação da identidade dos personagens na ficção literária e cinematográfica contemporânea. A hipótese que norteia o trabalho é a de que estas transformações, na forma em que vêm se apresentando, estão intimamente relacionadas a um outro fenômeno, decorrente das possibilidades criadas pelas novas tecnologias digitais, o da interatividade. Assim, a pesquisa debruça-se sobre a inter-relação entre as narrativas de ficção digitais e as narrativas de ficção na literatura e no cinema contemporâneo.<br>This research has as objective to analyze the decentralization, spalling, sliding and multiplication of the identity of the characters in contemporary literary and cinematographic fiction. The hypothesis that guides this work is of that these transformations are intimately related to another phenomenon, linked to the possibilities created by the new digital technologies, the interactivity. The research then leans over the relations between the fictional digital narratives and the fictional narratives in contemporary literature and cinema.
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Connolly, Raymond J. "The spalling of concrete in fires." Thesis, Aston University, 1995. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14310/.

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The occurrence of spalling is a major factor in determining the fire resistance of concrete constructions. The apparently random occurrence of spalling has limited the development and application of fire resistance modelling for concrete structures. This Thesis describes an experimental investigation into the spalling of concrete on exposure to elevated temperatures. It has been shown that spalling may be categorised into four distinct types, aggregate spalling, corner spalling, surface spalling and explosive spalling. Aggregate spalling has been found to be a form of shear failure of aggregates local to the heated surface. The susceptibility of any particular concrete to aggregate spalling can be quantified from parameters which include the coefficients of thermal expansion of both the aggregate and the surrounding mortar, the size and thermal diffusivity of the aggregate and the rate of heating. Corner spalling, which is particularly significant for the fire resistance of concrete columns, is a result of concrete losing its tensile strength at elevated temperatures. Surface spalling is the result of excessive pore pressures within heated concrete. An empirical model has been developed to allow quantification of the pore pressures and a material failure model proposed. The dominant parameters are rate of heating, pore saturation and concrete permeability. Surface spalling may be alleviated by limiting pore pressure development and a number of methods to this end have been evaluated. Explosive spalling involves the catastrophic failure of a concrete element and may be caused by either of two distinct mechanisms. In the first instance, excessive pore pressures can cause explosive spalling, although the effect is limited principally to unloaded or relatively small specimens. A second cause of explosive spalling is where the superimposition of thermally induced stresses on applied load stresses exceed the concrete's strength.
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Jansson, Robert. "Fire Spalling of Concrete : Theoretical and Experimental Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-128378.

