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Journal articles on the topic 'Spaniards in Europe'
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1
Díez-nicolás, Juan. "Spaniards’ Long March Towards Europe." South European Society and Politics 8, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13608740808539646.
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Ermolieva, E. G., and N. Yu Kudeyarova. "The phenomenon of new Spanish emigration: its historical retrospect and present post-crisis reality." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2015-3-25-36.
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The article outlines new trends in the international flows of highly-skilled human resources from Spain because of deep economic crisis started in 2008 with its dramatic social consequences. High levels of youth unemployment as a result of downturn of national labor market provoked emigration of young Spaniards. The paper aims to compare the main socio-economic characteristics of recent migration and massive movements of the 1960-1970s when thousands of domestic Spaniards went abroad, to neighboring European countries to find a job and better life conditions. That historical wave of migration had rotary cycles and was composed mainly by low educated and unskilled workers. In comparison, among recent Spanish-born emigrants predominates educated and highly-qualified youth. However the Europe is the main end of attraction, some Latin American countries are increasing their importance due to the government politics with the purpose of recruiting Spanish scientists and highly qualified professionals.
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Soto-Márquez, José G. "“I’m Not Spanish, I’m from Spain”: Spaniards’ Bifurcated Ethnicity and the Boundaries of Whiteness and Hispanic Panethnic Identity." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 5, no. 1 (April 20, 2018): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649218766388.
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This study counters potentially premature demographic and sociological claims of a large-scale Hispanic transition into mainstream whiteness. Via in-depth interviews and ethnographic observations of recently arrived Spanish immigrants in the United States, it presents a distinctive shift in American categorization logic, whereby race and ethnicity switch in order of everyday importance. Despite Spanish immigrants’ direct links to Europe and few structural social boundaries between them and mainstream U.S. whites, their everyday experience is of a largely “symbolic whiteness” that is subservient to the more consequential and essentialist Hispanic panethnic identity. Forced to maneuver this unique “bifurcated ethnicity,” Spaniards highlight a theoretically important deviation from the established ethnic options for European coethnics in the United States. Overall, Spaniards’ ethnoracial adaptations and their identity vary by institutional sites, by social settings, and along gender lines. Their ethnic bifurcation brings into question the overall logic and stability of the U.S. Hispanic/white boundaries.
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Syshchikova, Ekaterina S. "Translation as a part of linguoculture of Spain in the XVI-XVII centuries." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (June 28, 2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2017-2-83-88.
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XVI- XVII centuries were the «golden age» in the history of Spanish culture, which was largely due to the translation. Through translation into Spanish literature, the motifs and forms of lyrical and epic poetry, the themes of ancient and Italian plays, the knightly and pastoral novel, the novel genre have penetrated. The translation allowed the Spaniards to get acquainted with the ideas of humanists from di erent countries of Western and Central Europe. The translation contributed to the enrichment of the Spanish language.
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Currás, Emilia, and Enrique Wulff Barreiro. "Integration in Europe of human genetics results obtained by Spaniards in the USA: A historical perspective." Scientometrics 75, no. 3 (June 2008): 473–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1861-2.
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Jacórzyński, Witold, and Magdalena Krysińska - Kałużna. "Spór o innego w XVI wieku: Indianie i konkwistadorzy." Etyka 34 (December 1, 2001): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14394/etyka.660.
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The article discusses the Europeans’ attitude to the other in the 16th century. Together with the conquest of America comes into being the question what rights does the other have, whether the war conducted by Spaniards against Indians was just. The most famous debate over this subject took place in 1550 in Valladolid. The authors present arguments part forward during that meeting by both sides of the dispute: Las Casas and Sepulveda. The supremacy achieved at that time by the Indians’ protector can be recognized as a symbolical beginning of the ethics based on the respect for every human being which started to form in Europe.
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Olvera-Lobo, Dra María Dolores, and Lourdes López-Pérez. "Science Communication 2.0." Information Resources Management Journal 27, no. 3 (July 2014): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2014070104.
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The level of scientific culture among young Spaniards is one of the lowest in Europe. The media, as spokespersons to the public, and public universities, as the institutions responsible for higher education, are two important parties with the responsibility for changing this situation. This study analyses how both use the Internet and Web 2.0 to promote science. In the case of universities, the results demonstrate the effort they are making to connect science to these tools. 72.9% have a scientific news feed and almost a third have a profile on Facebook and Twitter. However, the role of Spanish science is still irrelevant in online newspapers. Only 35.4% of published information refers to research in Spain.
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Velasco Morgado, Raúl. "Scientists, Instruments, and Even Brains in Transfer: German-Spanish Postwar Networks and the Construction of the Neuroendocrine System (1952-1960)." Neuroscientist 25, no. 2 (January 17, 2018): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858417752893.
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This article presents the process of relocation of hegemonies and “center-periphery” dynamics in neuroanatomy after World War II through the study of the links between the Spanish anatomical school of José Escolar García and some German institutions. We have analyzed their works on the morphology of the neuroendocrine system as a case study, showing how the first contacts of the Spaniards with the United States started a material transfer process between centers on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean through the mediation—and adaptation—of the periphery. The case also shows how scientific networks in the “new” Europe were reestablished after the Nazi era and how important these systems were for the transfer of knowledge, using them for the circulation of experts, instruments, and even biological samples.
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Edwards, John. "Why the Spanish Inquisition?" Studies in Church History 29 (1992): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400011311.
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It seems quite extraordinary that an important European country should apparently have wished to go down in history as the originator of calculated cruelty and violence against members of its civil population. Yet the writers of the famous sketches inMonty Python’s Flying Circuswere far from being the first to introduce ‘the Spanish Inquisition’ as a cliché to represent arbitrary and yet calculated tyranny. By the late sixteenth century, Christian Europe, both Catholic and Protestant, had already formed the image of Spain which has become known as the ‘Black Legend’. Just as many Spaniards distrusted Italy, because Jews lived freely there, and France because Protestants were in a similar condition in that country, so Italian opposition to the forces of Ferdinand the Catholic and his successors, together with the ultimately successful Dutch rebels, created, with the help of growing knowledge of Spain’s atrocities against the inhabitants of the New World, a counter-myth, in which the Spaniards themselves appeared as heardess oppressors, but also, ironically, as crypto-Jews (marranos). Erasmus wrote that France was ‘the most spotless and most flourishing part of Christendom’, since it was ‘not infected with heretics, with Bohemian schismatics, with Jews, with half-Jewishmarranos’, the last term clearly referring to Spain. Not surprisingly, there is also a Jewish story of what happened in Spain before, during, and after 1492, which may best be summed up, in general outline, in the words, written in 1877, of Frederic David Mocatta’s study of Iberian Jews and the Inquisition.
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González, Rocío, Luisa Barea, Ana Arruga, Alberto Richart, and Vicente Soriano. "Overt and occult hepatitis B among immigrants and native blood donors in Madrid, Spain." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 7 (January 2020): 204993612098212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049936120982122.
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Background: The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections is very low in developed countries. Recent massive migration flows from highly hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or HIV endemic regions to Europe may have changed this scenario. Methods: During 2017 and 2018, a total of 491,753 blood donations (291,762 donors) were evaluated at the Madrid Regional Transfusion Center. All were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV and anti-HIV, as well as for HBV-DNA, HCV-RNA and HIV-RNA. Results: Overall, 35 donors were positive for HIV-RNA and 26 for HCV-RNA. HBV markers were found in 111 (0.022%) donors, split out into three categories: HBsAg+ ( n = 93; 0.019%), occult B infection (OBI) ( n = 17; 0.003%), and acute HBV window period ( n = 1; 0.0002%). All 17 OBI donors were positive for anti-HBc and confirmed as viremic in repeated testing. Viral load amounts were uniformly below 100 IU/mL. Ten OBI donors were repeated donors and look-back studies could be completed for eight of them. Fortunately, none of all prior recipients experienced transfusion transmitted hepatitis B. Compared with HBsAg+ donors, OBI donors were more frequently native Spaniards (76% versus 40%) and older (median age 52 versus 42 years old). Conclusion: Active HBV infection is currently found in 0.022% of blood donations (0.038% of donors) in Madrid. This rate is 3-fold greater than for HIV and/or HCV. On the other hand, HBsAg+ donors are 3-fold more frequent than OBI donors and more often immigrants than native Spaniards. No transfusion-transmitted HBV infections were identified during the study period, including retrospective checking of former recipients of OBI donors.
