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Journal articles on the topic 'Spallings'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Lee, Chang Soon, In Shik Cho, Young Shik Pyoun, and In Gyu Park. "Study of Inner Micro Cracks on Rolling Contact Fatigue of Bearing Steels Using Ultrasonic Nano-Crystalline Surface Modification." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.979.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of ultrasonic nano-crystalline surface modification (UNSM) treatment on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) characteristics of bearing steels. It was found that severe plastic deformation occurred at surface by over 100 µm after UNSM treatment. The micro surface hardness was increased by 18%, and the measured compressive residual stress was as high as -700~-900MPa. The polymet RCF-2 roller type RCF test showed over 2 times longer fatigue lifetime after UNSM treatment under Hertzian contact stress of 425.2kg/mm2 and 8,000 rpm. And SEM study showed a

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2

Ai, Alan Xiaolan, and Herbert S. Cheng. "Numerical Simulation of Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contacts With Rough Surfaces." Applied Mechanics Reviews 47, no. 6S (1994): S221—S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3124411.

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Transient numerical analysis to elastohydrodynamically lubricated point contacts with rough surfaces is described. The numerical simulation is based on the multigrid method. Three types of surface roughness: single dent or bump, oblique waviness and random roughness are reviewed. Under heavily loaded conditions, results reveal a strong domination of Couette flow (convective flow). The presence of sliding greatly increases pressure fluctuation and as a consequence may lead to surface-initiated spallings. For obliquely orientated roughness, lubricant flow intends to deform the ridges and create

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3

Hu, Pan, Haitao Wang, Guiyun Tian, Zeyu Dong, Fasheng Qiu, and Billie F. Spencer. "Wireless Localization of Spallings in Switch-Rails With Guided Waves Based on a Time–Frequency Method." IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 23 (2019): 11050–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2019.2934159.

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4

Franke, L., and R. Reimann-Oenel. "Beobachtungen zum Stofftransport und zu einhergehenden Schädigungseffekten in porösen Baustoffen / Observations of mass transport and related deterioration mechanisms in porous building materials." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 6, no. 4 (2000): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-2000-5492.

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Abstract It is reported about substance migration problems and their consequences, which have been investigated experimentally and which could be particularly relevant with regard to repair and restoration of historic buildings. One aim of the investigations was to find out, whether facades, treated with water repellent agents, showing non treated areas, can be affected in their long time behaviour. Such lacks can be due to non careful application of the repellent agent. In addition, investigations were made to find out. of coatings on salt containing mineral substrates, especially natural sto

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5

Knowles, M. K., F. D. Hansen, T. W. Thompson, J. F. Schatz, and M. Gross. "Review and perspectives on spallings release models in the 1996 performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 69, no. 1-3 (2000): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(00)00037-5.

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6

Berglund, J. W., J. W. Garner, J. C. Helton, J. D. Johnson, and L. N. Smith. "Direct releases to the surface and associated complementary cumulative distribution functions in the 1996 performance assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant: cuttings, cavings and spallings." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 69, no. 1-3 (2000): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(00)00036-3.

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7

Guo, Y. S. H., Wei Shen Zhu, Shu Cai Li, R. H. C. Wong, and B. Sin. "Growth Pattern Study of Closed Surface Flaw under Compression." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.158.

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Under extra compressive stress, some phenomena of rock spallings and fractures often exist on rock mass located in sidewalls of underground house and tunnels. It is the reason that the crack growth and coalescence initiation from original flaws (or faults) in rock mass. In the previous studies, many researchers took a flaw as a through flaw (2-dimentional model), but the flaws are not always through the whole rock mass in fact, most of them are only near the surface of rock mass, These are so named as surface flaws. They belong to three dimensional (2-D) flaws. Now, the reports on initiation a

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8

PRESTON, F. W. "THEORY OF SPALLING*." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 16, no. 1-12 (2006): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1933.tb19208.x.

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9

Buravova, Svetlana. "Erosion spalling mechanism." Wear 157, no. 2 (1992): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(92)90072-g.

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10

Zhao, Jie, Jian Jun Zheng, and Gai Fei Peng. "Modeling of Vapor Pressure Build-Up in Heated High-Performance Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3691.

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Under high temperature conditions, such as fire, high-performance concrete will undergo material degradation or even spalling. Spalling is the most detrimental to concrete structures. To prevent concrete from spalling, the mechanism should be understood. Since the build-up vapor pressure in concrete is supposed to play a dominant role in spalling, a vapor pressure prediction model is proposed in this paper to quantitatively analyze the vapor pressure, which can be used for the spalling mechanism study.