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Fire spalling of concrete is not a new phenomenon. To some degree there has always been a risk during rapid heating of concrete. Therefore, to a certain degree the effect of fire spalling is included in the bank of data from fire tests and fires on which our understanding of the fire resistance of concrete is based. However, the development and modern use of more dense concrete mixes have produced cases of very severe fire spalling which have increased the urgency to understand this phenomenon. In this context, the use of an addition of polypropylene (PP) fibres to the mix to limit the amount of spalling has been one topic of interest for this thesis. During fire tests on a post-tensioned concrete structure made of spalling sensitive concrete, it has been shown that substantially lower amounts of PP fibres than 2 kg/m3, which is recommended in the Eurocode (1992-1-2:2004), can be used with successful results. As part of this study, another important aspect has emerged, i.e. the impact the test method used can have on the fire spalling depths observed in concrete specimens. This has been known for many years but is seldom discussed in the scientific literature. In this thesis it has been shown that results from tests on unloaded cubes do not necessarily correspond to results seen on larger loaded slabs. In the results presented, none of the tested cubes spalled whereas some of the large slabs spalled to the degree that the reinforcement became fire exposed. Further, the difference in spalling depths between small and large post-tensioned slabs was shown to be substantial; although in general the ranking in severity from least to greatest spalling correlated between these two specimen sizes. The correlation to larger specimens was much vaguer in the case when the small slabs were not loaded in compression as there sometimes was no spalling in the small slabs. From time to time the randomness of the fire spalling of concrete has been mentioned. To investigate this further, an analysis of 110 fire tests performed on small slab type specimens was performed. This analyse showed that the spalling behaviour had a good repeatability between two identical tests, which proved that the so called “random factor” relating to spalling depth was low for the chosen data set. It was also possible to make a multiple least squares fit of test parameters that could be used to predict the spalling behaviour which also underlines that a substantial stochastic factor was not present. Regarding the influence of different factors, the results compiled on the influence of ageing show that for three of the tested Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) mixes, the amount of spalling was reduced with age whereas for the fourth mix (which included the highest amount of limestone filler, 140 kg/m3) the spalling was not reduced with age. In this test series no systematic influence of the intensity of the fire, between standard fire exposure and the more severe hydrocarbon fire, on the spalling depth was detected for this type of specimen. The only major difference was that spalling started earlier during the more severe fire exposure. Pressure measurements conducted as part of the work within this thesis, supported by results from the literature, indicate that there is no relationship between pressure rise due to moisture and fire spalling. Based on this and the fact that the spalling event in many cases happens at relatively low temperatures where the saturation vapour pressure is low two alternative factors to explain the function of PP fibres have been presented: (i) PP fibres reduce the moisture content in the critical zone close to the heated surface which affects the mechanical properties advantageously, and (ii) PP fibres amplify moisture movement leading to larger drying creep and shrinkage which locally relax the thermal stresses. To  investigate  the  influence  of  the  presence  of  moisture  on  the  compressive  strength, specimens were tested after being boiled for varying periods of time in a water bath. The study showed a remarkable reduction of strength due to boiling of the mortar specimens. After boiling mortar in a water bath for 3, 10 or 20 minutes, i.e. approximately the same time span as the initiation of fire spalling during fully developed fires, the strength was only 64% of the corresponding value for a dry specimen. As no strength change was detected between the specimens  boiled  3, 10 or 20 minutes,  and that the corresponding  saturation  pressure  for steam at 100ºC is negligible compared with the tensile strength of concrete, it was concluded that pore pressure is not a significant  contributor  to the measured reduction in strength.  It appears that the presence of moisture itself rather than an increased pressure is the most important factor reducing strength. This is a clear indication that moisture plays a key role in the fire spalling of concrete but in a different way from previously assumed.<br><p>QC 20130911</p>
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Jansson, Robert. "Material properties related to fire spalling of concrete /." Lund : Division of Building Materials, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, 2008. http://www.byggnadsmaterial.lth.se/.

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Nguyen, Thang Dinh. "Theoretical study of thermal spalling of brittle materials." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77905.

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In this work several problems related to thermal spalling are considered. First, a novel approximate technique to solve general linear heat-conduction problems with changing boundary conditions and locations is proposed. The technique is based on the concept of linear superposition and the possibility to transform the initial condition into a time-varying boundary condition. The proposed technique is evaluated and compared_to some of the existing techniques. The individual contribution of several stress components and their combined effects on the risk of failure are then considered for a theoretical axi-symmetric body subjected to uniform unconfined heating. The results indicate that using a single stress component in the prediction of failure for brittle materials is not justified in general. Finally, the thermal spalling process in jet piercing operations is studied. The finite element model consists of a large axi-symmetric object subjected to a confined heat flux. The numerical results are used to study the combined effects of several stress components and the influence of material properties and heat flux intensity on the spalling rate and spallability of brittle materials. The results compare favorably with experimental results reported in the literature. A set of plots are offered for use in design. Possible extensions and variations of the present work are also discussed.<br>Ph. D.
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Jerabek, Jakub, Allessandra Keil, Jens Schoene, Rostislav Chudoba, Josef Hegger, and Michael Raupach. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Spalling Effect in TRC Specimens." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244046893347-05461.