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Soriano-Ayala, Encarnación, Verónica C. Cala, Manuel Soriano Ferrer, and Herenia García-Serrán. "Love, relationships and couple happiness: A cross-cultural comparison among Spanish couples and Moroccan couples in Southern Spain." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.4177.
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Love and relationships are sociocultural constructions that, in recent times, have experienced great changes in terms of type of relationship, type of love and happiness of the couple. Few studies have analysed the love relationships immigrant population in Europe. This study aims to explore the differences and similarities in love styles between Spaniards and Moroccan immigrants, the country’s largest foreign population, and analyse the relationship between these styles and level of couple happiness. This cross-sectional study disseminated a survey to young adults between the ages of 18 and 40 in southern Spain. Of those who received the survey, 574 young adults responded, of which 182 were of Moroccan origin and 392 were Spanish. The results indicated that there are sociocultural and gender differences in the types of relationships young adults maintain and in the agents that facilitate romantic socialisation. The Spaniards describe less stable relationships, more influenced by several agents, while the Moroccans demonstrated more stability in relationships, more influenced by family and religion. In accordance with Sternberg love components, different types of love were recognised. Spanish women are the group most value love in their lives, rated higher in couple happiness, and gave special importance to intimacy (but not to commitment and passion). Moroccan women followed models of love closer to Sternberg's romantic love, giving importance to commitment, intimacy and passion. Spanish men were similar to Moroccan men regarding their type of love, although they were the only ones that included commitment as a predictor of happiness. This study reveals that the importance of an intersectional approach to analyse love and couples.
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Xu, Guanmian. "Junks to Mare Clausum: China-Maluku Connections in the Spice Wars, 1607–1622." Itinerario 44, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 196–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s016511531900055x.
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AbstractMuch more globally entangled than many global historians used to think, the so-called Spice Wars were not only a story of European expansion and Southeast Asian interaction, but had an inextricable northern link leading all the way to China. From the capture of a Chinese junk serving the Spaniards in Ternate by Cornelis Matelief in 1607, to the completion of the first manuscript of the incense compendium (Xiangsheng) by Zhou Jiazhou in Jiangnan in 1618, and eventually to the proposal of the strange monopoly policy by Jan Pieterszoon Coen to the Heeren XVII (Gentlemen Seventeen) in the Dutch Republic in 1622, these seemingly irrelevant events are in fact the fragments of an untold global history of cloves which was not westward bound to the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and Europe, but northward linked with the East Asian world via the Manila route.
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Mikheev, Dmitry Vladimirovich, and Irina Vladimirovna Grebneva. "Indigenous population of the New World in reports of the discoverers, pirates, and privateers of Elizabethan era." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 11 (November 2020): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2020.11.34116.
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The American continent found by the Europeans at the dawn of the Age of Discovery, immediately drawn the eye of adventurers who dreamt of fame and wealth. Special attention is turned to the representatives of England, who quite missed division of the world between the two great Catholic powers of that time – Portugal and Spain. English explorers were interested not only in natural resources of the New World, but particularly in its inhabitants. Testimonies on the First Nations were reported to Europe mainly by the Spaniards, often in an overly tendentious manner. The discoverers, pirates and privateers of Elizabethan era were interested in all details that can be useful to Europeans, such as appearance, language, culture and lifestyle of indigenous population of the New World, peculiarities of their social structure, religious attitude. The evolution of ideas and formation of image of the holds special place in the modern historical science. Review of the testimonies of English discovers, pirates and privateers who first arrived to the American continent during Elizabethan era, allows reconstructing impression on region at the early stages of its colonization, as well as tracing the peculiarities of perception of the New World in Protestant England right before the country turned into one of the world's leading colonial powers. Examination of the First Nations that inhabited the American continent not only satiated the thirst for knowledge of the English explorers, but also served as the practical purpose for seeking allies in the fight against Spaniards and Portuguese in the region. The common features of forming image of strong and kind indigenous people suffering from Spanish tyranny were aimed at consolidation of Spanish “Black Legend”, which lays the foundation for English trade and colonial expansion in the region in future years.
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Castelli, Paola, Ana Luisa Sosa, Carlos Campillo, Humberto Nicolini, and Carlos Cruz-Fuentes. "Apolipoprotein E Genotypes in a Group of Elderly Subjects of Spanish Descent Living in Mexico City." International Psychogeriatrics 14, no. 3 (September 2002): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610202008487.
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The association between the APOE gene and Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia has been widely documented, but its relevance as a genetic risk factor in specific ethnic groups other than Caucasians in the United States and Europe is limited. The aim of this work was to describe the distribution of the APOE genotype in 80 subjects of Spanish origin, over 60 years old, who were institutionalized in the Spanish Hospital of Mexico City. Thirty-eight subjects who met the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia and 42 controls without dementia underwent genotyping. APOE ε allele frequencies were as follows: for affected individuals, ε2, 7.9%, ε3, 69.7%, and ε4, 22.4%; for controls, ε2, 4.8%, ε3, 91.6%, and ε4, 3.6%. The higher frequency of the ε4 allele in the affected group (χ2 = 14.5; df = 4, p = .006) confirms an association between this APOE molecular variant and dementia in elderly Spaniards.
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Ortiz-Hidalgo, Carlos, and Sergio Pina-Oviedo. "Hematoxylin: Mesoamerica’s Gift to Histopathology. Palo de Campeche (Logwood Tree), Pirates’ Most Desired Treasure, and Irreplaceable Tissue Stain." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896918787652.
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Hematoxylin is a basic dye derived from the heartwood of Palo de Campeche ( Haematoxylum campechianum), the logwood tree native to Mexico and Central America. Haematoxylum means “bloodwood” in reference to its dark-red heartwood and campechianum refers to its site of origin, the coastal city of Campeche on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Hematoxylin is colorless but it turns into the color dye hematein after oxidation (ripening). The dyeing property of logwood was well-known to the natives of the Yucatan Peninsula before the arrival of the Spaniards who brought it to Europe shortly after the discovery of the Americas. An important trade soon developed related to growing and preparing hematoxylin for dyeing fabrics. Pirates discovered that one shipload of logwood was equivalent to a year’s value from any other cargo, and by 1563, more than 400 pirate vessels wandered the Atlantic Ocean and attacked Spanish galleons transporting gold, silver, and logwood from the Americas to Europe. Hematoxylin and eosin is a staining method that dates back to the late 19th century. In 1865 and 1891, Böhmer and Meyer, respectively, first used hematoxylin in combination with a mordant (alum). Later, with the use of anilines by Ehrlich, the repertoire of stains expanded rapidly resulting in the microscopic descriptions of multiple diseases that were defined by their stainable features. Today hematoxylin, along with eosin, remains the most popular stain in histology.
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Bermudez, Anastasia. "Remigration of “new” Spaniards since the economic crisis: the interplay between citizenship and precarity among Colombian-Spanish families moving to Northern Europe." Ethnic and Racial Studies 43, no. 14 (March 17, 2020): 2626–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2020.1738521.
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Ceballos-Santamaria, Guillermo, and Juan Jose Villanueva Alvaro. "The Decision To Set Up Home Independently In Spain: Explanatory Factors." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 8 (January 13, 2015): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i8.9062.
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Young people today are leaving the parental home; i.e., living independently at increasingly later ages. In Mediterranean Europe in particular, most males, and a large portion of females, continue to live in their parents home until they are into their thirties.In the case of Spain, in recent years, a series of economic and social changes have led to a rise in young peoples uptake of non-compulsory stages of education, resulting in increasingly late arrival on the job market (with this extended education and also high youth unemployment), characterized by higher temporary employment rates and greater vulnerability in the process of joining the labor force than previous cohorts. As regards to living independently, despite a very large increase in housing stock over the past ten years, young Spaniards encounter increasing difficulties in gaining access to housing because of higher purchase prices and the structure of the rental market.This paper will study the socioeconomic factors that have influenced the young Spanish population when deciding to leave the family home (i.e., becoming autonomous).
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Carmona, Carmen, Fernando Marhuenda Fluixá, Nerea Hernaiz-Agreda, and Almudena A. Navas Saurin. "Educated for migration? Blind spots around labor market conditions, competence building, and international mobility." European Educational Research Journal 17, no. 6 (March 7, 2018): 809–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474904118760338.
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Young European graduates are crossing borders to work abroad more often than in the past. This trend is particularly evident in Southern Europe, where recent economic downturn has significantly diminished professional opportunities and career prospects. This study will investigate Spain, a country where unemployment has increased dramatically since 2008, as a case study to examine recent graduate’s experiences to develop a professional career in Germany. In particular, this study will draw upon various sources: official statistics; review literature; and education and training policies throughout the European Union. The investigation features an interview with Spanish graduates working in Germany to offer insight into the experiences of perhaps the best-prepared generation of the Spanish workforce. Our results indicate that young Spaniards, leaving the country to work out of necessity rather than choice, learn through the benefits and challenges of a career abroad. We finish our article by discussing the notions of education, competencies and adaptation, and how citizen and professional identities are redefined after the experience of working abroad.