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11

Tian, Kai Pei, Yang Ju, Hong Bin Liu, et al. "Effects of Silica Fume Addition on the Spalling Phenomena of Reactive Powder Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1090–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1090.

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The explosive spalling of high-strength concrete due to fire is a problem that has garnered increasingly widespread attention, particularly the explosive spalling of reactive powder concrete (RPC). For years, based on the vapor pressure mechanism, the addition of fibers has been demonstrated to be somewhat effective in protecting against spalling. However, relevant experiments indicate that fibers are not effective for dense concrete, which is a challenge for the simple vapor pressure mechanism in providing spalling resistance for RPC. The authors found that silica fume plays an important role

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12

Zhao, Jie, Jian Jun Zheng, and Gai Fei Peng. "Fire Spalling Modeling of High Performance Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.378.

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Under high temperature conditions, such as fire, high performance concrete will undergo material degradation or even spalling. Spalling is the most detrimental damage to concrete structures. To prevent concrete from spalling, the mechanism should be understood. In this paper, an anisotropic damage model, in which both the thermal stress and vapor pressure are incorporated, is presented to analyze the spalling mechanism. The spalling phenomenon is studied based on two cases of different moisture contents. It is concluded that when the vapor pressure is present, concrete will behave much more br

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13

Wang, Kaiyun, Wanming Zhai, Kaikai Lv, and Zaigang Chen. "Numerical Investigation on Wheel-Rail Dynamic Vibration Excited by Rail Spalling in High-Speed Railway." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9108780.

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Spalling in contact surface of rail is a typical form of rolling contact fatigue, which is a difficult problem to solve in railway. Once the spalling occurs in the rail, the wheel-rail dynamic interaction will become more severe. The wheel-rail dynamic interaction is investigated based on the theory of vehicle-track coupled dynamics in this paper, where the excitation modes of the rail spalling failure are taken into consideration for high-speed wheel-rail system. A modified excitation model of rail spalling failure is proposed. It can enable the investigations on two kinds of excitation modes

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14

Lakhani, Hitesh, and Jan Hofmann. "Effect of spalling on predicted temperature gradients and flexural capacity: numerical model." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 11, no. 2 (2019): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-01-2019-0010.

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Purpose The paper aims to present an advanced 2 D transient heat transfer analysis capable of accounting for the effect of spalling in terms of amount, location and time. The model accounts for moving thermal boundary conditions to comply with the changing member cross section. The discussed numerical model provides a tool to quantify the effect of spalling on the flexural capacity of reinforced concrete beams. Design/methodology/approach The implementation of the presented numerical model in an in-house code and its validation has been discussed. The thermal subroutine has been sequentially c

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15

Zhou, Mingliang, Wen Cheng, Hongwei Huang, and Jiayao Chen. "A Novel Approach to Automated 3D Spalling Defects Inspection in Railway Tunnel Linings Using Laser Intensity and Depth Information." Sensors 21, no. 17 (2021): 5725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175725.

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The detection of concrete spalling is critical for tunnel inspectors to assess structural risks and guarantee the daily operation of the railway tunnel. However, traditional spalling detection methods mostly rely on visual inspection or camera images taken manually, which are inefficient and unreliable. In this study, an integrated approach based on laser intensity and depth features is proposed for the automated detection and quantification of concrete spalling. The Railway Tunnel Spalling Defects (RTSD) database, containing intensity images and depth images of the tunnel linings, is establis

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16

Cui, Feng, Tinghui Zhang, and Xiaoqiang Cheng. "Research on Control of Rib Spalling Disaster in the Three-Soft Coal Seam." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 16, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2404218.

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Rib spalling disaster at the coal mining faces severely restricted the safe and efficient output of coal resources. In order to solve this problem, based on the analysis of the current status of rib spalling in the three-soft coal seam 1508 Working Face of Heyang Coal Mine, a mechanical model of sliding-type rib spalling was established and the main influencing factors that affect rib spalling are given. The mechanism of grouting technology to prevent and control rib spalling has been theoretically analyzed. A similarity simulation experiment is used to analyze the change law of roof stress un

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17

Hager, Izabela, and Katarzyna Mróz. "Role of Polypropylene Fibres in Concrete Spalling Risk Mitigation in Fire and Test Methods of Fibres Effectiveness Evaluation." Materials 12, no. 23 (2019): 3869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233869.