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The paper presents the study of spalling effect occurring under tensile loading in thin-walled TRC specimens. The experimentally observed failure patterns are first classified and the performed experiment design is explained and discussed. A parameter study of spalling effect with varied thickness of concrete cover and reinforcement configurations including both the textile fabrics and the yarns provided the basis for numerical analysis of the effect. The applied numerical model was designed in order to capture the initiation and propagation of longitudinal cracks leading to the separation of concrete blocks from the textile fabrics. A meso-scopic material resolution in a single crack bridge is used for the simulation exploiting the periodic structure of the crack bridges both in the lateral and in the longitudinal direction of the TRC specimens. The matrix was modeled using an anisotropic damage model falling in the microplane-category of material models. The bond between yarn and matrix follows a non-linear bond-law calibrated using pull-out tests. The epoxy-impregnated reinforcement is considered as a homogeneous bar.
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Thiruchelvam, Chellathurai. "Deterioration and spalling of high strength concrete at elevated temperatures." Thesis, City University London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274476.

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Lopes, Christian Raposo. "Spalling e DoP em alvos metálicos : estudos analíticos e numéricos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2493.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica<br>As constantes formas de ameaça requerem o desenvolvimento constante de mecanismos de protecção, capazes de suster ataques de diversos tipos. Estes mecanismos devem possuir qualificações de segurança elevadas, visando a protecção de pessoas, veículos ou infraestruturas. O desenvolvimento tecnológico de sistemas de protecção inovadores permite acompanhar a evolução do tipo, tecnologia e performance das ameaças (armas, projécteis, explosivos, etc.). Consequentemente, é de grande importância o desenvolvimento de meios capazes de avaliar a capacidade de absorção de impacto dos referidos sistemas de protecção, sistemas esses que devem fornecer a resistência necessária ao impacto de ameaça. Neste trabalho procura-se estudar o comportamento ao impacto balístico de sistemas de protecção metálicos. Estudam-se numericamente os factores que influenciam a capacidade de absorção de energia de um alvo. Apresenta-se uma investigação detalhada das características de absorção de impacto de alvos com diferentes espessuras, impactados por projécteis com forma de ponta cilíndrica, hemisférica, cónica e ogival. Analisa-se a influência de vários parâmetros que afectam a capacidade de absorção de energia do alvo, tais como, a energia cinética de impacto, a forma de ponta do projéctil, as espessuras e os modos de cedência dos alvos. Faz-se a caracterização do comportamento mecânico ao impacto do aço Weldox 460 E, recorrendo ao programa de elemento finitos Abaqus. Evidencia-se, através da análise dos resultados numéricos, a dependência do modo de cedência do alvo em relação ao tipo de projéctil utilizado. Verifica-se um aumento da velocidade de limite balístico com o aumento da espessura do alvo, induzindo um aumento da capacidade de protecção deste. Denota-se a influência da forma de ponta do projéctil e da velocidade inicial de impacto na variação da velocidade residual do projéctil. Ilustra-se o aumento de absorção de energia por parte do alvo, com o aumento de espessura deste. É ainda notória uma absorção de energia de forma mais rápida para projécteis com configuração cilíndrica, verificando-se o inverso em projécteis de configuração ogival. ABSTRACT: The constant forms of threat require the constant development of protection systems capable of sustaining various types of attacks. These mechanisms should have high safety qualifications concerning the protection of people, vehicles or buildings. The development of innovative security systems can follow the evolution of type, technology and performance of the threats (weapons, projectiles, explosives, etc.). Therefore it is of extreme importance the development of means capable of evaluating the impact absorption capability of the before mentioned protection systems, which should be able to provide the resistence needed for the impact of a threat. This work presents a study of the behavior of metal protection systems against a ballistic impact where the afecting factors of the energy absorption capability of a target are numerically analysed. A detailed investigation of the impact absorption characteristics of a target with different thickness when collided by projectiles with blunt, hemispherical, conical and ogival noses is presented. Influence of various parameters afecting the energy absorption capability of the target, such as the kinetic energy of the impacting projectile, its nose shape, failure mode and thickness is studied. The mechanical behavior under an impact loading of Weldox 460 E steel is analysed using the finite element program Abaqus. It is possible to verify the dependence of the failure mode of the target on the type of projectile being used. Along with the increasement of the thickness of the target it is observed that the same happens to its energy absorption and to the ballistic limit velocity. The projectile nose shape and the initial velocity of impact affect its residual velocity. It is also noticed a faster absorption of energy by the target for projectiles with blunt noses, with the opposite happening for the ones with ogival noses.
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Yanko, William Andrew. "Experimental and numerical evaluation of concrete spalling during extreme thermal loading." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006380.