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Moussouni, Abdellatif. "Review on the genetic history of Algerians within North African populations from the HLA point of view." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 13 (July 7, 2020): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i13.6.
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This article aims to take stock of knowledge on the history of the human settlement of North Africa and the genetic history of Algerians within North African populations by gathering the most important published results related to HLA allele analysis. These results revealed a strong genetic relationship between studied North African populations (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia). Such evident genetic affinity between North African populations, also proved by the use of other powerful autosomal markers, agrees with historic data considering North African populations as having similar origins. HLA allele analysis also indicated a genetic link between North African populations (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco) and the populations of the South-Western Europe particularly the Basques and Spaniards. This would reflect a Neolithic relationship between Iberians and the natives of North Africa (the Berbers). However, other results showed a genetic distinction between samples from North African populations and Middle Eastern populations (Arab-Palestinians, Lebanese’s and Jordanians). Beside these results related to Mediterranean populations, the HLA allele variation was analyzed at the world scale showing low genetic differentiations among the three broad continental areas, with no special divergence of Africa.
Keywords: Genetic diversity; Molecular Anthropology; Genetic History; HLA genes; North Africa; Algeria
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NELSON, JONATHAN L. "‘Solo Saluador’: Printing the 1543 New Testament of Francisco de Enzinas (Dryander)." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 50, no. 1 (January 1999): 94–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046998008471.
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Spain in the sixteenth century was not exempt from the movements of reform sweeping over Europe. Its enthusiastic but short-lived reception of Erasmian humanism in the 1520s is well-documented. So is its even more enthusiastic suppression of native ‘Lutheran’ conventicles in the 1550s and the extinction of hope for a Protestant Church in the kingdom of the Spanish Habsburgs. These events have relegated Hispanic Protestantism to little more than a footnote in most histories.The story, though, is not limited to the Iberian peninsula. A dedicated cadre of Spaniards did battle in the realm of ideas from places of exile in Naples, France, England, Geneva and Germany. In so doing, they contributed significantly to a core literature of evangelical humanism in Spanish. This corpus consists, in part, of translations of Reformers' works, such as Melanchthon's Antithesis and Luther's treatise on Christian liberty, by Francisco de Enzinas (1540); Calvin's catechism, by Juan Pérez (Geneva 1556); and Calvin's Institutes, by Cipriano de Valera (London 1597). Translations of classics also figure prominently in the work of Francisco de Enzinas, for example Plutarch's Lives and the Decades of Livy.
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Coletes Blanco, Agustín. "A young lord passes judgment: National characters in the letters, poems and other writings of Byron’s Mediterranean tour (1809-11)." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 27 (November 15, 2014): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2014.27.02.
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On July 2nd, 1809, Lord Byron and his Cambridge friend John C. Hobhouse embarked on their peculiar Grand Tour. With most of Continental Europe in the hands of Napoleon, Byron and Hobhouse’s destination was Constantinople, the capital of a powerful Ottoman Empire which still controlled much of Eastern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. The travellers took a year to reach the Porte. Previous stages in their journey included Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar, Malta, Albania and Greece. Unlike Hobhouse, Byron was never to publish a travelogue based on his Mediterranean and Levantine experience. However, throughout his tour he did write many letters and occasional poems, not meant for publication, in which he repeatedly passes judgment on the Portuguese, the Spaniards, the Greeks, the Albanians and the Turks as national characters –and also on fellow countrymen abroad. In this paper, young Byron’s judgments on said national characters, as manifested in his letters and poems home, are located, grouped together and analysed, for the first time in the literature, in a comprehensive way –thus bringing into question a number of commonly-held misconceptions on the issue. Byron’s own Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (the poem and its notes which, published soon after his Mediterranean experience, famously won him instant recognition in Britain) and Hobhouse’s Journey to Albania and unpublished diary are, in the light of this essay, used as paratexts that enrich the analysis with added, sometimes diverging perspectives. In the light of such corpus, the essay closes with a classification, an explanation and a summary of the consequences of young Byron’s Mediterranean judgments.
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Cruz, Jesus. "Building Liberal Identities in 19th Century Madrid: The Role of Middle Class Material Culture." Americas 60, no. 3 (January 2004): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2004.0007.
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In recent years, most historians have abandoned the idea that the revolutions that shook the Atlantic world between 1776 and 1848 were the work of a single social class. A number of studies on the social composition of the groups that ignited and propelled the different revolutionary processes demonstrate the diversity of conditions and social backgrounds of the revolutionaries. However, this revisionism is posing new questions as to why these contingencies in Europe and the Americas decided to mobilize, to construct new liberal national states, and how they carried it out.Spain is a good sample case for this historiographical inquiry. At present, few historians accept the idea that the series of upheavals that brought about a new liberal state during the 19th century resulted from the exclusive pressure of a national bourgeoisie. Recent scholarship has revisited the classic bourgeois revolution paradigm by presenting liberalism as an ideology that captivated the imagination of Spaniards of a variety of social ranks, with special impact among urban middle and popular groups. But if Spanish scholars are providing better explanations regarding who embraced liberal ideas and facilitated their spread, the answers for the “why” and “how” this process occurred are, in my opinion, less convincing.
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Scammell, G. V. "‘A Very Profitable and Advantageous Trade’: British Smuggling in the Iberian Americas circa 1500–1750." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 135–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014546.
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Hardly had the Spaniards and Portuguese established their first footholds in the newly discovered Americas they claimed as their exclusive preserves than their European rivals and enemies were on the scene. In what came to be known as the Spanish Indies they endeavoured to obtain some of the continent's staggering wealth in precious metals. In Brazil they were after the logwood that could be more or less had for the taking. It produced dyes far superior to those then in use in Europe and in great demand in an expanding textile industry, of which that of England was a considerable part. Besides which there was the pleasing prospect that Brazil's great rivers might give access to the silver mining regions of Spanish South America. Such predatory urges were sharpened as Protestantism took root in Western Europe. Convinced that the military strength of Spain, the continent's leading Catholic power, stemmed from American bullion, zealous Protestants believed that could this wealth only be diverted into the right hands the true faith would be saved, its adherents duly rewarded and Spain, deprived of its lifeblood, ruined. But the implementation of this godly strategy was no obstacle to conducting a lucrative commerce with the arch-enemy. Sugar and tobacco, of which the Iberian Americas were soon substantial producers, could be purchased for sale in a growing European market. Equally appealing was the opportunity to sell to Portuguese and Spanish colonists the African slaves their plantation economies demanded. And no less attractive or rewarding was the chance to supply them with those European goods, both luxuries and necessities, which they were forbidden to produce for themselves and which Iberian industries were increasingly unable to provide, or which, through the inadequacies of the Spanish and Portuguese imperial commercial monopoly, were usually in short supply and invariably grossly over-priced.
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Carpintero, Samuel. "THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE SPANISH COMPANIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL TOLL ROAD INDUSTRY / ISPANIJOS ĮMONIŲ KONKURENCINIS PRANAŠUMAS TARPTAUTINIAME MOKAMŲJŲ KELIŲ SEKTORIUJE." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 17, no. 4 (December 21, 2011): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2011.625632.
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Private toll roads have experienced a notable worldwide expansion in the last two decades. In the early 1990s, many countries began to offer motorway concessions to private investors, most notably in Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe. In the late 1990s and 2000s, the innovation spread to countries in Asia, North America and Western Europe. The Spanish construction companies have been awarded many more concessions than their main rivals together, and they have become prominent in many of the countries with the most significant toll road programs. This paper analyses the competitive advantages that the Spanish companies have enjoyed in the international toll road industry in the last two decades. We argue that they have benefited from the fact that their home country was a pioneer in offering motorway concessions; from a cultural advantage in dealing with Latin America; and from their decision to integrate construction, concession, and investor functions in a single company. The paper also analyses to what extent the road concessions the Spaniards have won are generally profitable. Santrauka Per pastaruosius porą dešimtmečių privačių mokamųjų kelių pagausėjo visame pasaulyje. XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio pradžioje daug šalių privatiems investuotojams pradėjo siūlyti autostradų koncesijas, ypač Lotynų Amerikoje ir Centrinėje bei Rytų Europoje. XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio pabaigoje ir per pirmąjį XXI a. dešimtmetį ši naujovė išplito Azijos, šiaurės Amerikos ir Vakarų Europos šalyse. Ispanijos statybų imonės gavo daugiau koncesijų nei visos pagrindinės jos konkurentės kartu ir dabar yra gerai žinomos daugelyje šalių, taikančių reikšmingiausias mokamųjų kelių programas. Šiame darbe nagrinėjami pastaruosius du dešimtmečius tarptautiniame mokamųjų kelių sektoriuje Ispanijos įmonių turėti konkurenciniai pranašumai. Jos pasinaudojo tuo, kad jų gimtoji šalis pirmoji pradėjo siūlyti autostradų koncesijas, kultūriniu pranašumu dirbant Lotynų Amerikoje ir savo sprendimu vienoje įmonėje sujungti statybų, koncesijų ir investuotojo funkcijas. Be to, darbe nagrinėjama, kiek ispanų gautos kelių koncesijos yra pelningos bendrąja prasme.