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The explosive behaviour of concrete in fire is observed in rapidly heated concrete. The main factors controlling the occurrence of spalling are related to the material’s low porosity and high density as well as the limited ability to transport gases and liquids. Thus, for high-strength, ultrahigh-strength, and reactive powder concrete, the risk of spalling is much higher than for normal-strength concrete. The paper presents the discussion on the leading hypothesis concerning the occurrence of concrete spalling. Moreover, the methods for spalling prevention, such as polypropylene fibre applicat

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18

Li, Rong Tao. "Application of Fuzzy Pattern Recognition in Spalling Risk Evaluation of Concrete Structures at High Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.451.

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Spalling phenomenon in concrete exposed to high temperatures, e.g. during a fire, can seriously jeopardize the integrity of a whole structure. Spalling risk analysis and evaluation has become the hot topic of research on fire-resistance behavior of concrete structures at present. Based on fuzzy pattern recognition, a model for evaluating spalling risk of concrete structures at high temperature is established according to the factors influencing explosive spalling. The influential factor set is composed of strength, water/cement ratio, fibres content, curing humidity, load level, and heating ra

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19

Peng, Gai Fei, Xu Jie Duan, Xue Chao Yang, and Ting Yu Hao. "Behavior of High Performance Steel-Fiber Concrete Exposed to High Temperature in Terms of Spalling and Permeability." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.252.

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An experimental investigation was conducted on behavior of high performance steel-fiber concrete subjected to high temperature, in terms of explosive spalling and permeability. A series of concretes incorporated steel fiber at various dosages were prepared, and further processed to have a series of moisture contents. Explosive spalling tests were conducted on control plain concrete and steel fiber concrete. After explosive spalling tests, each of the specimens that didn’t encounter spalling was sawn into two pieces. Crack observations and permeability tests were conducted on the sawn surfaces.

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20

Lu, Fang Xia, and Mario Fontana. "Concrete Permeability and Explosive Spalling in Fire." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.541.

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Permeability of concrete is a good indicator of the risk of explosive spalling, concrete with low permeability is more prone to explosive spalling. To study explosive spalling of concrete, experimental tests on the concrete permeability have been carried out at ETH. The influences from temperature and moisture content have been investigated. The permeability of concrete is found to increase with the temperature and to decrease with moisture content. Based on the test results, a permeability model has been proposed. The explosive spalling has been predicted and an engineering boundary permeabil

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21

Ding, Y., and J. A. Gear. "Spalling depth prediction model." Wear 267, no. 5-8 (2009): 1181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.12.064.

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22

He, Fu Lian, Xiao Ming Wang, De Quan Zhang, and Shang Sen He. "Study on Parameters of Support for Control of Roof Fall and Rib Spalling in Large Fully Mechanized Top Coal Caving End Face." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.421.

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Key factors affecting the control of roof fall and rib spalling are identified relying on the statistics for characteristics of roof fall and rib spalling distribution, and the regression analysis of the relationships of roof fall and rib spalling to support parameters by measuring actual ground pressures. The effect of support in controlling roof fall and rib spalling is analyzed by setting up a caving arch mechanical model of cataclastic coal and rock mass on fully mechanized caving face, and the key parameters of support are also determined using numerical simulation.

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23

Ye, Wan Jun, Geng She Yang, Xian Li, and Ning Zhuang. "Treatment Materials for Spalling on Loess Slope." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.425.

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Spalling on loess slope threats the safety of highway and destroys its ecological environment. This paper proposes treatment materials for medium thickness spalling on loess slope. This materials treat the spalling in loess slope by the Reinforced function of straw, Bonding effect of silt, retain soil moisture and insulation effect of straw silt nutrition materials of silt mixed with straw, and fixation effect of T-shaped spiral steel anchor net, so that the treated slope can be protected and greened. It can effectively reinforce the loess slope, and prevent it from spalling.

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24

Miah, Md Jihad, Francesco Lo Monte, Roberto Felicetti, Hélène Carré, Pierre Pimienta, and Christian La Borderie. "Fire Spalling Behaviour of Concrete: Role of Mechanical Loading (Uniaxial and Biaxial) and Cement Type." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.549.

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Fire poses one of the most severe environmental conditions that can act on concrete structures as an external load and can induce severe damages (cracks, spalling) or even lead to collapse. Fire spalling of concrete is a complex phenomenon, which might occur due to pressure build-up in the pores, thermal and load-induced stresses. In this context, ordinary concrete specimens (B40-II and B40-III: fc28days ≈ 40 MPa) were exposed to standard fire curve (ISO 834-1), while a constant uniaxial or biaxial compressive load was applied. Six different levels of uniaxial compressive stress on cubes and f

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25

Li, Guosheng, Zhenhua Li, Feng Du, and Zhengzheng Cao. "Study on the Failure Characteristics of Coal Wall Spalling in Thick Coal Seam with Gangue." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 14, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6668458.