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Books on the topic "Spallings"

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Connolly, Raymond John. The spalling of concrete in fires. Aston University. Department of Civil Engineering, 1995.

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Kelkar, Ajit Dhundiraj. Analyses of quasi-isotropic composite plates under quasi-static point loads simulating low-velocity impact phenomena. Old Dominion University, 1985.

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Blickensderfer, Robert. Laboratory tests of spalling, breaking, and abrasion of wear-resistant alloys used in mining and mineral processing. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.

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BV, Hoogovens Groep. Mathematical model for the determination of thermal spalling in refractory material on basis of the practical relationship of the appearance of rupture, physical properties and physical conditions. Commission of the European Communities, 1985.

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Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. A deterministic interfacial cyclic oxidation spalling model. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.

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Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. A deterministic interfacial cyclic oxidation spalling model. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2002.

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Center, Lewis Research, ed. The effect of 0.1 atomic percent Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation behavior of b□-s□gbb□-s□s-NiAl for 3000 hours at 1200b□-s□p0b□-s□sC. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1988.

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Center, Lewis Research, ed. The effect of 0.1 atomic percent Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation behavior of Ý-NiAl for 3000 hours at 1200⁰C. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1988.

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Center, Lewis Research, ed. The effect of 0.1 atomic percent Zirconium on the cyclic oxidation behavior of Ý-NiAl for 3000 hours at 1200⁰C. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1988.

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D, Sheffler K., Ortiz Milton, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Thermal barrier coating life prediction model development: Phase 1, final report. NASA Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spallings"

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Silverton, Craig D., and Paul Dougherty. "Spalling." In Encyclopedia of Trauma Care. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29613-0_401.

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Hu, Huan, Renwei Mao, and Katsuyuki Sakuma. "Controlled Spalling Technology." In Flexible, Wearable, and Stretchable Electronics. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429263941-7.

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Han, Baoguo, Liqing Zhang, and Jinping Ou. "Anti-Spalling Concrete." In Smart and Multifunctional Concrete Toward Sustainable Infrastructures. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4349-9_10.

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Lo Monte, F., and R. Felicetti. "Spalling Sensitivity Test on Concrete." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78936-1_37.

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Woodburn, Peter, Mike Deevy, Ivy Wang, Jiajie Zhu, Michael Boyd, and Nicole Hoffman. "Train fire spalling risk assessment." In High Speed Two (HS2): Infrastructure Design and Construction (Volume 1). ICE Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/hs2.65765.193.

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Smialek, James L. "Predicting Material Consumption by Cyclic Oxidation Spalling Models." In Materials Lifetime Science & Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118788035.ch14.

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Dawood, T., Z. Zhu, and T. Zayed. "Detection and Quantification of Spalling Distress in Subway Networks." In Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Advancement of Construction Management and Real Estate. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6190-5_55.

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Fu, Yufang, Lianchong Li, Wanheng Li, and Jinquan Zhang. "Numerical Tests of Spalling Delamination of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures." In Computational Structural Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2822-8_108.

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Forquin, P., and B. Erzar. "Dynamic fragmentation process in concrete under impact and spalling tests." In IUTAM Symposium on Dynamic Fracture and Fragmentation. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9760-6_32.

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Wang, C., N. F. Piaceski, and K. M. Soares. "Modeling of Spalling Effect on Toughening in Fiber Reinforced Composites." In Advanced Structured Materials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23659-4_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spallings"

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Cummings, Scott M., and Cameron P. Lonsdale. "Wheel Spalling Literature Review." In ASME 2008 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2008-74010.