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Descalzo Lorenzo, Amalia. "Vestirse a la moda en la España modernaDressing fashionably in Modern Era Spain." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 6 (May 31, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh.v0i6.271.
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Este artículo analiza el vestido y la moda en la España moderna, ya que ambos adquieren en ese momento una importancia muy significativa. La invención de nuevas prendas femeninas durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos cambió la silueta de la mujer en toda Europa, y su sentido. El protagonismo del vestido español se acrecentó durante el Imperio, cuando España se convirtió en el centro creador de tendencias más importante de la cultura occidental. Sin embargo, en el siglo XVII, la pérdida de importancia de España en el ámbito político frente a la preponderante Francia relegó su moda a un segundo plano a nivel internacional, al tiempo que llevó a los españoles a adoptar su vestido como elemento de identidad.La llegada de los Borbones marcó la adopción del traje francés. No obstante, en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII emergió una reacción casticista fomentada por los majos frente a la moda del país vecino imperante en toda Europa.PALABRAS CLAVE: España, moda, vestido, apariencia, siglos XVII-XVIII.ABSTRACTThis article analyses clothing and fashion in Modern Era Spain as both acquired significant importance in those times. The invention of new female garments during the reign of the Catholic King and Queen (Ferdinand and Isabel) changed the female silhouette and its meaning all over Europe. The prominence of Spanish clothing increased during the Imperial period and turned Spain into the most important trend-setting center in Western culture. However, in the 17th century, Spain’s lossof importance on the political scene vis-à-vis the predominance of France overshadowed Spanish fashion at the international level while at the same time making Spaniards adopt their clothes as an element of identity.French clothing was adopted with the arrival of the Bourbons. Nevertheless, in the second half of the 18th century there emerged a purist reaction encouraged by los majos against the fashion of the neighboring country, which was prevalent all over Europe.KEY WORDS: Spain, fashion, dress, appearance, XVII-XVIII centuries.
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Gorshunova, E. Y., and Y. V. Gorshunov. "Implicit Forms of Ethnic Insult for Europeans (as Found in Rhyming Slang)." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-236-244.
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The article presents a sociocultural lingual description of ethnic labels created within rhyming slang (Rh.sl.) and used to refer to Europeans. The study and description of ethnic stereotypes and labels have attracted attention of researchers due to the practical significance in regulating, controlling and manipulating the direct contacts and interaction between different ethnic groups. The authors have focused their attention on the so-called «hidden» or «implicit» forms of Rh.sl. Along with the explicit, direct, offensive and non-politically correct ethnic labels and nicknames there are quite a few with a deceptive, innocuous shape that conceals their offensive content. That's why they should be perceived as potentially (if not indeed) offensive names. The authors put the ethnic labels produced in Rh.sl into this category. Since Rh.sl. is subject to a strong influence of the word play and its items are perceived as humorous and ironic nominations, they are not always discerned as offensive by the English speakers. The article contains a linguistic-and-socio-cultural analysis of some implicit forms of ethnic insult of the Germans, the French, the Italians, the Spaniards, the Portuguese and some other Europeans as well as the native inhabitants of the British Isles. The undertaken analysis of ethnic labels as used to name people from Europe has revealed a broad spectrum of Rh.sl. ethic labels. The description was based on extra-linguistic factors (geographical, demographic, social) comprising the settlement and resettlement, compact presence on a certain territory, statehood. In this respect, there is an ethnic group that falls out - the gypsies (or Roma), as they are scattered across the world and still have a nomadic and semi-nomadic way of life.
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Molnar, Christopher A. "Imagining Yugoslavs: Migration and the Cold War in Postwar West Germany." Central European History 47, no. 1 (March 2014): 138–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891400065x.
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In recent years historians have argued that after the collapse of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the concept of race became a taboo topic in postwar Germany but that Germans nonetheless continued to perceive resident foreign populations in racialized terms. Important studies of Jewish displaced persons, the black children of American occupation soldiers and German women, and Turkish guest workers have highlighted continuities and transformations in German racial thought from the Nazi era into the postwar world, particularly in West Germany. In a programmatic essay, Rita Chin and Heide Fehrenbach argue that “the question of race remained at the very center of social policy and collective imagination during the occupation years, as the Western Allies worked to democratize Germany, and during the Bonn Republic,” and they call for a new historiography that is more attentive to the category of race and the process of racialization in Germany and Europe after 1945. While this newfound emphasis on race in Germany's postwar history has been salutary, an approach that puts race and racialization at the center of German interactions with resident foreign populations runs the risk of sidelining the experiences of foreign groups that Germans did not view in primarily racial terms. Indeed, to a certain extent this has already occurred. By the mid-1980s, public and policy discourse on immigrants in West Germany came to focus overwhelmingly on Turks and the problems raised by their “alien” Islamic cultural practices. That West Germany's guest worker program had resulted in the permanent settlement of hundreds of thousands of Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Yugoslavs was largely forgotten. When historians, anthropologists, and scholars in other disciplines began taking more interest in Germany's migration history in recent decades, they too focused overwhelmingly on Turks. Only in recent years has the historiography of Germany's postwar migration history started to reflect the multinational character of Germany's immigrant population.
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Wright, Stephanie. "Out of the Ordinary: Confronting Paradox in the Historiography of Francoism." Contemporary European History 30, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777320000478.
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On 19 November 1975 Francisco Franco lay dying in Madrid's La Paz hospital. Clutching the cloak of the Virgin del Pilar, and with the ill-gotten relic of St Teresa of Ávila's hand at his bedside, the ailing dictator would soon depart this existence following the withdrawal of life support. For Enrique Moradiellos in Franco: Anatomy of a Dictator, the juxtaposition of modernity and tradition within this deathbed scene was emblematic of the countless paradoxes which characterised the Francoist dictatorship in its later years. Since the dictator's death scholars have continued to grapple with such paradoxes, struggling over how best to define a regime which has come to occupy a notoriously contentious space within contemporary Spanish politics and society. Like a fairground hall of mirrors, historical representations of Francoism have been stretched or squashed by different analytical frames, shaped in many cases by the political and social legacies of the dictatorship. Despite dubious claims to ‘objectivity’, the regime's apologists depict Francoism as a stabilising antidote to the ‘chaos’ of republicanism, conveniently overlooking the destruction and misery which followed the coup of 18 July 1936. Meanwhile, those who seek justice for the regime's victims continue to emphasise the repressive nature of the dictatorship. Though an important component of Francoism's modus operandi, repression does not, by itself, help us to fully understand Francoism's long-term survival or the consent it secured from millions of ordinary Spaniards. The titles under review reflect an increasing willingness to confront Francoism's many contradictions head-on, and to regard the paradoxical nature of the regime not as a conceptual knot to be disentangled, but as a historiographical problem in itself. Historians exploring the experiences of ‘ordinary’ people have proved particularly adept at addressing such complexities, as have scholars adopting comparative or transnational frameworks which reach beyond traditional emphasis on fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The titles surveyed in this article offer a snapshot of recent developments in the field, while signposting potential avenues through which historians of Francoism might contribute to broader discussions within the historiography of modern Europe.
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Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, Ignacio Juarez, José Palacio-Grüber, Adrián Lopez-Nares, and Fabio Suarez-Trujillo. "The Northern Migrations from a drying Sahara (6,000 years BP): cultural and genetic influence in Greeks, Iberians and other Mediterraneans." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 15, no. 2 (May 27, 2021): 484–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v15i2.5.