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Coal wall spalling is one of the main factors restricting the safe and efficient mining of thick coal seam, and the gangue has an important impact on the coal wall spalling. To obtain the failure characteristics of coal wall spalling in thick coal seam containing gangue, numerical calculation and theoretical research were used to analyze the morphological differences of coal wall spalling with different gangue positions. Besides, the damage depth, width, and stress environment of coal wall panel caused by the position of gangue were mainly studied, and the failure mechanics model of coal seam

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26

Yu, Xin Meng, Xiao Xiong Zha, and Zhao Hui Huang. "The Influence of Spalling on the Fire Resistance of RC Structures." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.519.

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A great many of experiments has shown that reinforced concrete (RC) structures suffered from spalling in fire. However, at present there are still no convincing spalling predicting models available due to the inhomogeneous nature and complicated thermo-hydro-mechanical interactions in concrete at elevated temperatures. In order to evaluate the fire resistance of RC structures which are subjected to concrete spalling, a thermal analysis procedure is developed which considers the effects of spalling on the growth of temperature in RC members. The predicted temperatures are then used to model the

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27

McKinney, John, and Faris Ali. "Artificial Neural Networks for the Spalling Classification & Failure Prediction Times of High Strength Concrete Columns." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 3 (2014): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.3.203.

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This paper presents the results from two supervised Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) developed for the spalling classification and failure prediction of high strength concrete columns (HSCC) subjected to fire. The experimental test data used for the ANN are based on the HSCC tests undertaken at the Fire Research Laboratories at the University of Ulster. 80% of the chosen experimental test data was used to train the network with the remaining 20% used for testing. In the spalling classification example the key ANN input parameters were; furnace temperature, restraint, loading level, force, spal

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28

Sohn, Y. C., Jin Yu, S. K. Kang, D. Y. Shih, and T. Y. Lee. "Spalling of intermetallic compounds during the reaction between lead-free solders and electroless Ni-P metallization." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 8 (2004): 2428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0297.

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Intermetallic compound (IMC) spalling from electroless Ni-P film was investigated with lead-free solders in terms of solder-deposition methods (electroplating, solder paste, and thin foil), P content in the Ni-P film (4.6, 9, and 13 wt% P), and solder thickness (120 versus .200 μm). The reaction of Ni-P with Sn3.5Ag paste easily led to IMC spalling after 2-min reflow at 250 °C while IMCs adhered to the Ni-P layer after 10-min reflow with electroplated Sn or Sn3.5Ag. It has been shown that not only the solder composition but also the deposition method is important for IMC spalling from the Ni-P

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29

Khayyat, Maha M. "Crystalline Silicon Spalling as a Direct Application of Temperature Effect on Semiconductors’ Indentation." Crystals 11, no. 9 (2021): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091020.

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Kerf-less removal of surface layers of photovoltaic materials including silicon is an emerging technology by controlled spalling technology. The method is extremely simple, versatile, and applicable to a wide range of substrates. Controlled spalling technology requires a stressor layer, such as Ni, to be deposited on the surface of a brittle material; then, the controlled removal of a continuous surface layer can be performed at a predetermined depth by manipulating the thickness and stress of the Ni layer, introducing a crack near the edge of the substrate, and mechanically guiding the crack

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30

Choi, Pangil, Lochana Poudyal, Fouzieh Rouzmehr, and Moon Won. "Spalling in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement in Texas." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 11 (2020): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120948509.

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The performance of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) in Texas has been quite satisfactory, primarily thanks to the continuous improvements in design and construction. However, severe spalling has been a major problem, and the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has sponsored several research projects since 1985 to identify solutions for this serious problem. Even though the research efforts were successful in identifying spalling mechanisms, developing a policy that TxDOT could easily implement has been a challenge. To develop a more practical solution to this problem, Tx

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31

Wang, Ligang, and Dan G. Zollinger. "Mechanistic Design Framework for Spalling Distress." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1730, no. 1 (2000): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1730-03.