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As a means of determining the conditions under which a patch of martensite (and eventually a spall) is formed on a wheel tread, the Wheel Defect Prevention Research Consortium (WDPRC) has conducted a review of wheel slide test reports and analytical models for the prediction of contact patch temperature due to wheel slide. The relative merits of the analytical models are discussed and applied to the known/assumed conditions, i.e., speed, axle load, and wheel/rail coefficients of friction (COF) for each of the wheel slide tests. The accuracy of the analytical models is evaluated with respect to test data under a variety of conditions from multiple sources. After selecting the most appropriate analytical model, wheel slide temperature predictions are given for empty cars at a variety of speeds and wheel/rail COF levels. It is concluded that the potential exists to create martensite on sliding wheels with almost any realistic combination of axle load, wheel slide duration, train speed, and wheel/rail adhesion level. Additionally, sources of wheel spalling are discussed with a focus on misapplied hand brakes and malfunctioning air brake systems. Multiple authors noted the presence of tread damage on one wheel of a wheelset with no damage at the corresponding circumferential location of the mate wheel. The accompanying theories to explain this seemingly counterintuitive finding are restated in this literature review. At the end of the paper, the actions of the WDPRC to reduce wheel spalling are briefly outlined.
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Zhang, Xuhui, Bowen Liu, Wei Zhang, Qiuchi Chen, and Caiqian Yang. "Shear Behavior of Corroded RC Beams Considering Concrete Spalling Damage." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1485.

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&lt;p&gt;Corrosion-induced concrete spalling damage and its effects on shear behavior of RC beams are investigated in the present study. An experimental test is proposed firstly to investigate the cracking and spalling of concrete covers induced by corrosion. Then, the effects of concrete spalling damage on shear capacity are clarified. Following, a simple model is proposed to quantify the section damage of concrete. And, a FE method is proposed to predict the shear behavior by considering the concrete spalling damage and bond degradation. Results show that steel corrosion induces firstly the cracking of concrete and then the spalling of concrete as the corrosion loss exceeds about 20%. The spalling angles is found to vary from 17° to 22° in present test. The slight corrosion loss less than 10% in stirrups and inclined bars has little effect on the degradation of shear capacity. The further corroded stirrups and inclined bars, and the accompanied concrete spalling damage decreases the shear capacity significantly. The proposed FE model by considering corrosion-induced steel area loss, concrete spalling damage and bond degradation has reasonable accuracy for shear behavior prediction of beams.&lt;/p&gt;
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Coll, Pablo Guimera, Rico Meier, and Mariana Bertoni. "Dynamics of Crack Propagation during Silicon Spalling." In 2018 IEEE 7th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (WCPEC) (A Joint Conference of 45th IEEE PVSC, 28th PVSEC & 34th EU PVSEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2018.8548314.

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Sakuma, Katsuyuki, Huan Hu, Stephen W. Bedell, et al. "Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Fabricated by Spalling Technique." In 2018 International Flexible Electronics Technology Conference (IFETC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifetc.2018.8583971.

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Dedmon, Steven L. "The Process of Spalling in Railroad Wheels." In ASME 2011 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2011-67030.

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Although the term “Spalling” means different things to different disciplines and product types, for railroad wheels the term is used for the process by which tread cracks form as a result of a sliding event. The process includes rapid heating and austenitizing of the tread surface during a slide followed by rapid cooling and transformation to untempered martensite. Preexisting cracks in the area of a slide can grow from shallow and harmless cracks into cracks of greater significance due to high thermal and transformation stresses. Case crushing of the tread caused by high loads can also develop into spalls. Lastly, rolling contacts can cause fatigue cracks to form at the edges of a martensite patch in the heat affected zone. A complex combination of lower material strength and higher residual and applied stresses and the limiting hardenability of carbon steel produce conditions ideal for the formation of fatigue cracks. This investigation uses finite element analyses and laboratory tests to characterize the process of spalling.
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Pel, L. "Spalling of concrete as studied by NMR." In 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science and Engineering. RILEM Publications, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2351580028.107.

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AVERBACH, B., S. VAN PELT, and P. PEARSON. "Initiation of spalling in aircraft gas turbine bearings." In 26th Joint Propulsion Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-2291.