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Greeks have a Sub-Saharan gene input according to HLA and other autosomic markers. Iberians, Canarians, and North Africans show a close genetic relatedness. This is concordant with a drying humid Sahara Desert, which may have occurred about 6,000 years BC, and the subsequent northwards emigration of Saharan people may have also happened in Pharaonic times. Present study confirms this African gene input in Greeks according to 12th HLA International Workshop data, which was studied some years before by us. This genetic input into Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe/Africa is also supported with Lineal Megalithic Scripts in Canary Islands (as well as in Iberia) together with simple Iberian semi-syllabary rock inscriptions both at Canary Islands and Ti-m Missaou (Algeria, Central southern Sahara). Lineal African/European scripts are found in some language scripts like Berber/Tuareg, Iberian, Runes, Etruscan, Bulgarian (Sitovo and Gradeshnitza, 6,000 years BP), Italian Old Scripts (Lepontic, Venetic, Raetic), Minoan Lineal A, and other Aegean scripts. The possibility that Megalithic Lineal Scripts have given rise to these languages lineal writing is feasible because admixture of languages rock scripts and Megalithic Lineal Scripts may be found. Thus, resistance of Canarian aborigines (Guanches) to Cartago, Rome and Arabs left a bulk of Canarian-Saharan information which is used to study both Saharan and Canarian Prehistory, and also Atlantic and Mediterranean beginning of European and other civilizations: this preserved prehistoric inheritance may be named the “Saharo-Canarian Circle” of prehistoric knowledge. Also, linguisticsepigraphy, physical anthropology ,archaeology and domesticated cattle shows a close North Africa-Iberia Mesolithic/Neolithic relationship and demonstrates that the demic diffusion model does not exist in Iberia. Also, Tassili Sahara paintings of domesticated cattle appear 1,000 years before that agricultural practices started at Middle East.
Keywords: Greeks, Macedonians, Sahara, Africa, Iberia, HLA, Genetics, Spaniards, Portuguese, Berbers, Algerians, demic, diffusion, Canary Islands, Lanzarote, Malta, Cart-ruts, Quesera, Cheesboard, Iberian, language, Guanche, Usko-Mediterranean, Phoenicians
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Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, Ignacio Juarez, José Palacio-Grüber, Adrián Lopez-Nares, and Fabio Suarez-Trujillo. "The Northern Migrations from a drying Sahara (6,000 years BP): cultural and genetic influence in Greeks, Iberians and other Mediterraneans." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 15 (May 27, 2021): 484–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i15.5.
Full textAbstract:
Greeks have a Sub-Saharan gene input according to HLA and other autosomic markers. Iberians, Canarians, and North Africans show a close genetic relatedness. This is concordant with a drying humid Sahara Desert, which may have occurred about 6,000 years BC, and the subsequent northwards emigration of Saharan people may have also happened in Pharaonic times. Present study confirms this African gene input in Greeks according to 12th HLA International Workshop data, which was studied some years before by us. This genetic input into Atlantic and Mediterranean Europe/Africa is also supported with Lineal Megalithic Scripts in Canary Islands (as well as in Iberia) together with simple Iberian semi-syllabary rock inscriptions both at Canary Islands and Ti-m Missaou (Algeria, Central southern Sahara). Lineal African/European scripts are found in some language scripts like Berber/Tuareg, Iberian, Runes, Etruscan, Bulgarian (Sitovo and Gradeshnitza, 6,000 years BP), Italian Old Scripts (Lepontic, Venetic, Raetic), Minoan Lineal A, and other Aegean scripts. The possibility that Megalithic Lineal Scripts have given rise to these languages lineal writing is feasible because admixture of languages rock scripts and Megalithic Lineal Scripts may be found. Thus, resistance of Canarian aborigines (Guanches) to Cartago, Rome and Arabs left a bulk of Canarian-Saharan information which is used to study both Saharan and Canarian Prehistory, and also Atlantic and Mediterranean beginning of European and other civilizations: this preserved prehistoric inheritance may be named the “Saharo-Canarian Circle” of prehistoric knowledge. Also, linguisticsepigraphy, physical anthropology ,archaeology and domesticated cattle shows a close North Africa-Iberia Mesolithic/Neolithic relationship and demonstrates that the demic diffusion model does not exist in Iberia. Also, Tassili Sahara paintings of domesticated cattle appear 1,000 years before that agricultural practices started at Middle East.
Keywords: Greeks, Macedonians, Sahara, Africa, Iberia, HLA, Genetics, Spaniards, Portuguese, Berbers, Algerians, demic, diffusion, Canary Islands, Lanzarote, Malta, Cart-ruts, Quesera, Cheesboard, Iberian, language, Guanche, Usko-Mediterranean, Phoenicians
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Gentile, Pierangelo. "“Do as the Spaniards do”: The 1821 Piedmont insurrection and the birth of constitutionalism." Historia y Política: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales, no. 45 (June 11, 2021): 23–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18042/hp.45.02.
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Aunque no falta una historiografía local de referencia, los movimientos en Piamonte de 1821 todavía carecen de una lectura que otorgue el peso adecuado al aspecto histórico-constitucional. Cuando el revolucionario príncipe de Carignano Carlos Alberto, después de la abdicación de Víctor Emmanuel I, concedió la Constitución abrió una crisis en la historia secular de la dinastía y el reino de Cerdeña: las libertades y los derechos de representación rompieron por primera vez el pacto de fidelidad directa entre el rey y el pueblo característico del Estado absoluto. El nuevo sistema político no era autóctono y, entre los muchos modelos posibles, miraba al de España. Usando la extensa bibliografía disponible, este artículo se adentra en las influencias nacionales e internacionales de ese efímero episodio. Pero no solo eso: también hace hincapié en el origen social y geográfico de los protagonistas de la revolución (entre la nobleza y la burguesía, entre el centro y la periferia del Estado) y las consecuencias de sus acciones. Si la insurgencia fue derribada por las fuerzas realistas convergentes y el ejército austriaco, su legado pesaba sobre la dinastía. En 1823, durante la guerra entre España y Francia, Carlos Alberto se convirtió en el héroe del Trocadero: una elección reaccionaria que influyó en el futuro del monarca de Saboya. Ciertamente la sombra de la constitución de Cádiz acompañó a Carlos Alberto hasta 1848, el año de la concesión del Estatuto. La evolución hacia un texto constitucional más moderado marcará así la temporada política preunitaria. La constitución de Cádiz se convirtió en un símbolo de libertad con el tiempo, y los exiliados de 1821 fueron a luchar en Europa por los pueblos oprimidos por la Santa Alianza.
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López Aguilar, Juan F. "Cuestión catalana y crisis constitucional." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 37 (January 1, 2016): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.37.2016.17013.
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El edificio constitucional inaugurado en España en 1978 rechina hoy por todas las costuras. Tras casi 40 años, urge rehabilitarlo, y eso exige reformarlo. Reforzar la democracia —maltrecha, como los derechos, por el manejo de esta crisis que hemos dado en llamar «Gran Recesión» europea—, restablecer el crédito de la política y relanzar al mismo tiempo su capacidad de integrar la pluralidad y el conflicto, son objetivos que demandan un pacto constitucional que actualice el que se hizo hace ya tanto tiempo. Y un pacto federal que asuma —va siendo hora— la maduración de nuestra diversidad identitaria, que es la de los españoles en esta primera mitad del siglo XXI.The constitutional structure launched in Spain in 1978 is facing dire straits. After almost 40 years, it needs to be rehabilitated, and that demands its reformation. To strengthen the democracy —injured, as well as the rights, by the management of the so called «European Great Recession»—, to restore trust in politics and to relaunch at the same time its ability to integrate the plurality and the conflict, are all objectives that require a constitutional pact which updates the previous one closed long time ago, as well as a federal pact which assumes the maturing of our identity diversity, which is that of the Spaniards in the first half of the 21st century.
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Vallejo, José Ramón, and Marina Mesa. "Francisco Arceo de Fregenal i liječenje prirođenog uvrnutog stopala do 16. stoljeća." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 16, no. 1 (2018): 19–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.16.1.1.
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The correction of clubfoot as a subject of study is somewhat unusual, especially if one considers that up until the Renaissance only two authors dealt with the subject of this inherited disorder. On the one hand is Ambroise Pare, whose contributions to traumatology and orthopaedics are staggering, and on the other, Francisco Arceo de Fregenal, also known as the Ambroise Pare of Spain. Both men developed a method for treating this condition, and a special orthopaedic shoe. So, why is it that in the Spanish literature the French surgeon was considered the pioneer in the development of an orthopaedic boot from the start and not Arceo? Why was the work of the Spaniard not studied in depth, as it deserves to be? These questions troubled us and led us to write this paper, in which as the primary objective we decided to highlight Arceo’s contributions to the field of orthopaedics. Concrete arguments and works exist today that have led to common agreement among scholars of the subject that the Spanish surgeon was a Jewish convert. The social, economic and political conditions in Europe at that time may give us some idea of the difficulties for a Jewish convert in the sixteenth century, and clearly, it was difficult for a scientist to have followers who would defend his methods and technical ideas. Nevertheless, we believe that Francisco Arceo de Fregenal deserves more recognition and his work should continue to be studied in more depth.