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Spalling is a distress form in concrete pavements that often manifests as the breakdown of the joint of a slab within 15 cm (6 in.) of the joint or crack and can occur at both longitudinal and transverse joints. Efforts have been under way at Texas A&M University to formulate mechanistic spalling models derived from data gathered in recent Texas Department of Transportation studies related to spall development. Extensive field studies have led to the establishment of a spalling mechanism consisting of a step-by-step process that can be characterized with engineering mechanics. These findin

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32

Liu, Hai Yuan, Hou Sheng Jia, Long Fan, and Bin Han. "The Theory and Practice of Forepoling Pre-Stressed System Bolt in Preventing the Rib Spalling." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.883.

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Based on the particularity of loose and broken of the surrounding rock of roadway, there will be rib spalling after excavating of roadway without support problem. Through analyzing for the specific reasons of the rib spalling, the theory of forepoling pre-stressed system and forepoling support project were put forward. The broken rock zone test in normal roadway support indicating that this technology can effectively prevent the rib spalling before and after digging, having good supporting effect and economic benefits.

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33

Ding, Yan, and Neville F. Rieger. "Spalling formation mechanism for gears." Wear 254, no. 12 (2003): 1307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(03)00126-1.

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34

Norton, F. H. "DISCUSSION ON “THEORY OF SPALLING”*." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 16, no. 1-12 (2006): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1933.tb19257.x.

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35

Savenkov, G. G. "Fractal cluster model of spalling." Technical Physics 47, no. 12 (2002): 1529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1529942.

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36

Khare, Saharash, O. P. Singh, K. Bapanna Dora, and C. Sasun. "Spalling investigation of connecting rod." Engineering Failure Analysis 19 (January 2012): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.09.007.

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37

Czarnota, C., S. Mercier, and A. Molinari. "Modelling of spalling in tantalum." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 134 (July 26, 2006): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2006134011.

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38

Bedell, Stephen W., Keith Fogel, Paul Lauro, Davood Shahrjerdi, John A. Ott, and Devendra Sadana. "Layer transfer by controlled spalling." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 46, no. 15 (2013): 152002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/15/152002.

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39

Martini, R., M. Gonzalez, F. Dross, et al. "Epoxy-Induced Spalling of Silicon." Energy Procedia 27 (2012): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.07.111.

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40

Stump, D. M. "Spalling in zirconia-reinforced ceramics." Mechanics of Materials 20, no. 4 (1995): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(94)00065-4.

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41

Bobkova, N. M., L. M. Silich, E. M. Kurpan, and S. A. Gailevich. "Spalling resistant glass-ceramic materials." Glass and Ceramics 44, no. 4 (1987): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00701656.

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42

Cherif, Guergah, Dimia Mohamed Salah, and Benmarce Abdelaziz. "Numerical Modelling of One-Way Reinforced Concrete Slab in FireTaking Into Account of Spalling." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 3 (2021): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091667.

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This paper presents a study of the behaviour of Reinforced Concrete (RC) slabs subjected to severe hydrocarbon fire exposure. In which the spalling phenomena of concrete is to be considered. The hydrocarbon curve is applicable where small petroleum fires might occur, i.e. car fuel tanks, petrol or oil tankers, certain petro-chemical facilities, tunnels, parking structures, etc. Spalling is included using a simplified approach where elements with temperatures higher than 400 °C are assumed to occur and the corresponding thermo-mechanical response of RC slabs is evaluated. The nonlinear finite e

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43

Tsai, M. H., Y. W. Lin, H. Y. Chuang, and C. R. Kao. "Effect of Sn concentration on massive spalling in high-Pb soldering reaction with Cu substrate." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 11 (2009): 3407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0398.

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The massive spalling of Cu3Sn in the soldering reaction between high-Pb solders and Cu substrates was studied to identify the mechanism behind this rather interesting and frequently observed phenomenon. Four different alloys (99.5 Pb 0.5 Sn, 99 Pb 1S n, 97 Pb 3 Sn, and 95 Pb 5 Sn, in wt%) were soldered at 350 °C for durations ranging from 10 s to 600 min. At low Sn concentration (0.5 or 1 Sn), massive spalling occurred as early as 20 min. However, at high Sn concentration (3 or 5 Sn), massive spalling was not completed even after 600 min. To the best of our knowledge, these results are the mos

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44

Hajihasani, Nadia, and Norhisham Bakhary. "Detection of Concrete Spalling Using Changes in Modal Flexibility." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 2598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2598.