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O'Connor, B. M., E. S. Akucewich, and D. R. Clark. "Development of a Laboratory Hypoid Gear Spalling Test." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/973252.

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Cummings, Scott M., and Patricia Schreiber. "Wheel Spalling: Simulation of High Speed Wheel Slip." In ASME 2008 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2008-74011.

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The Wheel Defect Prevention Research Consortium (WDPRC) conducted an analysis of the possibility of wheel spall creation under revenue service conditions when a car traverses perturbed and/or lubricated track with the brakes applied. When the brake retarding force acting on a wheelset is greater than the wheelset vertical load multiplied by the wheel/rail coefficient of friction (COF), the wheelset rotational speed will begin to decrease, because the braking force has exceeded the available wheel/rail traction. Due to its large rotational inertia, the wheelset will not immediately stop rotating. As the wheelset slows rotationally, a relative motion (slip) between the contact patch of the wheel and the rail will be introduced due to the continued forward motion of the vehicle. Any sliding action generates heat in the contact patch. If sufficient heat is generated, martensite can form and spalling problems can be initiated. However, as long as the wheelset is rotating, the contact patch is cooled by continually moving circumferentially around the wheel and the tread surface temperature is limited. A NUCARS® multi-body computer simulation model was used to determine wheel normal forces at a variety of speeds across perturbed track. The wheel slip rate was then calculated for each discreet output time step of the NUCARS model. The resulting wheel tread temperature due to the wheel slip was calculated. The predicted contact patch temperature was compared to the austenitic transformation temperature to form a prediction about whether or not martensite would be created. Based on the results of this analysis, it does appear to be possible to create martensite on the wheels of loaded cars under heavy braking while traversing track surface irregularities. However, most operating conditions would not provide the required conditions and this is probably not a major source of spalling.
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Gailly, B., and J. Petit. "Influence of the microstructure on armor steel spalling." In Proceedings of the conference of the American Physical Society topical group on shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.50639.

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Reports on the topic "Spallings"

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Gilkey, Amy P., Clifford W. Hansen, John F. Schatz, David Keith Rudeen, and David L. Lord. DRSPALL :spallings model for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant 2004 recertification. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/883469.

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Kicker, Dwayne Curtis, Courtney G. Herrick, Todd Zeitler, Bwalya Malama, David Keith Rudeen, and Amy P. Gilkey. DRSPALL: Impact of the Modification of the Numerical Spallings Model on Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Performance Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1235212.

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Varma, Amit H., Jan Olek, Christopher S. Williams, Tzu-Chun Tseng, Dan Huang, and Tom Bradt. Post-Fire Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Indiana. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317290.

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This project focused on evaluating the effects of fire-induced damage on concrete bridge elements, including prestressed concrete bridge girders. A series of controlled heating experiments, pool fire tests, material tests, and structural loading tests were conducted. Experimental results indicate that the portion of concrete subjected to temperatures higher than 400°C loses significant amounts of calcium hydroxide (CH). Decomposition of CH increases porosity and causes significant cracking. The portion of concrete exposed to temperatures higher than 400°C should be repaired or replaced. When subjected to ISO-834 standard fire heating, approximately 0.25 in. and 0.75 in. of concrete from the exposed surface are damaged after 40 minutes and 80 minutes of heating, respectively. Prestressed concrete girders exposed to about 50 minutes of hydrocarbon fire undergo superficial concrete material damage with loss of CH and extensive cracking and spalling extending to the depth of 0.75–1.0 in. from the exposed surface. These girders do not undergo significant reduction in flexural strength or shear strength. The reduction in the initial stiffness may be notable due to concrete cracking and spalling. Bridge inspectors can use these findings to infer the extent of material and structural damage to prestressed concrete bridge girders in the event of a fire and develop a post-fire assessment plan.
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Schulte, Kevin. High-Efficiency, Low-Cost III-V Solar Cells by Dynamic Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy Coupled with Rapid, Polishing-Free Wafer Reuse through Orientation-Optimized (110) Spalling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1806554.

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