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Vida, Inmaculada Szmolka. "El apoyo de los españoles al proceso de integración europea: factores afectivos, utilitaristas y políticos (The Support Offered by Spaniards in the European Integration Processes: Affective, Utilitarian and Political Factors)." Reis, no. 122 (2008): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40184880.
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Núñez, Faustino. "Los paisajes de la sal y la música Española = The landscapes of salt and Spanish music." Cuadernos de Investigación Urbanística, no. 128 (February 28, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/ciur.2020.128.4390.
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RESUMEN:Si los italianos son dulces, los españoles somos salaos. La sal como analogía de una idiosincrasia que mezcla lo exótico con el desparpajo propio de los hispanos. En contraposición a la delicadeza del europeo el temperamento español. Aunque sea considerado un tópico, en nuestra música queda reflejado a la perfección ese carácter. La música española es extrovertida, abierta, simpática, sociables, cordial, salada. En los géneros inspirados en la música tradicional más que en aquellos cultivos en la música académica se aprecia ese carácter, y entre ellos, y ahí vamos a centrar nuestra exposición, en las tonadillas, sainetes y entremeses de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y en nuestro género más internacional, el flamenco. En esta ponencia repasamos aquellos momentos en los que la sal es protagonista y, en la medida de lo posible, expondremos los elementos musicales que podemos considerar salados en los géneros mencionados. Estos contenidos han sido recopilados en los últimos años a través de la investigación en los archivos y bibliotecas que contienen las partituras de estas obras, así como el análisis de los estilos flamencos. ABSTRACT:If the Italians are sweet, the Spaniards are salty (salaos). Salt as an analogy of an idiosyncrasy that mixes the exotic with the self-confidence of Hispanics. In contrast to the delicacy of the European, the Spanish temperament. Although it is considered a topic, in our music that character is perfectly reflected. Spanish music is outgoing, open, friendly, sociable, friendly, salty. In the genres inspired by traditional music more than in those crops in academic music, that character is appreciated, and between them. And there we will focus our exhibition, on the tonadillas, saleros and hors d'oeuvres of the second half of the 18th century and on our most international genre, flamenco. In this paper, we review those moments in which salt is the protagonist and, as far as possible, we will present the musical elements that we can consider salty in the aforementioned genres. These contents have been compiled in recent years through research in the archives and libraries that contain the scores of these works, as well as the analysis of flamenco styles.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 66, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1992): 249–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002001.
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-Jay B. Haviser, Jerald T. Milanich ,First encounters: Spanish explorations in the Caribbean and the United States, 1492-1570. Gainesville FL: Florida Museum of Natural History & University Presses of Florida, 1989. 221 pp., Susan Milbrath (eds)-Marvin Lunenfeld, The Libro de las profecías of Christopher Columbus: an en face edition. Delano C. West & August Kling, translation and commentary. Gainesville FL: University of Florida Press, 1991. x + 274 pp.-Suzannah England, Charles R. Ewen, From Spaniard to Creole: the archaeology of cultural formation at Puerto Real, Haiti. Tuscaloosa AL; University of Alabama Press, 1991. xvi + 155 pp.-Piero Gleijeses, Bruce Palmer Jr., Intervention in the Caribbean: the Dominican crisis of 1965. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1989.-Piero Gleijeses, Herbert G. Schoonmaker, Military crisis management: U.S. intervention in the Dominican Republic, 1965. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1990. 152 pp.-Jacqueline A. Braveboy-Wagner, Fitzroy André Baptiste, War, cooperation, and conflict: the European possessions in the Caribbean, 1939-1945. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 1988. xiv + 351 pp.-Peter Meel, Paul Sutton, Europe and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1991. xii + 260 pp.-Peter Meel, Betty Secoc-Dahlberg, The Dutch Caribbean: prospects for democracy. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1990. xix + 333 pp.-Michiel Baud, Rosario Espinal, Autoritarismo y democracía en la política dominicana. San José, Costa Rica: Ediciones CAPEL, 1987. 208 pp.-A.J.G. Reinders, J.M.R. Schrils, Een democratie in gevaar: een verslag van de situatie op Curacao tot 1987. Assen, Maastricht: Van Gorcum, 1990. xii + 292 pp.-Andrés Serbin, David W. Dent, Handbook of political science research on Latin America: trends from the 1960s to the 1990s. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1990.-D. Gail Saunders, Dean W. Collinwood, The Bahamas between worlds. Decatur IL: White Sound Press, 1989. vii + 119 pp.-D. Gail Saunders, Dean W. Collinwood ,Modern Bahamian society. Parkersburg IA: Caribbean Books, 1989. 278 pp., Steve Dodge (eds)-Peter Hulme, Pierrette Frickey, Critical perspectives on Jean Rhys. Washington DC: Three Continents Press, 1990. 235 pp.-Alvina Ruprecht, Lloyd W. Brown, El Dorado and Paradise: Canada and the Caribbean in Austin Clarke's fiction. Parkersburg IA: Caribbean Books, 1989. xv + 207 pp.-Ineke Phaf, Michiel van Kempen, De Surinaamse literatuur 1970-1985: een documentatie. Paramaribo: Uitgeverij de Volksboekwinkel, 1987. 406 pp.-Genevieve Escure, Barbara Lalla ,Language in exile: three hundred years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa AL: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xvii + 253 pp., Jean D'Costa (eds)-Charles V. Carnegie, G. Llewellyn Watson, Jamaican sayings: with notes on folklore, aesthetics, and social control.Tallahassee FL: Florida A & M University Press, 1991. xvi + 292 pp.-Donald R. Hill, Kaiso, calypso music. David Rudder in conversation with John La Rose. London: New Beacon Books, 1990. 33 pp.-Mark Sebba, John Victor Singler, Pidgin and creole tense-mood-aspect systems. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1990. xvi + 240 pp.-Dale Tomich, Pedro San Miguel, El mundo que creó el azúcar: las haciendas en Vega Baja, 1800-873. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1989. 224 pp.-César J. Ayala, Juan José Baldrich, Sembraron la no siembra: los cosecheros de tabaco puertorriqueños frente a las corporaciones tabacaleras, 1920-1934. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Huracán, 1988.-Robert Forster, Jean-Michel Deveau, La traite rochelaise. Paris: Kathala, 1990. 334 pp.-Ernst van den Boogaart, Johannes Menne Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic slave trade, 1600-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. xiv + 428 pp.-W.E. Renkema, T. van der Lee, Plantages op Curacao en hun eigenaren (1708-1845): namen en data voornamelijk ontleend aan transportakten. Leiden, the Netherlands: Grafaria, 1989. xii + 87 pp.-Mavis C. Campbell, Wim Hoogbergen, The Boni Maroon wars in Suriname. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1990. xvii + 254 pp.-Rafael Duharte Jiménez, Carlos Esteban Dieve, Los guerrilleros negros: esclavos fugitivos y cimarrones en Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1989. 307 pp.-Rosemarijn Hoefte, Hans Ramsoedh, Suriname 1933-1944: koloniale politiek en beleid onder Gouverneur Kielstra. Delft, the Netherlands: Eburon, 1990. 255 pp.-Gert Oostindie, Kees Lagerberg, Onvoltooid verleden: de dekolonisatie van Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. Tilburg, the Netherlands: Instituut voor Ontwikkelingsvraagstukken, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant, 1989. ii + 265 pp.-Aisha Khan, Anthony de Verteuil, Eight East Indian immigrants. Port of Spain: Paria, 1989. xiv + 318 pp.-John Stiles, Willie L. Baber, The economizing strategy: an application and critique. New York: Peter Lang, 1988. xiii + 232 pp.-Faye V. Harrison, M.G. Smith, Poverty in Jamaica. Kingston: Institute of social and economic research, 1989. xxii + 167 pp.-Sidney W. Mintz, Dorian Powell ,Street foods of Kingston. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of social and economic research, 1990. xii + 125 pp., Erna Brodber, Eleanor Wint (eds)-Yona Jérome, Michel S. Laguerre, Urban poverty in the Caribbean: French Martinique as a social laboratory. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. xiv + 181 pp.