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This paper presents a study in the effect of spalling to dynamic parameters such as natural frequencies and mode shapes. Numerical example of a slab is used as an example in this study. The slab will be modelled using ANSYS 11.0 and various types of spalling are imposed. The changes of vibration parameters are monitored and compared. To compare the sensitivity of modal parameters to spalling is determined using the flexibility method. Based on the results it is found that by incorporating mode shapes using flexibility method, damage location and severity can be obtained.

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Ozawa, Mitsuo, Zhou Bo, Yuichi Uchida, and Hiroaki Morimoto. "Preventive Effects of Fibers on Spalling of UFC at High Temperatures." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 3 (2014): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.3.229.

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This paper investigates the relationship between spalling behavior and weight loss for ultra-high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete (UFC) containing different types short fibers (jute, PP, WSPVA) in high-temperature environments at 400, 600 and 800 °C. The explosive spalling that occurred under these conditions caused severe damage to the control specimen but only slight damage to the specimen with jute fiber. It was therefore inferred that adding 0.19% by volume of natural jute fibers (length: 12 mm) to UFC is effective in the prevention of spalling-related damage.

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Williams, R. E., R. M. Potter, and S. Miska. "Experiments in Thermal Spallation of Various Rocks." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 118, no. 1 (1996): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792690.

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The greatest limitation of the spallation process is its inability to spall (or to consistently spall) many rocks encountered in petroleum drilling and mining operations. The New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology has conducted a series of experiments to investigate the possibility of expanding the use of the spallation process to the penetration of rocks generally considered not to be spallable. The methods used during this work were 1) spalling at temperatures below that produced by the stoichiometric burning of fuel oil and air, and 2) spalling by alternately heating and quenching th

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Wu, Hangbin, Xingran Ao, Zhuo Chen, Chun Liu, Zeran Xu, and Pengfei Yu. "Concrete Spalling Detection for Metro Tunnel from Point Cloud Based on Roughness Descriptor." Journal of Sensors 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8574750.

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Automatic concrete spalling detection has become an important issue for metro tunnel examinations and maintenance. This paper focuses on concrete spalling detection research with surface roughness analysis based on point clouds produced by 3D mobile laser scanning (MLS) system. In the proposed method, at first, the points on ancillary facilities attached to tunnel surface are considered as outliers and removed via circular scan-line fitting and large residual error filtering. Then, a roughness descriptor for the metro tunnel surface is designed based on the triangulated grid derived from point

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Yang, Juan, and Gai Fei Peng. "The Mechanism of Explosive Spalling and Measures to Resistant Spalling of Concrete Exposed to High Temperature by Incorporating Fibers: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.773.

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Many experimental researches have been conducted on explosive spalling performance of concrete of high-strength / high performance concrete (HSC/HPC). This paper summarizes two main explosive spalling mechanisms (Vapor pressure build-up mechanism and Thermal stress mechanism) of concrete at elevated temperature, and also presents the measures to resistant the explosive spalling, i.e. by incorporating fibers (polypropylene fiber(PPF), steel fiber(SF) and hybrid fiber of the first two). Finally, the further studies of both the mechanism and the measures are proposed. Also, the preliminary study

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Lee, Taegyu, Gyuyong Kim, Gyeongcheol Choe, et al. "Spalling Resistance of Fiber-Reinforced Ultra-High-Strength Concrete Subjected to the ISO-834 Standard Fire Curve: Effects of Thermal Strain and Water Vapor Pressure." Materials 13, no. 17 (2020): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173792.

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The prevention and mitigation of spalling in high-strength concrete (HSC) rely on mixing polypropylene (PP) as an additive reinforcement. The dense internal structures of ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) result in risks associated with a high thermal stress and high water vapor pressure. Herein, the effects of pore formation and thermal strain on spalling are examined by subjecting fiber-laden UHSC to conditions similar to those under which the ISO-834 standard fire curve was obtained. Evaluation of the initial melting properties of the fibers based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and d

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Sohn, Yoon-Chul, and Jin Yu. "Correlation Between Chemical Reaction and Brittle Fracture Found in Electroless Ni(P)/immersion gold–solder Interconnection." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 8 (2005): 1931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0246.

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Occurrence of brittle interfacial fracture at an electroless Ni(P)/immersion gold–solder joint has long been a serious problem not yet fully understood. In our previous report on the electroless Ni(P) [J. Mater. Res.19,2428 (2004)], it was shown that crystallization of the Ni(P) film and growth of the Ni3SnP layer were accelerated after the intermetallic compound (IMC) spalling, and accurate failure locus of the brittle fracture due to so-called “IMC spalling induced microstructure degradation of the Ni(P) film” is presented for the first time in this communication. For Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu solder j

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