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Requena, S., E. Caballero, A. B. Lozano, R. Tellez, L. Morano, M. C. Nieto, N. Margall, V. Soriano, and C. de Mendoza. "A18 HIV-2 molecular epidemiology in Spain: 30 years since the first case." Virus Evolution 5, Supplement_1 (August 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ve/vez002.017.
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Abstract HIV-2 is a retrovirus that mainly infects West Africans. In Europe, HIV-2 has been circulating since the 1980s, and more recent immigration has contributed to its spread. Excluding HIV-2 in all HIV seropositive individuals precludes misinterpretation of viral loads (VL) and antiretroviral (ART) choices. Surveillance registers enables tracking of epidemic spread and identification of major contributors, allowing the establishment of convenient preventive measures. The HIV-2 Spanish study group was founded in 1989. Since then, blood specimens from HIV-2 carriers have been collected. More than 40 Spanish hospitals are part of the group and provide clinical and epidemiological data. Records for each HIV-2 patient include country of origin, gender, age, transmission category, monitoring of HIV-2 VL, CD4 counts, drug resistance, and HIV-2 subtype. Up to December 2017, 354 HIV-2+ individuals were identified in Spain and incidence (15–20/year) has been stable within the last decade. At diagnosis, mean age was 44.6 years and 63 per cent were male. The majority were Africans (78%), whereas 16.5 per cent were native Spaniards. 78.2 per cent acquired HIV-2 by heterosexual contact. HIV-2 subtyping using the HIV2EU tool was performed in 126 subjects: 86 Africans and 27 native Spaniards. The subtype distribution was as follows: 108 (85.7%) HIV-2 subtype A and 18 (14.3%) B. Africans and Spaniards were mostly infected with subtype A (87.2% and 77.8%, respectively). HIV-2 subtype B was found in six native Spaniards (22.2%; 6/27), five patients from Equatorial Guinea (71.4%; 5/7), four from Senegal (18.1%; 4/22), two from Ivory Coast (100%; 2/2), and one from Burkina Faso (50%; 1/2). Using phylogenetic analyses, two clusters were identified among homosexual Spanish men (subtype A: 8 men and subtype B: 2 men with viral isolates related to Malian and Senegalese isolates). Before starting ART, CD4 count mean values for subtype A and B were 378 and 357, respectively. Corresponding VL values were 2.63 and 2.32 HIV-2 RNA log copies/ml, respectively.
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Soto-Sanfiel, María-Teresa, and Ariadna Angulo-Brunet. "How European adolescents get engaged with films?: Psychometric properties of the narrative engagement scale." El profesional de la información, November 1, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.sep.02.
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Narrative engagement is a fundamental factor in understanding the enjoyment of narratives and their effects. This study seeks to develop a measure of engagement for youngsters and to gather evidence of validity and reliability for a sample of European adolescents. After watching a dramatic film, 310 European high school students (68.71% Italian, 17.74% Spanish and 13.55% German) responded to the proposed narrative engagement scale. The results confirmed the existence of a common factorial model of four factors for Germans and Italians and invariance measurement between samples. The mean score comparison shows that German adolescents have a greater understanding of the narrative than Italians. Also, Germans demonstrated greater emotional understanding than Spaniards. These results contribute to the comprehension of the narrative engagement and illuminate the conceptualization of the psychological phenomena related to the reception of dramatic narratives by youngsters of different cultures across Europe.
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Solórzano, Rafael Antonio Rivera. "Money before coinage. History of pre-columbian currency." REVISTA PROCESOS DE MERCADO, March 8, 2021, 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52195/pm.v13i2.121.
Full textAbstract:
It’s well known that Carl Menger, one the most remarkable con-tributors on economic theory, and father of the Austrian School of Economics, devoted a great part of his career to research money origins. According to his studies, money, just as language and eco-nomics came from a spontaneous order, otherwise known as a creation of human interaction, yet not of human design. This means that money didn’t originate from a decree, neither was an invention of a king or governor, but it comes from the regular com-munication between individuals, to satisfy a need.
Needless to be said, the necessity of exchange has continuously been present on mankind; facilitating the satisfaction of the infinite human desires. Yet coinage was not present in humanity until the VIth century B.C. in Europe and XVth century A.C. in America1 when Spaniards arrived. Then how could civilizations without a well-developed coinage system progress? The purpose of this paper is to prove and show how the Mayan monetary system could work with-out a coinage system, and how efficient this civilization was solving problems commonly found in barter and commodity money, which were their leading means in commerce.
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Lozano, Mariona, and Elisenda Rentería. "The continued increase of precariousness in working lives among young adults in Spain, 1987-2017." Perspectives Demogràfiques, September 1, 2018, 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.46710/ced.pd.eng.12.
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Between the ages of 30 and 39, many people make important decisions for their lives, such as having children, getting married or settling down in long-term relationships. In Spain, the median age at first birth among women is 30.8, couples get married at 35 on average (35 years old among women and 37.7 among men), and sign a mortgage around 38. Therefore, from an aggregate point of view, all of society has something to win, or lose, depending on how their young adults do during these ages. However, evidence points to a consistent increase of precarious work over time and across generations, especially for women. Spain, together with Poland, recently recorded the highest percentage of temporary employment in Europe. Yet, no exact calculations on the duration of this type of work are available for Spain. This study aims to estimate the length of the time that Spaniards are expected to be engaged in temporary and insecure work during their thirties comparing 22 cohorts, given the importance of this age interval for our societies. We found that time spent in precarious employment doubled between 1987 and 2017 for men and women, and generations born in 1978 spent twice the time in insecure and temporary jobs than those born in 1957. More importantly, women are especially affected by these types of employment conditions, and higher education levels do not seem to protect them from lower quality jobs.
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Gil-Alonso, Fernando, and Jenniffer Thiers-Quintana. "Population and Economic Cycles in the Main Spanish Urban Areas: The Migratory Component." Comparative Population Studies 44 (April 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.12765/cpos-2020-09.
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The paper aims to analyse how the different economic phases that Spain has experienced in the first two decades of the 21st century (expansion, recession, and recovery) have influenced population stocks and migratory flows in the five largest metropolitan areas defined as Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) in Spain: Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Seville and Valencia. Using Padrón Continuo (municipal registers) and Estadística de Variaciones Residenciales (residential change statistics) as data sources, both native and immigrant – i.e. born abroad – stocks, and internal and international migration flows are analysed. We study differences between (a) diverse groups of foreigners (by continental origin), also comparing them to natives; and (b) different types of residential mobility by migrants’ previous place of residence: “intrametropolitan” movements (between urban cores and peripheries), migration flows between the five urban areas and the rest of Spain, and international migration.
Results show that intrametropolitan migration flows between the five urban cores and their peripheries were characterised by suburbanisation during the expansion phase. These flows were particularly relevant for Spanish-born persons and, among foreign-born migrants, for people born in the Americas (mainly Latin Americans). These flows to the suburban periphery decreased during the economic crisis, and in 2013 and 2014 net intrametropolitan migration of most foreign groups was characterised by recentralisation. Spaniards’ intrametropolitan movements almost reached equilibrium during the recession years: Natives decreased their moves from cores to rings, while they were increasingly attracted to urban centres. Owing to the incipient economic recovery, suburbanisation is progressively recovering its previous strength. As for other types of residential moves, foreign-born migrants moving from abroad and the rest of Spain to the five FUAs during the economic expansion phase reversed the direction of their flows in the economic crisis years, migrating abroad or dispersing throughout Spain in search of jobs. Consequently, their stocks declined in some years. Currently, due to the incipient economic recovery, the five FUAs are attracting internal and international foreign-born immigrants once again, so their foreign-born population stocks are increasing in both cores and peripheries. Spaniards show the opposite behaviour regarding flows to and from the five areas analysed – they tended to disperse throughout the rest of Spain during the economic expansion phase. This trend continued during the crisis years, but at a slower pace, as natives became increasingly attracted to urban cores. Furthermore, this latter trend has strengthened during the post-crisis years. Finally, considering foreign-born and Spanish populations together, large urban areas are increasingly attractive. This global tendency is to the detriment of rural areas and of non-metropolitan small and medium size towns, which lose population due to negative net migration.
* This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.
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Pagels, Zackariah David. "Why did the Chicken cross the Ocean: an Analysis of Faunal Remains from the Emanuel Point Shipwrecks [University of West Florida, Pensacola]." Journal of Student Research, April 19, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.vi.647.
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The purpose of this research project is to determine, through analysis, what species of animals were being utilized onboard the Spanish ships during the Tristán de Luna expedition of 1559. In order to accomplish this goal, I will be analyzing faunal remains recovered from the three Emanuel Point Shipwrecks: EPI, EPII, and EPIII. This research is important because the analysis will allow us to better understand and interpret the lives of the Spaniards onboard the ships during the Luna expedition through their diet. In 1559, Luna attempted to create the first permanent settlement in Florida, the purpose of which was to construct a chain of missions along the gulf coast (Hudson 1989). These Missions would serve as a crucial component for both converting Native Americans and supporting previously shipwrecked Spaniards (Hudson 1989). The establishment of a permanent settlement in the gulf also had political implications; a colony would mark the Spaniards claim to La Florida and serve to prevent other countries from establishing their own colonies (Arnade 1959, Hudson 1989). Under the command of Luna were a total of eleven ships, carrying close to fifteen hundred individuals and enough supplies to last a year (Worth 2009). Food, or the lack thereof, was one aspect which served detrimental to the success of the expeditions which came before Luna (Worth 2009). Because of this, the Luna expedition was planned to include enough food to last the Spaniards until crops could be sown and harvested (Worth 2009). Not long after the Spanish arrived, however, Pensacola was struck by a powerful hurricane, sinking seven of Luna’s ships (Arnade 1959, Milanich 1995, Worth 2009). Most, if not all, of the supplies were still onboard the ships when they went down during the hurricane because a permanent storehouse had not yet been constructed (Arnade 1959, Milanich 1995, Worth 2009). Since the time of their sinking, 459 years ago, three of the seven ships that were lost have been discovered. The first Emanuel Point shipwreck was discovered in 1992 by a group of archaeologists from Florida’s Division of Historical Resources. The University of West Florida’s archaeology program joined the project in 1996. In total, 8,848 individual organic fragments have been recovered from Emanuel Point I alone; these include the remains of fish, shark, reptile, bird and mammal bones. All of these materials are kept in the maritime conservation lab, where they are processed and then conserved. Afterwards, they are moved to the Collection Management Building on campus for storage and future study by both faculty and students. In order for the remains to be analyzed, they must first be preserved through a process called desalination. This process, conducted in the laboratory incorporates the use of tap water and eventually deionized water to remove most, if not all, salts from the bones. After the bones are desalinated, they go through a process called consolidation. Consolidation allows the bones to be safely exposed to the atmosphere without deteriorating, warping, or excessively cracking; this is accomplished by soaking the bones in a solution of Elmer’s glue and water, usually a 50/50 solution, after which they can be left to air dry. Once the bones are desalinated, consolidated and dried, they are stable and can then be analyzed. I will be analyzing the faunal material for specific taphonomy characteristics linking them to consumption by humans. These taphonomic characteristics can include cut marks, breaks, bone splitting, and the presence of teeth marks; all of these can directly correlate the remains with butchering or consumption. To conduct species specific identification, I will be working with the Division of Anthropology and Archaeology’s faunal specialist, Mrs. Cathy Parker, and her comparative type collections. Through this analysis, I will be able to determine the specific species of animals that were being utilized as food by the Spanish and were onboard the ships during their sinking. This study will allow a new glimpse into the life of the Spanish sailors during Tristán de Luna’s fateful 1559 expedition to establish the first permanent settlement along Florida’s Gulf Coast. References: Arnade, Charles 1959 Tristan de Luna and Ochuse (Pensacola Bay) 1559. The Florida Historical Quarterly 37(3/4): 201-222. Hudson, Charles et al. 1989 The Tristan De Luna Expedition, 1559-1561. Southeastern Archaeology 8(1): 31-45 Milanich, Jerald 1995 Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Milanich, Jerald 1999 Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Shirak, Andrey et al. 2012 DNA Barcoding Analysis of Fish Bones from a Shipwreck found at Dor, Israel. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture, 2012. Worth, John E. 2009 Documenting Tristan De Lunas Fleet, and the Storm that Destroyed It. The Florida Anthropologist 62(3/4): 83-92
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Гордиенко, О. В., and Л. А. Щербакова. "Whistling and Whistles in Russian and European Religious Culture: A Comparative Analysis." Nasledie Vekov, no. 3(23) (September 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.36343/sb.2020.23.3.006.
Full textAbstract:
Цель статьи – анализ феномена свиста и традиции изготовления и использования свистульки в различных религиозных культах в России и Европе. Отбор материала производился на основании изучения фактов, собранных этнографами, музейных и выставочных каталогов, систематизации данных личной коллекции, а также при посещении авторами публикации российских и европейских центров изготовления свистулек. В работе исследованы данные различных словарей, корпус религиозных текстов, в том числе произведено сравнение разных переводов фрагментов, посвященных свисту. Культурологический и лингвистический анализ позволяют утверждать, что использование свистульки в ходе современных религиозных праздников, как правило, свидетельствует о наложении данной религиозной традиции на древнюю языческую, в том числе на традицию поминовения усопших; дополнительным основанием для распространения использования свистулек в ходе религиозных действ является наличие центра гончарного промысла в данной локации. The aim of the research is to analyze the phenomenon of whistling and the tradition of making and using whistles in various religious cults in Russia and Europe. The material for the research was selected based on facts collected by Russian and European ethnographers, on museum and exhibition catalogs, and on empirical practice (the authors’ visits to Russian and European whistle-producing centers, analysis and systematization of data from a personal collection). The research methodology includes a comparative and causal analysis of the religious context of whistling and the use of whistles in the folk tradition, generalization of certain ethnographic facts, linguistic analysis of religious texts and linguistic elements related to whistling. The authors examined the data of dictionaries, including etymological ones, and a corpus of religious texts; compared various translations of fragments devoted to whistling. They analyzed folk beliefs and the views of the Orthodox Church prevailing in Eastern Europe on whistling and studied the features of the use of whistling and whistles in the religious culture of the peoples of Western Europe (the Spaniards and the Catalans, the Belgians, the French, the Maltese, etc.). The authors focused on examining the materials of the pilgrimage trips from which whistles were brought. The analysis of various translations of the Bible has shown the presence of two main translation traditions: the first goes back to the Masoretic texts (demonstrating the heritage of Jewish culture, in which whistling is not perceived sharply negatively); and the second to the Septuagint (showing the perception of whistling as a phenomenon associated almost exclusively with evil spirits, and therefore having no right to appear in the sacred text). Contemporary Christian culture in different regions of Europe uses both of the above traditions; in the Russian religious culture, based on the Greek, whistling when performing a religious cult is unacceptable. This explains the possibility of using whistles and whistling in European acts of worship as one of their rather organic elements, as well as the possibility of accompanying religious holidays with pottery fairs, of which the sale of whistles is an integral part. The authors have established that the use of a whistle during modern religious holidays testifies to the overlap of this tradition with the ancient pagan one, including the tradition of commemorating the deceased. It is only in this case that the use of whistling is possible in Russian culture. An additional reason for the spread of the use of whistles during religious activities in Europe is the presence of a pottery center in the location.
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Ramírez Tamayo, Amparo Aurora, Juan Luciano Olivella Jacquin, and Luis Carlos Ospino Castro. "Proceso histórico de la medicina en Colombia a partir de las culturas precolombinas (1492-2008) / Historical Process of Medicine in Colombia from Pre-Columbian Cultures (1492-2008)." Revista Internacional de Humanidades Médicas 2, no. 2 (March 5, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/gka-revmedica.v2.1313.
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ABSTRACTHistory of Medicine is a subject enrolled in undergraduate medical program of the Cooperative University of Colombia. Failing to find a book with the information needed to know some details of the process, we proceeded to solve the problem from the research considering the Columbian drug found by the Spaniards in the indigenous, the process of their development and academic study obtained students with European influence. Equally it researched the medical scientific progress achieved by the Colombians, outstanding, both in his native country and overseas doctors. The result shall be recorded in educational-academic text for the class of History of Medicine.RESUMENHistoria de la Medicina es una asignatura que cursan los estudiantes de pregrado del programa de medicina de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. Al no encontrar un libro con la información precisa para conocer algunos pormenores de su proceso, se procedió a resolver el problema desde la investigación teniendo en cuenta la medicina precolombina que hallaron los españoles en los indígenas, el proceso de su desarrollo y el estudio académico que obtu-vieron los estudiantes con la influencia europea. Igualmente se investigó acerca del progreso médico científico logrado por los galenos colombianos, sobresalientes, tanto en su país natal como en el exterior. El resultado será consignado en texto didáctico-académico para la clase de Historia de la Medicina.